spsays-training/app/lib/glossary/index.json

{
  "title": "Glossary of Vedic Terms",
  "description": "A comprehensive glossary of Sanskrit and Vedic terms from the books of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda.",
  "totalEntries": 2749,
  "letters": [
    "A",
    "B",
    "C",
    "D",
    "E",
    "F",
    "G",
    "H",
    "I",
    "J",
    "K",
    "L",
    "M",
    "N",
    "O",
    "P",
    "Q",
    "R",
    "S",
    "T",
    "U",
    "V",
    "W",
    "Y",
    "Z"
  ],
  "entries": [
    {
      "term": "A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda",
      "definition": "Śrīla Prabhupāda-(1896-1977) His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda. He is the tenth generation from Caitanya Mahāprabhu. The founder-ācārya, spiritual master of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON). Śrīla Prabhupāda was the widely-acclaimed author of more than seventy books on the science of pure bhakti-yoga, unalloyed Kṛṣṇa consciousness. His major works are annotated English translations of the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, the Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta, and the Bhagavad-gītā As It Is. He was the world's most distinguished teacher of Vedic religion and thought. Śrīla Prabhupāda is a fully God conscious saint who has perfect realization of the Vedic scriptures. He worked incessantly to spread Kṛṣṇa consciousness all over the world. He guided his society and saw it grow to a worldwide confederation of hundreds of āśramas, schools, temples, institutes, and farm communities.",
      "definition_html": "Śrīla Prabhupāda-(1896-1977) His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda. He is the tenth generation from Caitanya Mahāprabhu. The founder-<i>ācārya</i>, spiritual master of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON). Śrīla Prabhupāda was the widely-acclaimed author of more than seventy books on the science of pure <i>bhakti-yoga, </i>unalloyed Kṛṣṇa consciousness. His major works are annotated English translations of the <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, </i>the <i>Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta, </i>and the <i>Bhagavad-gītā As It Is. </i>He was the world's most distinguished teacher of Vedic religion and thought. Śrīla Prabhupāda is a fully God conscious saint who has perfect realization of the Vedic scriptures. He worked incessantly to spread Kṛṣṇa consciousness all over the world. He guided his society and saw it grow to a worldwide confederation of hundreds of <i>āśramas</i>, schools, temples, institutes, and farm communities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Abduction",
      "definition": "Also called retroduction. It is the acceptance of a philosophical premise on the basis of its power to account for causation with logic and evidence. Abduction is the rational justification of a deduction. Deduction per se is the acceptance of a premise on authority. The term abduction was put forward by C.S. Peirce (1839-1914). Śrīla Prabhupāda termed a similar method of Vedic thought philosophical speculation. See Deduction, Induction, Logic.",
      "definition_html": "Also called retroduction. It is the acceptance of a philosophical premise on the basis of its power to account for causation with logic and evidence. Abduction is the rational justification of a deduction. Deduction per se is the acceptance of a premise on authority. The term abduction was put forward by C.S. Peirce (1839-1914). Śrīla Prabhupāda termed a similar method of Vedic thought philosophical speculation. See Deduction, Induction, Logic."
    },
    {
      "term": "Abhaya",
      "definition": "one of the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Abhidheya",
      "definition": "the regulated activities of the soul for reviving his relationship with the Lord; devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "the regulated activities of the soul for reviving his relationship with the Lord; devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Abhimanyu",
      "definition": "the heroic son Arjuna and Subhadrā. He was killed by the Son of Duḥśāsana. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "the heroic son Arjuna and Subhadrā. He was killed by the Son of Duḥśāsana. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Abhiṣeka",
      "definition": "a bathing ceremony, particularly for the coronation of a king or the installation of the Lord's Deity form.",
      "definition_html": "a bathing ceremony, particularly for the coronation of a king or the installation of the Lord's Deity form."
    },
    {
      "term": "Absolute",
      "definition": "The root comes from the Latin absolutus, the perfect or the completed (derived from the verbum absolvere, to detach, to free, to acquit). The term was introduced into Western philosophy in the fifteenth century by Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464). The absolute is the ultimate, underlying and all-inclusive reality that depends upon nothing else for its existence. All other things depend upon it. The absolute is substance as it is, rather than as we perceive it. See Brahman, Reality, Relativism, Substance.",
      "definition_html": "The root comes from the Latin <i>absolutus,</i> the perfect or the completed (derived from the verbum <i>absolvere</i>, to detach, to free, to acquit). The term was introduced into Western philosophy in the fifteenth century by Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464). The absolute is the ultimate, underlying and all-inclusive reality that depends upon nothing else for its existence. All other things depend upon it. The absolute is substance as it is, rather than as we perceive it. See Brahman, Reality, Relativism, Substance."
    },
    {
      "term": "Absolute Truth",
      "definition": "the ultimate source of all energies.",
      "definition_html": "the ultimate source of all energies."
    },
    {
      "term": "Acala",
      "definition": "a brother of Śakuni. He was killed by Arjuna. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "a brother of Śakuni. He was killed by Arjuna. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Acchha",
      "definition": "good, ok, all right.",
      "definition_html": "good, ok, all right."
    },
    {
      "term": "Acintya",
      "definition": "inconceivable.",
      "definition_html": "inconceivable."
    },
    {
      "term": "Acintya-bhedābheda-tattva",
      "definition": "Lord Caitanya’s “simultaneously one and different” doctrine, which establishes the inconceivable simultaneous existence of the Absolute Truth as both personal and impersonal.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Caitanya’s “simultaneously one and different” doctrine, which establishes the inconceivable simultaneous existence of the Absolute Truth as both personal and impersonal."
    },
    {
      "term": "Acintya-śakti",
      "definition": "the inconceivable energy of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the inconceivable energy of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Acit",
      "definition": "the inert material nature; without life or consciousness",
      "definition_html": "the inert material nature; without life or consciousness"
    },
    {
      "term": "Acyuta",
      "definition": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who can never fall down from His position.",
      "definition_html": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who can never fall down from His position."
    },
    {
      "term": "Acyutāyus",
      "definition": "he fought on the side of Duryodhana. He and his brother Śrutāyus were killed by Arjuna. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "he fought on the side of Duryodhana. He and his brother Śrutāyus were killed by Arjuna. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Adbhuta-rasa",
      "definition": "the indirect relationship of wonder or amazement.",
      "definition_html": "the indirect relationship of wonder or amazement."
    },
    {
      "term": "Adhama",
      "definition": "the lowest among men.",
      "definition_html": "the lowest among men."
    },
    {
      "term": "Adhama paḍuyās",
      "definition": "degraded scholars who consider devotional activities material.",
      "definition_html": "degraded scholars who consider devotional activities material."
    },
    {
      "term": "Adharma",
      "definition": "irreligion.",
      "definition_html": "irreligion."
    },
    {
      "term": "adhibhautika",
      "definition": "miseries caused by conflict with other living entities.",
      "definition_html": "miseries caused by conflict with other living entities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Adhibhūtam",
      "definition": "the physical nature.",
      "definition_html": "the physical nature<i>.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Adhidaivatam",
      "definition": "the universal form of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the<i> </i>universal form of the<i> </i>Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Adhidaivic powers",
      "definition": "the administrative functions delegated by the Lord to demigods, such as control over rain, wind and sun.",
      "definition_html": "the administrative functions delegated by the Lord to demigods, such as control over rain, wind and sun."
    },
    {
      "term": "adhidaivika",
      "definition": "miseries caused by the forces of nature.",
      "definition_html": "miseries caused by the forces of nature."
    },
    {
      "term": "Adhikārī",
      "definition": "one who knows the science of Kṛṣṇa and is engaged in His service.",
      "definition_html": "one who knows the science of Kṛṣṇa and is engaged in His service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Adhiratha",
      "definition": "foster father of Karṇa. He was a charioteer by profession. He one day found the child Karṇa floating in Ganges in a basket. His wife was barren and happily he took the child home and gave it to his wife. He was also the father of Sangramajit.",
      "definition_html": "foster father of Karṇa. He was a charioteer by profession. He one day found the child Karṇa floating in Ganges in a basket. His wife was barren and happily he took the child home and gave it to his wife. He was also the father of Sangramajit."
    },
    {
      "term": "Adhirūḍha",
      "definition": "an advanced symptom of mahā-bhāva found only in the gopīs.",
      "definition_html": "an advanced symptom of <i>mahā-bhāva</i> found only in the <i>gopīs</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Adhiyajña",
      "definition": "the Supersoul, the plenary expansion of the Lord in the heart of every living being.",
      "definition_html": "the Supersoul, the plenary expansion of the Lord in the heart of every living being."
    },
    {
      "term": "Adhokṣaja",
      "definition": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is beyond material sense perception, who is not perceivable by impure material senses; Revealed knowledge. The fourth of the five stages of Vedic knowledge.",
      "definition_html": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is beyond material sense perception, who is not perceivable by impure material senses; Revealed knowledge. The fourth of the five stages of Vedic knowledge."
    },
    {
      "term": "Adhyātma-cetasā",
      "definition": "one who depends solely on Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "one who depends solely on Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Adhyātmika",
      "definition": "(misery) caused by one's own body and mind.",
      "definition_html": "(misery) caused by one's own body and mind."
    },
    {
      "term": "Adhīra",
      "definition": "one who is not sober and is always disturbed.",
      "definition_html": "one who is not sober and is always disturbed."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aditi",
      "definition": "the mother of the demigods.",
      "definition_html": "the mother of the demigods."
    },
    {
      "term": "Advaita",
      "definition": "Oneness (from a, not and dvaita, duality). The system of Vedānta philosophy put forward by Śaṅkarācārya is known as Advaita Vedānta. It argues for a monistic, impersonal absolute truth. See Dvaita, Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas, Śaṅkarācārya, Vedānta; nondual; without differentiation.",
      "definition_html": "Oneness (from <i>a,</i> not and <i>dvaita,</i> duality). The system of Vedānta philosophy put forward by Śaṅkarācārya is known as Advaita Vedānta. It argues for a monistic, impersonal absolute truth. See Dvaita, Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas, Śaṅkarācārya, Vedānta; nondual; without differentiation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Advaita Prabhu",
      "definition": "Advaitācārya-an incarnation of Lord Mahā-Viṣṇu, who appeared as one of the four principal associates of Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu.",
      "definition_html": "Advaitācārya-an incarnation of Lord Mahā-Viṣṇu, who appeared as one of the four principal associates of Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Advaita Ācārya",
      "definition": "an incarnation of the Lord who appeared as a principal associate of another incarnation, Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU.",
      "definition_html": "an incarnation of the Lord who appeared as a principal associate of another incarnation, Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU."
    },
    {
      "term": "Advaita-siddhānta",
      "definition": "the conclusion of the monists, namely, that the Absolute Truth and the individual living entity are separate in the material state, but that when they are spiritually situated there is no difference between them.",
      "definition_html": "the conclusion of the monists, namely, that the Absolute Truth and the individual living entity are separate in the material state, but that when they are spiritually situated there is no difference between them."
    },
    {
      "term": "Advaita-vāda",
      "definition": "the philosophy of absolute oneness taught by Śaṅkarācārya, and whose conclusion is advaita-siddhānta.",
      "definition_html": "the philosophy of absolute oneness taught by Śaṅkarācārya, and whose conclusion is <i>advaita-siddhānta</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Advaita-vādīs",
      "definition": "atheistic philosophers who say all distinctions are but material illusions. Mayāvādī-one who propounds the philosophy of Śaṅkarācārya, which basically holds that God is featureless and impersonal, that devotion to a personal Godhead is false, the material creation of the Lord is also false, and the ultimate goal of life is to become existentially one with the all-pervading, impersonal Absolute.",
      "definition_html": "atheistic philosophers who say all distinctions are but material illusions. Mayāvādī<i>-</i>one<i> </i>who propounds the philosophy of Śaṅkarācārya, which basically holds that God is featureless and impersonal, that devotion to a personal Godhead is false, the material creation of the Lord is also false, and the ultimate goal of life is to become existentially one with the all-pervading, impersonal Absolute."
    },
    {
      "term": "Advaitin",
      "definition": "A follower of the teaching.",
      "definition_html": "A follower of the teaching."
    },
    {
      "term": "Advaitācārya",
      "definition": "an incarnation of Lord Mahā-Viṣṇu who appeared as one of the four principal associates of Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu.",
      "definition_html": "an incarnation of Lord Mahā-Viṣṇu who appeared as one of the four principal associates of Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Agastya",
      "definition": "the mind.",
      "definition_html": "the mind."
    },
    {
      "term": "Agastya Muni",
      "definition": "a great sage who authored many Vedic hymns and writings on Āyurvedic medicine. The son of Mitra and Varuṇa, he was born from a water jar. Once he swallowed the ocean and forced the Vindhya mountain range to prostrate itself before him. Who helped the demigods defeat the Danavas by drinking up the ocean they were hiding in. He also gave the brahmashira weapon to Drona.",
      "definition_html": "a great sage who authored many Vedic hymns and writings on Āyurvedic<i> </i>medicine. The son of Mitra and Varuṇa, he was born from a water jar. Once he swallowed the ocean and forced the Vindhya mountain range to prostrate itself before him. Who helped the demigods defeat the Danavas by drinking up the ocean they were hiding in. He also gave the <b><i>brahmashira</i></b> weapon to Drona."
    },
    {
      "term": "Age of Kali",
      "definition": "See KALI-YUGA.",
      "definition_html": "See KALI-YUGA."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aghana",
      "definition": "transcendental bliss that is incomplete (lit. \"not concentrated\").",
      "definition_html": "transcendental bliss that is incomplete (lit. \"not concentrated\")."
    },
    {
      "term": "Agni",
      "definition": "the demigod who controls fire. He took the form of a brāhmaṇa and begged charity from Lord Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna. He then consumed the Khāṇḍava forest.",
      "definition_html": "the demigod who controls fire. He took the form of a <i>brāhmaṇa</i> and begged charity from Lord Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna. He then consumed the Khāṇḍava forest."
    },
    {
      "term": "Agnihotra-yajña",
      "definition": "the ceremonial fire sacrifice offered to the demigod Agni performed in Vedic rituals.",
      "definition_html": "the ceremonial fire sacrifice offered to the demigod Agni performed in Vedic rituals."
    },
    {
      "term": "Agnistoma",
      "definition": "a sacrifice performed by a person who wants go to heaven. A minimum of sixteen priests are required for this sacrifice, which lasts five days.",
      "definition_html": "a sacrifice performed by a person who wants go to heaven. A minimum of sixteen priests are required for this sacrifice, which lasts five days."
    },
    {
      "term": "Agrahāyaṇa",
      "definition": "a name for the month of Mārgaśirṣa (November/December). In contemporary Vaiṣṇavism it is known as the month of Keśava.",
      "definition_html": "a name for the month of Mārgaśirṣa (November/December). In contemporary Vaiṣṇavism it is known as the month of Keśava."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ahaitukī",
      "definition": "without cheating motivation.",
      "definition_html": "without cheating motivation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ahaitukī-kṛpā",
      "definition": "causeless mercy of the Supreme Lord or His bonafide representative.",
      "definition_html": "causeless mercy of the Supreme Lord or His bonafide representative."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ahaṁ brahmāsmi",
      "definition": "the Vedic aphorism \"I am spirit.\"",
      "definition_html": "the Vedic aphorism \"I am spirit.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Ahaṁ māmeti",
      "definition": "the false conception of \"I\" and \"mine [Bhāg. 5.5.8].\"",
      "definition_html": "the false conception of \"I\" and \"mine [<i>Bhāg.</i><b> 5.5.8]</b>.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Ahaṅgraha-upāsanā",
      "definition": "a Māyāvādī's worship of his own body as the Supreme; self-worship in general.",
      "definition_html": "a Māyāvādī's worship of his own body as the Supreme; self-worship in general."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ahaṅkāra",
      "definition": "false ego, by which the soul misidentifies with the material body.",
      "definition_html": "false ego, by which the soul misidentifies with the material body."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ahiṁsā",
      "definition": "nonviolence.",
      "definition_html": "nonviolence."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aiśvarya-jñāna-yukta",
      "definition": "emotion with an understanding of the Lord's full opulences.",
      "definition_html": "emotion with an understanding of the Lord's full opulences."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aiśvarya-līlā",
      "definition": "the Lord's pastimes of opulence.",
      "definition_html": "the Lord's pastimes of opulence."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aja",
      "definition": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is unborn.",
      "definition_html": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is unborn."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ajam",
      "definition": "unborn.",
      "definition_html": "unborn."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ajita",
      "definition": "the Supreme Lord who is unconquerable.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Lord who is unconquerable."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ajña",
      "definition": "a description of Kṛṣṇa indicating that nothing is unknown to Him.",
      "definition_html": "a description of Kṛṣṇa indicating that nothing is unknown to Him."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ajñāta-sukṛti",
      "definition": "pious or devotional activity performed accidentally, without knowledge of its effect.",
      "definition_html": "pious or devotional activity performed accidentally, without knowledge of its effect."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ajāmila",
      "definition": "a fallen brāhmaṇa who was saved from hell by unintentionally chanting the Lord's name at the time of death.",
      "definition_html": "a fallen <i>brāhmaṇa</i> who was saved from hell by unintentionally chanting the Lord's name at the time of death."
    },
    {
      "term": "Akarma (naiskarma)",
      "definition": "action for which one suffers no reaction because it is performed in Kṛṣṇa consciousness; free from material desire; one who is desireless.",
      "definition_html": "</i>action for which one suffers no reaction because it is performed in Kṛṣṇa consciousness; free from material desire; one who is desireless."
    },
    {
      "term": "Akarma (naiṣkarma)",
      "definition": "action for which one suffers no reaction because it is performed in Kṛṣṇa consciousness.",
      "definition_html": "action for which one suffers no reaction because it is performed in Kṛṣṇa consciousness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Akarma or Naiṣkarma",
      "definition": "Actions which free one from the cycle of birth and death.",
      "definition_html": "Actions which free one from the cycle of birth and death."
    },
    {
      "term": "Akhila-rasāmṛta-mūrti",
      "definition": "Kṛṣṇa, the transcendental form of attraction for all kinds of devotees.",
      "definition_html": "Kṛṣṇa, the transcendental form of attraction for all kinds of devotees."
    },
    {
      "term": "Akiñcana",
      "definition": "one who possesses nothing in the material world.",
      "definition_html": "one who possesses nothing in the material world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Akiñcana-gocara",
      "definition": "Lord Kṛṣṇa, who is easily approached by those who are materially exhausted.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Kṛṣṇa, who is easily approached by those who are materially exhausted."
    },
    {
      "term": "Akrūra",
      "definition": "an uncle of Lord Kṛṣṇa. A hero of the Yadu dynasty.",
      "definition_html": "an uncle of Lord Kṛṣṇa. A hero of the Yadu dynasty."
    },
    {
      "term": "Akāma-bhakta",
      "definition": "one who serves the Lord without material motive.",
      "definition_html": "one who serves the Lord without material motive."
    },
    {
      "term": "Akṣauhiṇī",
      "definition": "a military division consisting of 21,870 chariots, 21,870 elephants, 109,350 infantrymen and 65,610 horsemen.",
      "definition_html": "a military division consisting of 21,870 chariots, 21,870 elephants, 109,350 infantrymen and 65,610 horsemen."
    },
    {
      "term": "Alakāpurī",
      "definition": "the residence ot Kuvera, the treasurer of the demigods. It sits on a peak in the Himālayas.",
      "definition_html": "the residence ot Kuvera, the treasurer of the demigods. It sits on a peak in the Himālayas."
    },
    {
      "term": "Alambuṣa",
      "definition": "a Rākṣasa who was killed by Ghaṭotkaca. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "a Rākṣasa who was killed by Ghaṭotkaca. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Alolupa",
      "definition": "a son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "a son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Alu",
      "definition": "potato",
      "definition_html": "potato"
    },
    {
      "term": "Alwars",
      "definition": "Tamil Nadu saints who were devotees of Lord Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "Tamil Nadu saints who were devotees of Lord Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Alāyudha",
      "definition": "a Rākṣasa who fought on the side of Duryodhana. He was killed by Ghaṭotkaca. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "a Rākṣasa who fought on the side of Duryodhana. He was killed by Ghaṭotkaca. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Amarakośa",
      "definition": "a Sanskrit dictionary and thesaurus widely used in the teaching of Sanskrit.",
      "definition_html": "a Sanskrit dictionary and thesaurus widely used in the teaching of Sanskrit."
    },
    {
      "term": "Amarāvatī",
      "definition": "the capital city of Lord Indra's heavenly abode. It has the power of greatly extending the life span of its residents.",
      "definition_html": "the capital city of Lord Indra's heavenly abode. It has the power of greatly extending the life span of its residents."
    },
    {
      "term": "Amarṣa",
      "definition": "anger, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "anger, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ambarīṣa Mahārāja",
      "definition": "a great devotee-king who perfectly executed all nine devotional practices (hearing, chanting, etc.). A great king glorified by Narada Muni.",
      "definition_html": "a great devotee-king who perfectly executed all nine devotional practices (hearing, chanting, etc.). A great king glorified by Narada Muni."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ambikā",
      "definition": "Second daughter of the King of Kāśi. She married Vicitravīrya. Later when Vicitravīrya died, she begot Dhṛtarāṣṭra by the great sage Vyāsa. (Ādi Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "Second daughter of the King of Kāśi. She married Vicitravīrya. Later when Vicitravīrya died, she begot Dhṛtarāṣṭra by the great sage Vyāsa. (Ādi Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Ambā",
      "definition": "Older sister of Ambikā and Ambālikā and daughter of the King of Kāśi. She was abducted by Bhīṣma during her svayaṁvara, but she wanted to marry Śālva. She did penance to please Lord Śiva and she received a benediction she could take birth in her next life as a son of King Drupada. (Ādi Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "Older sister of Ambikā and Ambālikā and daughter of the King of Kāśi. She was abducted by Bhīṣma during her <i>svayaṁvara</i>, but she wanted to marry Śālva. She did penance to please Lord Śiva and she received a benediction she could take birth in her next life as a son of King Drupada. (Ādi Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Ambālikā",
      "definition": "Youngest of the daughters of the King of Kāśi. She was married to Vicitravīrya. When Vicitravīrya died early, she begot Pāṇḍu by the great sage Vyāsa. (Ādi Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "Youngest of the daughters of the King of Kāśi. She was married to Vicitravīrya. When Vicitravīrya died early, she begot Pāṇḍu by the great sage Vyāsa. (Ādi Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Amātya",
      "definition": "the governor of the senses, the mind.",
      "definition_html": "the governor of the senses, the mind."
    },
    {
      "term": "Amāvasyā",
      "definition": "the dark-moon night, or the night of the new moon, when various sacrifices are offered to both demigods and demons.",
      "definition_html": "the dark-moon night, or the night of the new moon, when various sacrifices are offered to both demigods and demons."
    },
    {
      "term": "Amṛta",
      "definition": "nectar, the food of the gods, which makes the drinker immortal.",
      "definition_html": "nectar, the food of the gods, which makes the drinker immortal."
    },
    {
      "term": "Amṛtatva",
      "definition": "eternal life.",
      "definition_html": "eternal life."
    },
    {
      "term": "Analysis",
      "definition": "A term similar in meaning to the Sanskrit sāṅkhya. It comes from the Greek an (up) plus lyein (to loosen, to untie), meaning to resolve into its elements. Analysis is the procedure of separating a problem into its component parts in order to 1) study the parts separately, 2) study their interrelationships, or 3) study how they relate to the whole. See Elements, Sāṅkhya.",
      "definition_html": "A term similar in meaning to the Sanskrit <i>sāṅkhya.</i> It comes from the Greek <i>an</i> (up) plus <i>lyein</i> (to loosen, to untie), meaning to resolve into its elements. Analysis is the procedure of separating a problem into its component parts in order to 1) study the parts separately, 2) study their interrelationships, or 3) study how they relate to the whole. See Elements, Sāṅkhya."
    },
    {
      "term": "Anamra",
      "definition": "one who offers obeisances to no one.",
      "definition_html": "one who offers obeisances to no one."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ananta",
      "definition": "the name of the serpent with unlimited heads on which Viṣṇu rests.",
      "definition_html": "the name of the serpent with unlimited heads on which Viṣṇu rests."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ananta-caturdaśī",
      "definition": "date of the yearly festival commemorating the passing away of Haridāsa Ṭhākura.",
      "definition_html": "date of the yearly festival commemorating the passing away of Haridāsa Ṭhākura."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ananta-Śeṣa",
      "definition": "an incarnation of the Supreme Lord in the form of His thousand-headed serpent, on which Viṣṇu rests, and who sustains the planets on His hoods.",
      "definition_html": "an incarnation of the Supreme Lord in the form of His thousand-headed serpent, on which Viṣṇu rests, and who sustains the planets on His hoods."
    },
    {
      "term": "Anantavijaya",
      "definition": "name of King Yudhiṣṭhira's conchshell.",
      "definition_html": "name of King Yudhiṣṭhira's conchshell."
    },
    {
      "term": "Anapekṣa",
      "definition": "indifference to mundane people.",
      "definition_html": "indifference to mundane people."
    },
    {
      "term": "Anaranya",
      "definition": "King of Iksvaku dynasty, killed by Ravana. When dying he cursed Ravana to be killed by Rama",
      "definition_html": "King of Iksvaku dynasty, killed by Ravana. When dying he cursed Ravana to be killed by Rama"
    },
    {
      "term": "Anartha-nivṛtti",
      "definition": "a stage in the progressive development of devotion to Lord Kṛṣṇa in which one is freed from unwanted desires and karmic reactions; cleansing the heart of all unwanted things",
      "definition_html": "a stage in the progressive development of devotion to Lord Kṛṣṇa in which one is freed from unwanted desires and karmic reactions; cleansing the heart of all unwanted things"
    },
    {
      "term": "Anavasara",
      "definition": "period of a fortnight between bathing ceremony and Ratha-yātrā when the body of the Jagannātha Deity is repainted.",
      "definition_html": "period of a fortnight between bathing ceremony and Ratha-yātrā when the body of the Jagannātha Deity is repainted."
    },
    {
      "term": "Angrezi",
      "definition": "English. The term is extended in Vrndavan to mean 'foreigner'.",
      "definition_html": "English. The term is extended in Vrndavan to mean 'foreigner'."
    },
    {
      "term": "Anilāyāma",
      "definition": "Prāṇāyāma-breath control used in yoga practice, especially aṣṭāṅga-yoga (one of the eight parts of the aṣṭanga-yoga system).",
      "definition_html": "<i>Prāṇāyāma</i>-breath control used in <i>yoga</i> practice, especially <i>aṣṭāṅga-yoga </i>(one of the eight parts of the <i>aṣṭanga-yoga </i>system)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aniruddha",
      "definition": "a grandson of Lord Kṛṣṇa; also one of the four original expansions of Lord Kṛṣṇa in the spiritual world.",
      "definition_html": "a grandson of Lord Kṛṣṇa; also one of the four original expansions of Lord Kṛṣṇa in the spiritual world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Anna",
      "definition": "food grains.",
      "definition_html": "food grains."
    },
    {
      "term": "Anna-prāśana",
      "definition": "the ceremony of offering a child his first food grains; one of the ten purificatory saṁskāras.",
      "definition_html": "the ceremony of offering a child his first food grains; one of the ten purificatory <i>saṁskāras.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Annamaya",
      "definition": "(consciousness) absorbed only in food.",
      "definition_html": "(consciousness) absorbed only in food."
    },
    {
      "term": "Annapurna",
      "definition": "Durgā manifested in her form of supplier of food.",
      "definition_html": "Durgā manifested in her form of supplier of food."
    },
    {
      "term": "Antaraṅga-sevā",
      "definition": "service performed in one's spiritual body.",
      "definition_html": "service performed in one's spiritual body."
    },
    {
      "term": "Antardhāna",
      "definition": "Vijitāśva, the eldest son of King Pṛthu.",
      "definition_html": "Vijitāśva, the eldest son of King Pṛthu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Antarikṣa",
      "definition": "outer space.",
      "definition_html": "outer space."
    },
    {
      "term": "Antaryāmi",
      "definition": "The Lord in His plenary expansion within the heart, the Witness of all we do.",
      "definition_html": "The Lord in His plenary expansion within the heart, the Witness of all we do."
    },
    {
      "term": "Antaryāmī",
      "definition": "the expansion of the Supreme Lord situated in everyone's heart as Supersoul, the indwelling controller.",
      "definition_html": "the expansion of the Supreme Lord situated in everyone's heart as Supersoul, the indwelling controller."
    },
    {
      "term": "Anthropomorphism",
      "definition": "From the Greek nthropos (man) and morph (form, shape, figure), it is an induction of the Supreme Being's form, emotions, interests, etc. drawn from human experience: God in the image of man, instead of man in the image of God. See Induction, Mechanomorphism.",
      "definition_html": "From the Greek nthropos (man) and morph (form, shape, figure), it is an induction of the Supreme Being's form, emotions, interests, etc. drawn from human experience: God in the image of man, instead of man in the image of God. See Induction, Mechanomorphism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Antya-līlā",
      "definition": "the last eighteen years of Lord Caitanya's pastimes.",
      "definition_html": "the last eighteen years of Lord Caitanya's pastimes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Antyajas",
      "definition": "an outcaste.",
      "definition_html": "an outcaste."
    },
    {
      "term": "Anubhāva",
      "definition": "bodily symptoms manifested by a devotee in ecstatic love for Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "bodily symptoms manifested by a devotee in ecstatic love for Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Anukara",
      "definition": "imitating.",
      "definition_html": "imitating."
    },
    {
      "term": "Anumāna",
      "definition": "Reason, thought, philosophical speculation. The second of the three Vaiṣṇava pramāṇas. See Pramāṇa, Pratyakṣa, Rationalism, Reflective thinking, Śabda.",
      "definition_html": "Reason, thought, philosophical speculation. The second of the three Vaiṣṇava <b><i>pramāṇas</i></b>. See Pramāṇa, Pratyakṣa, Rationalism, Reflective thinking, Śabda."
    },
    {
      "term": "Anupaśyati",
      "definition": "To see or observe. It is used for one who observes the Supreme Lord within everything. This means one must follow the previous ācārya, the perfected teacher, not to see as one does with the materially defective naked eye but by hearing from a Superior Source.",
      "definition_html": "To see or observe. It is used for one who observes the Supreme Lord within everything. This means one must follow the previous <i>ācārya</i>, the perfected teacher, not to see as one does with the materially defective naked eye but by hearing from a Superior Source."
    },
    {
      "term": "Anurasa",
      "definition": "second-class type of rasābhāsa, occurring when something is derived from the original mellow.",
      "definition_html": "second-class type of <i>rasābhāsa, </i>occurring when something is derived from the original mellow."
    },
    {
      "term": "Anurāga",
      "definition": "subattachment in ecstatic love of God.",
      "definition_html": "subattachment in ecstatic love of God."
    },
    {
      "term": "Anusara",
      "definition": "trying to follow in the footsteps.",
      "definition_html": "trying to follow in the footsteps."
    },
    {
      "term": "Anusūyā",
      "definition": "the wig of Atri Muni, the sage among the demigods. She is the mother of three-headed Lord Dattātreya.",
      "definition_html": "the wig of Atri Muni, the sage among the demigods. She is the mother of three-headed Lord Dattātreya."
    },
    {
      "term": "Anuvinda",
      "definition": "a King of Avanti. He and his brother, Vinda, were the brothers of Mitravindā, who was married to Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa. Both brothers were inimical to Lord Kṛṣṇa and were killed by Arjuna. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "a King of Avanti. He and his brother, Vinda, were the brothers of<i> </i>Mitravindā, who was married to Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa. Both brothers were inimical to Lord Kṛṣṇa and were killed by Arjuna. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Anādi",
      "definition": "since time immemorial.",
      "definition_html": "since time immemorial."
    },
    {
      "term": "Apara-vidyā",
      "definition": "Vedic knowledge of mind and matter that includes logic, grammar, astrology, medicine, social organization, martial arts, music, dance and so on (as distinct from para-vidyā, the science of God). The karma-kāṇḍa and jñāna-kāṇḍa scriptures make up the apara-vidyā of the Vedas. See Avidyā, Jñāna-kāṇḍa, Karma-kāṇḍa, Para-vidyā; material knowledge",
      "definition_html": "Vedic knowledge of mind and matter that includes logic, grammar, astrology, medicine, social organization, martial arts, music, dance and so on (as distinct from <b><i>para-vidyā</i></b>, the science of God). The <b><i>karma-kāṇḍa</i></b> and <b><i>jñāna-kāṇḍa</i></b> scriptures make up the <b><i>apara-vidyā</i></b> of the <b><i>Vedas</i></b>. See <b><i>Avidyā, Jñāna-kāṇḍa, Karma-kāṇḍa</i></b>, Para-vidyā; material knowledge"
    },
    {
      "term": "Aparasa",
      "definition": "third-class type of rasābhāsa, occurring when something is appreciated that is far removed from the original mellow.",
      "definition_html": "third-class type of <i>rasābhāsa, </i>occurring when something is appreciated that is far removed from the original mellow."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aparokṣa",
      "definition": "Direct knowledge. The third of the five stages of Vedic knowledge.",
      "definition_html": "Direct knowledge. The third of the five stages of Vedic knowledge."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aparā",
      "definition": "Inferior energy of the Supreme Lord. Also called avidyā.",
      "definition_html": "Inferior energy of the Supreme Lord. Also called <i>avidyā</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aparā Prakṛti",
      "definition": "Inferior or material energy of the Lord; the elements of Nature are earth, fire, water, air, ether, mind, intelligence, and false ego.",
      "definition_html": "Inferior or material energy of the Lord; the elements of Nature are earth, fire, water, air, ether, mind, intelligence, and false ego."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aparādha",
      "definition": "an offense.",
      "definition_html": "an offense."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aparājita",
      "definition": "one of the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīmasena. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīmasena. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Apasmāra",
      "definition": "forgetfulness, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "forgetfulness, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Apauruṣeya",
      "definition": "not made by man (that is, revealed by God); A term to describe the divine origin of the Vedas.",
      "definition_html": "not made by man (that is, revealed by God); A term to describe the divine origin of the <b><i>Vedas</i></b>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Apavarga",
      "definition": "liberation from pavarga, the miseries of material existence.",
      "definition_html": "liberation from <i>pavarga, </i>the miseries of material existence."
    },
    {
      "term": "Apavitra-anna",
      "definition": "food that is unacceptable for a Vaiṣṇava.",
      "definition_html": "food that is unacceptable for a Vaiṣṇava."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aprakaṭa-līlā",
      "definition": "the unmanifested pastimes of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the unmanifested pastimes of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aprameya",
      "definition": "immeasurable.",
      "definition_html": "immeasurable."
    },
    {
      "term": "Apratihatā",
      "definition": "uninterrupted.",
      "definition_html": "uninterrupted."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aprākṛta",
      "definition": "spiritual, or anti-material, transcendental to material nature; The fifth of the five stages of Vedic knowledge.",
      "definition_html": "spiritual, or anti-material, transcendental to material nature; The fifth of the five stages of Vedic knowledge."
    },
    {
      "term": "Apsarā",
      "definition": "a heavenly courtesan. The most beautiful women in the heavenly planets, who are expert at dancing.",
      "definition_html": "a heavenly courtesan. The most beautiful women in the heavenly planets, who are expert at dancing."
    },
    {
      "term": "Apāna-vāyu",
      "definition": "one of the internal bodily airs which is controlled by the aṣṭāṅga-yoga system. The apāna-vāyu travels downwards.",
      "definition_html": "one of the internal bodily airs which is controlled by the <i>aṣṭāṅga-yoga </i>system. The <i>apāna-vāyu </i>travels downwards."
    },
    {
      "term": "Apāpaviddham",
      "definition": "Description of Supreme Lord—sin cannot touch Him.",
      "definition_html": "Description of Supreme Lord—sin cannot touch Him."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aravindakṣa",
      "definition": "a name of the Lord meaning one whose eyes are as beautiful as lotus petals.",
      "definition_html": "a name of the Lord meaning one whose eyes are as beautiful as lotus petals."
    },
    {
      "term": "Arbuda-arbuda",
      "definition": "various types of śravaṇa and kīrtana of the Supreme Lord's name, quality, form and so on.",
      "definition_html": "various types of <i>śravaṇa</i> and <i>kīrtana</i> of the Supreme Lord's name, quality, form and so on."
    },
    {
      "term": "Arcana",
      "definition": "the procedures followed for worshiping the arcā-vigraha, the Deity in the temple; engaging all the senses in the service of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the procedures followed for worshiping the <i>arcā-vigraha,</i> the Deity in the temple; engaging all the senses in the service of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Arcana naturae (Lat.)",
      "definition": "The secrets of nature. See New Philosophy.",
      "definition_html": "The secrets of nature. See New Philosophy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Arcanā",
      "definition": "the process of Deity worship, or engaging all the senses in the service of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the process of Deity worship, or engaging all the senses in the service of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Arci",
      "definition": "the wife of King Pṛthu.",
      "definition_html": "the wife of King Pṛthu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Arcā",
      "definition": "The Appearance of the Supreme Lord in a Deity Form engraved from wood, stone, or other matter.",
      "definition_html": "The Appearance of the Supreme Lord in a Deity Form engraved from wood, stone, or other matter."
    },
    {
      "term": "Arcā-mūrti",
      "definition": "See: Arcā-vigraha below.",
      "definition_html": "<i>See: Arcā-vigraha below</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Arcā-vigraha",
      "definition": "an authorized form of God manifested through material elements, as in a painting or statue of Kṛṣṇa worshiped in a temple or home. Actually present in this form, the Lord accepts worship from His devotees.",
      "definition_html": "an authorized form of God manifested through material elements, as in a painting or statue of Kṛṣṇa worshiped in a temple or home. Actually present in this form, the Lord accepts worship from His devotees."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ardha-bāhya",
      "definition": "half-external consciousness.",
      "definition_html": "half-external consciousness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Arghya",
      "definition": "a ceremonious offering, in a conchshell, of water and other auspicious items.",
      "definition_html": "a ceremonious offering, in a conchshell, of water and other auspicious items."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ari",
      "definition": "impediments like disease.",
      "definition_html": "impediments like disease."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aristotle",
      "definition": "Greek philosopher who taught in the fourth century before Christ (384-322 BC). Aristotle studied under Plato for almost twenty years, then went on to start his own school of thought. He was very interested in what the Bhagavad-gītā calls the field of knowledge, which he analyzed minutely according to his own system. He was less concerned with the knower of the field, the soul. He defined the soul as What it is to be for a body of the character just assigned (De anima, 412b). In other words, if an axe was a product of nature, then its characteristic body or form would be its soul. (The ax example is Aristotle's own.)",
      "definition_html": "Greek philosopher who taught in the fourth century before Christ (384-322 BC). Aristotle studied under Plato for almost twenty years, then went on to start his own school of thought. He was very interested in what the <b><i>Bhagavad-gītā</i></b> calls the field of knowledge, which he analyzed minutely according to his own system. He was less concerned with the knower of the field, the soul. He defined the soul as What it is to be for a body of the character just assigned (De anima, 412b). In other words, if an axe was a product of nature, then its characteristic body or form would be its soul. (The ax example is Aristotle's own.)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Ariṣṭāsura",
      "definition": "a demon who took the form of a bull and tried to kill Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a demon who took the form of a bull and tried to kill Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Arjuna",
      "definition": "the third son of Pāṇḍu and intimate friend of Lord Kṛṣṇa. After Pāṇḍu was cursed by a sage, Kuntī used a special mantra to beget children and called for the demigod Indra. By the union of Indra and Kuntī, Arjuna was born. In his previous life he was Nara, the eternal associate of Lord Nārāyaṇa. Kṛṣṇa became his chariot driver and spoke the Bhagavad-gītā to him on the battlefield of Kurukṣetra; An eternal associate of Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the third son of Pāṇḍu and intimate friend of Lord Kṛṣṇa. After Pāṇḍu was cursed by a sage, Kuntī used a special <i>mantra</i> to beget children and called for the demigod Indra. By the union of Indra and Kuntī, Arjuna was born. In his previous life he was Nara, the eternal associate of Lord Nārāyaṇa. Kṛṣṇa became his chariot driver and spoke the <i>Bhagavad-gītā </i>to him on the battlefield of Kurukṣetra; An eternal associate of Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Artha",
      "definition": "economic development.",
      "definition_html": "economic development."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aruṇa gems",
      "definition": "rubies decorating Kṛṣṇa's flute.",
      "definition_html": "rubies decorating Kṛṣṇa's flute."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aryama",
      "definition": "the demigod in charge of Pitṛloka, the planet were qualified departed ancestors reside.",
      "definition_html": "the demigod in charge of Pitṛloka, the planet were qualified departed ancestors reside."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aryamā",
      "definition": "the demigod in charge of Pitṛloka, the planet where qualified departed ancestors reside.",
      "definition_html": "the demigod in charge of Pitṛloka, the planet where qualified departed ancestors reside."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aryan",
      "definition": "a follower of Vedic culture. A person whose goal is spiritual advancement. He truly knows the value of life and has a civilization based on spiritual realization.",
      "definition_html": "a follower of Vedic culture. A person whose goal is spiritual advancement. He truly knows the value of life and has a civilization based on spiritual realization."
    },
    {
      "term": "Asamanya",
      "definition": "a king of the solar dynasty, son of Sagara, known for his cruelty.",
      "definition_html": "a king of the solar dynasty, son of Sagara, known for his cruelty."
    },
    {
      "term": "Asambhūti",
      "definition": "Those who have no independent existence.",
      "definition_html": "Those who have no independent existence."
    },
    {
      "term": "Asat",
      "definition": "not eternal, temporary.",
      "definition_html": "not eternal, temporary."
    },
    {
      "term": "Asat-saṅga",
      "definition": "the association of nondevotees.",
      "definition_html": "the association of nondevotees."
    },
    {
      "term": "Asaṁskṛta",
      "definition": "unreformed.",
      "definition_html": "unreformed."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ashoka",
      "definition": "a king who spread Buddhism in India in the 3rd century BC.",
      "definition_html": "a king who spread Buddhism in India in the 3rd century BC."
    },
    {
      "term": "ashrams",
      "definition": "the four Vedic developmental divisions of the human life-cycle which are meant to elevate one to spiritual perfection; these begin with brahmacarya (celibacy and study), proceed to gṛhastha (married life), and vānaprastha (retirement), and culminate in sannyāsa (complete renunciation of family life and material obligations). See also VARṆĀŚRAMA-DHARMA.",
      "definition_html": "the four Vedic developmental divisions of the human life-cycle which are meant to elevate one to spiritual perfection; these begin with <i>brahmacarya</i> (celibacy and study), proceed to <i>gṛhastha</i> (married life), and <i>vānaprastha</i> (retirement), and culminate in <i>sannyāsa</i> (complete renunciation of family life and material obligations). See also VARṆĀŚRAMA-DHARMA."
    },
    {
      "term": "Asita",
      "definition": "an ancient authority on the Vedas.",
      "definition_html": "an ancient authority on the <b><i>Vedas</i></b>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Asura",
      "definition": "demon, one who does not follow the principles of scripture, atheist, gross materialist. One who is envious of God, and is averse to the supremacy and service of the Supreme Lord, Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "demon, one who does not follow the principles of scripture, atheist, gross materialist. One who is envious of God, and is averse to the supremacy and service of the Supreme Lord, Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Asuraṁ bhavam āśrita",
      "definition": "persons who are openly atheistic.",
      "definition_html": "persons who are openly atheistic."
    },
    {
      "term": "Asāṅga",
      "definition": "detachment from material consciousness.",
      "definition_html": "detachment from material consciousness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Asūyā",
      "definition": "jealousy, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "jealousy, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Atattva-jña",
      "definition": "one who has no knowledge of the Absolute Truth.",
      "definition_html": "one who has no knowledge of the Absolute Truth."
    },
    {
      "term": "Atatāra",
      "definition": "an incarnation of God who descends from the spiritual world.",
      "definition_html": "an incarnation of God who descends from the spiritual world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Atharva Veda",
      "definition": "one of the four Vedas, the original revealed scriptures spoken by the Lord Himself, consisting primarily of formulas and chants designed to counteract the effects of disease and calamity.",
      "definition_html": "one of the four <i>Vedas,</i> the original revealed scriptures spoken by the Lord Himself, consisting primarily of formulas and chants designed to counteract the effects of disease and calamity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Atheism",
      "definition": "From the Greek theos (a, not and theo, God). In it most blatant form, atheism argues that God does not exist. The proof of that claim is that He is not available to our sensory inspection. Also, religious doctrines that oppose theism are not theistic, hence atheistic. As explained in the entry for theism, the Vedic account of Lord Kṛṣṇa's immanence and transcendence is the clearest demonstration of the standard definition of theism. To oppose Vaiṣṇava philosophy is therefore to court atheism. Much of what passes for religion is actually atheism in pious disguise. Atheism disguised as religion is called Deism, Semi-deism, Dualism, Henotheism, Kathenotheism, Panpsychism, Pantheism, and Polytheism. These entries, together with the entry for Theism, may be consulted for a clearer understanding.",
      "definition_html": "From the Greek theos (<b><i>a</i></b>, not and <b><i>theo</i></b>, God). In it most blatant form, atheism argues that God does not exist. The proof of that claim is that He is not available to our sensory inspection. Also, religious doctrines that oppose theism are not theistic, hence atheistic. As explained in the entry for theism, the Vedic account of Lord Kṛṣṇa's immanence and transcendence is the clearest demonstration of the standard definition of theism. To oppose Vaiṣṇava philosophy is therefore to court atheism. Much of what passes for religion is actually atheism in pious disguise. Atheism disguised as religion is called Deism, Semi-deism, Dualism, Henotheism, Kathenotheism, Panpsychism, Pantheism, and Polytheism. These entries, together with the entry for Theism, may be consulted for a clearer understanding."
    },
    {
      "term": "Atibāri-sampradāya",
      "definition": "bogus disciplic succession coming from an Orissan named Jagannātha dāsa, who was a contemporary of Lord Caitanya. Initially, he was a follower of Haridāsa Ṭhākura, but he later rejected him.",
      "definition_html": "bogus disciplic succession coming from an Orissan named Jagannātha dāsa, who was a contemporary of Lord Caitanya. Initially, he was a follower of Haridāsa Ṭhākura, but he later rejected him."
    },
    {
      "term": "Atma-hanah",
      "definition": "killer of the soul; one who neglects spiritual life.",
      "definition_html": "killer of the soul; one who neglects spiritual life."
    },
    {
      "term": "Atri Ṛṣi",
      "definition": "one of the seven great sages born directly from Brahmā;. He is the husband of Anusūyā and father of the Lord's incarnation Dattātreya. He contributed to the knowledge of astronomy.",
      "definition_html": "one of the seven great sages born directly from Brahmā;. He is the husband of Anusūyā and father of the Lord's incarnation Dattātreya. He contributed to the knowledge of astronomy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Augrya",
      "definition": "violence, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "violence, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Authoritarianism",
      "definition": "The view that knowledge cannot be questioned, as opposed to the free spirit of inquiry.",
      "definition_html": "The view that knowledge cannot be questioned, as opposed to the free spirit of inquiry."
    },
    {
      "term": "Autsukya",
      "definition": "eagerness, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "eagerness, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Avadhūta",
      "definition": "a very saintly and renounced person who may live outside regulative principles, having surpassed any need for them.",
      "definition_html": "a very saintly and renounced person who may live outside regulative principles, having surpassed any need for them."
    },
    {
      "term": "Avahitthā",
      "definition": "concealment, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "concealment, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Avaiṣṇava",
      "definition": "one who is not a Vaiṣṇava.",
      "definition_html": "one who is not a Vaiṣṇava."
    },
    {
      "term": "Avara",
      "definition": "material.",
      "definition_html": "material."
    },
    {
      "term": "Avaroha-panthā",
      "definition": "the descending process of receiving revealed knowledge; inductive and deductive process of knowledge.",
      "definition_html": "the descending process of receiving revealed knowledge; inductive and deductive process of knowledge."
    },
    {
      "term": "Avatāra",
      "definition": "literally means \"one who descends.\" A partially or fully empowered incarnation of the Lord who descends from the spiritual sky to the material universe with a particular mission described in scriptures; When Kṛṣṇa descends from the world of spirit into the world of matter, His appearance here is called avatāra. The Sanskrit term avatāra (one who descends) is often rendered into English as incarnation. It is wrong, however, to think that Kṛṣṇa incarnates in a body made of physical elements. The Seventh and Eighth Chapters of Bhagavad-gītā distinguish at length between the material nature (apara-prakṛti), visible as the temporary substances of earth, water, fire, air and ethereal space, and God's own spiritual nature (para-prakṛti), which is invisible (avyakta), eternal (sanātana) and infallible (akṣara). When the Lord descends, by His mercy the invisible becomes visible. As He Himself states in Bg. 4.6, I descend by My own nature, appearing in My form of spiritual energy (prakṛtiṁ svām adhiṣṭhāya sambhavāmy ātma-māyayā). In Bg. 4.9 He declares, janma karma ca me divyam, My appearance and activities are divine. God has many avatāras. But of all of them, that form described in Bg. 11.50 as the most beautiful (saumya-vapu) is His own original form (svakaṁ rūpam). This is the eternal form of Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the all-charming lotus-eyed youth whose body is the shape of spiritual ecstasy. Bhāg. 1.3.28 confirms that Kṛṣṇa is the original form of Viṣṇu: ete cāṁśa-kalāḥ puṁsaḥ kṛṣṇas tu bhagavān svayam indrāri-vyākulaṁ lokaṁ mṛḍayanti yuge yuge, which means, All of the incarnations of Viṣṇu listed in the scriptures are expansions of the Lord. Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa is the original Personality of Godhead. All avatāras appear in the world whenever there is a disturbance created by the atheists. The Lord incarnates to protect the theists. The Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam also provides us with the authorized list of scheduled incarnations of Godhead, of whom the Daśāvatāra (ten avatāras) are particularly celebrated. The ten are 1) Matsya (the Lord's form of a gigantic golden fish), 2) Kūrma (the turtle), 3) Varāha (the boar), 4) Śrī Nṛsiṁha (the half-man, half-lion form), 5) Paraśurāma (the hermit who wields an axe), 6) Vāmana (the small brāhmaṇa boy), 7) Śrī Rāmacandra (the Lord of Ayodhya), 8) Śrī Baladeva (Lord Kṛṣṇa's brother), 9) Buddha (the sage who cheated the atheists), and 10) Kalki (who will depopulate the world of all degraded, sinful men at the end of the present age of Kali). There are two broad categories of avatāras. Some, like Śrī Kṛṣṇa, Śrī Rāma and Śrī Nṛsiṁha, are Viṣṇu-tattva, i.e. direct forms of God Himself, the source of all power. Others are individual souls (jīva-tattva) who are empowered by the Lord in one or more of the following seven ways: with knowledge, devotion, creative ability, personal service to God, rulership over the material world, power to support planets, or power to destroy rogues and miscreants. This second category of avatāra is called śaktyāveśa. Included herein are Buddha, Christ and Muhammed. The Māyāvādīs think that form necessarily means limitation. God is omnipresent, unlimited and therefore formless, they argue. When He reveals His avatāra form within this world, that form, being limited in presence to a particular place and time, cannot be the real God. It is only an indication of God. But the fact is that it is not God's form that is limited. It is only the Māyāvādīs' conception of form that is limited, because that conception is grossly physical. God's form is of the nature of supreme consciousness. Being spiritual, it is called sūkṣma, most subtle. There is no contradiction between the omnipresence of something subtle and its having form. The most subtle material phenomena we can perceive is sound. Sound may be formless (as noise) or it may have form (as music). Because sound is subtle, its having form does not affect its ability to pervade a huge building. Similarly, God's having form does not affect His ability to pervade the entire universe. Since God's form is finer than the finest material subtlety, it is completely inappropriate for Māyāvādīs to compare His form to gross hunks of matter. Because they believe God's form is grossly physical, Māyāvādīs often argue that any and all embodied creatures may be termed avatāras. Any number of living gods are being proclaimed within India and other parts of the world today. Some of these gods are mystics, some are charismatics, some are politicians, and some are sexual athletes. But none of them are authorized by the Vedic scriptures. They represent only the mistaken Māyāvādī idea that the one formless unlimited Truth appears in endless gross, physical human incarnations, and that you and me and I and he are therefore all together God. And since each god has a different idea of what dharma is, the final truth, according to Māyāvāda philosophy, is that the paths of all gods lead to the same goal. This idea is as unenlightened as it is impractical. When ordinary people proclaim themselves to be God, and that whatever they are doing is Vedic dharma, that is called dharmasya glāniḥ [Bg. 4.7], a disturbance to eternal religious principles. Therefore Kṛṣṇa came again, 500 years ago, as the Golden Avatāra, Caitanya Mahāprabhu. He established the yuga-dharma, the correct form of sanātana-dharma for our time (saṅkīrtana). Lord Caitanya's appearance was predicted in Bhāg. 11.5.32: In this Age of Kali, people who are endowed with sufficient intelligence will worship the Lord, who is accompanied by His associates, by congregational chanting of the holy names of God. See Caitanya Mahāprabhu, Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "literally means \"one who descends.\" A partially or fully empowered incarnation of the Lord who descends from the spiritual sky to the material universe with a particular mission described in scriptures; When Kṛṣṇa descends from the world of spirit into the world of matter, His appearance here is called <b><i>avatāra</i></b>. The Sanskrit term <b><i>avatāra</i></b> (one who descends) is often rendered into English as incarnation. It is wrong, however, to think that Kṛṣṇa incarnates in a body made of physical elements. The Seventh and Eighth Chapters of <b><i>Bhagavad-gītā</i></b> distinguish at length between the material nature (<b><i>apara-prakṛti</i></b>), visible as the temporary substances of earth, water, fire, air and ethereal space, and God's own spiritual nature (<b><i>para-prakṛti</i></b>), which is invisible (<b><i>avyakta</i></b>), eternal (<b><i>sanātana</i></b>) and infallible (<b><i>akṣara</i></b>). When the Lord descends, by His mercy the invisible becomes visible. As He Himself states in <b><i>Bg.</i></b><b> 4.6</b>, I descend by My own nature, appearing in My form of spiritual energy (<b><i>prakṛtiṁ svām adhiṣṭhāya sambhavāmy ātma-māyayā</i></b>). In Bg. <b>4.9</b> He declares, <b><i>janma karma ca me divyam</i></b>, My appearance and activities are divine. God has many <b><i>avatāras</i></b>. But of all of them, that form described in Bg. <b>11.50</b> as the most beautiful (<b><i>saumya-vapu</i></b>) is His own original form (<b><i>svakaṁ rūpam</i></b>). This is the eternal form of Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the all-charming lotus-eyed youth whose body is the shape of spiritual ecstasy. <b><i>Bhāg.</i></b> <b>1.3.28</b> confirms that Kṛṣṇa is the original form of Viṣṇu: <b><i>ete cāṁśa-kalāḥ puṁsaḥ kṛṣṇas tu bhagavān svayam indrāri-vyākulaṁ lokaṁ mṛḍayanti yuge yuge</i></b>, which means, All of the incarnations of Viṣṇu listed in the scriptures are expansions of the Lord. Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa is the original Personality of Godhead. All avatāras appear in the world whenever there is a disturbance created by the atheists. The Lord incarnates to protect the theists. The <b><i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam </i></b>also provides us with the authorized list of scheduled incarnations of Godhead, of whom the Daśāvatāra (ten <b><i>avatāras</i></b>) are particularly celebrated. The ten are 1) Matsya (the Lord's form of a gigantic golden fish), 2) Kūrma (the turtle), 3) Varāha (the boar), 4) Śrī Nṛsiṁha (the half-man, half-lion form), 5) Paraśurāma (the hermit who wields an axe), 6) Vāmana (the small <b><i>brāhmaṇa</i></b> boy), 7) Śrī Rāmacandra (the Lord of Ayodhya), 8) Śrī Baladeva (Lord Kṛṣṇa's brother), 9) Buddha (the sage who cheated the atheists), and 10) Kalki (who will depopulate the world of all degraded, sinful men at the end of the present age of Kali). There are two broad categories of <b><i>avatāras</i></b>. Some, like Śrī Kṛṣṇa, Śrī Rāma and Śrī Nṛsiṁha, are Viṣṇu-tattva, i.e. direct forms of God Himself, the source of all power. Others are individual souls (<b><i>jīva-tattva</i></b>) who are empowered by the Lord in one or more of the following seven ways: with knowledge, devotion, creative ability, personal service to God, rulership over the material world, power to support planets, or power to destroy rogues and miscreants. This second category of <b><i>avatāra</i></b> is called <b><i>śaktyāveśa</i></b>. Included herein are Buddha, Christ and Muhammed. The Māyāvādīs think that form necessarily means limitation. God is omnipresent, unlimited and therefore formless, they argue. When He reveals His <b><i>avatāra</i></b> form within this world, that form, being limited in presence to a particular place and time, cannot be the real God. It is only an indication of God. But the fact is that it is not God's form that is limited. It is only the Māyāvādīs' conception of form that is limited, because that conception is grossly physical. God's form is of the nature of supreme consciousness. Being spiritual, it is called <b><i>sūkṣma</i></b>, most subtle. There is no contradiction between the omnipresence of something subtle and its having form. The most subtle material phenomena we can perceive is sound. Sound may be formless (as noise) or it may have form (as music). Because sound is subtle, its having form does not affect its ability to pervade a huge building. Similarly, God's having form does not affect His ability to pervade the entire universe. Since God's form is finer than the finest material subtlety, it is completely inappropriate for Māyāvādīs to compare His form to gross hunks of matter. Because they believe God's form is grossly physical, Māyāvādīs often argue that any and all embodied creatures may be termed avatāras. Any number of living gods are being proclaimed within India and other parts of the world today. Some of these gods are mystics, some are charismatics, some are politicians, and some are sexual athletes. But none of them are authorized by the Vedic scriptures. They represent only the mistaken Māyāvādī idea that the one formless unlimited Truth appears in endless gross, physical human incarnations, and that you and me and I and he are therefore all together God. And since each god has a different idea of what <b><i>dharma</i></b> is, the final truth, according to Māyāvāda philosophy, is that the paths of all gods lead to the same goal. This idea is as unenlightened as it is impractical. When ordinary people proclaim themselves to be God, and that whatever they are doing is Vedic dharma, that is called <b><i>dharmasya glāniḥ </i></b><b>[</b><b><i>Bg</i></b><b>. 4.7]</b>, a disturbance to eternal religious principles. Therefore Kṛṣṇa came again, 500 years ago, as the Golden Avatāra, Caitanya Mahāprabhu. He established the <b><i>yuga-dharma</i></b>, the correct form of <b><i>sanātana-dharma</i></b> for our time (<b><i>saṅkīrtana</i></b>). Lord Caitanya's appearance was predicted in <i>Bhāg.</i><b> 11.5.32</b>: In this Age of Kali, people who are endowed with sufficient intelligence will worship the Lord, who is accompanied by His associates, by congregational chanting of the holy names of God. See Caitanya Mahāprabhu, Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Avidhi-pūrvaka",
      "definition": "without properly following rules and regulations.",
      "definition_html": "without properly following rules and regulations."
    },
    {
      "term": "Avidyā",
      "definition": "nescience, ignorance; the illusory energy of the Supreme Lord; Ignorance or non-Vedic knowledge, as opposed to apara-vidyā and para-vidyā. See Apara-vidyā, Para-vidyā.",
      "definition_html": "nescience, ignorance; the illusory energy of the Supreme Lord; Ignorance or non-Vedic knowledge, as opposed to <b><i>apara-vidyā</i></b> and <b><i>para-vidyā</i></b>. See <b><i>Apara-vidyā, Para-vidyā</i></b>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Avidyā-śakti",
      "definition": "material energy, or nescience.",
      "definition_html": "material energy, or nescience."
    },
    {
      "term": "Avyakta",
      "definition": "The non-manifested stage when all living beings are merged into devastating water, during the night time of Brahmā. During this time no living beings remain manifested, although spiritually they continue to exist in a dormant state.",
      "definition_html": "The non-manifested stage when all living beings are merged into devastating water, during the night time of Brahmā. During this time no living beings remain manifested, although spiritually they continue to exist in a dormant state."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ayer, A.J",
      "definition": "British philosopher (1910-1989), a twentieth century advocate of Hume's scepticism towards religion, and one of the founders of logical positivism. In his younger years he was a phenomenalist, but later he drew back from that position. See Logical positivism.",
      "definition_html": "British philosopher (1910-1989), a twentieth century advocate of Hume's scepticism towards religion, and one of the founders of logical positivism. In his younger years he was a phenomenalist, but later he drew back from that position. See Logical positivism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ayodya",
      "definition": "a city in North India, capital of the kings of the Ikavaku (solar) dynasty. Today, it is till the chief Holy City of Lord Rama's devotees.",
      "definition_html": "a city in North India, capital of the kings of the Ikavaku (solar) dynasty. Today, it is till the chief Holy City of Lord Rama's devotees."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ayoga",
      "definition": "See: Viyoga.",
      "definition_html": "<i>See: Viyoga.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Ayukta",
      "definition": "the ecstatic condition of not having yet met one's lover.",
      "definition_html": "the ecstatic condition of not having yet met one's lover."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aśoka",
      "definition": "a tree with long, pointed leaves. Goddess Sītā was placed under an aśoka tree after being kidnapped by Rāvaṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a tree with long, pointed leaves. Goddess Sītā was placed under an <i>aśoka </i>tree after being kidnapped by Rāvaṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aśvamedha-yajña",
      "definition": "a Vedic horse sacrifice. One of eight recommended in the Vedic scriptures, it is performed by kings.",
      "definition_html": "a Vedic horse sacrifice. One of eight recommended in the Vedic scriptures, it is performed by kings."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aśvatthāmā",
      "definition": "the nefarious son of the great military teacher DRONA who murdered the children of the PĀṆḌAVA brothers.",
      "definition_html": "the nefarious son of the great military teacher DRONA who murdered the children of the PĀṆḌAVA brothers."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aśvinī deities",
      "definition": "demigods in charge of the nostrils and sense of smell.",
      "definition_html": "demigods in charge of the nostrils and sense of smell."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aśvinīkumāras",
      "definition": "Demigods who begot Nakula and Sahadeva in the womb of Mādrī, the wife of Pāṇḍu.",
      "definition_html": "Demigods who begot Nakula and Sahadeva in the womb of Mādrī, the wife of Pāṇḍu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aṁśa",
      "definition": "an expansion of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "an expansion of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aṁśāveśa",
      "definition": "partial incarnations of God.",
      "definition_html": "partial incarnations of God."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aṅga Mahārāja",
      "definition": "the father of King Vena.",
      "definition_html": "the father of King Vena."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aṅga-rāga",
      "definition": "repainting of the body of Lord Jagannātha.",
      "definition_html": "repainting of the body of Lord Jagannātha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aṅgirā Ṛṣi",
      "definition": "one of the seven sages of the first Manvantara, all of whom were born directly from Lord Brahmā. One of the Prajāpatis, he is the author of the Vedic writings on astronomy.",
      "definition_html": "one of the seven sages of the first <i>Manvantara, </i>all of whom were born directly from Lord Brahmā. One of the Prajāpatis, he is the author of the Vedic writings on astronomy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aṇimā-siddhi",
      "definition": "mystic power by which one can become as small as an atom so that he can enter into stone.",
      "definition_html": "mystic power by which one can become as small as an atom so that he can enter into stone."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aṇu-atma",
      "definition": "the minute spirit soul, who is part and parcel of Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the minute spirit soul, who is part and parcel of Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aṇu-ātmā",
      "definition": "the minute spirit soul, who is part and parcel of Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the minute spirit soul, who is part and parcel of Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aṣtavakra",
      "definition": "a boy sage who won a debate in the court of King Janaka.",
      "definition_html": "a boy sage who won a debate in the court of King Janaka."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aṣvatthāmā",
      "definition": "the son of Droṇa. He was a friend of Duryodhana and fought on his side during the Kurukṣetra battle. He lived through the battle of Kurukṣetra, but was cursed by Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa. He killed the five sons of Draupadī when they were awakening from sleep and attempted to kill Parīkṣit when he was in the womb of Uttarā.",
      "definition_html": "the son of Droṇa. He was a friend of Duryodhana and fought on his side during the Kurukṣetra battle. He lived through the battle of Kurukṣetra, but was cursed by Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa. He killed the five sons of Draupadī when they were awakening from sleep and attempted to kill Parīkṣit when he was in the womb of Uttarā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aṣṭa-siddhis",
      "definition": "the eight mystic perfections acquired through yoga practice.",
      "definition_html": "the eight mystic perfections acquired through <i>yoga</i> practice."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aṣṭakā",
      "definition": "the eighth day after the full moon.",
      "definition_html": "the eighth day after the full moon."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aṣṭānga-yoga",
      "definition": "(aṣṭa=eight + aṅga=part) a mystic yoga system propounded by Patañjali in his Yoga-sūtras and consisting of eight parts-yama, niyama, āsana, prāṇāyāma, pratyāhāra, dhāraṇā, dhyāna and samādhi, progressing from moral practices to deep meditation on God.",
      "definition_html": "(<b><i>aṣṭa</i></b>=eight + <b><i>aṅga</i></b>=part) a mystic <b><i>yoga</i></b> system propounded by Patañjali in his <i>Yoga-sūtras </i>and consisting of eight parts-<i>yama, niyama, āsana, prāṇāyāma</i>, <i>pratyāhāra, dhāraṇā, dhyāna </i>and <i>samādhi</i>, progressing from moral practices to deep meditation on God<i>.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Aṣṭāvakra",
      "definition": "the founder of Māyāvāda philosophy, which declares that the spiritual effulgence (Brahman) is the cause of all causes.",
      "definition_html": "the founder of Māyāvāda philosophy, which declares that the spiritual effulgence (Brahman) is the cause of all causes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Aṣṭāṅga-yoga",
      "definition": "(aṣṭa—eight + aṅga—part) a mystic yoga system propounded by Patañjali in his Yoga-sūtras and consisting of eight parts—yama, niyama, āsana, prāṇāyāma, pratyāhāra, dhāraṇā, dhyāna and samādhi.",
      "definition_html": "(<i>aṣṭa</i>—eight + <i>aṅga</i>—part) a mystic <i>yoga</i> system propounded by Patañjali in his <i>Yoga-sūtras</i> and consisting of eight parts—<i>yama, niyama, āsana, prāṇāyāma, pratyāhāra, dhāraṇā, dhyāna </i>and<i> samādhi</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Baba",
      "definition": "religious master, a term of respect.",
      "definition_html": "religious master, a term of respect."
    },
    {
      "term": "Babhru",
      "definition": "one of the Yadu warriors and servant of Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "one of the Yadu warriors and servant of Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Babhruvāhana",
      "definition": "a son of Arjuna by Citrāṅgadā, the daughter of the King of Maṇipur. Babhruvāhana engaged in battle with his father over the sacrificial horse. At that time Babhruvāhana killed Arjuna. Arjuna was later brought back to life by Ulūpī, another wife of Arjuna.",
      "definition_html": "a son of Arjuna by Citrāṅgadā, the daughter of the King of Maṇipur. Babhruvāhana engaged in battle with his father over the sacrificial horse. At that time Babhruvāhana killed Arjuna. Arjuna was later brought back to life by Ulūpī, another wife of Arjuna."
    },
    {
      "term": "Badarikāśrama",
      "definition": "a sacred holy place of pilgrimage in the Himālayas. The Pāṇḍavas visited here during their exile in the forest. (Vana Parva in Mahābhārata) It is the abode of Lord Nara-Nārāyaṇa, who sat under a badarī (plum) tree to perform austerities.",
      "definition_html": "a sacred holy place of pilgrimage in the Himālayas. The Pāṇḍavas visited here during their exile in the forest. (Vana Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>) It is the abode of Lord Nara-Nārāyaṇa, who sat under a <i>badarī </i>(plum) tree to perform austerities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Baddha-jña",
      "definition": "a conditioned soul who distinguishes between the Lord's body and soul.",
      "definition_html": "a conditioned soul who distinguishes between the Lord's body and soul."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bagh",
      "definition": "garden.",
      "definition_html": "garden."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bahiraṅga-śakti",
      "definition": "the material, external potency of the Supreme Lord. Bhajana-kriyā—the practice of devotional service. Bhaktas —devotees. Bhakti—devotion to the Supreme Lord. Bhāva—the preliminary stage of love of God. Bhukti-kāmīs—persons interested in material happiness. Brahmā—the first created living being, who creates the planets and the bodies for all species of life. Brahmacārī—a celibate student under the care of a spiritual master. Brahmacarya—the vow of strict abstinence from sex indulgence. Brāhmaṇa—the intelligent class of men, first of the four Vedic social orders.",
      "definition_html": "the material, external potency of the Supreme Lord.<br/> <i>Bhajana-kriyā</i>—the practice of devotional service.<br/> <i>Bhaktas </i>—devotees.<br/> <i>Bhakti</i>—devotion to the Supreme Lord.<br/> <i>Bhāva</i>—the preliminary stage of love of God.<br/> <i>Bhukti-kāmīs</i>—persons interested in material happiness.<br/> Brahmā—the first created living being, who creates the planets and the bodies for all species of life.<br/> <i>Brahmacārī</i>—a celibate student under the care of a spiritual master.<br/> <i>Brahmacarya</i>—the vow of strict abstinence from sex indulgence.<br/> <i>Brāhmaṇa</i>—the intelligent class of men, first of the four Vedic social orders."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bahirmukha-jana",
      "definition": "a person influenced by the external energy.",
      "definition_html": "a person influenced by the external energy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bahūdaka",
      "definition": "the second stage of the sannyāsa order, in which one begs from door to door.",
      "definition_html": "the second stage of the <i>sannyāsa</i> order, in which one begs from door to door."
    },
    {
      "term": "Baksheesh",
      "definition": "tip, donation, or bribe.",
      "definition_html": "tip, donation, or bribe."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bakula",
      "definition": "a fragrant flower very pleasing to Lord Kṛṣna.",
      "definition_html": "a fragrant flower very pleasing to Lord Kṛṣna."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bakāsura",
      "definition": "a demon who was shaped like a huge duck and who tried to kill Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a demon who was shaped like a huge duck and who tried to kill Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Baladeva",
      "definition": "See JAGANNĀTHA, BALADEVA, AND SUBHADRĀ.",
      "definition_html": "See JAGANNĀTHA, BALADEVA, AND SUBHADRĀ."
    },
    {
      "term": "Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa",
      "definition": "Born in the 18th century in the Baleswar district of Orissa, he was initially a learned scholar of the Madhva-sampradāya. He was converted to Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism and became the ardent follower of Viśvanātha Cakravartī Thākura. He is especially renowned for his commentary on Vedānta-sūtra called Govinda-bhāṣya; Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa was a highly renounced pure devotee. For the spiritual benefit of mankind, he presented many transcendental literatures to the world. The details of his early life are not known for sure, as he never mentioned his birth place or his family background. Historians have estimated that he was born sometime in the eighteenth century, most probably in Orissa (possibly near Remuna). At a very early age, Baladeva finished his studies of grammar, poetry, rhetoric and logic and then went on pilgrimage. During his travels he spent some time with the Tattvavādīs in South India and thus became conversant with the teachings of Śrī Madhvācārya. He became a powerful exponent of this philosophy throughout India. Later he was initiated into the Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava sampradāya by Rādhā-Dāmodara Deva, and went to Vṛndāvana to study under the great ācārya Viśvanātha Cakravartī Ṭhākura. Baladeva's defeat of an assembly of Rāmānandī scholars is celebrated in Indian philosophical history. It was on this occasion that he composed the Govinda-bhāṣya commentary on the Vedānta-sūtra. Actually, it was dictated to him by the Śrī Govinda Deva Deity; hence, it is named after the Lord. The commentary so astonished the scholars that they bestowed upon Baladeva the title Vidyābhūṣaṇa (ornament of learning).",
      "definition_html": "Born in the 18th century in the Baleswar district of Orissa, he was initially a learned scholar of the Madhva-sampradāya. He was converted to Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism and became the ardent follower of Viśvanātha Cakravartī Thākura. He is especially renowned for his commentary on <i>Vedānta-sūtra </i>called <i>Govinda-bhāṣya;</i> Śrīla Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa was a highly renounced pure devotee. For the spiritual benefit of mankind, he presented many transcendental literatures to the world. The details of his early life are not known for sure, as he never mentioned his birth place or his family background. Historians have estimated that he was born sometime in the eighteenth century, most probably in Orissa (possibly near Remuna). At a very early age, Baladeva finished his studies of grammar, poetry, rhetoric and logic and then went on pilgrimage. During his travels he spent some time with the Tattvavādīs in South India and thus became conversant with the teachings of Śrī Madhvācārya. He became a powerful exponent of this philosophy throughout India. Later he was initiated into the Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava sampradāya by Rādhā-Dāmodara Deva, and went to Vṛndāvana to study under the great ācārya Viśvanātha Cakravartī Ṭhākura. Baladeva's defeat of an assembly of Rāmānandī scholars is celebrated in Indian philosophical history. It was on this occasion that he composed the Govinda-bhāṣya commentary on the Vedānta-sūtra. Actually, it was dictated to him by the Śrī Govinda Deva Deity; hence, it is named after the Lord. The commentary so astonished the scholars that they bestowed upon Baladeva the title Vidyābhūṣaṇa (ornament of learning)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Balagaṇḍi festival",
      "definition": "the festival during the Ratha-yātrā procession when everyone offers various opulent foods to Lord Jagannātha at Balagaṇḍi.",
      "definition_html": "the festival during the Ratha-yātrā procession when everyone offers various opulent foods to Lord Jagannātha at Balagaṇḍi."
    },
    {
      "term": "Balarāma (Baladeva)",
      "definition": "the first plenary expansion of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Lord Kṛṣṇa. He appeared as the son of Rohiṇī and elder brother of Lord Kṛṣṇa. Also known as Balabhadra or Baladeva, present as one of the three Jagannātha deities.",
      "definition_html": "the first plenary expansion of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Lord Kṛṣṇa. He appeared as the son of Rohiṇī and elder brother of Lord Kṛṣṇa. Also known as Balabhadra or Baladeva, present as one of the three Jagannātha deities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bali Māhāraja",
      "definition": "the king of the demons who gave three paces of land to Vamanadeva, the dwarf incarnation of Lord Viṣṇu, and thereby became a great devotee by surrendering everything to Him.",
      "definition_html": "the king of the demons who gave three paces of land to Vamanadeva, the dwarf incarnation of Lord Viṣṇu, and thereby became a great devotee by surrendering everything to Him."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ballal Sen",
      "definition": "King of Bengal in the 12th century. He was the son of King Vijaya Sen, the founder of Navadvīpa. Ballal Sen's son was Laksman Sen, the sponsor of Jayadeva Gosvāmi, the author of Gītā-govinda.",
      "definition_html": "King of Bengal in the 12th century. He was the son of King Vijaya Sen, the founder of Navadvīpa. Ballal Sen's son was Laksman Sen, the sponsor of Jayadeva Gosvāmi, the author of <i>Gītā-govinda.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Bandhu-ha",
      "definition": "the killer of māyā.",
      "definition_html": "the killer of <i>māyā</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bandi",
      "definition": "son of Varuṇa who was defeated in debate by Aṣṭavakra.",
      "definition_html": "son of Varuṇa who was defeated in debate by Aṣṭavakra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Banyan tree",
      "definition": "a sacred tree of the fig family with self-rooting branches.",
      "definition_html": "a sacred tree of the fig family with self-rooting branches."
    },
    {
      "term": "Barbaras",
      "definition": "low caste people born from Sabala, the Surabhi cow.",
      "definition_html": "low caste people born from Sabala, the Surabhi cow."
    },
    {
      "term": "Barhiṣat",
      "definition": "See: Prācīnabarhi",
      "definition_html": "<i>See: Prācīnabarhi</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Barhiṣmān",
      "definition": "See: Prācīnabarhi",
      "definition_html": "<i>See: Prācīnabarhi</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Battle of Kurukṣetra",
      "definition": "a battle between the Kurus and the Pāṇḍavas, which took place five thousand years ago and before which Lord Kṛṣṇa spoke Bhagavad-gītā to Arjuna.",
      "definition_html": "a battle between the Kurus and the Pāṇḍavas, which took place five thousand years ago and before which Lord Kṛṣṇa spoke <i>Bhagavad-gītā</i> to Arjuna."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bel-phala",
      "definition": "the fruit of the bel tree. It is especially dear to Lord Śiva and has great medicinal value. Its pulp is very soothing.",
      "definition_html": "the fruit of the <i>bel </i>tree. It is especially dear to Lord Śiva and has great medicinal value. Its pulp is very soothing."
    },
    {
      "term": "Benares",
      "definition": "Vārāṇasī, holy city on the Ganges in northern India.",
      "definition_html": "Vārāṇasī, holy city on the Ganges in northern India."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhadra",
      "definition": "one of the wives of Vāsudeva.",
      "definition_html": "one of the wives of Vāsudeva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhadrakali",
      "definition": "another name of Durgā.",
      "definition_html": "another name of Durgā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhagadatta",
      "definition": "the King of Prāgjyotiṣapura, and the son of Narakāsura or Bhaumāsura. He was killed by Arjuna during the Kurukṣetra war. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "the King of Prāgjyotiṣapura, and the son of Narakāsura or Bhaumāsura. He was killed by Arjuna during the Kurukṣetra war. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhagavad-bhakti",
      "definition": "bhakti-yoga, devotional service to the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "<i>bhakti-yoga,</i> devotional service to the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhagavad-gītā",
      "definition": "a seven-hundred verse record of a conversation between Lord Kṛṣṇa and His disciple, Arjuna, from the Bhīṣma Parva of the Mahābhārata of Vedavyāsa. The conversation took place between two armies minutes before the start of an immense fratricidal battle. Kṛṣṇa teaches the science of the Absolute Truth and the importance of devotional service to the despondent Arjuna, and it contains the essence of all Vedic wisdom. Śrīla Prabhupāda's annotated English translation is called Bhagavad-gītā As It Is; This most essential text of spiritual knowledge, The Song of the Lord, contains Kṛṣṇa's instructions to Arjuna at Kurukṣetra. It is found in the Mahābhārata. The Mahābhārata is classified as smṛti-śāstra, a supplement of the śruti-śāstra. Śruti, the core Vedic literature, includes the four Vedas (Ṛg, Sāma, Yajur and Atharva) and the Upaniṣads. Śruti advances the understanding of the absolute. Bhagavad-gītā is also known as Gītopaniṣad, or a śruti text spoken by the Supreme Personality of Godhead Himself. Therefore, Śrīla Prabhupāda wrote in a letter, the Gītā should be taken as śruti. But they take it as smṛti because it is part of the smṛti (Mahābhārata). In one sense it is both śruti and smṛti. In only 700 verses, the Bhagavad-gītā summarizes all Vedic knowledge about the soul, God, sanātana-dharma, sacrifice, yoga, karma, reincarnation, the modes of material nature, Vedānta and pure devotion. See Arjuna, Caitanya-caritāmṛta, Kṛṣṇa, Mahābhārata, Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam.",
      "definition_html": "a seven-hundred verse record of a conversation between Lord Kṛṣṇa and His disciple, Arjuna, from the <i>Bhīṣma Parva </i>of the <i>Mahābhārata </i>of Vedavyāsa. The conversation took place between two armies minutes before the start of an immense fratricidal battle. Kṛṣṇa teaches the science of the Absolute Truth and the importance of devotional service to the despondent Arjuna, and it contains the essence of all Vedic wisdom. Śrīla Prabhupāda's annotated English translation is called <i>Bhagavad-gītā As It Is; </i>This most essential text of spiritual knowledge, The Song of the Lord, contains Kṛṣṇa's instructions to Arjuna at Kurukṣetra. It is found in the <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>. The <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b> is classified as <b><i>smṛti-śāstra</i></b>, a supplement of the <b><i>śruti-śāstra</i></b>. <b><i>Śruti</i></b>, the core Vedic literature, includes the four Vedas (<b><i>Ṛg, Sāma, Yajur</i></b> and <b><i>Atharva</i></b>) and the <b><i>Upaniṣads. Śruti</i></b> advances the understanding of the absolute. <b><i>Bhagavad-gītā </i></b>is also known as <b><i>Gītopaniṣad</i></b>, or a <b><i>śruti</i></b> text spoken by the Supreme Personality of Godhead Himself. Therefore, Śrīla Prabhupāda wrote in a letter, the <b><i>Gītā</i></b> should be taken as <b><i>śruti</i></b>. But they take it as <b><i>smṛti</i></b> because it is part of the<b><i> smṛti</i></b> (<b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>). In one sense it is both <b><i>śruti</i></b> and <b><i>smṛti</i></b>. In only 700 verses, the <b><i>Bhagavad-gītā</i></b> summarizes all Vedic knowledge about the soul, God, <b><i>sanātana-dharma</i></b>, sacrifice, <b><i>yoga, karma,</i></b> reincarnation, the modes of material nature, <b><i>Vedānta</i></b> and pure devotion. See Arjuna, <b><i>Caitanya-caritāmṛta</i></b>, Kṛṣṇa,<b><i> Mahābhārata, Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam</i></b>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhagavān",
      "definition": "the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who possesses in full the opulences of wealth, beauty, strength, knowledge, fame, and renunciation; an epithet of the Supreme Person; The Personality of Godhead, the possessor (vān) of six opulences (bhaga) in unlimited fullness: wealth (aiśvarya), strength (vīrya), fame (yaśaḥ), beauty (śriyaḥ), knowledge (jñāna), and renunciation (vairāgya). See Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who possesses in full the opulences of wealth, beauty, strength, knowledge, fame, and renunciation; an epithet of the Supreme Person; The Personality of Godhead, the possessor (<b><i>vān</i></b>) of six opulences (<b><i>bhaga</i></b>) in unlimited fullness: wealth (<b><i>aiśvarya</i></b>), strength (<b><i>vīrya</i></b>), fame (<b><i>yaśaḥ</i></b>), beauty (<b><i>śriyaḥ</i></b>), knowledge (jñāna), and renunciation (<b><i>vairāgya</i></b>). See Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhagīratha",
      "definition": "the king who performed austerities to bring the Ganges to earth to save his ancestors.",
      "definition_html": "the king who performed austerities to bring the Ganges to earth to save his ancestors."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhairava",
      "definition": "the terrifying aspect of Lord Śiva, who chopped off the fifth head of Brahmā.",
      "definition_html": "the terrifying aspect of Lord Śiva, who chopped off the fifth head of Brahmā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhajana",
      "definition": "this term generally to indicates the service and worship of the Supreme Lord executed by Vaiṣṇavas from the neophytes up to those who are fully God-realized. The main form that this service takes is the hearing and chanting of the holy name. Otherwise, the term refers to the singing of devotional songs about Kṛṣṇa, usually accompanied by musical instruments.",
      "definition_html": "this term generally to indicates the service and worship of the Supreme Lord executed by Vaiṣṇavas from the neophytes up to those who are fully God-realized. The main form that this service takes is the hearing and chanting of the holy name. Otherwise, the term refers to the singing of devotional songs about Kṛṣṇa, usually accompanied by musical instruments."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhajana-kutira",
      "definition": "a small hut or cottage where a Vaiṣṇava or saintly person performs his bhajana or personal mediation.",
      "definition_html": "a small hut<i> </i>or cottage where a Vaiṣṇava or saintly person performs<i> </i>his<i> </i><b><i>bhajana</i></b> or personal mediation<i>.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhajanānandī",
      "definition": "a devotee who performs his devotional activities in seclusion, not attempting to preach; a devotee who is satisfied to cultivate devotional service for himself.",
      "definition_html": "a devotee who performs his devotional activities in seclusion, not attempting to preach; a devotee who is satisfied to cultivate devotional service for himself."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhakta",
      "definition": "a devotee of the Lord; one who performs devotional service (bhakti).",
      "definition_html": "a devotee of the Lord; one who performs devotional service (<i>bhakti</i>)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhakta-avatāra",
      "definition": "an incarnation of God as a devotee.",
      "definition_html": "an incarnation of God as a devotee."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhakta-prāya",
      "definition": "an \"almost\" devotee.",
      "definition_html": "an \"almost\" devotee."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhaktas",
      "definition": "devotees of Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "devotees of Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhakti",
      "definition": "Devotional service to the Supreme Lord. It is stated in Bhagavad-gītā that one surpasses all the stages of transcendental progressions by simple adoption of the devotional attitude; and without the injection of bhakti, there is no success in any transcendental process.",
      "definition_html": "Devotional service to the Supreme Lord. It is stated in <i>Bhagavad-gītā</i> that one surpasses all the stages of transcendental progressions by simple adoption of the devotional attitude; and without the injection of<i> bhakti</i>, there is no success in any transcendental process."
    },
    {
      "term": "bhakti (bhakti-yoga)",
      "definition": "the practice of devotional service to the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the practice of devotional service to the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhakti-kalpataru",
      "definition": "the desire tree of devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "the desire tree of devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhakti-latā",
      "definition": "devotional creeper.",
      "definition_html": "devotional creeper."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhakti-latā-bīja",
      "definition": "the seed of the creeper of devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "the seed of the creeper of devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhakti-mārga",
      "definition": "the path of developing devotion to Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the path of developing devotion to Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhakti-rasa",
      "definition": "the mellow derived from devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "the mellow derived from devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhakti-rasācārya",
      "definition": "one who knows and teaches the essence of devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "one who knows and teaches the essence of devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhakti-rasāmṛta-sindhu",
      "definition": "one of the principal works on the science of bhakti-yoga, written by Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī in the sixteenth century, a confidential associate of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu. All of its conclusions are elaborately supported by reference to the Vedic literatures.",
      "definition_html": "one<i> </i>of the<i> </i>principal works on the<i> </i>science of <i>bhakti-yoga, </i>written<i> </i>by Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī in the sixteenth century, a confidential associate of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu. All of its conclusions are elaborately supported by reference to the Vedic literatures."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhakti-sandarbha",
      "definition": "one of the six treatises on the science of devotional service written by Śrila Jiva Gosvāmī.",
      "definition_html": "one of the six treatises on the science of devotional service written by Śrila Jiva Gosvāmī."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhakti-siddhānta-viruddha",
      "definition": "that which is against the philosophy of acintya-bhedābheda.",
      "definition_html": "that which is against the philosophy of <i>acintya-bhedābheda</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhakti-yoga",
      "definition": "the system of cultivation of bhakti, or pure devotional service, which is untinged by sense gratification or philosophical speculation; The process of devotional service to the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Lord Kṛṣṇa. According to a famous verse in Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, it consists of nine aṅgas or parts: śravaṇaṁ kīrtanaṁ viṣṇoḥ smaraṇaṁ pāda-sevanam-arcanaṁ vandanaṁ dāsyaṁ sakhyam ātma-nivedanam 1) Hearing and 2) chanting about the transcendental holy name, form, qualities, paraphernalia and pastimes of Lord Kṛṣṇa, 3) remembering them, 4) serving the lotus feet of the Lord, 5) offering the Deity of the Lord respectful worship with sixteen types of paraphernalia, 6) offering prayers to the Lord, 7) serving His mission, 8) making friends with the Lord, and 9) surrendering everything unto Him (in other words, serving Him with the body, mind and words)these nine processes are accepted as pure devotional service. (Bhāg. 7.5.23)",
      "definition_html": "the system of cultivation of <i>bhakti, </i>or pure devotional service, which is untinged by sense gratification or philosophical speculation; The process of devotional service to the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Lord Kṛṣṇa. According to a famous verse in <b><i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam</i></b>, it consists of nine aṅgas or parts: <i>śravaṇaṁ kīrtanaṁ viṣṇoḥ smaraṇaṁ pāda-sevanam-arcanaṁ vandanaṁ dāsyaṁ sakhyam ātma-nivedanam </i>1) Hearing and 2) chanting about the transcendental holy name, form, qualities, paraphernalia and pastimes of Lord Kṛṣṇa, 3) remembering them, 4) serving the lotus feet of the Lord, 5) offering the Deity of the Lord respectful worship with sixteen types of paraphernalia, 6) offering prayers to the Lord, 7) serving His mission, 8) making friends with the Lord, and 9) surrendering everything unto Him (in other words, serving Him with the body, mind and words)these nine processes are accepted as pure devotional service. (<b><i>Bhāg.</i></b><b> 7.5.23</b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhakti-śakti",
      "definition": "the spiritual potency which is the essence of the pleasure potency and the eternity potency.",
      "definition_html": "the spiritual potency which is the essence of the pleasure potency and the eternity potency."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhakti-śāstras",
      "definition": "Scriptures dealing with the science of devotion.",
      "definition_html": "Scriptures dealing with the science of devotion."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhaktidevi",
      "definition": "the personification of devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "the personification of devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhaktisiddhānta",
      "definition": "Sarasvatī Ṭhākura Gosvāmī Mahārāja Prabhupāda (1874-1937) the spiritual master of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda, and thus the spiritual grandfather of the present day Kṛṣṇa consciousness movement. A powerful preacher, he founded sixty four missions in India; The transcendentally empowered son of Śrīla Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura, Śrīla Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Ṭhākura appeared in this world on February 6, 1874. His father was deputy magistrate of Jagannātha Purī in Orissa at this time. Śrīla Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura had been very concerned about unauthorized pseudo-Vaiṣṇavas who were usurping the pure teachings of Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu, and therefore had begun a revival of the saṅkīrtana mission. Though very busy with his profession, he wrote profusely about all aspects of Kṛṣṇa consciousness. He prayed constantly for someone to boldly preach his writings.",
      "definition_html": "Sarasvatī Ṭhākura Gosvāmī Mahārāja Prabhupāda (1874-1937) the spiritual master of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda, and thus the spiritual grandfather of the present day Kṛṣṇa consciousness movement. A powerful preacher, he founded sixty four missions in India; The transcendentally empowered son of Śrīla Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura, Śrīla Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Ṭhākura appeared in this world on February 6, 1874. His father was deputy magistrate of Jagannātha Purī in Orissa at this time. Śrīla Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura had been very concerned about unauthorized pseudo-Vaiṣṇavas who were usurping the pure teachings of Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu, and therefore had begun a revival of the <b><i>saṅkīrtana</i></b> mission. Though very busy with his profession, he wrote profusely about all aspects of Kṛṣṇa consciousness. He prayed constantly for someone to boldly preach his writings."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī",
      "definition": "(1874-1936) the “grandfather” of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness; the spiritual master of His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda.",
      "definition_html": "(1874-1936) the “grandfather” of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness; the spiritual master of His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Gosvāmī Mahārāja Prabhupāda",
      "definition": "the spiritual master of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda.",
      "definition_html": "the spiritual master of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda",
      "definition": "His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda is the foremost Vaiṣṇava ācārya in the modern age. In 1896, he appeared in this world as Abhay Caran De in Calcutta, where he received an English-language education. He first met his spiritual master, Śrīla Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Ṭhākura, in 1922. At their first meeting, Śrīla Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Ṭhākura requested Śrīla Prabhupāda to broadcast Vedic knowledge through the English language. In 1933, Śrīla Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Ṭhākura initiated Śrīla Prabhupāda as Abhaya Caraṇāravinda dāsa. In the years that followed, he wrote a commentary on the Bhagavad-gītā, assisted the Gauḍīya Mission in its work, and in 1944 started Back to Godhead, an English fortnightly magazine, still continued by his disciples today. He received the title Bhaktivedanta in 1947 from the Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava Society.",
      "definition_html": "His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda is the foremost Vaiṣṇava <b><i>ācārya</i></b> in the modern age. In 1896, he appeared in this world as Abhay Caran De in Calcutta, where he received an English-language education. He first met his spiritual master, Śrīla Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Ṭhākura, in 1922. At their first meeting, Śrīla Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Ṭhākura requested Śrīla Prabhupāda to broadcast Vedic knowledge through the English language. In 1933, Śrīla Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Ṭhākura initiated Śrīla Prabhupāda as Abhaya Caraṇāravinda dāsa. In the years that followed, he wrote a commentary on the <b><i>Bhagavad-gītā</i></b>, assisted the Gauḍīya Mission in its work, and in 1944 started <b><i>Back to Godhead</i></b>, an English fortnightly magazine, still continued by his disciples today. He received the title Bhaktivedanta in 1947 from the Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava Society."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhaktivedānta",
      "definition": "a title meaning “one who has realized that devotional service to the Supreme Lord is the end of all knowledge.”",
      "definition_html": "a title meaning “one who has realized that devotional service to the Supreme Lord is the end of all knowledge.”"
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhaktivedāntas",
      "definition": "advanced transcendentalists who have realized the conclusion of the Vedas through devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "advanced transcendentalists who have realized the conclusion of the <i>Vedas</i> through devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura",
      "definition": "(1838-1915) the great-grandfather of the present-day Kṛṣṇa consciousness movement, the spiritual master of Śrīla Gaura-kiśora dāsa Bābājī, the father of Śrila Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī, and the grand-spiritual master of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda. Śrīla Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura was a responsible officer and a householder, yet his service to the cause of expanding the mission of Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu is unique. He has written many books on the philosophy of Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu; Appearing in this world in 1838 and departing it in 1914, Śrīla Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura is one of the great teachers of Kṛṣṇa consciousness in the disciplic succession of spiritual masters. He is famous in Bengal for having located the exact site of the birthplace of Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu. This site at Śrīdhāma Māyāpur, near the city of Navadvīpa about 90 miles north of Calcutta, had been lost for centuries due to the shifting course of the Ganges river. The Ṭhākura's discovery rapidly transformed Māyāpur into an important place of pilgimage for Kṛṣṇa devotees. The Gaura-Viṣṇupriya temple he founded in 1891 was the first of many holy places of worship now visible at Māyāpur. In 1896, Śrīla Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura announced the saṅkīrtana mission to the Western world by sending a copy of one of his small books Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu: His Life and Precepts to McGill University in Canada. Many of his Bengali songs are available in Songs of the Vaiṣṇava ṁcāryas, published by the Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. Śrīla Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura predicted that the saṅkīrtana movement would spread from India to the great cities of the Western world. See Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Ṭhākura, Bhaktivedanta Swami Pra-bhupāda, Caitanya Mahāprabhu, Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "(1838-1915) the great-grandfather of the present-day Kṛṣṇa consciousness movement, the spiritual master of Śrīla Gaura-kiśora dāsa Bābājī, the father of Śrila Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī, and the grand-spiritual master of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda. Śrīla Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura was a responsible officer and a householder, yet his service to the cause of expanding the mission of Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu is unique. He has written many books on the philosophy of Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu; Appearing in this world in 1838 and departing it in 1914, Śrīla Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura is one of the great teachers of Kṛṣṇa consciousness in the disciplic succession of spiritual masters. He is famous in Bengal for having located the exact site of the birthplace of Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu. This site at Śrīdhāma Māyāpur, near the city of Navadvīpa about 90 miles north of Calcutta, had been lost for centuries due to the shifting course of the Ganges river. The Ṭhākura's discovery rapidly transformed Māyāpur into an important place of pilgimage for Kṛṣṇa devotees. The Gaura-Viṣṇupriya temple he founded in 1891 was the first of many holy places of worship now visible at Māyāpur. In 1896, Śrīla Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura announced the saṅkīrtana mission to the Western world by sending a copy of one of his small books Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu: His Life and Precepts to McGill University in Canada. Many of his Bengali songs are available in Songs of the Vaiṣṇava ṁcāryas, published by the Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. Śrīla Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura predicted that the saṅkīrtana movement would spread from India to the great cities of the Western world. See Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Ṭhākura, Bhaktivedanta Swami Pra-bhupāda, Caitanya Mahāprabhu, Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhaktivinode Ṭhākur",
      "definition": "the grand-spiritual master of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda.",
      "definition_html": "the grand-spiritual master of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhakty-unmukhī sukṛti",
      "definition": "pious activities that awaken one's dormant Kṛṣṇa consciousness.",
      "definition_html": "pious activities that awaken one's dormant Kṛṣṇa consciousness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bharadvāja",
      "definition": "a great sage and the father of Droṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a great sage and the father of Droṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bharata",
      "definition": "half-brother of Lord Rāma, he ruled Ayodhya when Lord Rāma was in exile.",
      "definition_html": "half-brother of Lord Rāma, he ruled Ayodhya when Lord Rāma was in exile."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bharata Mahārāja",
      "definition": "an ancient king of India and a great devotee of the Lord from whom the Pāṇḍavas descended. The son of Mahārāja Duṣyanta who renounced his kingdom and family at an early age. He became very advanced in spiritual practice, but later became attached to a pet deer causing him to take birth as a deer. In his next life, as Jaḍa Bharata, he attained spiritual perfection.",
      "definition_html": "an ancient king of India and a great devotee of the Lord from whom the Pāṇḍavas descended. The son of Mahārāja Duṣyanta who renounced his kingdom and family at an early age. He became very advanced in spiritual practice, but later became attached to a pet deer causing him to take birth as a deer. In his next life, as Jaḍa Bharata, he attained spiritual perfection."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhauma-ijya-dhīḥ",
      "definition": "accepting something to be spiritual when it is actually material.",
      "definition_html": "accepting something to be spiritual when it is actually material."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhava-roga",
      "definition": "material miseries or diseases.",
      "definition_html": "material miseries or diseases."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhava-sāgara",
      "definition": "the ocean of repeated birth and death.",
      "definition_html": "the ocean of repeated birth and death."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhaviṣya Purāṇa",
      "definition": "one of the eighteen Purāṇas. It was spoken by Lord Brahmā and concerns future events and religious rites and observances.",
      "definition_html": "one of the eighteen <i>Purāṇas. </i>It was spoken by Lord Brahmā and concerns future events and religious rites and observances."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhaviṣya-uttara Purāṇa",
      "definition": "the last section of the Bhaviṣya Purāṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the last section of the <i>Bhaviṣya Purāṇa.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhaya",
      "definition": "fear.",
      "definition_html": "fear."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhayānaka-rasa",
      "definition": "the indirect relationship of fear.",
      "definition_html": "the indirect relationship of fear."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhinna-rūpa-sandhi",
      "definition": "the meeting of contradictory ecstasies.",
      "definition_html": "the meeting of contradictory ecstasies."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhoga",
      "definition": "material sense enjoyment; or, food before it has been offered to the Deity.",
      "definition_html": "material sense enjoyment; or, food before it has been offered to the Deity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhoga-mandira",
      "definition": "the place where the Deity's food is kept.",
      "definition_html": "the place where the Deity's food is kept."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhogonmukhī",
      "definition": "pious activities that bestow material opulence.",
      "definition_html": "pious activities that bestow material opulence."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhogī",
      "definition": "sense gratifier.",
      "definition_html": "sense gratifier."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhrama",
      "definition": "false knowledge or mistakes.",
      "definition_html": "false knowledge or mistakes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhu devī",
      "definition": "consort of Lord Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "consort of Lord Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhukti",
      "definition": "material enjoyment.",
      "definition_html": "material enjoyment."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhuvaneśvara",
      "definition": "a holy place in the district of Puri, Orissa, that is sacred to Lord Śiva and that was visited by Lord Caitanya. It is glorified in detail in the Skanda Purāṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a holy place in the district of Puri, Orissa, that is sacred to Lord Śiva and that was visited by Lord Caitanya. It is glorified in detail in the <i>Skanda Purāṇa.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhuvar",
      "definition": "the middle material planets.",
      "definition_html": "the middle material planets."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhāgavata",
      "definition": "anything related to Bhagavān, the Supreme Lord, especially the devotee of the Lord and the scripture Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam;",
      "definition_html": "anything related to Bhagavān, the Supreme Lord, especially the devotee of the Lord and the scripture <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam;</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhāgavata jīvana",
      "definition": "the life of a devotee.",
      "definition_html": "the life of a devotee."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhāgavata Purāṇa",
      "definition": "Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam.",
      "definition_html": "<i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhāgavata-dharma",
      "definition": "the science of devotional service to the Supreme Lord; the religious principles enunciated by the Lord; the eternal function of the living being.",
      "definition_html": "the science of devotional service to the Supreme Lord; the religious principles enunciated by the Lord; the eternal function of the living being."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhāgavata-saptāha",
      "definition": "a seven-day series of lectures on Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam given by professional reciters to a paying audience.",
      "definition_html": "a seven-day series of lectures on <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam</i> given by professional reciters to a paying audience."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhāgavata-vidhi",
      "definition": "the devotional process of serving the pure devotee and preaching Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam.",
      "definition_html": "the devotional process of serving the pure devotee and preaching <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhāgavata-vidyā",
      "definition": "transcendental knowledge of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "transcendental knowledge of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhāgavatam system",
      "definition": "spreading of Kṛṣṇa consciousness philosophy by recitation and discussion of Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam.",
      "definition_html": "spreading of Kṛṣṇa consciousness philosophy by recitation and discussion of <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhāgavatam, Bhāgavata Purāṇa",
      "definition": "See ŚRĪMAD-BHĀGAVATAM.",
      "definition_html": "See ŚRĪMAD-BHĀGAVATAM."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhāgavatas",
      "definition": "persons or things in relationship with the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "persons or things in relationship with the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhāgya",
      "definition": "good fortune.",
      "definition_html": "good fortune."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhāgyavān",
      "definition": "most fortunate.",
      "definition_html": "most fortunate."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhānumān",
      "definition": "a prince of Kaliṅga. He fought on the side of the Kauravas and was killed by Bhīmasena.",
      "definition_html": "a prince of Kaliṅga. He fought on the side of the Kauravas and was killed by Bhīmasena."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhānusena",
      "definition": "a son of Karṇa. He was killed by Bhīmasena during the Kurukṣetra war. (Karṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "a son of Karṇa. He was killed by Bhīmasena during the Kurukṣetra war. (Karṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhārata",
      "definition": "a name of ARJUNA meaning “descendant of Bharata.”",
      "definition_html": "a name of ARJUNA meaning “descendant of Bharata.”"
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhārata-varṣa",
      "definition": "a name for the earth (now for India), derived from King Bharata, a great king who was the eldest son of Lord Ṛṣabhadeva.",
      "definition_html": "a name for the earth (now for India), derived from King Bharata, a great king who was the eldest son of Lord Ṛṣabhadeva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhāratī",
      "definition": "Sarasvatī-goddess of learning. Wife of Lord Brahmā. She usually sits on a white swan and holds a veena (stringed instrument) in her hands.",
      "definition_html": "Sarasvatī-goddess of learning. Wife of Lord Brahmā. She usually sits on a white swan and holds a veena (stringed instrument) in her hands."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhāva",
      "definition": "the stage of transcendental love experienced after transcendental affection; manifestation of ecstatic symptoms in the body of a devotee.",
      "definition_html": "the stage of transcendental love experienced after transcendental affection; manifestation of ecstatic symptoms in the body of a devotee."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhāva-bhakti",
      "definition": "the platform of purified goodness when one's heart melts in devotional service; the first stage of love of Godhead.",
      "definition_html": "the platform of purified goodness when one's heart melts in devotional service; the first stage of love of Godhead."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhāvuka",
      "definition": "sentimental; can also mean advanced in the knowledge of spiritual rasas.",
      "definition_html": "sentimental; can also mean advanced in the knowledge of spiritual <i>rasas. </i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhīma",
      "definition": "the second son of Pāṇḍu and Kuntī. Actually, his father was Vāyu, because Pāṇḍu had been cursed not being able to conceive children. By mantra Kuntī called Vāyu and Bhīma was born. He was known for his strength and strong appetite.",
      "definition_html": "the second son of Pāṇḍu and Kuntī. Actually, his father was Vāyu, because Pāṇḍu had been cursed not being able to conceive children. By <i>mantra</i> Kuntī called Vāyu and Bhīma was born. He was known for his strength and strong appetite."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhīṣma",
      "definition": "the most powerful and oldest warrior in the Battle of KURUKṢETRA; he is recognized as one of the chief authorities on devotional service to the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the most powerful and oldest warrior in the Battle of KURUKṢETRA; he is recognized as one of the chief authorities on devotional service to the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhīṣmadeva",
      "definition": "the grandfather of the Pāṇḍavas, and the most powerful and venerable warrior on the Battlefield of Kurukṣetra. The noble general respected as the \"grandfather\" of the Kuru dynasty. He is recognized as one of the twelve mahājanas, authorities on devotional service to the Lord. He was given a boon to leave his body any time he pleased, consequently he decided to leave while laying on a bed of arrows in full view of Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the grandfather of the Pāṇḍavas, and the most powerful and venerable warrior on the Battlefield of Kurukṣetra. The noble general respected as the \"grandfather\" of the Kuru dynasty. He is recognized as one of the twelve <i>mahājanas, </i>authorities on devotional service to the Lord. He was given a boon to leave his body any time he pleased, consequently he decided to leave while laying on a bed of arrows in full view of Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhīṣmaka",
      "definition": "the King of Vidarbha and father of Śrīmātī Rukmiṇī.",
      "definition_html": "the King of Vidarbha and father of Śrīmātī Rukmiṇī."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhū",
      "definition": "the creative energy of the cosmic creation.",
      "definition_html": "the creative energy of the cosmic creation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhū-dhāraṇa-śakti",
      "definition": "the power to hold up the planets within the universe.",
      "definition_html": "the power to hold up the planets within the universe."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhūmi",
      "definition": "Mother Earth",
      "definition_html": "Mother Earth"
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhūr",
      "definition": "the lower material planets.",
      "definition_html": "the lower material planets."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhūriśrava",
      "definition": "one of the three sons of Somadatta, a King of the Kuru dynasty. He was killed by Sātyaki during the great Kurukṣetra battle. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the three sons of Somadatta, a King of the Kuru dynasty. He was killed by Sātyaki during the great Kurukṣetra battle. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhūti",
      "definition": "opulence.",
      "definition_html": "opulence."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhṛgu",
      "definition": "the most powerful of the sages born directly from Brahmā.",
      "definition_html": "the most powerful of the sages born directly from Brahmā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bhṛtya",
      "definition": "the servants of the body, namely the senses.",
      "definition_html": "the servants of the body, namely the senses."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bihar",
      "definition": "a state in northwestern India.",
      "definition_html": "a state in northwestern India."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bila-svarga",
      "definition": "the subterranean heavens.",
      "definition_html": "the subterranean heavens."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bilvamaṅgala Ṭhākura",
      "definition": "a great devotee-author, whose works include the Kṛṣṇa-karṇāmṛta, the confidential pastimes of Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a great devotee-author, whose works include the <i>Kṛṣṇa-karṇāmṛta,</i> the<i> </i>confidential pastimes of Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Birnagar",
      "definition": "a town just south of Krishnanagar in the West Bengal district of Nadia. In ancient times the Ganges flowed past this town making it a prosperous river port. Once, the prince Srimanta Sandagar was sailing his fleet of ships up the Ganges to Birnagar and a violent storm arose. To save himself and his fleet, he prayed to Ulācaṇḍi, a wife of Lord Śiva. The fleet was saved, and the prince instituted her worship at this site. The town of Birnagar was thus also known as Ulā-grāma, the birthplace of Ṭhākura Bhaktivinoda.",
      "definition_html": "a town just south of Krishnanagar in the West Bengal district of Nadia. In ancient times the Ganges flowed past this town making it a prosperous river port. Once, the prince Srimanta Sandagar was sailing his fleet of ships up the Ganges to Birnagar and a violent storm arose. To save himself and his fleet, he prayed to Ulācaṇḍi, a wife of Lord Śiva. The fleet was saved, and the prince instituted her worship at this site. The town of Birnagar was thus also known as Ulā-grāma, the birthplace of Ṭhākura Bhaktivinoda."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bloop",
      "definition": "the sound of the soul falling into the ocean of material suffering; commonly used in ISKCON to describe someone who leaves the organization.",
      "definition_html": "the sound of the soul falling into the ocean of material suffering; commonly used in ISKCON to describe someone who leaves the organization."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bo (Bodhi) tree",
      "definition": "the tree under which Lord Buddha attained enlightenment.",
      "definition_html": "the tree under which Lord Buddha attained enlightenment."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bohr, Niels",
      "definition": "Danish physicist of great fame in the twentieth century (1885-1962). He has been called the spiritual father of all quantum physicists. Einstein was not happy with Bohr's idea that the universe is as it is purely by chance. He admonished Bohr, God does not play dice. Einstein's criticisms so bothered Bohr that he sometimes used to pace back and forth while chanting Einstein ... Einstein ... Einstein ... to himself.",
      "definition_html": "Danish physicist of great fame in the twentieth century (1885-1962). He has been called the spiritual father of all quantum physicists. Einstein was not happy with Bohr's idea that the universe is as it is purely by chance. He admonished Bohr, God does not play dice. Einstein's criticisms so bothered Bohr that he sometimes used to pace back and forth while chanting Einstein ... Einstein ... Einstein ... to himself."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahma jijñāsā",
      "definition": "spiritual inquiry into one’s own identity.",
      "definition_html": "spiritual inquiry into one’s own identity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahma śāpa",
      "definition": "a brāhmaṇa's curse.",
      "definition_html": "a <i>brāhmaṇa's </i>curse."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahma-bandhu",
      "definition": "one born in a brāhmaṇa family but lacking brahminical qualification.",
      "definition_html": "one born in a <i>brāhmaṇa</i> family but lacking brahminical qualification."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahma-bhūta",
      "definition": "the joyful state of being freed from material contamination. One in this state is characterized by transcendental happiness, and he engages in the service of the Supreme Lord; liberation.",
      "definition_html": "the joyful state of being freed from material contamination. One in this state is characterized by transcendental happiness, and he engages in the service of the Supreme Lord; liberation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahma-bhūtaḥ",
      "definition": "the stage of liberation in which one realizes the Supreme Brahman and becomes free from hankering and lamentation.",
      "definition_html": "the stage of liberation in which one realizes the Supreme Brahman and becomes free from hankering and lamentation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahma-jijñāsā",
      "definition": "inquiry into the Absolute Truth; spiritual inquiry into one's own identity.",
      "definition_html": "inquiry into the Absolute Truth; spiritual inquiry into one's own identity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahma-jyoti",
      "definition": "Effulgence emanating from the Body of the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Perfection of realization of the Absolute Truth necessitates going beyond the glaring effulgence to perceive the Supreme Personality of Godhead as He is and to render Him eternal loving service.",
      "definition_html": "Effulgence emanating from the Body of the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Perfection of realization of the Absolute Truth necessitates going beyond the glaring effulgence to perceive the Supreme Personality of Godhead as He is and to render Him eternal loving service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahma-jñāna",
      "definition": "knowledge of the Supreme.",
      "definition_html": "knowledge of the Supreme."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahma-jñānī",
      "definition": "an impersonalist scholar.",
      "definition_html": "an impersonalist scholar."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahma-pada",
      "definition": "Occupation of the post of Brahmā.",
      "definition_html": "Occupation of the post of Brahmā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahma-randhra",
      "definition": "Highest circle of air located on top of the head. The perfect yogi can transfer his soul through this circle and leave the material body to take a spiritual body which never has to meet death or change.",
      "definition_html": "Highest circle of air located on top of the head. The perfect <i>yogi</i> can transfer his soul through this circle and leave the material body to take a spiritual body which never has to meet death or change."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahma-rākṣasa",
      "definition": "a man-eating demon who was a fallen brāhmaṇa in his last life; the ghost of a sinful brāhmana.",
      "definition_html": "a man-eating demon who was a fallen <i>brāhmaṇa</i> in his last life; the ghost of a sinful <i>brāhmana</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahma-satra",
      "definition": "meditating on the Supreme Lord always.",
      "definition_html": "meditating on the Supreme Lord always."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahma-saukhya",
      "definition": "spiritual happiness, which is unobstructed and eternal.",
      "definition_html": "spiritual happiness, which is unobstructed and eternal."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahma-saṁhitā",
      "definition": "a very ancient Sanskrit scripture recording the prayers of Brahmā offered to the Supreme Lord, Govinda, recovered from a temple in South India by Lord Caitanya.",
      "definition_html": "a very ancient Sanskrit scripture recording the prayers of Brahmā offered to the Supreme Lord, Govinda, recovered from a temple in South India by Lord Caitanya."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahma-sūtra",
      "definition": "the Vedānta-sūtra.",
      "definition_html": "the <i>Vedānta-sūtra.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahma-tejas",
      "definition": "the potency of a brāhmaṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the potency of a <i>brāhmaṇa.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahma-upāsaka",
      "definition": "a worshiper of the impersonal Brahman.",
      "definition_html": "a worshiper of the impersonal Brahman."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahma-vaivarta Purāṇa",
      "definition": "one of the eighteen Purāṇas. It contains prayers and invocations addressed to Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa, as well as descriptions of His transcendental pastimes with Srīmatī Rādhārāṇī and the other cowherd girls of Vṛndāvana.",
      "definition_html": "one of the eighteen <i>Purāṇas. </i>It contains prayers and invocations addressed to Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa, as well as descriptions of His transcendental pastimes with Srīmatī Rādhārāṇī and the other cowherd girls of Vṛndāvana."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahma-vidyā",
      "definition": "transcendental knowledge.",
      "definition_html": "transcendental knowledge."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahma-yajña",
      "definition": "studying the Vedas.",
      "definition_html": "studying the <i>Vedas</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahmacarya",
      "definition": "celibate student life; the first order of Vedic spiritual life; the vow of strict abstinence from sex indulgence.",
      "definition_html": "celibate student life; the first order of Vedic spiritual life; the vow of strict abstinence from sex indulgence."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahmacārī",
      "definition": "a celibate student under the care of a spiritual master. One in the first order of spiritual life; In the Vedic social order, the student class who strictly accept the vow of celibacy, in the case of brāhmaṇas, up to the age of 25, at which time they may marry or continue the life of celibacy; a celibate student of a spiritual master; A member of the first spiritual devision of life, according to the Vedic social system of four āśramas. See Gṛhastha, Sannyāsī, Vānaprastha.",
      "definition_html": "a celibate student under the care of a spiritual master. One in the first order of spiritual life; In the Vedic social order, the student class who strictly accept the vow of celibacy, in the case of <i>brāhmaṇas,</i> up<i> </i>to the age of 25, at which time they may marry or continue the life of celibacy; a celibate student of a spiritual master; A member of the first spiritual devision of life, according to the Vedic social system of four <b><i>āśramas</i></b>. See Gṛhastha, Sannyāsī, Vānaprastha."
    },
    {
      "term": "brahmacārī, brahmacarya",
      "definition": "See ASHRAMS.",
      "definition_html": "See ASHRAMS."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahmajyoti",
      "definition": "the impersonal bodily effulgence emanating from the transcendental body of the Supreme Lord Kṛṣṇa, which constitutes the brilliant illumination of the spiritual sky; From Kṛṣṇa's transcendental personal form of eternity, knowledge and bliss emanates a shining effulgence called the brahmajyoti (light of Brahman). The material prakṛti, the jīvas who desire to enjoy matter, and kāla (time), are situated within this brahma-jyotir, which is pure existence devoid of difference and activity. It is the impersonal Brahman of the Mayavādīs, and the Clear Light of some Buddhist sects. For many mystics and philosophers the world over, the brahmajyoti is the indefinable One from which all things emerge in the beginning and merge into at the end. The brahmajyoti is Kṛṣṇa's feature of sat (eternality) separated from cit (knowledge) and ānanda (bliss). See Brahman, Buddhism, Impersonalism, Life after death, Māyāvāda philosophy, Modes of nature, Mysticism, Sac-cid-ānanda, Vedānta.",
      "definition_html": "the impersonal bodily effulgence emanating from the transcendental body of the Supreme Lord Kṛṣṇa, which constitutes the brilliant illumination of the spiritual sky; From Kṛṣṇa's transcendental personal form of eternity, knowledge and bliss emanates a shining effulgence called the <b><i>brahmajyoti</i></b> (light of Brahman). The material <b><i>prakṛti</i></b>, the <b><i>jīvas</i></b> who desire to enjoy matter, and <b><i>kāla</i></b> (time), are situated within this <b><i>brahma-jyotir</i></b>, which is pure existence devoid of difference and activity. It is the impersonal Brahman of the Mayavādīs, and the Clear Light of some Buddhist sects. For many mystics and philosophers the world over, the <b><i>brahmajyoti</i></b> is the indefinable One from which all things emerge in the beginning and merge into at the end. The <b><i>brahmajyoti</i></b> is Kṛṣṇa's feature of sat (eternality) separated from <b><i>cit</i></b> (knowledge) and <b><i>ānanda</i></b> (bliss). See Brahman, Buddhism, Impersonalism, Life after death, Māyāvāda philosophy, Modes of nature, Mysticism, Sac-cid-ānanda, Vedānta."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahmaloka",
      "definition": "the highest planet of the universe, that of the demigod Lord Brahmā.",
      "definition_html": "the highest planet of the universe, that of the demigod Lord Brahmā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahman",
      "definition": "(1) the infinitesimal spiritual individual soul; (2) the impersonal, all-pervasive aspect of the Supreme; (3) the Supreme Personality of Godhead; (4) the mahat-tattva, or total material substance; This Sanskrit term comes from the root bṛh, which means to grow or to evolve. In the Chāndogya Upaniṣad 3.14, Brahman is described as tajjalān, as that (tat) from which the world arises (ja), into which it returns (la), and by which is is supported and lives (an). Impersonalists equate Brahman with the brahmajyoti. But in its fullest sense, Brahman is the vastu, the actual substance of the world: 1) Viṣṇu as the Supreme Soul (paraṁ brahman), 2) the individual self as the subordinate soul (jīva-brahman), and 3) matter as creative nature (mahad-brahman). Viṣṇu is accepted by all schools of Vaiṣṇava Vedānta as the transcendental, unlimited Puruṣottama (Supreme Person), while the individual souls and matter are His conscious and unconscious energies (cid-acid-śakti). See Absolute, Brahmajyoti, Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas, Kṛṣṇa, Life after death, Modes of nature, Supersoul, Vedānta, Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "(1) the infinitesimal spiritual individual soul; (2) the impersonal, all-pervasive aspect of the Supreme; (3) the Supreme Personality of Godhead; (4) the <i>mahat-tattva, </i>or total material substance; This Sanskrit term comes from the root bṛh, which means to grow or to evolve. In the <b><i>Chāndogya Upaniṣad</i></b> 3.14, Brahman is described as <b><i>tajjalān</i></b>, as that (<b><i>tat</i></b>) from which the world arises (<b><i>ja</i></b>), into which it returns (<b><i>la</i></b>), and by which is is supported and lives (<b><i>an</i></b>). Impersonalists equate Brahman with the <b><i>brahmajyoti</i></b>. But in its fullest sense, Brahman is the <b><i>vastu</i></b>, the actual substance of the world: 1) Viṣṇu as the Supreme Soul (<b><i>paraṁ brahman</i></b>), 2) the individual self as the subordinate soul (<b><i>jīva-brahman</i></b>), and 3) matter as creative nature (<b><i>mahad-brahman</i></b>). Viṣṇu is accepted by all schools of Vaiṣṇava Vedānta as the transcendental, unlimited Puruṣottama (Supreme Person), while the individual souls and matter are His conscious and unconscious energies (<b><i>cid-acid-śakti</i></b>). See Absolute, Brahmajyoti, Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas, Kṛṣṇa, Life after death, Modes of nature, Supersoul, Vedānta, Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahmarṣi",
      "definition": "a title meaning \"sage among the brāhmaṇas.\"",
      "definition_html": "a title meaning \"sage among the <i>brāhmaṇas.\"</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahmavādīs",
      "definition": "impersonalists among the transcendentalists; those who are absorbed in the thought of impersonal Brahman.",
      "definition_html": "impersonalists among the transcendentalists; those who are absorbed in the thought of impersonal Brahman."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahmaṇya-deva",
      "definition": "the Supreme Lord, who is the protector of brahminical culture.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Lord, who is the protector of brahminical culture."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahmā",
      "definition": "the first created living being and secondary creator of the material universe. Directed by Lord Viṣṇu, he creates all life forms in the universes. He also rules the mode of passion. Twelve of his hours equals 4,320,000,000 earth-years, and his life span is more than 311 trillion of our years; The first living being in the universe, Brahmā was born not of a womb but the lotus that grows from Lord Viṣṇu's navel. He is the forefather and guru of the demigods, the giver of the Vedas, and the director of the vaikṛta or secondary phase of cosmic creation by which all species of plants, animals, human beings and demigods come into existence. Thus he takes charge of the creative rajo-guṇa, just as Śiva takes charge of the destructive tamo-guṇa. Brahmā is usually a jīva, though rarely, when there is no qualified jīva to assume this post, the Supreme Lord expands Himself as Brahmā. See Demigods, Modes of nature.",
      "definition_html": "the first created living being and secondary creator of the material universe. Directed by Lord Viṣṇu, he creates all life forms in the universes. He also rules the mode of passion. Twelve of his hours equals 4,320,000,000 earth-years, and his life span is more than 311 trillion of our years; The first living being in the universe, Brahmā was born not of a womb but the lotus that grows from Lord Viṣṇu's navel. He is the forefather and guru of the demigods, the giver of the <b><i>Vedas</i></b>, and the director of the <b><i>vaikṛta</i></b> or secondary phase of cosmic creation by which all species of plants, animals, human beings and demigods come into existence. Thus he takes charge of the creative rajo-guṇa, just as Śiva takes charge of the destructive tamo-guṇa. Brahmā is usually a <b><i>jīva</i></b>, though rarely, when there is no qualified <b><i>jīva</i></b> to assume this post, the Supreme Lord expands Himself as Brahmā. See Demigods, Modes of nature."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahmā-sūtra",
      "definition": "see Vedānta-sūtra.",
      "definition_html": "see <i>Vedānta-sūtra</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahmācarya",
      "definition": "the vow of strict abstinence from sex indulgence.",
      "definition_html": "the vow of strict abstinence from sex indulgence."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahmācārya",
      "definition": "Student life according to Vedic system—characterized by celibacy. The student is always engaged in study and devotional service under the bona fide spiritual master.",
      "definition_html": "Student life according to Vedic system—characterized by celibacy. The student is always engaged in study and devotional service under the bona fide spiritual master."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahmānanda",
      "definition": "the spiritual bliss derived from impersonal Brahman realization.",
      "definition_html": "the spiritual bliss derived from impersonal Brahman realization."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahmāstra",
      "definition": "a nuclear weapon produced by chanting a mantra, more powerful than many atomic bombs. It could be used only on a person of equal or superior strength. This weapon was given by Droṇa to Arjuna.",
      "definition_html": "a nuclear weapon produced by chanting a <i>mantra,</i> more powerful than many atomic bombs. It could be used only on a person of equal or superior strength. This weapon was given by Droṇa to Arjuna."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahmāṇḍa",
      "definition": "the material universe.",
      "definition_html": "the material universe."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa",
      "definition": "one of the eighteen Purāṇas. It was revealed by Lord Brahmā and contains knowledge about this brahmāṇḍa, or spherical universe and future millennia.",
      "definition_html": "one of the eighteen <i>Purāṇas. </i>It was revealed by Lord Brahmā and contains knowledge about this <i>brahmāṇḍa, </i>or spherical universe and future millennia."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brahmāṇḍa-bhramaṇa",
      "definition": "wandering up and down throughout the universe.",
      "definition_html": "wandering up and down throughout the universe."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brajbhasah",
      "definition": "dialect of local spoken language in the Vṛndāvana area.",
      "definition_html": "dialect of local spoken language in the Vṛndāvana area."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brajmandal (Vraja-mandala)",
      "definition": "The circular area which encompasses Braj and designated by the pilgrimage path through the area's sacred sites, each a scene of one of Krsna's exploits.",
      "definition_html": "The circular area which encompasses Braj and designated by the pilgrimage path through the area's sacred sites, each a scene of one of Krsna's exploits."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bran",
      "definition": "the tough outer pericarp layer of the wheat grain. It is removed together with the germ during milling to produce flour. It is a rich source of protein, B vitamins, phosphorus, and, of course, fibre.",
      "definition_html": "the tough outer pericarp layer of the wheat grain. It is removed together with the germ during milling to produce flour. It is a rich source of protein, B vitamins, phosphorus, and, of course, fibre."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brijbāsi",
      "definition": "inhabitant of Vṛndāvana.",
      "definition_html": "inhabitant of Vṛndāvana."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brāhma-muhūrta",
      "definition": "the auspicious period of the day just before dawn, from one and a half hours to fifty minutes before sunrise. It is especially favorable for spiritual practices.",
      "definition_html": "the auspicious period of the day just before dawn, from one and a half hours to fifty minutes before sunrise. It is especially favorable for spiritual practices."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brāhmaṇa",
      "definition": "a member of the intellectual, priestly class; a person wise in Vedic knowledge, fixed in goodness and knowledgeable of Brahman, the Absolute Truth; One of the four orders of occupational life, brāhmaṇa, kṣatriya, vaiśya and śūdra. The brāhmaṇas are the intellectual class and their occupation is hearing Vedic literature, teaching Vedic literature, learning deity worship and teaching deity worship, receiving charity and giving charity.",
      "definition_html": "a member of the intellectual, priestly class; a person wise in Vedic knowledge, fixed in goodness and knowledgeable of Brahman, the Absolute Truth; One of the four orders of occupational life, <i>brāhmaṇa</i>, <i>kṣatriya</i>,<i> vaiśya</i> and <i>śūdra</i>. The <i>brāhmaṇas</i> are the intellectual class and their occupation is hearing Vedic literature, teaching Vedic literature, learning deity worship and teaching deity worship, receiving charity and giving charity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brāhmaṇa thread",
      "definition": "a multistranded thread worn by brāhmaṇas across the left shoulder and chest.",
      "definition_html": "a multistranded thread worn by <i>brāhmaṇas</i> across the left shoulder and chest."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brāhmaṇas",
      "definition": "the intellectual class in human society.",
      "definition_html": "the intellectual class in human society."
    },
    {
      "term": "Brāhmaṇī",
      "definition": "the wife of a brāhmana.",
      "definition_html": "the wife of a <i>brāhmana.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Bubhukṣus",
      "definition": "those who desire to enjoy the material world.",
      "definition_html": "those who desire to enjoy the material world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Buddha",
      "definition": "incarnation of Kṛṣṇa, the founder of Buddhism who lived during the 5th century B.C., and appeared to bewilder atheists and dissuade them from performing unnecessary animal sacrifices; Two thousand five hundred years ago, Lord Viṣṇu sent forth an empowered jīva known as the Buddha (the Enlightened One). Assuming the guise of Siddhārtha Gautama, he took birth in Kapilavastu (present-day Nepal) as the son of King Śuddhodana. At age twenty-nine he renounced the world and embarked upon a mission to preach ahiṁsā (nonviolence) and śūnyatā (extinction of the self). He especially opposed the prevailing karma-mīmāṁsā philosophy of his time, which distorted Vedic knowledge and promoted unnecessary animal sacrifice. The Buddha's teaching rests on four principles: 1) material existence is duḥkha, miserable. 2) There is samudāya, a cause of material existence. 3) Because there is a cause, there is also nirodha, a way to remove material existence. 4) That way is mārga, the path of righteousness that the Buddha himself exemplified. But as he circumvented the distortion of Vedic sacrifice in leading people away from the sin of animal slaughter, he denied the Vedas, the soul, and God. After the Buddha's disappearance, many schools of Buddhism came into being. See Avatāra (Śaktyāveśa), Buddhism.",
      "definition_html": "incarnation of Kṛṣṇa, the founder of Buddhism who lived during the 5th century B.C., and appeared to bewilder atheists and dissuade them from performing unnecessary animal sacrifices; Two thousand five hundred years ago, Lord Viṣṇu sent forth an empowered jīva known as the Buddha (the Enlightened One). Assuming the guise of Siddhārtha Gautama, he took birth in Kapilavastu (present-day Nepal) as the son of King Śuddhodana. At age twenty-nine he renounced the world and embarked upon a mission to preach <b><i>ahiṁsā</i></b> (nonviolence) and <b><i>śūnyatā </i></b>(extinction of the self). He especially opposed the prevailing <b><i>karma-mīmāṁsā</i></b> philosophy of his time, which distorted Vedic knowledge and promoted unnecessary animal sacrifice. The Buddha's teaching rests on four principles: 1) material existence is <b><i>duḥkha</i></b>, miserable. 2) There is <b><i>samudāya</i></b>, a cause of material existence. 3) Because there is a cause, there is also <b><i>nirodha</i></b>, a way to remove material existence. 4) That way is <b><i>mārga</i></b>, the path of righteousness that the Buddha himself exemplified. But as he circumvented the distortion of Vedic sacrifice in leading people away from the sin of animal slaughter, he denied the <b><i>Vedas</i></b>, the soul, and God. After the Buddha's disappearance, many schools of Buddhism came into being. See Avatāra (Śaktyāveśa), Buddhism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Buddhi",
      "definition": "Discernment, intelligence; in Greek dinoia. According to SB 3.26.30, it has five functions: saṁśaya (doubt), viparyāsa (misapprehension), niścaya (correct apprehension), smṛti (memory), and svāpa (sleep, dreaming). See Intellect.",
      "definition_html": "Discernment, intelligence; in Greek dinoia. According to SB <b>3.26.30</b>, it has five functions: <i>saṁśaya</i> (doubt), <i>viparyāsa</i> (misapprehension), <i>niścaya</i> (correct apprehension), <i>smṛti</i> (memory), and <i>svāpa</i> (sleep, dreaming). See Intellect."
    },
    {
      "term": "Buddhi-yoga",
      "definition": "(buddhi-intelligence + yoga-mystic elevation) another term for bhakti-yoga (devotional service to Kṛṣṇa), indicating that it represents the highest use of intelligence by surrendering it to the will of the Supreme Lord. Action in Kṛṣṇa consciousness is buddhi-yoga, for that is the highest intelligence.",
      "definition_html": "<i>(buddhi-</i>intelligence <i>+ yoga-</i>mystic elevation) another term for <i>bhakti-yoga </i>(devotional service to Kṛṣṇa), indicating that it represents the highest use of intelligence by surrendering it to the will of the Supreme Lord. Action in Kṛṣṇa consciousness is <i>buddhi-yoga, </i>for that is the highest intelligence."
    },
    {
      "term": "Buddhism",
      "definition": "Vaiṣṇava Vedāntist ācāryas such as Rāmānuja, Madhva and Baladeva have analyzed four types of Buddhist doctrine. These four are held, respectively, by schools known as the Sautrāntikas, Vaibhāṣikas, Yogācāras and Mādhyamikas. The first doctrine views mind and matter as having real but momentary existencei.e. with each moment, the reality of mind and matter changes. The second views matter as being knowable only through the mind; mind and the matter known through it are momentarily real. The third views matter as unreal, mind as absolute, and the perception of matter as momentary imagination. The fourth, known as Śūnyavāda, views the previous three doctrines as useless attempts at explaining what cannot be put into words. See Buddha, Māyāvāda philosophy, Nirvāna, Scepticism, Six systems, Voidism.",
      "definition_html": "Vaiṣṇava Vedāntist ācāryas such as Rāmānuja, Madhva and Baladeva have analyzed four types of Buddhist doctrine. These four are held, respectively, by schools known as the Sautrāntikas, Vaibhāṣikas, Yogācāras and Mādhyamikas. The first doctrine views mind and matter as having real but momentary existencei.e. with each moment, the reality of mind and matter changes. The second views matter as being knowable only through the mind; mind and the matter known through it are momentarily real. The third views matter as unreal, mind as absolute, and the perception of matter as momentary imagination. The fourth, known as <i>Śūnyavāda</i>, views the previous three doctrines as useless attempts at explaining what cannot be put into words. See Buddha, Māyāvāda philosophy, Nirvāna, Scepticism, Six systems, Voidism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bābājī",
      "definition": "a person who dwells alone in one place and leads a life of meditation, penance and austerity; renounced order beyond sannyāsa, in which one chants and reads.",
      "definition_html": "a person who dwells alone in one place and leads a life of meditation, penance and austerity; renounced order beyond <i>sannyāsa,</i> in which one chants and reads."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bādarāyana",
      "definition": "See VYĀSADEVA.",
      "definition_html": "See VYĀSADEVA."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bāhadbala",
      "definition": "the King of Kosala. He joined the side of the Kauravas and was killed by Abhimanyu. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "the King of Kosala. He joined the side of the Kauravas and was killed by Abhimanyu. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Bāhadratha",
      "definition": "a king of Magadha, and the father of Jarāsandha.",
      "definition_html": "a king of Magadha, and the father of Jarāsandha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bāhuka",
      "definition": "the personified sins of King Vena.",
      "definition_html": "the personified sins of King Vena."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bāla-gopāla",
      "definition": "Deity of Kṛṣṇa as a cowherd boy.",
      "definition_html": "Deity of Kṛṣṇa as a cowherd boy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bālhīka",
      "definition": "a son of Pratīpa. He had two brothers Devāpi and Śantanu. He was killed by Bhīmasena during the Kurukṣetra war. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "a son of Pratīpa. He had two brothers Devāpi and Śantanu. He was killed by Bhīmasena during the Kurukṣetra war. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Bāliśa",
      "definition": "innocent and foolish like a child.",
      "definition_html": "innocent and foolish like a child."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bāula community",
      "definition": "one of the apa-sampradāyas, or unauthorized devotional groups.",
      "definition_html": "one of the <i>apa-sampradāyas,</i> or unauthorized devotional groups."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bāṇāsura",
      "definition": "a thousand-armed demon slain by Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a thousand-armed demon slain by Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bībhatsa-rasa",
      "definition": "the indirect relationship of abomination.",
      "definition_html": "the indirect relationship of abomination."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bṛghu",
      "definition": "the leader of the sages in the universe.",
      "definition_html": "the leader of the sages in the universe."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bṛhan-nāradīya Purāṇa",
      "definition": "one of the eighteen Purāṇas, or Vedic historical scriptures.",
      "definition_html": "one of the eighteen <i>Purāṇas, </i>or Vedic historical scriptures."
    },
    {
      "term": "Bṛhaspati",
      "definition": "the spiritual master of King Indra and chief priest for the demigods.",
      "definition_html": "the spiritual master of King Indra and chief priest for the demigods."
    },
    {
      "term": "Caitanya",
      "definition": "living force.",
      "definition_html": "living force."
    },
    {
      "term": "Caitanya Mahāprabhu",
      "definition": "an incarnation of Kṛṣṇa Himself who appeared in the 15th Century at Navadvīpa in Bengal. He was the inaugurator of the congregational chanting of the mahā-mantra, Hare Kṛṣṇa, and His life was the most perfect example of the practice of the teachings of Bhagavad-gītā.",
      "definition_html": "an incarnation of Kṛṣṇa Himself who appeared in the 15th Century at Navadvīpa in Bengal. He was the inaugurator of the congregational chanting of the <i>mahā-mantra</i>, Hare Kṛṣṇa, and His life was the most perfect example of the practice of the teachings of <i>Bhagavad-gītā</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Caitanya Mahāprabhu, (1486-1534)",
      "definition": "Lord Kṛṣṇa in the aspect of His own devotee. He appeared in Navadvīpa, West Bengal, and inaugurated the congregational chanting of the holy names of the Lord to teach pure love of God by means of saṅkīrtana. Lord Caitanya is understood by Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavas to be Lord Kṛṣṇa Himself; The Golden Avatāra of the Supreme Personality of Godhead who descended into the material world 500 years ago at Śrīdhāma Māyāpur. Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu inaugurated the yuga-dharma of saṅkīrtana. Together with His associates Nityānanda, Advaita, Gadādhara and Śrīvāsa, Lord Caitanya is worshiped by the Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavas as the Pañca-tattva (five-fold Absolute Truth). Within the Pañca-tattva, Mahāprabhu is the īśa-tattva, the Supreme Lord. Nityānanda is the prakāśa-tattva, the feature of īśvara who controls the kriyā-śakti, out of which the kāla and karma potencies expand. Advaita is the avatāra-tattva, the incarnation. Gadadhara is śakti-tattva, a feature of the original, spiritual prakṛti. Śrīvasa is jīva-tattva. See Avatāra, Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava, Īśvara, Saṅkīrtana.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Kṛṣṇa in the aspect of His own devotee. He appeared in Navadvīpa, West Bengal, and inaugurated the congregational chanting of the holy names of the Lord to teach pure love of God by means of <i>saṅkīrtana</i>. Lord Caitanya is understood by Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavas to be Lord Kṛṣṇa Himself; The Golden Avatāra of the Supreme Personality of Godhead who descended into the material world 500 years ago at Śrīdhāma Māyāpur. Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu inaugurated the <i>yuga-dharma</i> of <i>saṅkīrtana.</i> Together with His associates Nityānanda, Advaita, Gadādhara and Śrīvāsa, Lord Caitanya is worshiped by the Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavas as the <i>Pañca-tattva</i> (five-fold Absolute Truth). Within the <i>Pañca-tattva,</i> Mahāprabhu is the <i>īśa-tattva,</i> the Supreme Lord. Nityānanda is the <i>prakāśa-tattva,</i> the feature of <i>īśvara</i> who controls the <i>kriyā-śakti,</i> out of which the <i>kāla</i> and <i>karma</i> potencies expand. Advaita is the <i>avatāra-tattva,</i> the incarnation. Gadadhara is <i>śakti-tattva,</i> a feature of the original, spiritual <i>prakṛti.</i> Śrīvasa is <i>jīva-tattva.</i> See Avatāra, Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava, Īśvara, Saṅkīrtana."
    },
    {
      "term": "Caitanya-caritāmṛta",
      "definition": "translated as \"the character of the living force in immortality,\" it is the title of the authorized biography of Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu written in the late sixteenth century and compiled by Śrīla Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja Gosvāmī, presenting the Lord's pastimes and teachings. Written in Bengali, with many Sanskrit verses as well, it is regarded as the most authoritative book on Lord Caitanya's life and teachings; Written by Śrīla Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja Gosvāmī, this biography of Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu is the single most important text of Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava philosophy. Caitanya-caritāmṛta means the immortal character of the living force. It is the postgraduate study of spiritual knowledge, and so is not intended for the novice. Ideally, one begins with Bhagavad-gītā and advances through Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam to the Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta. Although alI these great scriptures are on the same absolute level, for the sake of comparative study Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta is considered to be on the highest platform. See Bhagavad-gītā, Caitanya Mahāprabhu, Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava, Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam.",
      "definition_html": "translated as \"the character of the living force in immortality,\" it is the title of the authorized biography of Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu written in the late sixteenth century and compiled by Śrīla Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja Gosvāmī, presenting the Lord's pastimes and teachings. Written in Bengali, with many Sanskrit verses as well, it is regarded as the most authoritative book on Lord Caitanya's life and teachings; Written by Śrīla Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja Gosvāmī, this biography of Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu is the single most important text of Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava philosophy. <i>Caitanya-caritāmṛta</i> means the immortal character of the living force. It is the postgraduate study of spiritual knowledge, and so is not intended for the novice. Ideally, one begins with <i>Bhagavad-gītā</i> and advances through <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam</i> to the <i>Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta</i>. Although alI these great scriptures are on the same absolute level, for the sake of comparative study <i>Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛt</i>a is considered to be on the highest platform. See <i>Bhagavad-gītā</i>, Caitanya Mahāprabhu, Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava, <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Caitya-guru",
      "definition": "the Supersoul, the expansion of Kṛṣṇa who is seated as the spiritual master within the heart of the living being.",
      "definition_html": "the Supersoul, the expansion of Kṛṣṇa who is seated as the spiritual master within the heart of the living being."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cakita",
      "definition": "a position in which the heroine appears very afraid although she is not at all afraid.",
      "definition_html": "a position in which the heroine appears very afraid although she is not at all afraid."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cakora",
      "definition": "a bird that drinks only water from the Śvāti Nakṣatra.",
      "definition_html": "a bird that drinks only water from the Śvāti Nakṣatra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cakra",
      "definition": "one of six centers of vital energy located in the body; the wheel of Viṣṇu on top of temples.",
      "definition_html": "one of six centers of vital energy located in the body; the wheel of Viṣṇu on top of temples."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cakra (Sudarśana)",
      "definition": "the disc weapon of the Supreme Lord, Viṣṇu. On the top of Viṣṇu temples there is usually a cakra.",
      "definition_html": "the disc weapon of the Supreme Lord, Viṣṇu. On the top of Viṣṇu temples there is usually a <i>cakra</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cakravyūha",
      "definition": "a formation of soldiers in the form of a cakra. This formation was considered impenetrable, and only the most capable warriors could penetrate it. Abhimanyu was killed while fighting in this formation. His father, Arjuna, taught him how to enter, but he did not know how to exit the gigantic formation.",
      "definition_html": "a formation of soldiers in the form of a <i>cakra</i>. This formation was considered impenetrable, and only the most capable warriors could penetrate it. Abhimanyu was killed while fighting in this formation. His father, Arjuna, taught him how to enter, but he did not know how to exit the gigantic formation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cakravākī",
      "definition": "the female counterpart of the cakra bird. When the male cakra bird and the female cakravākī bird are separated, they make mournful sounds during the night.",
      "definition_html": "the female counterpart of the <i>cakra </i>bird. When the male <i>cakra </i>bird and the female <i>cakravākī </i>bird are separated, they make mournful sounds during the night."
    },
    {
      "term": "Camasa Ṛṣi",
      "definition": "one of the nine Yogendras.",
      "definition_html": "one of the nine Yogendras."
    },
    {
      "term": "Campaka-puṣpa",
      "definition": "a yellowish and very fragrant flower from the campaka tree. This flower is very dear to Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a yellowish and very fragrant flower from the <i>campaka </i>tree. This flower is very dear to Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Camphor",
      "definition": "a pure white crystalline powder derived from steam of the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphera, which is found in China and India.",
      "definition_html": "a pure white crystalline powder derived from steam of the camphor tree, <i>Cinnamomum camphera</i>, which is found in China and India."
    },
    {
      "term": "Candana",
      "definition": "a cosmetic paste made from sandalwood; used in Deity worship.",
      "definition_html": "a cosmetic paste made from sandalwood; used in Deity worship."
    },
    {
      "term": "Candana-yātrā",
      "definition": "a twenty-one day festival held throughout India in the summer season. During Candana-yātrā devotees anoint the Deities of the Lord with sooting sandalwood paste.",
      "definition_html": "a twenty-one day festival held throughout India in the summer season. During Candana-yātrā devotees anoint the Deities of the Lord with sooting sandalwood paste."
    },
    {
      "term": "Candra",
      "definition": "the demigod who rules the moon.",
      "definition_html": "the demigod who rules the moon."
    },
    {
      "term": "Candragupta",
      "definition": "a king of the Maurya dynasty in India. His armies repelled Alexander the Great's advance into India.",
      "definition_html": "a king of the Maurya dynasty in India. His armies repelled Alexander the Great's advance into India."
    },
    {
      "term": "Candraloka",
      "definition": "the moon planet.",
      "definition_html": "the moon planet."
    },
    {
      "term": "Candraśekhara Ācārya",
      "definition": "a great householder devotee of Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu.",
      "definition_html": "a great householder devotee of Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Capātī",
      "definition": "a flat bread made from whole-wheat flour.",
      "definition_html": "a flat bread made from whole-wheat flour."
    },
    {
      "term": "Caraṇāmṛta",
      "definition": "remnants of water and other liquids used for bathing the Deity and then been mixed with yogurt and sugar.",
      "definition_html": "remnants of water and other liquids used for bathing the Deity and then been mixed with yogurt and sugar."
    },
    {
      "term": "Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1881)",
      "definition": "a Scottish historian and social critic who was an important philosophical moralist of the early Victorian age. He was opposed to empiricism, mechanism and materialism.",
      "definition_html": "a Scottish historian and social critic who was an important philosophical moralist of the early Victorian age. He was opposed to empiricism, mechanism and materialism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Catur-hotra",
      "definition": "the four kinds of fire sacrifices prescribed in the Vedas for purification of fruitive activities.",
      "definition_html": "the four kinds of fire sacrifices prescribed in the <i>Vedas</i> for purification of fruitive activities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Catur-vyūha",
      "definition": "the quadruple expansions of Kṛṣṇa who predominate over the Vaikuṇṭha planets.",
      "definition_html": "the quadruple expansions of Kṛṣṇa who predominate over the Vaikuṇṭha planets."
    },
    {
      "term": "Caturdaśī",
      "definition": "the fourteenth day of the waxing and waning moon.",
      "definition_html": "the fourteenth day of the waxing and waning moon."
    },
    {
      "term": "Catuḥ-ślokī",
      "definition": "the four verses of Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam [Bhāg. 2.9.33-36], spoken by Lord Kṛṣṇa to Brahmā, that summarize the entire philosophy of Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam.",
      "definition_html": "the four verses of <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam</i> [<i>Bhāg.</i><b><i> </i></b><b>2.9.33-36]</b>, spoken by Lord Kṛṣṇa to Brahmā, that summarize the entire philosophy of <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Catuḥsana",
      "definition": "the four Kumāras.",
      "definition_html": "the four Kumāras."
    },
    {
      "term": "Causa (Lat.)",
      "definition": "Reason or motive for something happening (in Gr. aitai). Aristotle proposed four causes to explain how creation occurs: causa materialis (the material cause), causa formalis (the formal cause), causa efficiens (the efficient cause), and causa finalis (the final cause).",
      "definition_html": "Reason or motive for something happening (in Gr. <i>aitai</i>). Aristotle proposed four causes to explain how creation occurs: <i>causa materialis</i> (the material cause), <i>causa formalis</i> (the formal cause), <i>causa efficiens</i> (the efficient cause), and <i>causa finalis</i> (the final cause)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Causal Ocean",
      "definition": "the ocean in which all the universes are floating. See: Kāraṇa Ocean.",
      "definition_html": "the ocean in which all the universes are floating. <i>See: Kāraṇa Ocean.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Caṇḍakauśika",
      "definition": "a muni who blessed King Bāhadratha, the King of Magadha, with a child. The child was born in two halves from each of the King's queens. The two halves were thrown in the forest where they were joined by a witch named Jara. The child was later named Jarāsandha.",
      "definition_html": "a <i>muni</i> who blessed King Bāhadratha, the King of Magadha, with a child. The child was born in two halves from each of the King's queens. The two halves were thrown in the forest where they were joined by a witch named Jara. The child was later named Jarāsandha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Caṇḍāla",
      "definition": "an outcaste or untouchable; dog-eaters, the lowest class of human beings.",
      "definition_html": "an outcaste or untouchable; dog-eaters, the lowest class of human beings."
    },
    {
      "term": "Caṇḍālas",
      "definition": "dog-eaters, the lowest class of human beings.",
      "definition_html": "dog-eaters, the lowest class of human beings."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cedirāja",
      "definition": "the king of Cedi; also known as Śiśupāla. Lord Kṛṣṇa killed him because of his blasphemy.",
      "definition_html": "the king of Cedi; also known as Śiśupāla. Lord Kṛṣṇa killed him because of his blasphemy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cekitāna",
      "definition": "a warrior of the Yadu dynasty. He was killed by Duryodhana during the Kurukṣetra war. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "a warrior of the Yadu dynasty. He was killed by Duryodhana during the Kurukṣetra war. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Cetana",
      "definition": "a conscious living entity.",
      "definition_html": "a conscious living entity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Chadar",
      "definition": "cotton or wool cloth worn on the upper half of the body, also worn by temple priests during worship.",
      "definition_html": "cotton or wool cloth worn on the upper half of the body, also worn by temple priests during worship."
    },
    {
      "term": "Chaitya",
      "definition": "Buddhist temple. Buddhist hall of worship.",
      "definition_html": "Buddhist temple. Buddhist hall of worship."
    },
    {
      "term": "Chakra",
      "definition": "disc weapon of Lord Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "disc weapon of Lord Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Chalo, Chalo",
      "definition": "let's go, let's go.",
      "definition_html": "let's go, let's go."
    },
    {
      "term": "Chamara",
      "definition": "a yak-tail wisk or fan.",
      "definition_html": "a yak-tail wisk or fan."
    },
    {
      "term": "Chandas",
      "definition": "the different meters of Vedic hymns.",
      "definition_html": "the different meters of Vedic hymns."
    },
    {
      "term": "Chandra",
      "definition": "the moon-god of the moon.",
      "definition_html": "the moon-god of the moon."
    },
    {
      "term": "Channa",
      "definition": "chick peas (garbanzo beans)",
      "definition_html": "chick peas (garbanzo beans)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Channing, William Ellery (1780-1842)",
      "definition": "an American theologian, founder of the Unitarian movement in New England. He believed in both rationality and mysticism. He concluded that in order for man to have a relationship with God He must be a person.",
      "definition_html": "an American theologian, founder of the Unitarian movement in New England. He believed in both rationality and mysticism. He concluded that in order for man to have a relationship with God He must be a person."
    },
    {
      "term": "Channāvatāra",
      "definition": "a concealed incarnation in disguise.",
      "definition_html": "a concealed incarnation in disguise."
    },
    {
      "term": "Chappals",
      "definition": "sandals.",
      "definition_html": "sandals."
    },
    {
      "term": "Chaukidar (chowkidar)",
      "definition": "night watchman; guard.",
      "definition_html": "night watchman; guard."
    },
    {
      "term": "Chauvinism",
      "definition": "A term derived from the name of a legendary French soldier, Nicolas Chauvin, chavinism originally meant fanatical patriotism, but lately means a prejudiced belief in the superiority of one's own group; for example, male chauvinism.",
      "definition_html": "A term derived from the name of a legendary French soldier, Nicolas Chauvin, chavinism originally meant fanatical patriotism, but lately means a prejudiced belief in the superiority of one's own group; for example, male chauvinism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Choko",
      "definition": "Used in Mexican, Chinese, and Indonesian cooking, this delicate, pale-green, pear-shaped vegetable, which is related to the gourd family, originally came from Mexico, where it is known as chayote. When buying chokos, look for young tender ones with pale, green, almost translucent skin. The spikes on the skin should be short and soft. Chokos add a subtle flavour and an apple-like texture to any dish.",
      "definition_html": "Used in Mexican, Chinese, and Indonesian cooking, this delicate, pale-green, pear-shaped vegetable, which is related to the gourd family, originally came from Mexico, where it is known as <i>chayote</i>. When buying <i>chokos</i>, look for young tender ones with pale, green, almost translucent skin. The spikes on the skin should be short and soft. Chokos add a subtle flavour and an apple-like texture to any dish."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cholas",
      "definition": "South Indian rulers from the Tamil Nadu area.",
      "definition_html": "South Indian rulers from the Tamil Nadu area."
    },
    {
      "term": "Choli",
      "definition": "sari blouse.",
      "definition_html": "sari blouse."
    },
    {
      "term": "Chonki",
      "definition": "a low wooden table.",
      "definition_html": "a low wooden table."
    },
    {
      "term": "Chos",
      "definition": "Greek term for gap or chasm, derived from chainein, gape. In Greek philosophy, chos is the confused, formless and undifferentiated state of primal matter; the condition of the universe before reason appeared and brought the world into order. The Sanskrit equivalent is pradhāna, the unmanifest material nature. See Modes of nature.",
      "definition_html": "Greek term for gap or chasm, derived from <i>chainein</i>, gape. In Greek philosophy, <i>chos</i> is the confused, formless and undifferentiated state of primal matter; the condition of the universe before reason appeared and brought the world into order. The Sanskrit equivalent is <i>pradhāna</i>, the unmanifest material nature. See Modes of nature."
    },
    {
      "term": "Choti (coti)",
      "definition": "Shikha; a tuft of hair worn at the back of the head of the braj area and by male Vaisnavisas.",
      "definition_html": "Shikha; a tuft of hair worn at the back of the head of the braj area and by male Vaisnavisas."
    },
    {
      "term": "Choultry",
      "definition": "dharmashala in the south; pilgrim accommodation.",
      "definition_html": "dharmashala in the south; pilgrim accommodation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Christ",
      "definition": "See Avatāra (Śaktyāveśa).",
      "definition_html": "See <b><i>Avatāra</i></b> (Śaktyāveśa)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Chāndogya Upaniṣad",
      "definition": "one of the principal Upaniṣads, philosophical portions of the Vedas.",
      "definition_html": "one of the principal <i>Upaniṣads, </i>philosophical portions of the <i>Vedas.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Cid-vilāsa",
      "definition": "spiritual pleasure.",
      "definition_html": "spiritual pleasure."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cintā",
      "definition": "anxiety, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "anxiety, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cintāmaṇi",
      "definition": "a spiritual mystically potent gemstone (\"touchstone\"), found in the transcendental realm. It fulfills all the desires of one who possesses it. When applied to a metal transforms it into gold.",
      "definition_html": "a spiritual mystically potent gemstone (\"touchstone\"), found in the transcendental realm. It fulfills all the desires of one who possesses it. When applied to a metal transforms it into gold."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cira-loka-pālas",
      "definition": "permanent governors of the universe.",
      "definition_html": "permanent governors of the universe."
    },
    {
      "term": "Circulus vitiosus (Lat.)",
      "definition": "A vicious circle, i.e. the fallacy of proving a proposition from another which depends on the first for its own proof. See Fallacy, Logic.",
      "definition_html": "A vicious circle, i.e. the fallacy of proving a proposition from another which depends on the first for its own proof. See Fallacy, Logic."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cit",
      "definition": "alive and conscious; the indiviual living beings; unlimited knowledge.",
      "definition_html": "alive and conscious; the indiviual living beings; unlimited knowledge."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cit-kaṇās",
      "definition": "particles of spirit; the living entities.",
      "definition_html": "particles of spirit; the living entities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cit-śakti",
      "definition": "(cit-knowledge + sakti-potency) internal or enlightening knowledge potency of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "<i>(cit-</i>knowledge + <i>sakti-</i>potency) internal or enlightening knowledge potency of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Citi-śakti",
      "definition": "(citi—knowledge + sakti—potency) internal or enlightening potency of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "(<i>citi</i>—knowledge + <i>sakti</i>—potency) internal or enlightening potency of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Citrabāhu",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in<b><i> Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Citrabāna",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Citracāpa",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Citragupta",
      "definition": "the personal secretary of Yamarāja, who is the lord of death. He records the living entities' pious and evil deeds.",
      "definition_html": "the personal secretary of Yamarāja, who is the lord of death. He records the living entities' pious and evil deeds."
    },
    {
      "term": "Citraka",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Citraketu",
      "definition": "a member of the royal order who became fully enlightened in spiritual knowledge.",
      "definition_html": "a member of the royal order who became fully enlightened in spiritual knowledge."
    },
    {
      "term": "Citrasena",
      "definition": "a Gandharva leader who was a friend of Arjuna and a son of Viśvā-vasu. He received a weapon of fire from Arjuna, and helped the Pāṇḍavas when Duryodhana tried to embarrass them at Dvaitavana.",
      "definition_html": "a Gandharva leader who was a friend of Arjuna and a son of Viśvā-vasu. He received a weapon of fire from Arjuna, and helped the Pāṇḍavas when Duryodhana tried to embarrass them at Dvaitavana."
    },
    {
      "term": "Citravarma",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Citrāṅga",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Śalya Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Śalya Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Citrāṅgada",
      "definition": "one of the sons of Mahārāja Śantanu by Satyavatī. He was killed by a Gandharva of the same name.",
      "definition_html": "one of the sons of Mahārāja Śantanu by Satyavatī. He was killed by a Gandharva of the same name."
    },
    {
      "term": "Citrāṅgadā",
      "definition": "one of the wives of Arjuna. She was the daughter of the King of Maṇipura. Their son's name was Babhruvāhana.",
      "definition_html": "one of the wives of Arjuna. She was the daughter of the King of Maṇipura. Their son's name was Babhruvāhana."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cogito ergo sum (Lat.)",
      "definition": "I think, therefore I am. The famous maxim of Descartes that conveys his certitude about his own existence. See Descartes.",
      "definition_html": "I think, therefore I am. The famous maxim of Descartes that conveys his certitude about his own existence. See Descartes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Complete Whole",
      "definition": "Refers to the Personality of Godhead.",
      "definition_html": "Refers to the Personality of Godhead."
    },
    {
      "term": "Consciousness",
      "definition": "This term is derived from the Latin conscire, to know or be aware of. The equivalent Sanskrit term is cetana. Consciousness is the irreducible symptom of the self. It knows, it feels, and it wills. There are many theories about the relation of consciousness to matter (see Mind/body problem), but all of them are conceived in the conscious mind. Take away consciousness and theories are impossible. Then what is the use of speculation about dead matter as the source of consciousness? Subtle mind, intelligence and false ego are imposed upon consciousness by the three modes of nature. Similarly, due to these modes, wakefulness, dreaming and swoon occur against the background of consciousness. But though the modes cover it, consciousness remains essentially pure, eternally. In the liberated state, consciousness displays a non-material mind, intelligence, pure ego and perfect form. There are two orders of consciousness: vibhu and aṇu. The first is the level of God's consciousness, which is all-pervading. God knows everything in totality and everything in particular. His consciousness is never influenced by matter, although matter cannot exist apart from His consciousness. The aṇu (limited) order of consciousness belongs to the jīva. Because it is limited, matter can cover it, unless the jīva remains under the shelter of the Supreme Consciousness. See Ecstasy, False ego, Gross body, Intellect, Jīva, Mind, Mind/body problem, Modes of nature, Soul, Subtle body, Supersoul.",
      "definition_html": "This term is derived from the Latin <i>conscire,</i> to know or be aware of. The equivalent Sanskrit term is <i>cetana.</i> Consciousness is the irreducible symptom of the self. It knows, it feels, and it wills. There are many theories about the relation of consciousness to matter (see Mind/body problem), but all of them are conceived in the conscious mind. Take away consciousness and theories are impossible. Then what is the use of speculation about dead matter as the source of consciousness? Subtle mind, intelligence and false ego are imposed upon consciousness by the three modes of nature. Similarly, due to these modes, wakefulness, dreaming and swoon occur against the background of consciousness. But though the modes cover it, consciousness remains essentially pure, eternally. In the liberated state, consciousness displays a non-material mind, intelligence, pure ego and perfect form. There are two orders of consciousness: <i>vibhu</i> and <i>aṇu.</i> The first is the level of God's consciousness, which is all-pervading. God knows everything in totality and everything in particular. His consciousness is never influenced by matter, although matter cannot exist apart from His consciousness. The <i>aṇu</i> (limited) order of consciousness belongs to the <i>jīva.</i> Because it is limited, matter can cover it, unless the <i>jīva</i> remains under the shelter of the Supreme Consciousness. See Ecstasy, False ego, Gross body, Intellect, Jīva, Mind, Mind/body problem, Modes of nature, Soul, Subtle body, Supersoul."
    },
    {
      "term": "Contradiction",
      "definition": "This term is formed from the Latin contra (against) and dicere (speak); hence, a statement that speaks against itself is contradictory. In Aristotilian logic, contradictions are violations of the second of the Three Laws of Thought: 1) The Law of Identity if a thing exists, it exists. If it does not exist, it does not exist. Whatever is, is. 2) The Law of Noncontradiction something cannot be itself and not be itself at the same time. Nothing can both be and not be. 3) The Law of the Excluded Middlesomething that exists is real and true, and something that does not exist is unreal and not true. There is no middle ground between these two positions. Things must either be or not be.",
      "definition_html": "This term is formed from the Latin <i>contra</i> (against) and <i>dicere</i> (speak); hence, a statement that speaks against itself is contradictory. In Aristotilian logic, contradictions are violations of the second of the Three Laws of Thought: 1) The Law of Identity if a thing exists, it exists. If it does not exist, it does not exist. Whatever is, is. 2) The Law of Noncontradiction something cannot be itself and not be itself at the same time. Nothing can both be and not be. 3) The Law of the Excluded Middlesomething that exists is real and true, and something that does not exist is unreal and not true. There is no middle ground between these two positions. Things must either be or not be."
    },
    {
      "term": "Controller",
      "definition": "God is the Controller. The individual entities are controlling their own bodies only, but God is controlling all bodies including planetary systems, stars, moons, the cosmic manifestation, time, space and the activities of the material and spiritual energies.",
      "definition_html": "God is the Controller. The individual entities are controlling their own bodies only, but God is controlling all bodies including planetary systems, stars, moons, the cosmic manifestation, time, space and the activities of the material and spiritual energies."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cratylus",
      "definition": "Athenean philosopher, a contemporary of Socrates and Plato. Cratylus taught a radical form of scepticism. He was a disciple of Heraclitus, whose most famous aphorism is You cannot step in the same river twice. Cratylus amended that aphorism, making it You cannot step into the same river once. He believed there is no point even to speak, because as we speak we and the world change, rendering all that we say into useless babble about nothing real. See Scepticism.",
      "definition_html": "Athenean philosopher, a contemporary of Socrates and Plato. Cratylus taught a radical form of scepticism. He was a disciple of Heraclitus, whose most famous aphorism is You cannot step in the same river twice. Cratylus amended that aphorism, making it You cannot step into the same river once. He believed there is no point even to speak, because as we speak we and the world change, rendering all that we say into useless babble about nothing real. See Scepticism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Crore",
      "definition": "ten million; one hundred lakhs.",
      "definition_html": "ten million; one hundred lakhs."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cyavana",
      "definition": "a son of Bhṛgu Muni and the author of a text on astronomy. He is one of the seven great sages of the second Manvantara.",
      "definition_html": "a son of Bhṛgu Muni and the author of a text on astronomy. He is one of the seven great sages of the second <i>Manvantara.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Cāmara",
      "definition": "a yak-tail fan used in Deity worship.",
      "definition_html": "a yak-tail fan used in Deity worship."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cāpalya",
      "definition": "impudence, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "impudence, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cāraṇaloka",
      "definition": "the heavenly planet of the Cāraṇa demigods.",
      "definition_html": "the heavenly planet of the Cāraṇa demigods."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cārvāka",
      "definition": "a Rākṣasa, who was a close friend of Duryodhana. He took the form of a brāhmaṇa and tried to condemn Yudhiṣṭhira as an enemy of the people. He was recognized by the brāhmaṇas who then chanted mantras turning him into ashes.",
      "definition_html": "a Rākṣasa, who was a close friend of Duryodhana. He took the form of a <i>brāhmaṇa</i> and tried to condemn Yudhiṣṭhira as an enemy of the people. He was recognized by the <i>brāhmaṇas</i> who then chanted <i>mantras</i> turning him into ashes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cārvāka Muni",
      "definition": "the originator of hedonistic philosophy.",
      "definition_html": "the originator of hedonistic philosophy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cātur-varṇyam",
      "definition": "the four occupational divisions of society (brāhmaṇas, kṣatriyas, vaiśyas, and śūdras).",
      "definition_html": "the four occupational divisions of society (<i>brāhmaṇas,</i> <i>kṣatriyas,</i> <i>vaiśyas</i>, and <i>śūdras</i>)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cāturmāsya",
      "definition": "the four months of the rainy season in India, when sannyāsīs do not travel. Devotees observe special vows of austerity during this time.",
      "definition_html": "the four months of the rainy season in India, when <i>sannyāsīs </i>do not travel. Devotees observe special vows of austerity during this time."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cāṇakya Paṇḍita",
      "definition": "the brāhmaṇa advisor to King Candragupta responsible for checking Alexander the Great's invasion of India. He is a famous author of books containing aphorisms on politics and morality.",
      "definition_html": "the <i>brāhmaṇa</i> advisor to King Candragupta responsible for checking Alexander the Great's invasion of India. He is a famous author of books containing aphorisms on politics and morality."
    },
    {
      "term": "Cāṇūra",
      "definition": "a powerful wrestler and a servant of the demonic KAÀSA; Lord KṚṢṆA as a young boy killed him.",
      "definition_html": "a powerful wrestler and a servant of the demonic KAÀSA; Lord KṚṢṆA as a young boy killed him."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dacoit",
      "definition": "a thief, particularly an armed robber.",
      "definition_html": "a thief, particularly an armed robber."
    },
    {
      "term": "Daihika",
      "definition": "the bodily necessities of life.",
      "definition_html": "the bodily necessities of life."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dainya",
      "definition": "meekness, vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "meekness, <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Daityas",
      "definition": "demons; a race of demons descending from Diti.",
      "definition_html": "demons; a race of demons descending from Diti."
    },
    {
      "term": "Daiva-varṇāśrama",
      "definition": "the social system given by God for the upliftment of mankind; Varṇāśrama-dharma-the system of four social and four spiritual orders established in the Vedic scriptures and discussed by Śrī Kṛṣṇa in the Bhagavad-gītā.",
      "definition_html": "the social system given by God for the upliftment of mankind; <i>Varṇāśrama-dharma</i>-the system of four social and four spiritual orders established in the Vedic scriptures and discussed by Śrī Kṛṣṇa in the Bhagavad-gītā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Daivī māyā",
      "definition": "the Lord's divine deluding potency, the material energy.",
      "definition_html": "the Lord's divine deluding potency, the material energy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Daivī prakṛti",
      "definition": "see: Yogamāyā; Daivi in Sanskrit means divine, and prakṛti means nature. This term refers to the original spiritual nature, out of which matter (guṇa-māyā), personified as goddess Durgā, manifests (see Bg. 7.14). The word daivi is closely related to deva, God. Daivi-prakṛti is therefore nature that is abhinna, not separate from God. A synonym for daivi-prakṛti is para-prakṛti (superior nature, see Bg. 7.5). Śrīla Prabhupāda explained the daivi-prakṛti to be the person of Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī: ... Just like we are trying to be under the guidance of Rādhārāṇī, daivi-prakṛti. Prakṛti means woman, and daivi means transcendental woman. (SB lecture in Los Angeles, August 19, 1972) See Prakṛti, Rādhārāṇī.",
      "definition_html": "<i>see:</i> <i>Yogamāyā</i>; <i>Daivi</i> in Sanskrit means divine, and <i>prakṛti</i> means nature. This term refers to the original spiritual nature, out of which matter <i>(guṇa-māyā)</i>, personified as goddess Durgā, manifests (see <b><i>Bg</i></b><b>. 7.14</b>). The word <i>daivi</i> is closely related to <i>deva,</i> God. <i>Daivi-prakṛti</i> is therefore nature that is <i>abhinna,</i> not separate from God. A synonym for <i>daivi-prakṛti</i> is <i>para-prakṛti</i> (superior nature, see <b><i>Bg. </i></b><b>7.5</b>). Śrīla Prabhupāda explained the <i>daivi-prakṛti</i> to be the person of Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī: ... Just like we are trying to be under the guidance of Rādhārāṇī, <i>daivi-prakṛti.</i> <i>Prakṛti</i> means woman, and <i>daivi</i> means transcendental woman. (<i>SB </i>lecture in Los Angeles, August 19, 1972) See Prakṛti, Rādhārāṇī."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dakṣa",
      "definition": "one of the sons of Brahmā and a chief progenitor of universal population; The Sanskrit word dakṣa literally means expert. A son of Brahmā, Dakṣa was expert in kāmya-karma, activities full of lusty desire. As a prajāpati or progenitor of living beings, he had the facility for unlimited sexual intercourse. Blinded by pride in the course of performing Vedic sacrifices, he offended Śiva. After a great fight with Śiva's ghostly associates, Dakṣa's head was replaced with that of a goat. Then Dakṣa gave up his life because of his degraded condition. Attaining a new demigod form, Dakṣa followed the same path as before and offended Nārada Muni.",
      "definition_html": "one of the sons of Brahmā and a chief progenitor of universal population; The Sanskrit word <i>dakṣa</i> literally means expert. A son of Brahmā, Dakṣa was expert in <i>kāmya-karma,</i> activities full of lusty desire. As a <i>prajāpati</i> or progenitor of living beings, he had the facility for unlimited sexual intercourse. Blinded by pride in the course of performing Vedic sacrifices, he offended Śiva. After a great fight with Śiva's ghostly associates, Dakṣa's head was replaced with that of a goat. Then Dakṣa gave up his life because of his degraded condition. Attaining a new demigod form, Dakṣa followed the same path as before and offended Nārada Muni."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dakṣiṇā",
      "definition": "a disciple's gift to his spiritual master upon initiation, collected by begging and given as a token of gratitude.",
      "definition_html": "a disciple's gift to his spiritual master upon initiation, collected by begging and given as a token of gratitude."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dama",
      "definition": "controlling the senses and not deviating from the Lord's service.",
      "definition_html": "controlling the senses and not deviating from the Lord's service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Damayantī",
      "definition": "the queen of King Nala who burnt a hunter to ashes by her curse when he attempted to molest her.",
      "definition_html": "the queen of King Nala who burnt a hunter to ashes by her curse when he attempted to molest her."
    },
    {
      "term": "daridra-nārāyaṇa",
      "definition": "the misconception that since the Supreme Lord is in everyone’s heart, therefore any man can be accepted as God, and thus worship of the poor is the same as worship of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the misconception that since the Supreme Lord is in everyone’s heart, therefore any man can be accepted as God, and thus worship of the poor is the same as worship of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Darwaza",
      "definition": "door, gateway.",
      "definition_html": "door, gateway."
    },
    {
      "term": "Darwin, Charles",
      "definition": "British naturalist of the nineteenth century (1809-1882) who presented the world his version of the theory of evolution in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection; or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1859). In fact, the theory that living forms in earlier times were not what they are now, but were simpler organisms that evolved in complexity, was proposed by Anaximander (610-546 BC), who studied fossils in a cliffside. His theory was rejected in ancient Greece, but was revived in the nineteenth century, principally by Darwin. All areas of modern Western thought continue to be influenced by Darwinism. Philosophers and scientists have grown increasingly divided over his theory. One section of scientists argues there is no certain law of evolution it happened completely by chance. Another section holds that the evolutionary process is encoded in some sort of cosmic algorithm. A recent trend in philosophy, called postmodernism, views Darwinism as simply a matter of historical interpretation: it is a metaphor for capitalism and a white male-centered power structure. There is a growing feeling that the ideas of Darwin, like those of Marx and Freud, are obsolete. See Saṁsāra.",
      "definition_html": "British naturalist of the nineteenth century (1809-1882) who presented the world his version of the theory of evolution in <i>On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection; or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life</i> (1859). In fact, the theory that living forms in earlier times were not what they are now, but were simpler organisms that evolved in complexity, was proposed by Anaximander (610-546 BC), who studied fossils in a cliffside. His theory was rejected in ancient Greece, but was revived in the nineteenth century, principally by Darwin. All areas of modern Western thought continue to be influenced by Darwinism. Philosophers and scientists have grown increasingly divided over his theory. One section of scientists argues there is no certain law of evolution it happened completely by chance. Another section holds that the evolutionary process is encoded in some sort of cosmic algorithm. A recent trend in philosophy, called postmodernism, views Darwinism as simply a matter of historical interpretation: it is a metaphor for capitalism and a white male-centered power structure. There is a growing feeling that the ideas of Darwin, like those of Marx and Freud, are obsolete. See Saṁsāra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Darśana",
      "definition": "the act of seeing and being seen by the Deity in the temple or by a spiritually advanced person. A verbal noun meaning the act of beholding or seeing. It also translates as 'audience'. When one goes to the temple of the Lord to have His audience and to behold Him, one is said to have the Lord's darśana; This Sanskrit term literally means a vision. It may mean a vision of something difficult to see (e.g. Brahmā's vision of Vaikuṇṭha), or knowledge of something difficult to know (e.g. Vedānta-darśana). See śaḍ-darśana, Six systems.",
      "definition_html": "the act of seeing and being seen by the Deity in the temple or by a spiritually advanced person. A verbal noun meaning the act of beholding or seeing. It also translates as 'audience'. When one goes to the temple of the Lord to have His audience and to behold Him, one is said to have the Lord's <i>darśana</i>; This Sanskrit term literally means a vision. It may mean a vision of something difficult to see (e.g. Brahmā's vision of Vaikuṇṭha), or knowledge of something difficult to know (e.g. Vedānta-<i>darśana</i>). See śaḍ-darśana, Six systems."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dasendriya",
      "definition": "the ten sense organs: ear, eye, tongue, nose, skin, hands, legs, speech, anus and genitals.",
      "definition_html": "the<i> </i>ten sense organs: ear, eye, tongue, nose, skin, hands, legs, speech, anus and genitals."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dasyu-dharma",
      "definition": "the occupational duty of rogues and thieves.",
      "definition_html": "the occupational duty of rogues and thieves."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dattātreya",
      "definition": "an combined incarnation of Brahmā, Viṣṇu, and Śiva of the Supreme Lord who appeared as the son of Anusuyā by Atri Muni to teach the path of mystic yoga.",
      "definition_html": "an combined incarnation of Brahmā, Viṣṇu, and Śiva of the Supreme Lord who appeared as the son of Anusuyā by Atri Muni to teach the path of mystic <i>yoga.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Davies, Paul",
      "definition": "British-born professor of mathematical physics at the University of Adelaide in Australia. He is the author of some twenty books on science.",
      "definition_html": "British-born professor of mathematical physics at the University of Adelaide in Australia. He is the author of some twenty books on science."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dayitā-patis",
      "definition": "leaders of the dayitās; they come from the brāhmaṇa caste.",
      "definition_html": "leaders of the <i>dayitās; </i>they come from the <i>brāhmaṇa </i>caste."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dayitās",
      "definition": "servants who carry the Deity of Lord Jagannātha to His chariot.",
      "definition_html": "servants who carry the Deity of Lord Jagannātha to His chariot."
    },
    {
      "term": "Daśa-vidhā-saṁskāra",
      "definition": "ten Vedic rituals performed one by one, from the time of conception until death, for the purification of human beings.",
      "definition_html": "ten Vedic rituals performed one by one, from the time of conception until death, for the purification of human beings."
    },
    {
      "term": "Daśamī",
      "definition": "the day before Ekādaśi, when one prepares to observe the sacred fast.",
      "definition_html": "the day before Ekādaśi, when one prepares to observe the sacred fast."
    },
    {
      "term": "Daśaratha",
      "definition": "the father of Lord Rāmacandra.",
      "definition_html": "the father of Lord Rāmacandra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Daśendriya",
      "definition": "the ten sense organs: ear, eye, tongue, nose, skin, hands, legs, speech, anus and genitals.",
      "definition_html": "the ten sense organs: ear, eye, tongue, nose, skin, hands, legs, speech, anus and genitals."
    },
    {
      "term": "Daśārha",
      "definition": "the founder of one branch of the Yadu clan.",
      "definition_html": "the founder of one branch of the Yadu clan."
    },
    {
      "term": "Daśāvatāra-stotra",
      "definition": "the introduction to Jayadeva Gosvāmī's Gītā-govinda.",
      "definition_html": "the introduction to Jayadeva Gosvāmī's <i>Gītā-govinda.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Daṇḍa",
      "definition": "a staff carried by those in the renounced order of life, sannyāsīs.",
      "definition_html": "a staff carried by those in the renounced order of life, <i>sannyāsīs</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Daṇḍa-bhaṅga-līlā",
      "definition": "the pastime of Lord Nityānanda breaking the staff of Lord Caitanya.",
      "definition_html": "the pastime of Lord Nityānanda breaking the staff of Lord Caitanya."
    },
    {
      "term": "Daṇḍavats",
      "definition": "respectful prostrated obeisances offered to an elevated personality, such as one's spiritual master or the Supreme Personality of Godhead. The word literally means \"like a pole.\"; falling flat like a rod.",
      "definition_html": "respectful prostrated obeisances offered to an elevated personality, such as one's spiritual master or the Supreme Personality of Godhead. The word literally means \"like a pole.\"; falling flat like a rod."
    },
    {
      "term": "De omnibus est dubitandum (Lat.)",
      "definition": "Doubt is everything. See Scepticism.",
      "definition_html": "Doubt is everything. See Scepticism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Deduction",
      "definition": "A form of reason that comprehends the cause of an effect from authoritative testimony or a priori knowledge. See Abduction, ṁroha/Avaroha, Hypothetico-deduction, Induction, Logic.",
      "definition_html": "A form of reason that comprehends the cause of an effect from authoritative testimony or <i>a priori</i> knowledge. See Abduction, ṁroha/Avaroha, Hypothetico-deduction, Induction, Logic."
    },
    {
      "term": "Deism",
      "definition": "A term first used by the Calvinists in the seventeenth century, deism is the belief in God as the first cause of the universe, who created the laws by which the universe is governed, but who is in no way immanent in His creation. God's maintenance of the world means nothing more than the permanence of natural laws. Nature follows a regular course. The sole purpose of the world is to be the habitat of mankind. The deists opposed mystical and supernatural interpretations of scripture; human reason is the true measure of scriptural understanding. Many of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America (e.g. Adams, Jefferson and Paine) were of deistic inclination. See Atheism, Semi-deism, Theism.",
      "definition_html": "A term first used by the Calvinists in the seventeenth century, deism is the belief in God as the first cause of the universe, who created the laws by which the universe is governed, but who is in no way immanent in His creation. God's maintenance of the world means nothing more than the permanence of natural laws. Nature follows a regular course. The sole purpose of the world is to be the habitat of mankind. The deists opposed mystical and supernatural interpretations of scripture; human reason is the true measure of scriptural understanding. Many of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America (e.g. Adams, Jefferson and Paine) were of deistic inclination. See Atheism, Semi-deism, Theism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Deity",
      "definition": "As Lord Kṛṣṇa appears in the sound of His holy name, so also He appears within the arcā-avatāra, His incarnation as the Deity worshiped in the temple. The central focus of every ISKCON temple around the world is the worship of Kṛṣṇa's Deity form as represented in stone, metal, wood or as painted pictures. Through ceremonial services (pūjā) conducted according to Vedic tradition, the devotees fulfill the Lord's injunction in Bg. 9.27: Whatever you do, whatever you eat, whatever you offer or give away, and whatever austerities you perform do that, O son of Kuntī, as an offering to Me. This pūjā purifies the minds and senses of the devotees and connects them to Kṛṣṇa in an attitude of love. Māyāvādīs decry service to the Deity as idol worship. They argue that God is not present within the Deity, because He is everywhere. But if He is everywhere, then why is He not within the Deity as well? Moisture is also everywhere, even within the air. But when one needs a drink of water, he cannot get it from the air. He must drink the water from where water tangibly avails itself to be drunk: from a faucet, a well, or a clear stream. Similarly, although God is everywhere, it is in His Deity form that He makes Himself tangibly available for worship. See Avatāra, Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "As Lord Kṛṣṇa appears in the sound of His holy name, so also He appears within the <i>arcā-avatāra,</i> His incarnation as the Deity worshiped in the temple. The central focus of every ISKCON temple around the world is the worship of Kṛṣṇa's Deity form as represented in stone, metal, wood or as painted pictures. Through ceremonial services <i>(pūjā)</i> conducted according to Vedic tradition, the devotees fulfill the Lord's injunction in <i>Bg.</i> <b>9.27</b>: Whatever you do, whatever you eat, whatever you offer or give away, and whatever austerities you perform do that, O son of Kuntī, as an offering to Me. This <i>pūjā</i> purifies the minds and senses of the devotees and connects them to Kṛṣṇa in an attitude of love. Māyāvādīs decry service to the Deity as idol worship. They argue that God is not present within the Deity, because He is everywhere. But if He is everywhere, then why is He not within the Deity as well? Moisture is also everywhere, even within the air. But when one needs a drink of water, he cannot get it from the air. He must drink the water from where water tangibly avails itself to be drunk: from a faucet, a well, or a clear stream. Similarly, although God is everywhere, it is in His Deity form that He makes Himself tangibly available for worship. See Avatāra, Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Deity of the Lord",
      "definition": "the authorized form of Kṛṣṇa worshiped in temples.",
      "definition_html": "the authorized form of Kṛṣṇa worshiped in temples."
    },
    {
      "term": "Demigods",
      "definition": "universal controllers and residents of the higher planets; The Sanskrit equivalent is deva or devata. Demigods are jīvas whom the īśvara empowers to represent Him in the management of the universe. The first of the demigods is Brahmā. Indra is the demigod of rain, Sūrya of the sunshine, Candra of the moonshine, Varuṇa of water. There are thirty-three million demigods in all. They live in the upper regions of the universe called svarga, or heaven. Less intelligent people worship the demigods through karma-kāṇḍa rituals to get material blessings in this life, and to be granted entrance into svarga in the next life. In the Bhagavad-gītā, Lord Kṛṣṇa condemns demigod worship as being avidhi-pūrvaka, against the true purpose of the Vedas. See Tri-loka.",
      "definition_html": "universal controllers and residents of the higher planets; The Sanskrit equivalent is <i>deva</i> or <i>devata.</i> Demigods are <i>jīvas</i> whom the <i>īśvara</i> empowers to represent Him in the management of the universe. The first of the demigods is Brahmā. Indra is the demigod of rain, Sūrya of the sunshine, Candra of the moonshine, Varuṇa of water. There are thirty-three million demigods in all. They live in the upper regions of the universe called <i>svarga,</i> or heaven. Less intelligent people worship the demigods through <i>karma-kāṇḍa</i> rituals to get material blessings in this life, and to be granted entrance into <i>svarga</i> in the next life. In the <i>Bhagavad-gītā,</i> Lord Kṛṣṇa condemns demigod worship as being <i>avidhi-pūrvaka,</i> against the true purpose of the Vedas. See Tri-loka."
    },
    {
      "term": "Demons",
      "definition": "impious beings who do not follow the instructions of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "impious beings who do not follow the instructions of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Descartes, Ren",
      "definition": "French rationalist philosopher of the seventeenth century (1596-1650), called the father of modern philosophy. He broke free of Scholasticism, the Christian re-interpretation of ancient Greek and Roman philosophy that had long held sway in European schools. Descartes is an important founder of the modern scientific attitude. He viewed the material world as a mechanism wholly describable by numerical values. Modern science, more Cartesii (after the manner of Descartes), tries to describe everything in terms of mathematics. Descartes strongly believed that science can help mankind become masters and possessors of nature. Through scientific advancement we might rid ourselves of an infinity of maladies, both of body and mind, and even perhaps the enfeeblement brought on by old age, if we had sufficiently ample knowledge of their causes, and of all the remedies provided for us by nature. Convinced that his revolutionary approach to knowledge would at least free himself from an infinity of maladies, Descartes wrote at age forty-two that he would be surprised if he lived less than over a hundred years. Unfortunately, he died at age fifty-four. See Cogito ergo sum, Rationalism.",
      "definition_html": "French rationalist philosopher of the seventeenth century (1596-1650), called the father of modern philosophy. He broke free of Scholasticism, the Christian re-interpretation of ancient Greek and Roman philosophy that had long held sway in European schools. Descartes is an important founder of the modern scientific attitude. He viewed the material world as a mechanism wholly describable by numerical values. Modern science, <i>more Cartesii</i> (after the manner of Descartes), tries to describe everything in terms of mathematics. Descartes strongly believed that science can help mankind become masters and possessors of nature. Through scientific advancement we might rid ourselves of an infinity of maladies, both of body and mind, and even perhaps the enfeeblement brought on by old age, if we had sufficiently ample knowledge of their causes, and of all the remedies provided for us by nature. Convinced that his revolutionary approach to knowledge would at least free himself from an infinity of maladies, Descartes wrote at age forty-two that he would be surprised if he lived less than over a hundred years. Unfortunately, he died at age fifty-four. See Cogito ergo sum, Rationalism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Deul",
      "definition": "In Orissan temples it corresponds to the vimana or towered sanctum. It is a cubical inner apartment where the main Deity is located. with tower over it",
      "definition_html": "In Orissan temples it corresponds to the <i>vimana </i>or towered sanctum. It is a cubical inner apartment where the main Deity is located. with tower over it"
    },
    {
      "term": "Deva",
      "definition": "a demigod or godly person.",
      "definition_html": "a demigod or godly person."
    },
    {
      "term": "Deva-dāsīs",
      "definition": "professional dancing and singing girls trained to dramatize Vaiṣṇava ideology; they are called māhārīs in Orissa.",
      "definition_html": "professional dancing and singing girls trained to dramatize Vaiṣṇava ideology; they are called <i>māhārīs</i> in Orissa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Deva-gaṇa",
      "definition": "a type of demigod.",
      "definition_html": "a type of demigod."
    },
    {
      "term": "Devadatta",
      "definition": "the conch of Arjuna which was obtained by Maya Dānava from Varuṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the conch of Arjuna which was obtained by Maya Dānava from Varuṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Devahūti",
      "definition": "the daughter of Svāyambhuva Manu who was the wife of Kardama Muni and the mother of the Lord's incarnation Lord Kapila.",
      "definition_html": "the daughter of Svāyambhuva Manu who was the wife of Kardama Muni and the mother of the Lord's incarnation Lord Kapila."
    },
    {
      "term": "Devaki",
      "definition": "the mother of Lord Kṛṣṇa. She was the daughter of King Devaka and a wife of Vasudeva's. When Kṛṣṇa appears in the material world, He first sends some of His devotees to act as His father, mother, etc.",
      "definition_html": "the mother of Lord Kṛṣṇa. She was the daughter of King Devaka and a wife of Vasudeva's. When Kṛṣṇa appears in the material world, He first sends some of His devotees to act as His father, mother, etc."
    },
    {
      "term": "Devakī",
      "definition": "the wife of VASUDEVA and mother of Lord KṚṢṆA.",
      "definition_html": "the wife of VASUDEVA and mother of Lord KṚṢṆA."
    },
    {
      "term": "Devakī-nandana",
      "definition": "(Devaki—Kṛṣṇa’s mother + nandana—joy) Kṛṣṇa, the joy of Devaki.",
      "definition_html": "(<i>Devaki</i>—Kṛṣṇa’s mother + <i>nandana</i>—joy) Kṛṣṇa, the joy of <i>Devaki</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Devala",
      "definition": "an ancient authority on the Vedas.",
      "definition_html": "an ancient authority on the <i>Vedas.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Devarṣi",
      "definition": "a title meaning \"sage among the demigods.\"; usually refers to Nārada Muni.",
      "definition_html": "a title meaning \"sage among the demigods.\"; usually refers to Nārada Muni."
    },
    {
      "term": "Devaśayanī",
      "definition": "the Ekādaśī that occurs when the demigods go to sleep.",
      "definition_html": "the Ekādaśī that occurs when the demigods go to sleep."
    },
    {
      "term": "Devotional service",
      "definition": "the process of worshiping Lord Kṛṣṇa by dedicating one's thoughts, words and actions to Him with love.",
      "definition_html": "the process of worshiping Lord Kṛṣṇa by dedicating one's thoughts, words and actions to Him with love."
    },
    {
      "term": "Devotthānī",
      "definition": "the Ekādaśī that occurs when the demigods awaken from sleep.",
      "definition_html": "the Ekādaśī that occurs when the demigods awaken from sleep."
    },
    {
      "term": "Devāpi",
      "definition": "the brother of Mahārāja Śantanu.",
      "definition_html": "the brother of Mahārāja Śantanu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Devī",
      "definition": "See DURGĀ.",
      "definition_html": "See DURGĀ."
    },
    {
      "term": "Devī-dhāma",
      "definition": "the material world, under the control of the goddess Devī, or Durgā.",
      "definition_html": "the material world, under the control of the goddess Devī, or Durgā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhanañjaya",
      "definition": "a name for Arjuna meaning \"he who attains great wealth by conquest.\" This name refers to Arjuna's collecting vast wealth for Yudhiṣṭhira's Rājasūya sacrifice.",
      "definition_html": "a name for Arjuna meaning \"he who attains great wealth by conquest.\" This name refers to Arjuna's collecting vast wealth for Yudhiṣṭhira's Rājasūya sacrifice."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhanur Veda",
      "definition": "a Vedic treatise on the science of warfare.",
      "definition_html": "a Vedic treatise on the science of warfare."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhanvantari",
      "definition": "the incarnation of the Supreme Lord who is the father of medical science.",
      "definition_html": "the incarnation of the Supreme Lord who is the father of medical science."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dharma",
      "definition": "religious principles; one's natural occupation. The capacity to render service, which is the essential quality of a living being. The occupational eternal duty of the living entity, regarded as inseparable from the soul himself; The Sanskrit term dharma is variously translated as duty, virtue, morality, righteousness, or religion, but no single English word conveys the whole meaning of dharma. The Vedic sage Jaimini defined dharma as a good which is of the nature of a command that leads to the attainment of the highest good. In Bg. 18.66, Lord Kṛṣṇa commands us to give up all other dharmas and surrender to Him. This is the paro-dharma, or supreme command (good, duty, virtue, etc.) of the Vedas.",
      "definition_html": "religious principles; one's natural occupation. The capacity to render service, which is the essential quality of a living being. The occupational eternal duty of the living entity, regarded as inseparable from the soul himself; The Sanskrit term <i>dharma</i> is variously translated as duty, virtue, morality, righteousness, or religion, but no single English word conveys the whole meaning of <i>dharma.</i> The Vedic sage Jaimini defined <i>dharma</i> as a good which is of the nature of a command that leads to the attainment of the highest good. In <i>Bg.</i> <b>18.66</b>, Lord Kṛṣṇa commands us to give up all other <i>dharmas</i> and surrender to Him. This is the <i>paro-dharma</i>, or supreme command (good, duty, virtue, etc.) of the <b><i>Vedas</i></b>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dharma-dhvajī",
      "definition": "a hypocrite, especially one who accepts sannyāsa but again becomes agitated by senses.",
      "definition_html": "a hypocrite, especially one who accepts <i>sannyāsa</i> but again becomes agitated by senses."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dharma-kalaṅka",
      "definition": "See: Dharma-dhvajī.",
      "definition_html": "<i>See:</i> <i>Dharma-dhvajī</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dharma-śāstras",
      "definition": "religious scriptures that prescribe regulations of social organization and religion.",
      "definition_html": "religious scriptures that prescribe regulations of social organization and religion."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dharmakṣetra",
      "definition": "a holy place of pilgrimage.",
      "definition_html": "a holy place of pilgrimage."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dharmaputra",
      "definition": "another name for King Yudhiṣṭhira.",
      "definition_html": "another name for King Yudhiṣṭhira."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dharmarāja",
      "definition": "a name for Yudhiṣṭhira, the first son of Pāṇḍu, or for Yamarāja, the lord of death. It means \"the king of religiosity.\"",
      "definition_html": "a name for Yudhiṣṭhira, the first son of Pāṇḍu, or for Yamarāja, the lord of death. It means \"the king of religiosity.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Dharmaśālā",
      "definition": "buildings usually found in holy places in India which provide free or cheap rooming for pilgrims and mendicants.",
      "definition_html": "buildings usually found in holy places in India which provide free or cheap rooming for pilgrims and mendicants."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dharmaḥ kaitavaḥ",
      "definition": "cheating religions.",
      "definition_html": "cheating religions."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dharmānvekṣamāṇah",
      "definition": "strictly according to religious principles.",
      "definition_html": "strictly according to religious principles."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dharmī",
      "definition": "one who abides by Vedic law, or religious principles.",
      "definition_html": "one who abides by Vedic law, or religious principles."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dharā-maṇḍala",
      "definition": "the earth planet.",
      "definition_html": "the earth planet."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhaumya",
      "definition": "the younger brother of Devala, and the priest of the Pāṇḍavas.",
      "definition_html": "the younger brother of Devala, and the priest of the Pāṇḍavas."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhenukāsura",
      "definition": "a mystic demon who took the form of a donkey and was killed by Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a mystic demon who took the form of a donkey and was killed by Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhobi",
      "definition": "a man who washes clothes.",
      "definition_html": "a man who washes clothes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhoti",
      "definition": "a long cotton cloth, traditionally worn by lndian men, that covers the lower half of the body.",
      "definition_html": "a long cotton cloth, traditionally worn by lndian men, that covers the lower half of the body."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhrupad",
      "definition": "a musical style that means 'fixed verse'.",
      "definition_html": "a musical style that means 'fixed verse'."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhruva Mahārāja",
      "definition": "a great devotee who at the age of five performed severe austerities and realized the Supreme Personality of Godhead. He received an entire planet, the Pole Star.",
      "definition_html": "a great devotee who at the age of five performed severe austerities and realized the Supreme Personality of Godhead. He received an entire planet, the Pole Star."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhruvaloka",
      "definition": "the polestar, which is a spiritual planet within the material universe and is presided over by Dhruva Mahārāja.",
      "definition_html": "the polestar, which is a spiritual planet within the material universe and is presided over by Dhruva Mahārāja."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhvajastambha",
      "definition": "flagstaff",
      "definition_html": "flagstaff"
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhyāna",
      "definition": "meditational yoga.",
      "definition_html": "meditational <i>yoga.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhāma",
      "definition": "abode, place of residence; usually refers to the Lord's abodes.",
      "definition_html": "abode, place of residence; usually refers to the Lord's abodes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhāraṇā",
      "definition": "fixed concentration, prior to full meditation (dhyāna).",
      "definition_html": "fixed concentration, prior to full meditation (<i>dhyāna</i>)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhīra",
      "definition": "one who is undisturbed by the material energy in all circumstances; ecstasy of sober love for Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "one who is undisturbed by the material energy in all circumstances; ecstasy of sober love for Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhūma",
      "definition": "Dark, moonless fortnight. Those who die during this opportune period for death may rise up to higher planets, only to return again, after death, to the earthly planet.",
      "definition_html": "Dark, moonless fortnight. Those who die during this opportune period for death may rise up to higher planets, only to return again, after death, to the earthly planet."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhūmāyitā",
      "definition": "the stage exhibited by a devotee when only one or two transformations are slightly present and it is possible to conceal them.",
      "definition_html": "the stage exhibited by a devotee when only one or two transformations are slightly present and it is possible to conceal them."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhūpa-ārati",
      "definition": "ceremony of offering incense and a flower to the Deity.",
      "definition_html": "ceremony of offering incense and a flower to the Deity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhṛtarāṣṭra",
      "definition": "the father of the Kauravas. He was born of the union of Vyāsa and Ambikā. He was born blind because Ambikā closed her eyes during conception, out of fear of the sage. He was reputed to have the strength of ten thousand elephants. The uncle of the Pāṇḍavas whose attempt to usurp their kingdom for the sake of his own sons resulted in the Kurukṣetra war. Bhagavad-gītā was related to Dhṛtarāṣṭra by his secretary as it was being spoken on the Battlefield of Kurukṣetra.",
      "definition_html": "the father of the Kauravas. He was born of the union of Vyāsa and Ambikā. He was born blind because Ambikā closed her eyes during conception, out of fear of the sage. He was reputed to have the strength of ten thousand elephants. The uncle of the Pāṇḍavas whose attempt to usurp their kingdom for the sake of his own sons resulted in the Kurukṣetra war.<i> Bhagavad-gītā </i>was related to Dhṛtarāṣṭra by his secretary as it was being spoken on the Battlefield of Kurukṣetra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhṛti",
      "definition": "perseverance or endurance; forbearance, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "perseverance or endurance; forbearance,<i> </i>a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhṛṣṭadyumna",
      "definition": "the fire born son of King Drupada, who arranged the military phalanx of the Pāṇḍavas on the Battlefield of Kurukṣetra, and the brother of Draupadī. He was born to kill Droṇa, and did so by severing his head. He was later killed by Aśvatthāmā while awaking from sleep.",
      "definition_html": "the fire born son of King Drupada, who arranged the military phalanx of the Pāṇḍavas on the Battlefield of Kurukṣetra, and the brother of Draupadī. He was born to kill Droṇa, and did so by severing his head. He was later killed by Aśvatthāmā while awaking from sleep."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dhṛṣṭaketu",
      "definition": "the son of Śiśupāla. He took the side of the Pāṇḍavas during the Kurukṣetra war and was killed by Droṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the son of Śiśupāla. He took the side of the Pāṇḍavas during the Kurukṣetra war and was killed by Droṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dilīpa",
      "definition": "the son of Aṁśumān and father of Bhagiratha. He was born in the sun dynasty and was an ancestor of Lord Rāmacandra's.",
      "definition_html": "the son of Aṁśumān and father of Bhagiratha. He was born in the sun dynasty and was an ancestor of Lord Rāmacandra's."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dinoia",
      "definition": "Greek term for discernment or intellect, similar to the Sanskrit buddhi. See Intellect.",
      "definition_html": "Greek term for discernment or intellect, similar to the Sanskrit <i>buddhi</i>. See Intellect."
    },
    {
      "term": "Discernment",
      "definition": "See Buddhi, Dinoia, Intellect.",
      "definition_html": "See Buddhi, Dinoia, Intellect."
    },
    {
      "term": "Diti",
      "definition": "a wife of Kaśyapa Muni, and the mother of the demons Hiraṇyākṣa and Hiraṇyakaśipu.",
      "definition_html": "a wife of Kaśyapa Muni, and the mother of the demons Hiraṇyākṣa and Hiraṇyakaśipu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Divya Desam temples",
      "definition": "108 important Viṣṇu temples sung about by the 12 Alwar devotees of Tamil Nadu.",
      "definition_html": "108 important Viṣṇu temples sung about by the 12 Alwar devotees of Tamil Nadu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Divyonmāda",
      "definition": "transcendental madness in separation from Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "transcendental madness in separation from Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Diwan-i-am",
      "definition": "Hall of Public Audience",
      "definition_html": "Hall of Public Audience"
    },
    {
      "term": "Diwan-i-khas",
      "definition": "Hall of Private Audience.",
      "definition_html": "Hall of Private Audience."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dola-yātrā",
      "definition": "the swing festival of Rādhā and Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the swing festival of Rādhā and Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dosa",
      "definition": "one of the three constituents of the body, according to Ayurveda. They are kapha (mucus), pitta (bile), and vāyu (air) .",
      "definition_html": "one of the three constituents of the body, according to <i>Ayurveda. </i>They are <i>kapha </i>(mucus), <i>pitta </i>(bile), and <i>vāyu</i> (air) ."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dosas",
      "definition": "a very large, thin pancake. made of fermented rice flour. They are often wrapped round a spiced potato filling and are then called masala dosa.",
      "definition_html": "a very large, thin pancake. made of fermented rice flour. They are often wrapped round a spiced potato filling and are then called <i>masala dosa.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Draupadī",
      "definition": "the daughter of King Drupada, and wife of the Pāṇḍavas. She was born from a sacrificial fire to be the wife of Arjuna. She was won by Arjuna at her svayaṁvara. She was a great devotee of Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the daughter of King Drupada, and wife of the Pāṇḍavas. She was born from a sacrificial fire to be the wife of Arjuna. She was won by Arjuna at her <i>svayaṁvara</i>. She was a great devotee of Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dravida",
      "definition": "South India.",
      "definition_html": "South India."
    },
    {
      "term": "Draviḍa-rāja",
      "definition": "devotional service or a person eligible to act in devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "devotional service or a person eligible to act in devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dravya",
      "definition": "Matter, material (physical) objects, material possessions.",
      "definition_html": "Matter, material (physical) objects, material possessions."
    },
    {
      "term": "Droṇa",
      "definition": "the military teacher of the PĀṆḌAVA brothers who was obliged to fight against them in the Battle of KURUKṢETRA.",
      "definition_html": "the military teacher of the PĀṆḌAVA brothers who was obliged to fight against them in the Battle of KURUKṢETRA."
    },
    {
      "term": "Droṇācārya",
      "definition": "the martial preceptor of the Pāṇḍavas and the Kauravas. The military teacher of Arjuna and the other Pāṇḍavas and the commander-in-chief of the Kurus, who was obliged to fight the Pāṇḍavas on the Battlefield of Kurukṣetra. He was the son of the great sage Bharadvāja. He wife was Kāpī, and his son was Aśvatthāmā. He was killed by Dhṛṣṭadyumna during the great Kurukṣetra war.",
      "definition_html": "the martial preceptor of the Pāṇḍavas and the Kauravas. The military teacher of Arjuna and the other Pāṇḍavas and the commander-in-chief of the Kurus, who was obliged to fight the Pāṇḍavas on the Battlefield of Kurukṣetra. He was the son of the great sage Bharadvāja. He wife was Kāpī, and his son was Aśvatthāmā. He was killed by Dhṛṣṭadyumna during the great Kurukṣetra war."
    },
    {
      "term": "Drupada",
      "definition": "the King of Pāñcāla, and the father of Draupadī and Dhṛṣṭadyumna. He was involved in a quarrel with Droṇa over half his kingdom. He engaged a sage name Yāja in a sacrifice to get a son who could kill Droṇa and a daughter who could marry Arjuna. Thus Dhṛṣṭadyumna and Draupadī were born. In the battle of Kurukṣetra he was killed by Droṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the King of Pāñcāla, and the father of Draupadī and Dhṛṣṭadyumna. He was involved in a quarrel with Droṇa over half his kingdom. He engaged a sage name Yāja in a sacrifice to get a son who could kill Droṇa and a daughter who could marry Arjuna. Thus Dhṛṣṭadyumna and Draupadī were born. In the battle of Kurukṣetra he was killed by Droṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dualism",
      "definition": "From the Latin dualis, containing two. There are two types of dualism in Western thought: metaphysical and religious. Metaphysical dualism is covered under the entry for the Mind/body problem. As a religious term, it was introduced in 1700 by Thomas Hyde in his work The Ancient Persian Religions. He characterized as dualism the conflict between the two principle gods of Zoroastrianism, the good Ormazd and the evil Ahriman. Zoroastrian dualism strongly influenced Judaism, Christianity and Islam. All three adhere to a doctrine of eternal struggle between God and Satan. But dualism, in the words of philosopher G.C. Nayak, is not an attempt to solve the problem of evil within the theistic concept. (From Evil and the Retributive Hypothesis, 1993, p. 44) Hence, none of the above religions, insofar as they are dualistic, can be considered truly theistic. See Atheism, Dvaita, Metaphysics, Mind/body problem, Problem of Evil, Theism.",
      "definition_html": "From the Latin <i>dualis,</i> containing two. There are two types of dualism in Western thought: metaphysical and religious. Metaphysical dualism is covered under the entry for the Mind/body problem. As a religious term, it was introduced in 1700 by Thomas Hyde in his work <i>The Ancient Persian Religions.</i> He characterized as dualism the conflict between the two principle gods of Zoroastrianism, the good Ormazd and the evil Ahriman. Zoroastrian dualism strongly influenced Judaism, Christianity and Islam. All three adhere to a doctrine of eternal struggle between God and Satan. But dualism, in the words of philosopher G.C. Nayak, is not an attempt to solve the problem of evil within the theistic concept. (From <i>Evil and the Retributive Hypothesis,</i> 1993, p. 44) Hence, none of the above religions, insofar as they are dualistic, can be considered truly theistic. See Atheism, Dvaita, Metaphysics, Mind/body problem, Problem of Evil, Theism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Durbar",
      "definition": "royal court, meeting place.",
      "definition_html": "royal court, meeting place."
    },
    {
      "term": "Durdharṣaṇa",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Durgā",
      "definition": "Lord Śiva's wife in a fierce form, riding a tiger. The goddess is empowered by the Supreme Lord to preside over the material nature and bewilder the souls situated there into misconceiving themselves to be their material bodies and enjoyers and controllers of the mundane creation. She is very powerful, superseded only by Lord Viṣṇu Himself, and is the external manifestation of the Lord's internal potency, Yoga-māyā. Once a fallen soul takes to the path of God consciousness, she continues to offer various material allurements so as to test his sincerity and determination to serve the Lord. Once the Lord accepts the struggling soul she can no longer influence that soul and it is thus liberated.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Śiva's wife in a fierce form, riding a tiger. The goddess is empowered by the Supreme Lord to preside over the material nature and bewilder the souls situated there into misconceiving themselves to be their material bodies and enjoyers and controllers of the mundane creation. She is very powerful, superseded only by Lord Viṣṇu Himself, and is the external manifestation of the Lord's internal potency, Yoga-māyā. Once a fallen soul takes to the path of God consciousness, she continues to offer various material allurements so as to test his sincerity and determination to serve the Lord. Once the Lord accepts the struggling soul she can no longer influence that soul and it is thus liberated."
    },
    {
      "term": "Durgā-maṇḍapa",
      "definition": "the place in a house where mother Durgā is worshiped.",
      "definition_html": "the place in a house where mother Durgā is worshiped."
    },
    {
      "term": "Durgā-śakti",
      "definition": "the material energy.",
      "definition_html": "the material energy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Durjaya",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Durmarṣaṇa",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Durmukha",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Durvigāha",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Durvimocana",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Durvirocana",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Durviṣaha",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Durvāsā Muni",
      "definition": "a partial incarnation of Lord Śiva, a powerful mystic yogī, famous for his fearful curses. He is known for being easily angered. He granted a benediction to Kuntī that she could call any demigod and conceive children. Duryodhana once pleased Durvāsā and asked for a benediction that he and his thousands of disciples would visit Yudhiṣṭhira at a time when Draupadī had already eaten from her copper pot. The idea was that Durvāsā would become angry and curse the Pāṇḍavas. The plan back fired because Lord Kṛṣṇa saved the situation. (Vana Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "a partial incarnation of Lord Śiva, a powerful mystic <i>yogī</i>, famous for his fearful curses. He is known for being easily angered. He granted a benediction to Kuntī that she could call any demigod and conceive children. Duryodhana once pleased Durvāsā and asked for a benediction that he and his thousands of disciples would visit Yudhiṣṭhira at a time when Draupadī had already eaten from her copper pot. The idea was that Durvāsā would become angry and curse the Pāṇḍavas. The plan back fired because Lord Kṛṣṇa saved the situation. (Vana Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Duryodhana",
      "definition": "the first born and chief of the evil-minded one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra, and chief rival of the Pāṇḍavas. He was a wicked asura by birth. He became envious of the Pāṇḍavas and tried in many ways to kill them. It was for the sake of establishing Duryodhana as king of the world that the Kurus fought the Battle of Kurukṣetra. He was killed by Bhīma when the later broke his thighs on the last day of the battle of Kurukṣetra.",
      "definition_html": "the first born and chief of the evil-minded one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra, and chief rival of the Pāṇḍavas. He was a wicked <i>asura</i> by birth. He became envious of the Pāṇḍavas and tried in many ways to kill them. It was for the sake of establishing Duryodhana as king of the world that the Kurus fought the Battle of Kurukṣetra. He was killed by Bhīma when the later broke his thighs on the last day of the battle of Kurukṣetra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Durādhāra",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Duḥsaṅga",
      "definition": "bad association.",
      "definition_html": "bad association."
    },
    {
      "term": "Duḥśala",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Duḥśalā",
      "definition": "the only daughter of Dhṛtarāṣṭra and Gāndhārī. She was married to Jayadratha.",
      "definition_html": "the only daughter of Dhṛtarāṣṭra and Gāndhārī. She was married to Jayadratha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Duḥśāsana",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Duṣkarṇa",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Duṣkṛtam",
      "definition": "miscreants who do not surrender to Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "miscreants who do not surrender to Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Duṣkṛtī",
      "definition": "a miscreant.",
      "definition_html": "a miscreant."
    },
    {
      "term": "Duṣparājaya",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Śalya Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Śalya Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Duṣpradharṣaṇa",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Śalya Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Śalya Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Duṣṭa-damana-śakti",
      "definition": "the power to cut down rogues and demons.",
      "definition_html": "the power to cut down rogues and demons."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dvaipāyana",
      "definition": "Vyāsadeva (Vyāsa)—the literary incarnation of God, and the greatest philosopher of ancient times. The son of Parāśara, and the compiler of the original Vedic scriptures, including the eighteen Purāṇas, Vedānta-sūtra, the Mahābhārata, and the Upaniṣads. He played a very important part in guiding the Pāṇḍavas during crucial times. He gave the vision of the battle of Kurukṣetra to Sañjaya so that he could relate it to Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He is still living in this world.",
      "definition_html": "Vyāsadeva (Vyāsa)—the literary incarnation of God, and the greatest philosopher of ancient times. The son of Parāśara, and the compiler of the original Vedic scriptures, including the eighteen <i>Purāṇas, Vedānta-sūtra, </i>the <i>Mahābhārata, </i>and the <i>Upaniṣads.</i> He played a very important part in guiding the Pāṇḍavas during crucial times. He gave the vision of the battle of Kurukṣetra to Sañjaya so that he could relate it to Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He is still living in this world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dvaita",
      "definition": "Duality. It is also the name of a system of Vedānta established by Madhvācārya. See Advaita, Dualism, Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas, Madhva, Vedānta.",
      "definition_html": "Duality. It is also the name of a system of <b><i>Vedānta</i></b> established by Madhvācārya. See Advaita, Dualism, Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas, Madhva, Vedānta."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dvaitavana",
      "definition": "a forest where the Pāṇḍavas lived during their exile in the forest.",
      "definition_html": "a forest where the Pāṇḍavas lived during their exile in the forest."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dvaitādvaita-vāda",
      "definition": "the Vedānta philosophy taught by Nimbarkācārya. This philosophy posits a simultaneous oneness and difference between the tiny spirit souls and the Supreme Lord. Later, Lord Caitanya gave further development to this idea as acintya-bhedābheda-vāda.",
      "definition_html": "the <i>Vedānta </i>philosophy taught by Nimbarkācārya. This philosophy posits a simultaneous oneness and difference between the tiny spirit souls and the Supreme Lord. Later, Lord Caitanya gave further development to this idea as <i>acintya-bhedābheda-vāda.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Dvi-parārdha",
      "definition": "the duration of Brahmā's life, 311 trillion 411 billion years.",
      "definition_html": "the duration of Brahmā's life, 311 trillion 411 billion years."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dvija",
      "definition": "a brāhmaṇa, or twice-born person.",
      "definition_html": "a <i>brāhmaṇa,</i> or twice-born person."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dvija-bandhu",
      "definition": "See: Brahma-bandhu",
      "definition_html": "<i>See: Brahma-bandhu</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Dvija-bandhus",
      "definition": "unworthy sons of the twice-born.",
      "definition_html": "unworthy sons of the twice-born."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dvivida gorilla",
      "definition": "a huge, apelike demon killed by Lord Balarāma.",
      "definition_html": "a huge, apelike demon killed by Lord Balarāma."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dvādaśī",
      "definition": "the twelfth day after the full or new moon, thus the day after Ekādaśī, when one breaks one's fast by eating grains.",
      "definition_html": "the twelfth day after the full or new moon, thus the day after Ekādaśī, when one breaks one's fast by eating grains."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dvāpara-yuga",
      "definition": "the third age of the cycle of a mahā-yuga. It lasts more than 4,320,000 years.",
      "definition_html": "the third age of the cycle of a <i>mahā-yuga.</i> It lasts more than 4,320,000 years."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dvāra",
      "definition": "the doors of the body, such as the eyes and ears.",
      "definition_html": "the doors of the body, such as the eyes and ears."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dvārakā",
      "definition": "the island kingdom of Lord Kṛṣṇa, lying off India's west coast, where He performed pastimes five thousand years ago. The capital city of the Yadus. Lord Kṛṣṇa had this city built to protect the Yadus from the attacks by the demons. It is an island situated off the eastern part of India, which is now known as Gujarat. When Lord Kṛṣṇa left this world, the ocean enveloped the whole city.",
      "definition_html": "the island kingdom of Lord Kṛṣṇa, lying off India's west coast, where He performed pastimes five thousand years ago. The capital city of the Yadus. Lord Kṛṣṇa had this city built to protect the Yadus from the attacks by the demons. It is an island situated off the eastern part of India, which is now known as Gujarat. When Lord Kṛṣṇa left this world, the ocean enveloped the whole city."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dvārakādhīśa",
      "definition": "the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Kṛṣṇa, Lord of the city of Dvārakā.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Kṛṣṇa, Lord of the city of Dvārakā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dvīpa",
      "definition": "island; planet.",
      "definition_html": "island; planet."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dwarapala",
      "definition": "the doorkeeper sculptures by the doorways of Hindu and Buddhist temples.",
      "definition_html": "the doorkeeper sculptures by the doorways of Hindu and Buddhist temples."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dxa (Gr.)",
      "definition": "Opinion, as opposed to factual knowledge (nesis).",
      "definition_html": "Opinion, as opposed to factual knowledge <i>(nesis).</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Dākṣāyaṇī",
      "definition": "Satī, daughter of Dakṣa and wife of Lord Śiva.",
      "definition_html": "Satī, daughter of Dakṣa and wife of Lord Śiva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dālbhya Muni",
      "definition": "an ancient sage and grammarian.",
      "definition_html": "an ancient sage and grammarian."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dāmodara",
      "definition": "a name for Śrī Kṛṣṇa meaning \"one who is tied around the waist with rope.\" This name refers to the Lord's pastime of allowing Mother Yaśodā to bind Him.",
      "definition_html": "a name for Śrī Kṛṣṇa meaning \"one who is tied around the waist with rope.\" This name refers to the Lord's pastime of allowing Mother Yaśodā to bind Him."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dāna",
      "definition": "charity, one of the six duties of a brāhmaṇa.",
      "definition_html": "charity, one of the six duties of a <i>brāhmaṇa.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Dānavas",
      "definition": "the sons born to Kasyapa Prajapati by his wife danu; a race of demons.",
      "definition_html": "the sons born to Kasyapa Prajapati by his wife danu; a race of demons."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dāruka",
      "definition": "the charioteer of Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the charioteer of Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dārī sannyāsī",
      "definition": "a bogus tantric sannyāsī who keeps women.",
      "definition_html": "a bogus tantric <i>sannyāsī </i>who keeps women."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dāsa",
      "definition": "servant; term used as addition to the name of a newly initiated disciple, meaning servant of Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "servant; term used as addition to the name of a newly initiated disciple, meaning servant of Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dāsya",
      "definition": "the devotional process of rendering service to the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the devotional process of rendering service to the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dāsya-rasa",
      "definition": "relationship of servitorship with the Supreme Lord. Dīkṣa—spiritual initiation. Durātmā—a cripple-minded person who is under the control of the external potency of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "relationship of servitorship with the Supreme Lord.<br/> <i>Dīkṣa</i>—spiritual initiation.<br/> <i>Durātmā</i>—a cripple-minded person who is under the control of the external potency of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dāsya-rati",
      "definition": "See: Dāsya-rasa",
      "definition_html": "See: <i>Dāsya-rasa</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Dāvānala",
      "definition": "a forest fire; often refers to the self-kindled fire of material existence.",
      "definition_html": "a forest fire; often refers to the self-kindled fire of material existence."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dīkṣā",
      "definition": "spiritual initiation.",
      "definition_html": "spiritual initiation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dīkṣā-guru",
      "definition": "the spiritual master who initiates according to the regulations of the śāstras.",
      "definition_html": "the spiritual master who initiates according to the regulations of the <i>śāstras</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dīpta",
      "definition": "the stage exhibited by a devotee when four of five ecstatic symptoms are manifest.",
      "definition_html": "the stage exhibited by a devotee when four of five ecstatic symptoms are manifest."
    },
    {
      "term": "Dṛḍha-vrata",
      "definition": "firm determination.",
      "definition_html": "firm determination."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ecstasy",
      "definition": "For a devotee of Kṛṣṇa, freedom from birth and death is gained by purifying consciousness and desires until the ecstasy of pure Kṛṣṇa consciousness is achieved. As the term ecstasy indicates (Gr. kstasis, standing outside [the body]), God consciousness transports the soul beyond identification with the material body. After the steady practice of the nine methods of bhakti-yoga awakens love of Kṛṣṇa in the devotee's heart, Kṛṣṇa appears before the devotee. At that time all the senses of the devotee (the eyes, nose, ears, tongue, sense of touch) become the receptacles of the auspicious qualities of Kṛṣṇa: His supreme beauty, fragrance, melody, youthfulness, tastefulness, munificence and mercy. The Lord reveals first His beauty to the eyes of the devotee. Due to the sweetness of that beauty, all the senses and the mind take on the quality of eyes. From this the devotee swoons. To console the devotee, the Lord next reveals His fragrance to the nostrils of the devotee, and by this, the devotee's senses take on the quality of the nose in order to smell. Again the devotee swoons in bliss. The Lord then reveals His sonorous voice to the devotee's ears. All the senses become like ears to hear, and for the third time the devotee faints. The Lord then mercifully gives the touch of His lotus feet, His hands and His chest to the devotee, and the devotee experiences the Lord's fresh youthfulness. To those who love the Lord in the mood of servitude, He places His lotus feet on their heads. To those in the mood of friendship, He grasps their hands with His. To those in the mood of parental affection, with His hand He wipes away their tears. Those in the conjugal mood He embraces, touching them with His hands and chest. Then the devotee's senses all take on the sense of touch and the devotee faints again. In this way, the devotee attains his rasa (spiritual relationship) with Kṛṣṇa. See Bhakti-yoga, Live after death, Rasa.",
      "definition_html": "For a devotee of Kṛṣṇa, freedom from birth and death is gained by purifying consciousness and desires until the ecstasy of pure Kṛṣṇa consciousness is achieved. As the term ecstasy indicates (Gr. <i>kstasis,</i> standing outside [the body]), God consciousness transports the soul beyond identification with the material body. After the steady practice of the nine methods of <i>bhakti-yoga</i> awakens love of Kṛṣṇa in the devotee's heart, Kṛṣṇa appears before the devotee. At that time all the senses of the devotee (the eyes, nose, ears, tongue, sense of touch) become the receptacles of the auspicious qualities of Kṛṣṇa: His supreme beauty, fragrance, melody, youthfulness, tastefulness, munificence and mercy. The Lord reveals first His beauty to the eyes of the devotee. Due to the sweetness of that beauty, all the senses and the mind take on the quality of eyes. From this the devotee swoons. To console the devotee, the Lord next reveals His fragrance to the nostrils of the devotee, and by this, the devotee's senses take on the quality of the nose in order to smell. Again the devotee swoons in bliss. The Lord then reveals His sonorous voice to the devotee's ears. All the senses become like ears to hear, and for the third time the devotee faints. The Lord then mercifully gives the touch of His lotus feet, His hands and His chest to the devotee, and the devotee experiences the Lord's fresh youthfulness. To those who love the Lord in the mood of servitude, He places His lotus feet on their heads. To those in the mood of friendship, He grasps their hands with His. To those in the mood of parental affection, with His hand He wipes away their tears. Those in the conjugal mood He embraces, touching them with His hands and chest. Then the devotee's senses all take on the sense of touch and the devotee faints again. In this way, the devotee attains his <i>rasa</i> (spiritual relationship) with Kṛṣṇa. See Bhakti-yoga, Live after death, Rasa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Eddington, Arthur Stanley",
      "definition": "British astronomer and mathematician (1882-1944) who proved Einstein's theory of relativity. He was an advocate of phenomenalism. See Phenomenalism.",
      "definition_html": "British astronomer and mathematician (1882-1944) who proved Einstein's theory of relativity. He was an advocate of phenomenalism. See Phenomenalism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Egalitarianism",
      "definition": "The view that all humans are socially, politically and in some schools, economically equal. According to the Vedic understanding, all humans and in fact all living beings are spiritually equal. But due to the rule of the three modes of nature over the universe, material equality is impossible.",
      "definition_html": "The view that all humans are socially, politically and in some schools, economically equal. According to the Vedic understanding, all humans and in fact all living beings are spiritually equal. But due to the rule of the three modes of nature over the universe, material equality is impossible."
    },
    {
      "term": "Einstein, Albert",
      "definition": "German-born physicist (1879-1955), certainly the most famous scientist of the twentieth century. In a book entitled Sidelights on Relativity, he wrote: As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality. See Relativity theory. Elements From the Latin elementa, the first principles of things. Some ancient Greek philosophers proposed four elements: water, air, fire and earth. This idea dominated European thought until the seventeenth century. To Arjuna, Lord Kṛṣṇa says there are five gross and three subtle material elements (see Bg. 7.4). The five include the four counted by the Greeks, plus ākāśa or ethereal space. The three subtle elements are mind, intelligence and false ego, which are manifestations of the three guṇas (modes), goodness, passion and ignorance respectively. To Uddhava, Lord Kṛṣṇa says, I personally approve of that knowledge by which one sees the combination of nine, eleven, five and three elements in all living entities, and ultimately one element within those twenty-eight. (SB 11.19.14) The nine are material nature, the living entity, the mahat-tattva, false ego, and the five objects of sense perception (sound, touch, form, taste and aroma). The eleven are the five karmendriya or working senses (the voice, hands, legs, genitalia and rectum) plus the five jñānendriya or knowledge-acquiring senses (the ears, touch, eyes, tongue and nostrils), along with the coordinative sense, the mind. The five are the physical elements of earth, water, fire, air and ākāśa or sky, and the three are the modes of material nature (guṇas). The one within all twenty-eight elements is the Supersoul. See Analysis, Gross body, Modes of nature, Subtle body, Supersoul.",
      "definition_html": "German-born physicist (1879-1955), certainly the most famous scientist of the twentieth century. In a book entitled <i>Sidelights on Relativity,</i> he wrote: As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality. See Relativity theory. Elements From the Latin <i>elementa,</i> the first principles of things. Some ancient Greek philosophers proposed four elements: water, air, fire and earth. This idea dominated European thought until the seventeenth century. To Arjuna, Lord Kṛṣṇa says there are five gross and three subtle material elements (see <i>Bg.</i> <b>7.4</b>). The five include the four counted by the Greeks, plus <i>ākāśa</i> or ethereal space. The three subtle elements are mind, intelligence and false ego, which are manifestations of the three <i>guṇas</i> (modes), goodness, passion and ignorance respectively. To Uddhava, Lord Kṛṣṇa says, I personally approve of that knowledge by which one sees the combination of nine, eleven, five and three elements in all living entities, and ultimately one element within those twenty-eight. (<i>SB </i><b>11.19.14</b>) The nine are material nature, the living entity, the <i>mahat-tattva,</i> false ego, and the five objects of sense perception (sound, touch, form, taste and aroma). The eleven are the five <i>karmendriya</i> or working senses (the voice, hands, legs, genitalia and rectum) plus the five <i>jñānendriya</i> or knowledge-acquiring senses (the ears, touch, eyes, tongue and nostrils), along with the coordinative sense, the mind. The five are the physical elements of earth, water, fire, air and <i>ākāśa</i> or sky, and the three are the modes of material nature <i>(guṇas).</i> The one within all twenty-eight elements is the Supersoul. See Analysis, Gross body, Modes of nature, Subtle body, Supersoul."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ekacakra",
      "definition": "a village where the Pāṇḍavas stayed after the burning of the palace of lac. It was here that Bhīma killed the Rākṣasa Baka.",
      "definition_html": "a village where the Pāṇḍavas stayed after the burning of the palace of lac. It was here that Bhīma killed the Rākṣasa Baka."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ekadaṇḍa",
      "definition": "the staff, made of a single rod, carried by a sannyāsī of the Māyāvāda (impersonalist) school.",
      "definition_html": "the staff, made of a single rod, carried by a <i>sannyāsī</i> of the Māyāvāda (impersonalist) school."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ekalavya",
      "definition": "the son of Hiraṇyadhanus, the King of the Niṣadhas. He approached Droṇa to learn the science of archery, but was refused because of his low birth. He later built a deity of Droṇa and thus learned the science of archery. However, Droṇa did not approve of this process and asked for his thumb as dākṣiṇā. Ekalavya submitted and cut off his thumb. He then found he did not have the same skill as before. Ekalavya was latter killed by Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the son of Hiraṇyadhanus, the King of the Niṣadhas. He approached Droṇa to learn the science of archery, but was refused because of his low birth. He later built a deity of Droṇa and thus learned the science of archery. However, Droṇa did not approve of this process and asked for his thumb as dākṣiṇā. Ekalavya submitted and cut off his thumb. He then found he did not have the same skill as before. Ekalavya was latter killed by Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ekādaśi",
      "definition": "a special fast day for increased remembrance of Kṛṣṇa, which comes on the eleventh day of both the waxing and waning moon.",
      "definition_html": "a special fast day for increased remembrance of Kṛṣṇa, which comes on the eleventh day of both the waxing and waning moon."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ekādaśī",
      "definition": "a special day for increased remembrance of Kṛṣṇa, which comes on the eleventh day after both the full and new moon. Abstinence from grains and beans is prescribed. Directly presided over by Lord Hari, Ekādaśī is a holy test day for Vaiṣṇavas. One should utilize this day for fasting and increasing one's devotion to Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa by intensifying their chanting of the Hare Kṛṣṇa mantra and other devotional activities.",
      "definition_html": "a special day for increased remembrance of Kṛṣṇa, which comes on the eleventh day after both the full and new moon. Abstinence from grains and beans is prescribed. Directly presided over by Lord Hari, Ekādaśī is a holy test day for Vaiṣṇavas. One should utilize this day for fasting and increasing one's devotion to Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa by intensifying their chanting of the Hare Kṛṣṇa <i>mantra </i>and other devotional activities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803-1882)",
      "definition": "an American poet, lecturer and essayist who was the leading member of the Transcendentalists, a group of New England idealists. His view was an eclectic one, and he was much influenced by his studies of Vedic thought.",
      "definition_html": "an American poet, lecturer and essayist who was the leading member of the Transcendentalists, a group of New England idealists. His view was an eclectic one, and he was much influenced by his studies of Vedic thought."
    },
    {
      "term": "Epistemology",
      "definition": "This term comes from the Greek epistme (knowledge) and lgos (the study of). Epistemology is one of the four main branches of philosophy (besides ethics, logic and metaphysics). It asks questions regarding knowledge: What is knowledge? Where does it come from? How is it formulated, expressed and communicated? Is sense experience necessary for all types of knowledge? What part does reason play in knowledge? Is there knowledge derived only from reason? What is the difference between belief, knowledge, opinion, fact, reality, error, imagining, conceptualization, idea, truth, possibility and certainty? See Ethics, Logic, Metaphysics, Ontology, Philosophy.",
      "definition_html": "This term comes from the Greek <i>epistme</i> (knowledge) and <i>lgos</i> (the study of). Epistemology is one of the four main branches of philosophy (besides ethics, logic and metaphysics). It asks questions regarding knowledge: What is knowledge? Where does it come from? How is it formulated, expressed and communicated? Is sense experience necessary for all types of knowledge? What part does reason play in knowledge? Is there knowledge derived only from reason? What is the difference between belief, knowledge, opinion, fact, reality, error, imagining, conceptualization, idea, truth, possibility and certainty? See Ethics, Logic, Metaphysics, Ontology, Philosophy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ethics",
      "definition": "This is one of the four main branches of philosophy (besides epistemology, logic and metaphysics). Ethics (also called moral philosophy) asks questions like: what sort of life is good? Which goals are worthy? Whose intentions are respectable? How are right and wrong defined? How to choose between right and wrong? See Epistemology, Logic, Metaphysics, Philosophy.",
      "definition_html": "This is one of the four main branches of philosophy (besides epistemology, logic and metaphysics). Ethics (also called moral philosophy) asks questions like: what sort of life is good? Which goals are worthy? Whose intentions are respectable? How are right and wrong defined? How to choose between right and wrong? See Epistemology, Logic, Metaphysics, Philosophy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Evolution",
      "definition": "See Darwin, Saṁsāra.",
      "definition_html": "See Darwin, Saṁsāra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Evādat",
      "definition": "offering prayers to the Supreme Person (Arabic).",
      "definition_html": "offering prayers to the Supreme Person (Arabic)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Existentialism",
      "definition": "A rationalist trend of many theoretical shades. It was started in the nineteenth by the Danish Christian thinker Sṭren Kierkegaard (1813-1855), and the German critic of Christianity, Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900). But it is usually identified with the twentieth century French atheist Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980). In Sartre's version, existence is the essence of everything. In other words, the ultimate meaning of a thing is that it simply is. An individual is nothing other than his or her power of choice. The universe has no rational direction or scheme. It is meaningless and absurd. Therefore individuals have complete freedom of choice. See Rationalism.",
      "definition_html": "A rationalist trend of many theoretical shades. It was started in the nineteenth by the Danish Christian thinker Sṭren Kierkegaard (1813-1855), and the German critic of Christianity, Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900). But it is usually identified with the twentieth century French atheist Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980). In Sartre's version, existence is the essence of everything. In other words, the ultimate meaning of a thing is that it simply <i>is.</i> An individual is nothing other than his or her power of choice. The universe has no rational direction or scheme. It is meaningless and absurd. Therefore individuals have complete freedom of choice. See Rationalism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Experientia (Lat.)",
      "definition": "Trial, knowledge resulting from observation. Root of the English term experience. The Sanskrit equivalent is pratyakṣa, sense perception; the Greek equivalent is empeira. See Pratyakṣa.",
      "definition_html": "Trial, knowledge resulting from observation. Root of the English term experience. The Sanskrit equivalent is <i>pratyakṣa</i>, sense perception; the Greek equivalent is <i>empeira.</i> See Pratyakṣa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Experimentum (Lat.)",
      "definition": "Trial, test, action undertaken to discover or test something. Root of the English term experiment. An experimentum fructiferum is a fruitive experiment designed to produce a particular effect or useful purpose. An experimentum luciferum is a experiment of light meant to uncover nature's occult qualities. See New Philosophy, Occult.",
      "definition_html": "Trial, test, action undertaken to discover or test something. Root of the English term experiment. An <i>experimentum fructiferum</i> is a fruitive experiment designed to produce a particular effect or useful purpose. An <i>experimentum luciferum</i> is a experiment of light meant to uncover nature's occult qualities. See New Philosophy, Occult."
    },
    {
      "term": "Fallacy",
      "definition": "An error in reasoning. An argument is called fallacious if it does not follow the formal structures and rules of logic. It is also fallacious if it is not adequately supported and/or does not necessarily lead to the conclusion that the proponent of the argument wants to establish. An example is begging the question (petitio principi). This is also known as circular reasoning, by which one arrives at a conclusion from statements that are themselves questionable and have to be proved. For instanceMajor premise: Genuine yogīs live in the forest and only eat fruit. Minor premise: This monkey lives in the forest and only eats fruit. Conclusion: This monkey is a genuine yogī. See Circulus vitiosus, Infinite regress, Logic.",
      "definition_html": "An error in reasoning. An argument is called fallacious if it does not follow the formal structures and rules of logic. It is also fallacious if it is not adequately supported and/or does not necessarily lead to the conclusion that the proponent of the argument wants to establish. An example is begging the question <i>(petitio principi).</i> This is also known as circular reasoning, by which one arrives at a conclusion from statements that are themselves questionable and have to be proved. For instanceMajor premise: Genuine <i>yogīs</i> live in the forest and only eat fruit. Minor premise: This monkey lives in the forest and only eats fruit. Conclusion: This monkey is a genuine <i>yogī.</i> See Circulus vitiosus, Infinite regress, Logic."
    },
    {
      "term": "False ego",
      "definition": "the conception that \"I am this material body, mind or intelligence.\"; False ego In Sanskrit, it is termed ahaṅkāra. False ego is a soul's wrong identification with matter in two ways: I (as, for instance, I am this body) and mine (this land is mine). The primal stage of the false ego is tāmasa-buddhi, intelligence in ignorance. This occurs when the original consciousness of the spirit soul comes into contact with the mahad-brahman, the unmanifest prakṛti. From out of tāmasa-buddhi, the three modes make their appearance. These take shape as the mind (mode of goodness), the senses (mode of passion) and the sense objects (mode of ignorance). The ahaṅkāra identifies the self with these, according to the predominance of one mode over another (the three modes constantly compete with one another to control the living entity). Thus a person in goodness identifies with the mind. A person in passion identifies with the senses. A person in ignorance identifies with the sense objects. But all these are the result of the intelligence being absorbed in primal ignorance: ignorance of Kṛṣṇa. In the Eleventh Canto of Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, Kṛṣṇa says to Uddhava that the false ego is cid-acin-mayaḥ, that which encompasses both spirit and matter, because it binds the cid (conscious soul) to the acid (unconscious matter). The cultivation of the innate goodness of the mind is the essence of the Vedic method of yoga, summarized by Kṛṣṇa as follows. The mind can be controlled when it is fixed on the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Having achieved a stable situation, the mind becomes free from polluted desires to execute material activities; thus as the mode of goodness increases in strength, one can completely give up the modes of passion and ignorance, and gradually one transcends even the material mode of goodness. When the mind is freed from the fuel of the modes of nature, the fire of material existence is extinguished. Then one achieves the transcendental platform of direct relationship with the object of his meditation, the Supreme Lord. (SB 11.9.12) See Buddhi, Consciousness, Intellect, Mind, Modes of nature, Soul, Subtle body, Supersoul.",
      "definition_html": "the conception that \"I am this material body, mind or intelligence.\"; False ego In Sanskrit, it is termed <i>ahaṅkāra.</i> False ego is a soul's wrong identification with matter in two ways: I (as, for instance, I am this body) and mine (this land is mine). The primal stage of the false ego is <i>tāmasa-buddhi,</i> intelligence in ignorance. This occurs when the original consciousness of the spirit soul comes into contact with the <i>mahad-brahman,</i> the unmanifest <i>prakṛti.</i> From out of <i>tāmasa-buddhi,</i> the three modes make their appearance. These take shape as the mind (mode of goodness), the senses (mode of passion) and the sense objects (mode of ignorance). The <i>ahaṅkāra</i> identifies the self with these, according to the predominance of one mode over another (the three modes constantly compete with one another to control the living entity). Thus a person in goodness identifies with the mind. A person in passion identifies with the senses. A person in ignorance identifies with the sense objects. But all these are the result of the intelligence being absorbed in primal ignorance: ignorance of Kṛṣṇa. In the Eleventh Canto of <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam,</i> Kṛṣṇa says to Uddhava that the false ego is <i>cid-acin-mayaḥ,</i> that which encompasses both spirit and matter, because it binds the <i>cid</i> (conscious soul) to the <i>acid</i> (unconscious matter). The cultivation of the innate goodness of the mind is the essence of the Vedic method of <i>yoga,</i> summarized by Kṛṣṇa as follows. The mind can be controlled when it is fixed on the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Having achieved a stable situation, the mind becomes free from polluted desires to execute material activities; thus as the mode of goodness increases in strength, one can completely give up the modes of passion and ignorance, and gradually one transcends even the material mode of goodness. When the mind is freed from the fuel of the modes of nature, the fire of material existence is extinguished. Then one achieves the transcendental platform of direct relationship with the object of his meditation, the Supreme Lord. (<i>SB </i><b>11.9.12</b>) See Buddhi, Consciousness, Intellect, Mind, Modes of nature, Soul, Subtle body, Supersoul."
    },
    {
      "term": "Feminism",
      "definition": "The promotion of the rights of females in human society.",
      "definition_html": "The promotion of the rights of females in human society."
    },
    {
      "term": "Feyerabend, Paul Karl",
      "definition": "Austrian-born American philosopher of science who is a self-professed intellectual anarchist (1924-1994). According to him, the mark of creativity in science is the proliferation of theories.",
      "definition_html": "Austrian-born American philosopher of science who is a self-professed intellectual anarchist (1924-1994). According to him, the mark of creativity in science is the proliferation of theories."
    },
    {
      "term": "Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas",
      "definition": "There are four Vaiṣṇava schools (sampradāyas) of Vedānta. These are 1) the Śrī Sampradāya, whose ācārya is Rāmānuja; 2) the Brahmā Sampradāya, whose ācārya is Madhva; 3) the Rudra Sampradāya, whose ācārya is Viṣṇusvāmī, and 4) the Kumāra Sampradāya, whose ācārya is Nimbārka. Opposed to these is the non-Vaiṣṇava Vedāntist school of Śaṅkarācārya. Every Vedāntist school is known for its siddhānta or essential conclusion about the relationships between God and the soul, the soul and matter, matter and matter, matter and God, and the soul and souls. Śaṅkarācārya's siddhānta is Advaita, nondifference (i.e. everything is one, therefore these five relationships are unreal). All the other siddhāntas support the reality of these relationships from various points of view. Rāmānuja's siddhānta is Viśiṣṭādvaita, qualified nondifference. Madhva's siddhānta is Dvaita, difference. Viṣṇusvāmī's siddhānta is Śuddhādvaita, purified nondifference. And Nimbārka's siddhānta is Dvaita-advaita, difference-and-identity. The Bengali branch of Madhva's sampradāya is known as the Brahmā-Madhva-Gauḍīya Sampradāya, or the Caitanya Sampradāya. In the 1700's this school presented Indian philosophers with a commentary on Vedānta-sūtra written by Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa that argued yet another siddhānta. It is called acintya-bhedābheda-tattva, which means simultaneous inconceivable oneness and difference. In recent years this siddhānta has become known to people from all over the world due to the popularity of the books of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda. Acintya-bhedābheda philosophy maintains the same standpoint of difference as Madhva's siddhānta on the five-fold relationship of God to soul, soul to matter, matter to matter, matter to God and soul to soul. But acintya-bhedābheda-tattva further teaches the doctrine of śakti-pariṇāma-vāda (the transformation of the Lord's śakti), in which the origin of this five-fold differentiation is traced to the Lord's play with His śakti or energy. Because the souls and matter emanate from the Lord, they are one in Him as His energy yet simultaneously distinct from Him and one another. The oneness and difference of this five-fold relationship is termed acintya or inconceivable because, as Śrīla Prabhupāda writes in his purport to Bg. 18.78, Nothing is different from the Supreme, but the Supreme is always different from everything. As the transcendental origin and coordinator of His energies, God is ever the inconceivable factor. See Advaita, Dvaita, Māyāvādī philosophy, Six systems, Vedānta, Vedānta-sūtra.",
      "definition_html": "There are four Vaiṣṇava schools <i>(sampradāyas)</i> of <b><i>Vedānta</i></b>. These are 1) the Śrī Sampradāya, whose <i>ācārya</i> is Rāmānuja; 2) the Brahmā Sampradāya, whose <i>ācārya</i> is Madhva; 3) the Rudra Sampradāya, whose <i>ācārya</i> is Viṣṇusvāmī, and 4) the Kumāra Sampradāya, whose <i>ācārya</i> is Nimbārka. Opposed to these is the non-Vaiṣṇava Vedāntist school of Śaṅkarācārya. Every Vedāntist school is known for its <i>siddhānta</i> or essential conclusion about the relationships between God and the soul, the soul and matter, matter and matter, matter and God, and the soul and souls. Śaṅkarācārya's <i>siddhānta</i> is Advaita, nondifference (i.e. everything is one, therefore these five relationships are unreal). All the other <i>siddhāntas</i> support the reality of these relationships from various points of view. Rāmānuja's siddhānta is Viśiṣṭādvaita, qualified nondifference. Madhva's <i>siddhānta</i> is Dvaita, difference. Viṣṇusvāmī's <i>siddhānta</i> is Śuddhādvaita, purified nondifference. And Nimbārka's <i>siddhānta</i> is Dvaita-advaita, difference-and-identity. The Bengali branch of Madhva's <i>sampradāya</i> is known as the Brahmā-Madhva-Gauḍīya Sampradāya, or the Caitanya Sampradāya. In the 1700's this school presented Indian philosophers with a commentary on <i>Vedānta-sūtra</i> written by Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa that argued yet another <i>siddhānta.</i> It is called <i>acintya-bhedābheda-</i><b><i>tattva</i></b><i>,</i> which means simultaneous inconceivable oneness and difference. In recent years this <i>siddhānta</i> has become known to people from all over the world due to the popularity of the books of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda. <i>Acintya-bhedābheda</i> philosophy maintains the same standpoint of difference as Madhva's <i>siddhānta</i> on the five-fold relationship of God to soul, soul to matter, matter to matter, matter to God and soul to soul. But <i>acintya-bhedābheda-tattva</i> further teaches the doctrine of <i>śakti-pariṇāma-vāda</i> (the transformation of the Lord's <i>śakti</i>), in which the origin of this five-fold differentiation is traced to the Lord's play with His <i>śakti</i> or energy. Because the souls and matter emanate from the Lord, they are one in Him as His energy yet simultaneously distinct from Him and one another. The oneness and difference of this five-fold relationship is termed <i>acintya</i> or inconceivable because, as Śrīla Prabhupāda writes in his purport to <i>Bg. </i><b>18.78</b>, Nothing is different from the Supreme, but the Supreme is always different from everything. As the transcendental origin and coordinator of His energies, God is ever the inconceivable factor. See Advaita, Dvaita, Māyāvādī philosophy, Six systems, Vedānta, Vedānta-sūtra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gada",
      "definition": "a brother of Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa and Lord Baladeva. He was born to Vasudeva's wife Rohiṇī.",
      "definition_html": "a brother of Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa and Lord Baladeva. He was born to Vasudeva's wife Rohiṇī."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gadā",
      "definition": "the club held by Lord Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "the club held by Lord Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gadādhara",
      "definition": "a name for the Personality of Godhead meaning \"He who wields a club [in one of His four hands];\" an intimate associate of Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu.",
      "definition_html": "a name for the Personality of Godhead meaning \"He who wields a club [in one of His four hands];\" an intimate associate of Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gadādhara Paṇḍita",
      "definition": "a principal associate of Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU.",
      "definition_html": "a principal associate of Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gadādhara-prāṇanātha",
      "definition": "Lord Caitanya, the life and soul of Gadādhara Paṇḍita.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Caitanya, the life and soul of Gadādhara Paṇḍita."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gadāira Gaurāṅga",
      "definition": "Lord Caitanya, the Lord Gaurāṅga of Gadādhara Paṇḍita.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Caitanya, the Lord Gaurāṅga of Gadādhara Paṇḍita."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gajendra",
      "definition": "the king of the elephants. He was saved from a crocodile by Lord Viṣṇu and awarded liberation.",
      "definition_html": "the king of the elephants. He was saved from a crocodile by Lord Viṣṇu and awarded liberation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gamcha",
      "definition": "an item of cloth, worn casually, usually around the waist.",
      "definition_html": "an item of cloth, worn casually, usually around the waist."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gandhamādana",
      "definition": "a mountain situated east of Mount Meru. Renowned for its fragrant forests, it forms the boundary between Ilāvṛta-varṣa and Bhārata-varṣa.",
      "definition_html": "a mountain situated east of Mount Meru. Renowned for its fragrant forests, it forms the boundary between Ilāvṛta-varṣa and Bhārata-varṣa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gandharvas",
      "definition": "the celestial demigod dancers, singers, and musicians of the heavenly planets.",
      "definition_html": "the celestial demigod dancers, singers, and musicians of the heavenly planets."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ganges",
      "definition": "the sacred river which runs throughout the entire universe, beginning from the lotus feet of Viṣṇu. One is recommended to bathe in the Ganges for purification.",
      "definition_html": "the sacred river which runs throughout the entire universe, beginning from the lotus feet of Viṣṇu. One is recommended to bathe in the Ganges for purification."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ganges (Gañgā)",
      "definition": "India’s most sacred river.",
      "definition_html": "India’s most sacred river."
    },
    {
      "term": "Garbha-gṛha",
      "definition": "inner sanctuary or altar room that contains the main Deity of the temple. The literal meaning is \"womb chamber.\"",
      "definition_html": "inner sanctuary or altar room that contains the main Deity of the temple. The literal meaning is \"womb chamber.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Garbhodaka Ocean",
      "definition": "the body of water that fills the bottom part of each material universe.",
      "definition_html": "the body of water that fills the bottom part of each material universe."
    },
    {
      "term": "Garbhodaka-śāyi Viṣṇu",
      "definition": "An expansion from the Prime Puruṣa Avatār, Mahā Viṣṇu. (See Karanodaka-śāyi Viṣṇu.) Garbhodaka-śāyi Viṣṇu enters into each universe and lies down on the Garbha Ocean; from His navel a lotus stem sprouts and on this lotus Brahmā, the lord of the material universe, is born.",
      "definition_html": "An expansion from the Prime <i>Puruṣa</i> Avatār, Mahā Viṣṇu. (See <i>Karanodaka-śāyi Viṣṇu</i>.) <i>Garbhodaka-śāyi Viṣṇu</i> enters into each universe and lies down on the <i>Garbha</i> Ocean; from His navel a lotus stem sprouts and on this lotus Brahmā, the lord of the material universe, is born."
    },
    {
      "term": "Garbhodakaśāyī Viṣṇu",
      "definition": "the second Viṣṇu expansion, who enters each universe and from whose navel grows a lotus upon which Lord Brahmā appears. Brahmā then creates the diverse material manifestations.",
      "definition_html": "the second Viṣṇu expansion, who enters each universe and from whose navel grows a lotus upon which Lord Brahmā appears. Brahmā then creates the diverse material manifestations."
    },
    {
      "term": "Garbhādhāna-saṁskāra",
      "definition": "the Vedic ceremony of purification to be performed by parents before conceiving a child.",
      "definition_html": "the Vedic ceremony of purification to be performed by parents before conceiving a child."
    },
    {
      "term": "Garga Muni",
      "definition": "the family priest for the Yadu dynasty.",
      "definition_html": "the family priest for the Yadu dynasty."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gargamuni",
      "definition": "the family priest of the Yadu dynasty, the dynasty Lord KṚṢṆA chose to incarnate in.",
      "definition_html": "the family priest of the Yadu dynasty, the dynasty Lord KṚṢṆA chose to incarnate in."
    },
    {
      "term": "Garh",
      "definition": "fort.",
      "definition_html": "fort."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gari",
      "definition": "vehicle.",
      "definition_html": "vehicle."
    },
    {
      "term": "Garuda",
      "definition": "Lord Viṣṇu's eternal carrier, a great devotee, the son of Aditi and Kaśyapa who takes the form of an eagle and is the bird carrier of Lord Viṣṇu. He is often found atop a pole facing the entrance of Viṣṇu temples. The emblem of Garuḍa is always on the chariot of Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Viṣṇu's eternal carrier, a great devotee, the son of Aditi and Kaśyapa who takes the form of an eagle and is the bird carrier of Lord Viṣṇu. He is often found atop a pole facing the entrance of Viṣṇu temples. The emblem of Garuḍa is always on the chariot of Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Garuḍa",
      "definition": "a giant eagle who acts as the carrier of Lord Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "a giant eagle who acts as the carrier of Lord Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Garuḍa Purāṇa",
      "definition": "one of the eighteen Purāṇas, or Vedic historical scriptures.",
      "definition_html": "one of the eighteen <i>Purāṇas, </i>or Vedic historical scriptures."
    },
    {
      "term": "Garva",
      "definition": "pride, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "pride, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Gauda-desa",
      "definition": "the holy lands of Lord Caitanya's birthplace.",
      "definition_html": "the holy lands of Lord Caitanya's birthplace."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gaudiya Vaisnava Sampradaya",
      "definition": "the Bengal Vaisanava sect founded by Caitanya Mahaprabhu in the late fifteenth century. Lord Caitanya's immediate disciples, the six Gosvamis, inititated the resurection of Vrndavana.",
      "definition_html": "the Bengal Vaisanava sect founded by Caitanya Mahaprabhu in the late fifteenth century. Lord Caitanya's immediate disciples, the six Gosvamis, inititated the resurection of Vrndavana."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gaura",
      "definition": "of fair complexion.",
      "definition_html": "of fair complexion."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gaura mantra",
      "definition": "mantra composed of the four syllables gau-ra-aṅ-ga.",
      "definition_html": "<i>mantra </i>composed of the four syllables <i>gau-ra-aṅ-ga</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gaura Pūrṇimā",
      "definition": "the appearance day of Lord Caitanya.",
      "definition_html": "the appearance day of Lord Caitanya."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gaura-gopāla mantra",
      "definition": "mantra composed of the four syllables rā-dhā-kṛṣ-ṇa.",
      "definition_html": "<i>mantra </i>composed of the four syllables <i>rā-dhā-kṛṣ-ṇa</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gaura-Hari",
      "definition": "Radha and Krsna combined into one form as the Golden Avatar.",
      "definition_html": "Radha and Krsna combined into one form as the Golden Avatar."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gauracandra",
      "definition": "(gaura-golden; candra-moon) a name of Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu denoting His appearance to be like that of a golden moon.",
      "definition_html": "(<i>gaura</i>-golden; <i>candra</i>-moon) a name of Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu denoting His appearance to be like that of a golden moon."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gaurakiśora dāsa Bābājī",
      "definition": "the disciple of Śrīla Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura who was the initiating spiritual master of Śrīla Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Ṭhākura.",
      "definition_html": "the disciple of Śrīla Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura who was the initiating spiritual master of Śrīla Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Ṭhākura."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gaurakṛṣṇa",
      "definition": "see: Caitanya Mahāprabhu",
      "definition_html": "<i>see: Caitanya Mahāprabhu</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Gaurasundara",
      "definition": "the beautiful, golden-complexioned Lord, Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu.",
      "definition_html": "the beautiful, golden-complexioned Lord, Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gaurava-dāsya",
      "definition": "condition when the devotee takes the form of giving protection to the Lord; category of dāsya-rasa.",
      "definition_html": "condition when the devotee takes the form of giving protection to the Lord; category of <i>dāsya-rasa</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gaurava-sakhya",
      "definition": "the mellow of friendship in awe and veneration.",
      "definition_html": "the mellow of friendship in awe and veneration."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gaurāṅga",
      "definition": "See CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU.",
      "definition_html": "See CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gaurāṅga-nāgarīs",
      "definition": "the name of a particular sahajiyā sect.",
      "definition_html": "the name of a particular <i>sahajiyā </i>sect."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gautama Muni",
      "definition": "one of the seven sons born from Lord Brahma's mind. He belongs to the family of Aṅgirā Ṛṣi and is the author of Nyāya-śāstra, the science of logic, which explains that the combination of atoms is the cause of everything.",
      "definition_html": "one of the seven sons born from Lord Brahma's mind. He belongs to the family of Aṅgirā Ṛṣi and is the author of <i>Nyāya-śāstra, </i>the science of logic, which explains that the combination of atoms is the cause of everything."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gauḍa-deśa",
      "definition": "Bengal.",
      "definition_html": "Bengal."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gauḍa-maṇḍala-bhūmi",
      "definition": "the places in Bengal where Lord Caitanya stayed. [Śrī Gaura Mahimā 3]",
      "definition_html": "the places in Bengal where Lord Caitanya stayed. <b>[</b><b><i>Śrī Gaura Mahimā</i></b><b> 3]</b>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Gauḍas",
      "definition": "pullers of Lord Jagannātha's car.",
      "definition_html": "pullers of Lord Jagannātha's car."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gauḍiya Vaiṣṇava",
      "definition": "specifically, a Vaiṣṇava born in Bengal, or, more generally, any Vaiṣṇava who follows the pure teachings of Lord Caitanya; The name gauḍīya refers to the region of Bengal and Bangladesh. A Vaiṣṇava is a devotee of Viṣṇu or Kṛṣṇa. Hence, a Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava is a practicioner of the form of Vaiṣṇavism associated with Bengal, as started by Caitanya Mahāprabhu some 500 years ago. See Caitanya Mahāprabhu, Kṛṣṇa, Vaiṣṇava, Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "specifically, a Vaiṣṇava born in Bengal, or, more generally, any Vaiṣṇava who follows the pure teachings of Lord Caitanya; The name <i>gauḍīya</i> refers to the region of Bengal and Bangladesh. A Vaiṣṇava is a devotee of Viṣṇu or Kṛṣṇa. Hence, a Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava is a practicioner of the form of Vaiṣṇavism associated with Bengal, as started by Caitanya Mahāprabhu some 500 years ago. See Caitanya Mahāprabhu, Kṛṣṇa, Vaiṣṇava, Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gauḍīya Maṭha",
      "definition": "a Vaisnava institution, originally with 64 temples in India and elsewhere, founded by Śrīla Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Thākura for propagating the sacred teachings of Lord Caitanya throughout India and the world. It was first established in 1918 as the Śrī Bhaktivinoda Āsana. In 1919 he re-established it as the Viśva-vaiṣṇava-rāja-sabhā, an institution originally established by Śrīla Jīva Gosvāmī and re-instituted by Śrīla Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura. The organization ultimately came to be known as the Gauḍīya Maṭha. Its influenced waned after the passing of Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Ṭhākura.",
      "definition_html": "a Vaisnava institution, originally with 64 temples in India and elsewhere, founded by Śrīla Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Thākura for propagating the sacred teachings of Lord Caitanya throughout India and the world. It was first established in 1918 as the Śrī Bhaktivinoda Āsana. In 1919 he re-established it as the Viśva-vaiṣṇava-rāja-sabhā, an institution originally established by Śrīla Jīva Gosvāmī and re-instituted by Śrīla Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura. The organization ultimately came to be known as the Gauḍīya Maṭha. Its influenced waned after the passing of Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Ṭhākura."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gauḍīya Maṭha (Gauḍīya Mission)",
      "definition": "the Kṛṣṇa consciousness association of temples and preaching institutions established by Śrīla BHAKTISIDDHĀNTA SARASVATĪ in the early part of the twentieth century.",
      "definition_html": "the Kṛṣṇa consciousness association of temples and preaching institutions established by Śrīla BHAKTISIDDHĀNTA SARASVATĪ in the early part of the twentieth century."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava sampradāya",
      "definition": "the authorized Vaiṣṇava disciplic succession of bona fide spiritual masters coming through Śrīla Madhvācārya and Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; the followers in that tradition.",
      "definition_html": "the authorized Vaiṣṇava disciplic succession of bona fide spiritual masters coming through Śrīla Madhvācārya and Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; the followers in that tradition."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gayā",
      "definition": "a famous holy place on the bank of the Phalgu River in the state of Bihar, where many pilgrims go to offer worship on behalf of their forefathers. The imprint of the lotus feet of the Lord are enshrined there, and it was there that Lord Caitanya met and was initiated by Isvara Purī. Lord Buddha attained here nirvāṇa. This is one of the four places in India where many pilgrims come to offer oblations to deparated ancestors.",
      "definition_html": "a famous holy place on the bank of the Phalgu River in the state of Bihar, where many pilgrims go to offer worship on behalf of their forefathers. The imprint of the lotus feet of the Lord are enshrined there, and it was there that Lord Caitanya met and was initiated by Isvara Purī. Lord Buddha attained here <i>nirvāṇa. </i>This is one of the four places in India where many pilgrims come to offer oblations to deparated ancestors."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gañjā",
      "definition": "marijuana. Goloka (Kṛṣṇaloka)—the highest spiritual planet, containing Kṛṣṇa's personal abodes, Dvārakā, Mathurā, and Vṛndāvana. Gopas—cowherd men (or boys). Gopīs—Kṛṣṇa's cowherd girl friends, His most confidential servitors. Guru—a spiritual master.",
      "definition_html": "marijuana.<br/> <b>Goloka (Kṛṣṇaloka)</b>—the highest spiritual planet, containing Kṛṣṇa's personal abodes, Dvārakā, Mathurā, and Vṛndāvana.<br/> <b>Gopas</b>—cowherd men (or boys).<br/> <b>Gopīs</b>—Kṛṣṇa's cowherd girl friends, His most confidential servitors.<br/> <b>Guru</b>—a spiritual master."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gaṅgā",
      "definition": "the famous and holy Ganges river of India, which runs throughout the entire universe. She originates from the spiritual world, and descended when Lord Vāmanadeva kicked a hole in the top of the universe. One is recommended to bathe in the Ganges for purification. She married Mahārāja Śantanu and begot the famous devotee and warrior, Bhīṣmadeva",
      "definition_html": "the famous and holy Ganges river of India, which runs throughout the entire universe. She originates from the spiritual world, and descended when Lord Vāmanadeva kicked a hole in the top of the universe. One is recommended to bathe in the Ganges for purification. She married Mahārāja Śantanu and begot the famous devotee and warrior, Bhīṣmadeva"
    },
    {
      "term": "Gaṇeśa",
      "definition": "the demigod in charge of material opulence and freedom from misfortune. He is the son of Lord Śiva and Pārvatī, and is the scribe who wrote down the Mahābhārata. He has an elephant head. He has a rat for a carrier.",
      "definition_html": "the demigod in charge of material opulence and freedom from misfortune. He is the son of Lord Śiva and Pārvatī, and is the scribe who wrote down the <i>Mahābhārata. </i>He has an elephant head. He has a rat for a carrier."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ghana",
      "definition": "transcendental bliss that is complete (lit. \"concentrated\").",
      "definition_html": "transcendental bliss that is complete (lit. \"concentrated\")."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ghara-bhāta",
      "definition": "rice prepared at home, not offered to Lord Jagannātha in His temple.",
      "definition_html": "rice prepared at home, not offered to Lord Jagannātha in His temple."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ghat",
      "definition": "steps that lead down to holy river, lake or kuṇḍa.",
      "definition_html": "steps that lead down to holy river, lake or <b><i>kuṇḍa</i></b>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ghaṭa-paṭiyā",
      "definition": "Māyāvāda philosophy, which sees no distinctions, stating that everything is one.",
      "definition_html": "Māyāvāda philosophy, which sees no distinctions, stating that everything is one."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ghaṭotkaca",
      "definition": "the son of Bhīma by Hidimbī, a Rākṣasa woman. He played a very important role in the Kurukṣetra war. He was killed by Karṇa with the Śakti weapon of Indra.",
      "definition_html": "the son of Bhīma by Hidimbī, a Rākṣasa woman. He played a very important role in the Kurukṣetra war. He was killed by Karṇa with the Śakti weapon of Indra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ghee",
      "definition": "clarified butter",
      "definition_html": "clarified butter"
    },
    {
      "term": "Ghṛta",
      "definition": "ghee.",
      "definition_html": "ghee."
    },
    {
      "term": "Giri",
      "definition": "hill.",
      "definition_html": "hill."
    },
    {
      "term": "Giridhārī (Govardhana)-silā",
      "definition": "stones from Govardhana Hill in Vṛndāvana. Worship of these stones was inaugurated by Lord Caitanya and Raghunātha dāsa Gosvāmī. On the basis of statements from Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, Lord Caitanya established the non-difference of Govardhana Hill and Kṛṣṇa. By such worship Raghunātha dāsa Gosvāmī got the direct darśana of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "stones from Govardhana Hill in Vṛndāvana. Worship of these stones was inaugurated by Lord Caitanya and Raghunātha dāsa Gosvāmī. On the basis of statements from <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, </i>Lord Caitanya established the non-difference of Govardhana Hill and Kṛṣṇa. By such worship Raghunātha dāsa Gosvāmī got the direct <i>darśana</i> of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Girivraja",
      "definition": "the capital city of Jarāsandha.",
      "definition_html": "the capital city of Jarāsandha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Giriśa",
      "definition": "Śiva-the guṇa-avatāra who is the superintendent of the mode of ignorance (tamoguṇa) and who takes charge of destroying the universe at the time of annihilation. He disguised himself as a Kirāta and fought with Arjuna over a boar. Lord Śiva was pleased with Arjuna and gave him a benediction of the Paśupati astra by which he could kill Jayadratha. He also gave a benediction to Aśvatthāmā that he could kill the remaining soldiers on the side of the Pāṇḍavas while they were sleeping in their tents. He is also considered the greatest Vaiṣṇava, or devotee, of Lord Kṛṣṇa. He is confused by some with the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "Śiva-the <i>guṇa-avatāra</i> who is the superintendent of the mode of ignorance <i>(tamoguṇa) </i>and who takes charge of destroying the universe at the time of annihilation. He disguised himself as a Kirāta and fought with Arjuna over a boar. Lord Śiva was pleased with Arjuna and gave him a benediction of the <i>Paśupati</i> <i>astra</i> by which he could kill Jayadratha. He also gave a benediction to Aśvatthāmā that he could kill the remaining soldiers on the side of the Pāṇḍavas while they were sleeping in their tents. He is also considered the <b>greatest</b> Vaiṣṇava, or devotee, of Lord Kṛṣṇa. He is confused by some with the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Glāni",
      "definition": "a feeling that one is in a faulty position, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "a feeling that one is in a faulty position, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Go-dāsa",
      "definition": "servant of the senses. Gopīs—Kṛṣṇa's cowherd girl friends who are related with the Lord in conjugal love. Gosvāmīs of Vṛndāvana—six of the principal followers of Caitanya Mahāprabhu, who wrote books on the bhakti cult and excavated the lost holy places of Vṛndāvana.",
      "definition_html": "servant of the senses.<br/> <i>Gopīs</i>—Kṛṣṇa's cowherd girl friends who are related with the Lord in conjugal love.<br/> Gosvāmīs of Vṛndāvana—six of the principal followers of Caitanya Mahāprabhu, who wrote books on the <i>bhakti</i> cult and excavated the lost holy places of Vṛndāvana."
    },
    {
      "term": "Godhead",
      "definition": "the ultimate source of all energies.",
      "definition_html": "the ultimate source of all energies."
    },
    {
      "term": "Godown",
      "definition": "warehouse, storage room.",
      "definition_html": "warehouse, storage room."
    },
    {
      "term": "Godāsa",
      "definition": "servant of the senses.",
      "definition_html": "servant of the senses."
    },
    {
      "term": "Goldsmith, Oliver (1730-1774)",
      "definition": "an Anglo-Irish author who was famed as an essayist, poet, novelist, playwright, biographer and historian. One of his major poems is \"The Deserted Village\".",
      "definition_html": "an Anglo-Irish author who was famed as an essayist, poet, novelist, playwright, biographer and historian. One of his major poems is<b><i> \"The Deserted Village\"</i></b>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Goloka",
      "definition": "the supreme planet in the spiritual world, VAIKUṆṬHA.",
      "definition_html": "the supreme planet in the spiritual world, VAIKUṆṬHA."
    },
    {
      "term": "Goloka (Kṛṣṇaloka)",
      "definition": "the highest spiritual planet, containing Kṛṣṇa's personal abodes, Dvārakā, Mathurā and Vṛndāvana. Gopīs—Kṛṣṇa's cowherd girl friends who are His most confidential servitors. Gṛhastha—regulated householder life; the second order of Vedic spiritual life. Guru—a spiritual master or superior person.",
      "definition_html": "the highest spiritual planet, containing Kṛṣṇa's personal abodes, Dvārakā, Mathurā and Vṛndāvana.<br/> <i>Gopīs</i>—Kṛṣṇa's cowherd girl friends who are His most confidential servitors.<br/> <i>Gṛhastha</i>—regulated householder life; the second order of Vedic spiritual life.<br/> <i>Guru</i>—a spiritual master or superior person."
    },
    {
      "term": "Goloka Vṛndāvana (Kṛṣṇaloka)",
      "definition": "the highest spiritual planet in the kingdom of God, Lord Kṛṣṇa's personal abode.",
      "definition_html": "the highest spiritual planet in the kingdom of God, Lord Kṛṣṇa's personal abode."
    },
    {
      "term": "Good and evil",
      "definition": "See Problem of evil.",
      "definition_html": "See Problem of evil."
    },
    {
      "term": "Goodness",
      "definition": "See Modes of nature (Sattva-guṇa).",
      "definition_html": "See Modes of nature (Sattva-guṇa)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Goonda (guṇḍa)",
      "definition": "hired thug.",
      "definition_html": "hired thug."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gopijana-vallabha",
      "definition": "the Supreme Lord Kṛṣṇa, who is dear to the gopīs.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Lord Kṛṣṇa, who is dear to the<i> gopīs.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Gopuram (gopura)",
      "definition": "highly carved soaring towers over the gates of the temples",
      "definition_html": "highly carved soaring towers over the gates of the temples"
    },
    {
      "term": "Gopāla",
      "definition": "a name of Kṛṣṇa as a young boy; the Supreme Lord Kṛṣṇa, who protects the cows.",
      "definition_html": "a name of Kṛṣṇa as a young boy; the Supreme Lord Kṛṣṇa, who protects the cows."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gopāla Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmī",
      "definition": "one of the Six Gosvāmīs of Vṛndāvana, who directly followed Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu and systematically presented His teachings, born at the beginning of the 16th century near Śrī Raṅgam in South India. He met Lord Caitanya as a child when the Lord stayed with his father, Vyenkata Bhaṭṭa, during the four-month rainy season. On the order of Lord Caitanya he journeyed to Vṛndāvana to join the other Gosvāmīs. While on pilgrimage he obtained twelve śālagrama-śīlās. Later, a Dāmodara śilā manifested Himself as the beautiful Rādhā-ramaṇa Deity, Who is worshiped to this day with great eclat. Gopāla Bhaṭṭa assisted Sanātana Gosvāmī in his writing.",
      "definition_html": "one of the Six Gosvāmīs of Vṛndāvana, who directly followed Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu and systematically presented His teachings, born at the beginning of the 16th century near Śrī Raṅgam in South India. He met Lord Caitanya as a child when the Lord stayed with his father, Vyenkata Bhaṭṭa, during the four-month rainy season. On the order of Lord Caitanya he journeyed to Vṛndāvana to join the other Gosvāmīs. While on pilgrimage he obtained twelve <i>śālagrama-śīlās. </i>Later, a Dāmodara <i>śilā</i> manifested Himself as the beautiful Rādhā-ramaṇa Deity, Who is worshiped to this day with great <i>eclat. </i>Gopāla Bhaṭṭa assisted Sanātana Gosvāmī in his writing."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gopāla Bhaṭṭa Goswami",
      "definition": "one of the six Vaiṣṇava spiritual masters who directly followed Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU and systematically presented His teachings.",
      "definition_html": "one of the six Vaiṣṇava spiritual masters who directly followed Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU and systematically presented His teachings."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gopī-candana",
      "definition": "type of clay used for tilaka. Sacred earth from a pond near Dvārakā, used by devotees in making auspicious markings on the body.",
      "definition_html": "type of clay used for <i>tilaka</i>. Sacred earth from a pond near Dvārakā, used by devotees in making auspicious markings on the body."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gopīs",
      "definition": "the cowherd girls of Vraja, who are generally the counterparts of Śrī Kṛṣṇa's hlādini-sākti, Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī. They assist Her as maidservants in her conjugal pastimes with the Supreme Personality of Godhead; Gopāla Kṛṣṇa's cowherd girl friends, who are His most surrendered and confidential devotees.",
      "definition_html": "the cowherd girls of Vraja, who are generally the counterparts of Śrī Kṛṣṇa's <i>hlādini</i>-<i>sākti</i>,<i> </i>Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī. They assist Her as maidservants in her conjugal pastimes with the Supreme Personality of Godhead; Gopāla Kṛṣṇa's cowherd girl friends, who are His most surrendered and confidential devotees."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gopīśvara",
      "definition": "Śiva-the guṇa-avatāra who is the superintendent of the mode of ignorance (tamoguṇa) and who takes charge of destroying the universe at the time of annihilation. He disguised himself as a Kirāta and fought with Arjuna over a boar. Lord Śiva was pleased with Arjuna and gave him a benediction of the Paśupati astra by which he could kill Jayadratha. He also gave a benediction to Aśvatthāmā that he could kill the remaining soldiers on the side of the Pāṇḍavas while they were sleeping in their tents. He is also considered the greatest Vaiṣṇava, or devotee, of Lord Kṛṣṇa. He is confused by some with the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "Śiva-the <i>guṇa-avatāra</i> who is the superintendent of the mode of ignorance <i>(tamoguṇa) </i>and who takes charge of destroying the universe at the time of annihilation. He disguised himself as a Kirāta and fought with Arjuna over a boar. Lord Śiva was pleased with Arjuna and gave him a benediction of the <i>Paśupati</i> <i>astra</i> by which he could kill Jayadratha. He also gave a benediction to Aśvatthāmā that he could kill the remaining soldiers on the side of the Pāṇḍavas while they were sleeping in their tents. He is also considered the <b>greatest</b> Vaiṣṇava, or devotee, of Lord Kṛṣṇa. He is confused by some with the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gosvāmī",
      "definition": "a person who has his senses under full control: the title of a person in the renounced order of life, sannyasa. (go-senses + svamī-master) master of the senses.",
      "definition_html": "a person who has his senses under full control: the title of a person in the renounced order of life, <i>sannyasa. (go-</i>senses + <i>svamī-</i>master) master of the senses."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gosvāmī-viddhi",
      "definition": "\"the way of the Gosvāmīs,\" i.e., transcendental devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "\"the way of the Gosvāmīs,\" i.e., transcendental devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "goswami",
      "definition": "See SWAMI.",
      "definition_html": "See SWAMI."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gosāñi",
      "definition": "other name for Gosvāmī.",
      "definition_html": "other name for <i>Gosvāmī</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Govardhana",
      "definition": "a large hill dear to Lord Kṛṣṇa and His devotees. Kṛṣṇa held it up for seven days to protect His devotees in Vṛndāvana from a devastating storm sent by Indra.",
      "definition_html": "a large hill dear to Lord Kṛṣṇa and His devotees. Kṛṣṇa held it up for seven days to protect His devotees in Vṛndāvana from a devastating storm sent by Indra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Govardhana Hill",
      "definition": "Hill in Vṛndāvan where Lord Kṛṣṇa had transcendental Pastimes with cows and cowherds boys. The nature of Govardhana is that it is non-different from Kṛṣṇa Himself. The Absolute Truth is non-different from His Name, Fame, Land, devotees, Entourage.",
      "definition_html": "Hill in Vṛndāvan where Lord Kṛṣṇa had transcendental Pastimes with cows and cowherds boys. The nature of Govardhana is that it is non-different from Kṛṣṇa Himself. The Absolute Truth is non-different from His Name, Fame, Land, devotees, Entourage."
    },
    {
      "term": "Govardhana-dhārī",
      "definition": "Kṛṣṇa, the lifter of Govardhana Hill.",
      "definition_html": "Kṛṣṇa, the lifter of Govardhana Hill."
    },
    {
      "term": "Govardhana-śilā",
      "definition": "a stone from Govardhana Hill in Vṛndāvana; it is as worshipable as Kṛṣṇa Himself.",
      "definition_html": "a stone from Govardhana Hill in Vṛndāvana; it is as worshipable as Kṛṣṇa Himself."
    },
    {
      "term": "Govinda",
      "definition": "a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning “one who gives pleasure to the land, the cows, and the senses.”",
      "definition_html": "a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning “one who gives pleasure to the land, the cows, and the senses.”"
    },
    {
      "term": "Govinda dāsa Ṭhākura",
      "definition": "the author of several important Vaiṣṇava songs.",
      "definition_html": "the author of several important Vaiṣṇava songs."
    },
    {
      "term": "Goṣṭhy-ānandī",
      "definition": "a Vaiṣṇava who is interested in spreading Kṛṣṇa consciousness.",
      "definition_html": "a Vaiṣṇava who is interested in spreading Kṛṣṇa consciousness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Granthika",
      "definition": "a name used by Nakula during the last year of the Pāṇḍavas' exile in the kingdom of Virāṭa.",
      "definition_html": "a name used by Nakula during the last year of the Pāṇḍavas' exile in the kingdom of Virāṭa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gross body",
      "definition": "The body that grows on food is known in Sanskrit as the sthūla-śarīra, the gross body. It is a combination of the gross material elements moved about by the soul under the spell of the three modes of material nature. This body is ever-changing, transformed by birth, growth, maturity, reproduction, old age, and death. The living entity who rides within the heart of the body attempts to find satisfaction through sense happiness. But sense happiness is inseparable from sense distress. By Vedic knowledge, the body can be engaged in acts of sacrifice that liberate the soul from the duality of happiness and distress. The body of a pure devotee, who keeps himself always in Kṛṣṇa consciousness, loses its ordinary material qualities, just as a piece of iron loses its usual qualities when it is kept within fire. As the iron becomes fiery, similarly the body of a pure devotee is spiritualized. See Ecstasy, Elements, Modes of nature, Soul, Subtle body.",
      "definition_html": "The body that grows on food is known in Sanskrit as the <i>sthūla-śarīra,</i> the gross body. It is a combination of the gross material elements moved about by the soul under the spell of the three modes of material nature. This body is ever-changing, transformed by birth, growth, maturity, reproduction, old age, and death. The living entity who rides within the heart of the body attempts to find satisfaction through sense happiness. But sense happiness is inseparable from sense distress. By Vedic knowledge, the body can be engaged in acts of sacrifice that liberate the soul from the duality of happiness and distress. The body of a pure devotee, who keeps himself always in Kṛṣṇa consciousness, loses its ordinary material qualities, just as a piece of iron loses its usual qualities when it is kept within fire. As the iron becomes fiery, similarly the body of a pure devotee is spiritualized. See Ecstasy, Elements, Modes of nature, Soul, Subtle body."
    },
    {
      "term": "Grāmya-karma",
      "definition": "mundane activities.",
      "definition_html": "mundane activities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Grāmya-kathā",
      "definition": "talk concerning family life.",
      "definition_html": "talk concerning family life."
    },
    {
      "term": "Grāmya-kavi",
      "definition": "a poet who writes only about the relationship between man and woman.",
      "definition_html": "a poet who writes only about the relationship between man and woman."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gujarat",
      "definition": "a province in northwestern India.",
      "definition_html": "a province in northwestern India."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gurdwara",
      "definition": "Sikh religious complex, which usually includes a temple and guest house.",
      "definition_html": "Sikh religious complex, which usually includes a temple and guest house."
    },
    {
      "term": "Guru",
      "definition": "spiritual master; one of the three authorities for a Vaiṣṇava. Literally, this term means heavy. The spiritual master is called guru because he is heavy with knowledge. See Sādhu, Śāstra.",
      "definition_html": "spiritual master; one of the three authorities for a Vaiṣṇava. Literally, this term means heavy. The spiritual master is called <i>guru</i> because he is heavy with knowledge. See Sādhu, Śāstra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Guru-avajñā",
      "definition": "disobeying the instructions of the spiritual master.",
      "definition_html": "disobeying the instructions of the spiritual master."
    },
    {
      "term": "Guru-bhai",
      "definition": "god-brother",
      "definition_html": "god-brother"
    },
    {
      "term": "Guru-dakṣiṇā",
      "definition": "a disciple's gift to his spiritual master, collected by begging and given as a token of gratitude.",
      "definition_html": "a disciple's gift to his spiritual master, collected by begging and given as a token of gratitude."
    },
    {
      "term": "guru-kula",
      "definition": "a school of Vedic learning; boys begin at the age of five and live as celibate students, guided by a spiritual master.",
      "definition_html": "a school of Vedic learning; boys begin at the age of five and live as celibate students, guided by a spiritual master."
    },
    {
      "term": "Guru-kṛpā",
      "definition": "the mercy of the spiritual master.",
      "definition_html": "the mercy of the spiritual master."
    },
    {
      "term": "Guru-pūjā",
      "definition": "worship of the spiritual master.",
      "definition_html": "worship of the spiritual master."
    },
    {
      "term": "Guṇa",
      "definition": "a material quality, of which there are three—ignorance, passion and goodness.",
      "definition_html": "a material quality, of which there are three—ignorance, passion and goodness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Guṇa-avatāras",
      "definition": "incarnations who control material qualities; the presiding deities of the three modes of nature. Viṣṇu, Brahmā and Śiva.",
      "definition_html": "incarnations who control material qualities; the presiding deities of the three modes of nature. Viṣṇu, Brahmā and Śiva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Guṇa-māyā",
      "definition": "the material world.",
      "definition_html": "the material world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Guṇas",
      "definition": "the three modes, or qualities, of material nature: Brahmā controls passion, Viṣṇu goodness, and Śiva ignorance.",
      "definition_html": "the three modes, or qualities, of material nature: Brahmā controls passion, Viṣṇu goodness, and Śiva ignorance."
    },
    {
      "term": "Guṇātīta",
      "definition": "Nirguṇa-without material qualities; uncontaminated by the three modes of material nature.",
      "definition_html": "Nirguṇa-without material qualities; uncontaminated by the three modes of material nature."
    },
    {
      "term": "Guṇāvatāras",
      "definition": "the three incarnations who control the three modes of material nature. Brahmā controls passion, Viṣṇu goodness, and Śiva ignorance.",
      "definition_html": "the three incarnations who control the three modes of material nature. Brahmā controls passion, Viṣṇu goodness, and Śiva ignorance."
    },
    {
      "term": "Guṇḍicā-mārjana",
      "definition": "washing and cleansing the Guṇḍicā temple.",
      "definition_html": "washing and cleansing the Guṇḍicā temple."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gāndhāra",
      "definition": "a province in ancient India believed to be the present day Afghanistan.",
      "definition_html": "a province in ancient India believed to be the present day Afghanistan."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gāndhārī",
      "definition": "the saintly and faithful wife of King Dhṛtarāṣṭra and mother of one hundred sons. The daughter of King Subala of Gāndhāra. She was a great devotee of Lord Śiva from her childhood. Lord Śiva blessed her with a benediction she could have one hundred sons. Śrīla Vyāsadeva also blessed her with the same benediction. She was married to Dhṛtarāṣṭra, who was blind. When she found out that her future husband was blind, she voluntarily blindfolded herself for the rest of her life. She is considered one of the most chaste women of all time.",
      "definition_html": "the saintly and faithful wife of King Dhṛtarāṣṭra and mother of one hundred sons. The daughter of King Subala of Gāndhāra. She was a great devotee of Lord Śiva from her childhood. Lord Śiva blessed her with a benediction she could have one hundred sons. Śrīla Vyāsadeva also blessed her with the same benediction. She was married to Dhṛtarāṣṭra, who was blind. When she found out that her future husband was blind, she voluntarily blindfolded herself for the rest of her life. She is considered one of the most chaste women of all time."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gāyatrī",
      "definition": "a sacred mantra that a brāhmaṇa chants silently three times a day at sunrise, noon and sunset to attain the transcendental platform; the Vedic mantra that delivers one from material entanglement.",
      "definition_html": "a sacred <i>mantra </i>that a <i>brāhmaṇa </i>chants silently three times a day<i> </i>at sunrise, noon and sunset to attain the transcendental platform; the Vedic <i>mantra</i> that delivers one from material entanglement."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gāñjā",
      "definition": "marijuana.",
      "definition_html": "marijuana."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gāṇḍīva",
      "definition": "the famous bow of Arjuna gifted to him by Varuṇa before the burning of the Khāṇḍava forest. (Ādi Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "the famous bow of Arjuna gifted to him by Varuṇa before the burning of the Khāṇḍava forest. (Ādi Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Gṛha",
      "definition": "home. For spiritual cultivation one requires an undisturbed place or the good association of devotees.",
      "definition_html": "home. For spiritual cultivation one requires an undisturbed place or the good association of devotees."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gṛha-vrata",
      "definition": "one who is attached to living in a comfortable home although it is actually miserable; one attached to the material duties of family life.",
      "definition_html": "one who is attached to living in a comfortable home although it is actually miserable; one attached to the material duties of family life."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gṛham andhakūpam",
      "definition": "the \"blind well\" of family affection.",
      "definition_html": "the \"blind well\" of family affection."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gṛhamedhi",
      "definition": "envious materialistic householder who lives only for sense gratification.",
      "definition_html": "envious materialistic householder who lives only for sense gratification."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gṛhastha",
      "definition": "householder stage of life. One who lives in God conscious married life and raises a family in Kṛṣṇa consciousness; regulated householder living according to the Vedic social system; the second order of Vedic spiritual life.",
      "definition_html": "householder stage of life. One who lives in God conscious married life and raises a family in Kṛṣṇa consciousness; regulated householder living according to the Vedic social system; the second order of Vedic spiritual life."
    },
    {
      "term": "Gṛhasthas",
      "definition": "Kṛṣṇa conscious householders.",
      "definition_html": "Kṛṣṇa conscious householders."
    },
    {
      "term": "Haihayas",
      "definition": "a dynasty of demoniac kings destroyed by Lord Paraśurāma.",
      "definition_html": "a dynasty of demoniac kings destroyed by Lord Paraśurāma."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hamlyn, David W",
      "definition": "Professor of Philosophy at Birbeck College, University of London. He is the author of a number of books on philosophy and the editor of Mind magazine.",
      "definition_html": "Professor of Philosophy at Birbeck College, University of London. He is the author of a number of books on philosophy and the editor of <i>Mind</i> magazine."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hanumān",
      "definition": "the great famous monkey devotee of Lord Rāmacandra. The eleventh portion of Rudra. He is the brother of Bhīma and the son of the wind-god, Vāyu, and Añjana, the daughter of Gautama Ṛṣi. The story of how Bhīma and Hanumān met is told in the Vana Parva of the Mahābhārata. Hanumān gave a benediction to Bhīma that he would ride on the flagstaff of Arjuna's chariot and strike terror into the Kaurava troops with earth trembling battle cries. He served the Supreme Lord in His incarnation as Lord Rāmacandra and assisted Him in defeating the demon Rāvaṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the great famous monkey devotee of Lord Rāmacandra. The eleventh portion of Rudra. He is the brother of Bhīma and the son of the wind-god, Vāyu, and Añjana, the daughter of Gautama Ṛṣi. The story of how Bhīma and Hanumān met is told in the Vana Parva of the Mahābhārata. Hanumān gave a benediction to Bhīma that he would ride on the flagstaff of Arjuna's chariot and strike terror into the Kaurava troops with earth trembling battle cries. He served the Supreme Lord in His incarnation as Lord Rāmacandra and assisted Him in defeating the demon Rāvaṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hara",
      "definition": "a name of Lord Śiva-the guṇa-avatāra who is the superintendent of the mode of ignorance (tamoguṇa) and who takes charge of destroying the universe at the time of annihilation. He disguised himself as a Kirāta and fought with Arjuna over a boar. Lord Śiva was pleased with Arjuna and gave him a benediction of the Paśupati astra by which he could kill Jayadratha. He also gave a benediction to Aśvatthāmā that he could kill the remaining soldiers on the side of the Pāṇḍavas while they were sleeping in their tents. He is also considered the greatest Vaiṣṇava, or devotee, of Lord Kṛṣṇa. He is confused by some with the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "a name of Lord Śiva-the <i>guṇa-avatāra</i> who is the superintendent of the mode of ignorance <i>(tamoguṇa) </i>and who takes charge of destroying the universe at the time of annihilation. He disguised himself as a Kirāta and fought with Arjuna over a boar. Lord Śiva was pleased with Arjuna and gave him a benediction of the <i>Paśupati</i> <i>astra</i> by which he could kill Jayadratha. He also gave a benediction to Aśvatthāmā that he could kill the remaining soldiers on the side of the Pāṇḍavas while they were sleeping in their tents. He is also considered the <b>greatest</b> Vaiṣṇava, or devotee, of Lord Kṛṣṇa. He is confused by some with the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hare",
      "definition": "A form of address to the energy of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "A form of address to the energy of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hare (Harā)",
      "definition": "See RĀDHĀ.",
      "definition_html": "See RĀDHĀ."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hare Kṛṣṇa mantra",
      "definition": "a sixteen-word prayer composed of the names Hare, Kṛṣṇa, and Rāma: Hare Kṛṣṇa, Hare Kṛṣṇa, Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa, Hare Hare, Hare Rāma, Hare Rāma, Rāma Rāma, Hare Hare is the personal form of God's own happiness, His eternal consort, Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī. Kṛṣṇa, \"the all-attractive one,\" and Rāma, \"the all-pleasing one,\" are names of God. This prayer means \"My dear Rādhārāṇī and Kṛṣṇa, please engage me in Your devotional service.\" The Vedas recommend the chanting of the Hare Kṛṣṇa mantra as the easiest and most sublime method of awakening one's dormant love of God; the great chant for deliverance. These names have been particularly recommended for chanting in this age; The chanting of this mantra is the most recommended means for spiritual progress in this age of Kali, as it cleanses the mind and enables one to transcend the temporary designations of race, religion, and nationality and to understand one's true identity as an eternal spiritual being. In other words, simply by chanting Hare Kṛṣṇa one can directly experience self-realization and lead a blissful life. See Kali-yuga, Mantra.",
      "definition_html": "a sixteen-word prayer composed of the names Hare<i>, </i>Kṛṣṇa<i>, </i>and Rāma:<i> </i>Hare Kṛṣṇa, Hare Kṛṣṇa, Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa, Hare Hare, Hare Rāma, Hare Rāma, Rāma Rāma, Hare Hare<i> </i>is<i> </i>the personal form of God's own happiness, His eternal consort, Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī. Kṛṣṇa, \"the all-attractive one,\" and Rāma, \"the all-pleasing one,\" are names of God. This prayer means \"My dear Rādhārāṇī and Kṛṣṇa, please engage me in Your devotional service.\" The <b><i>Vedas</i></b><i> </i>recommend the chanting of the Hare Kṛṣṇa <i>mantra </i>as the easiest and most sublime method of awakening one's dormant love of God; the great chant for deliverance. These names have been particularly recommended for chanting in this age; The chanting of this <i>mantra</i> is the most recommended means for spiritual progress in this age of Kali, as it cleanses the mind and enables one to transcend the temporary designations of race, religion, and nationality and to understand one's true identity as an eternal spiritual being. In other words, simply by chanting Hare Kṛṣṇa one can directly experience self-realization and lead a blissful life. See Kali-yuga, Mantra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hare Kṛṣṇa, Hare Kṛṣṇa, Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa, Hare Hare/Hare Rāma, Hare Rāma, Rāma Rāma, Hare Hare",
      "definition": "the mahā-mantra, or great chant for deliverance. Kṛṣṇa and Rāma are names of the Lord, and Hare addresses the energy of the Lord. These names have been particularly recommended for chanting in this age.",
      "definition_html": "the <i>mahā-mantra</i>, or great chant for deliverance. Kṛṣṇa and Rāma are names of the Lord, and Hare addresses the energy of the Lord. These names have been particularly recommended for chanting in this age."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hari",
      "definition": "the Supreme Lord, who removes all obstacles to spiritual progress; Lord Viṣṇu, the seeing the Deity of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Lord, who removes all obstacles to spiritual progress; Lord Viṣṇu, the seeing the Deity of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hari-bhakti-vilāsa",
      "definition": "the ritual and devotional practices of the Gauḍīya-vaiṣṇava-sampradāya, codified into twenty chapters by Śrīla Sanātana Gosvāmī and Śrīla Gopāla Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmī. The work represents extensive scriptural research and includes a Sanskrit commentary written by Śrīla Sanātana Gosvāmī called Dig-darśiṇī Tika.",
      "definition_html": "the ritual and devotional practices of the Gauḍīya-vaiṣṇava-sampradāya, codified into twenty chapters by Śrīla Sanātana Gosvāmī and Śrīla Gopāla Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmī. The work represents extensive scriptural research and includes a Sanskrit commentary written by Śrīla Sanātana Gosvāmī called <i>Dig-darśiṇī Tika.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Hari-cakra",
      "definition": "Kṛṣṇa's Sudarśana weapon, the wheel.",
      "definition_html": "Kṛṣṇa's Sudarśana weapon, the wheel."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hari-kathā",
      "definition": "topics of Lord Hari, Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "topics of Lord Hari, Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hari-kīrtana",
      "definition": "the chanting of the names of Lord Hari (Kṛṣṇa); Saṅkīrtana-yajña-the sacrifice prescribed for the Age of Kali, namely, congregational chanting of the name, fame and pastimes of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.",
      "definition_html": "the chanting of the names of Lord Hari (Kṛṣṇa); Saṅkīrtana-yajña-the sacrifice prescribed for the Age of Kali, namely, congregational chanting of the name, fame and pastimes of the Supreme Personality of Godhead."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hari-nāma initiation",
      "definition": "initiation into the chanting of the Hare Kṛṣṇa mahā-mantra. Hātī-mātā—the \"mad elephant\" offense committed against a Vaiṣṇava, which destroys one's devotional creeper.",
      "definition_html": "initiation into the chanting of the Hare Kṛṣṇa <i>mahā-mantra</i>.<br/> <i>Hātī-mātā</i>—the \"mad elephant\" offense committed against a Vaiṣṇava, which destroys one's devotional creeper."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hari-nāma-saṅkīrtana",
      "definition": "congregational chanting of the holy names of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "congregational chanting of the holy names of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hari-vaṁśa",
      "definition": "the appendix to the Mahābhārata. It is a summary of Kṛṣṇa's pastimes by Śrīla Vyāsadeva.",
      "definition_html": "the appendix to the <i>Mahābhārata. </i>It is a summary of Kṛṣṇa's pastimes by Śrīla Vyāsadeva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Haribol",
      "definition": "\"Chant the holy name.\"",
      "definition_html": "\"Chant the holy name.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Haridvāra (Hardwar)",
      "definition": "a famous place of pilgrimage in the northern foothills of the Himālaya Mountains. This is where Ajāmila went for purification, where Prajāpati Dakṣa performed his sacrifice and lost his daughter Satī, and where some drops of nectar falling from the hand of Mohinī-mūrti, the Lord's incarnation as a woman, landed. Because these drops of nectar fell, there is a Kumbha-melā every twelve years here. Nowadays the town is known as Haradwara, meaning \"the gateway to Lord Śiva.\"",
      "definition_html": "a famous place of pilgrimage in the northern foothills of the Himālaya Mountains. This is where Ajāmila went for purification, where Prajāpati Dakṣa performed his sacrifice and lost his daughter Satī, and where some drops of nectar falling from the hand of Mohinī-mūrti, the Lord's incarnation as a woman, landed. Because these drops of nectar fell, there is a Kumbha-melā every twelve years here. Nowadays the town is known as Haradwara, meaning \"the gateway to Lord Śiva.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Haridāsa Ṭhākur",
      "definition": "a great devotee recommended by Lord Caitanya as nāmācārya (teacher of chanting of the holy name).",
      "definition_html": "a great devotee recommended by Lord Caitanya as <i>nāmācārya</i> (teacher of chanting of the holy name)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Haridāsa Ṭhākura",
      "definition": "although born in a Muslim family, he was a confidential associate of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu. He was so absorbed in the nectar of the Holy Name that he chanted day and night, and it was his regular practice to chant 300,000 names of the Lord daily. Lord Caitanya made him the nāmācārya (teacher of chanting of the holy name).The Muslim government and caste-conscious Hindus attempted to persecute him, but all of their efforts failed, as he was under the direct protection of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "although born in a Muslim family, he was a confidential associate of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu. He was so absorbed in the nectar of the Holy Name that he chanted day and night, and it was his regular practice to chant 300,000 names of the Lord daily. Lord Caitanya made him the <i>nāmācārya </i>(teacher of chanting of the holy name).The Muslim government and caste-conscious Hindus attempted to persecute him, but all of their efforts failed, as he was under the direct protection of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Harināma-yajña",
      "definition": "congregational chanting of the holy names of the Supreme Lord, the recommended sacrifice for this age.",
      "definition_html": "congregational chanting of the holy names of the Supreme Lord, the recommended sacrifice for this age."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hariścandra",
      "definition": "the twenty-eighth king in the Tretā-yuga. He appeared in the dynasty of the sun as the son of Triśaṅku, and he is celebrated in the Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa as the pious king who satisfied Viśvāmitra Muni by sacrificing his kingdom, wife, and son.",
      "definition_html": "the twenty-eighth king in the Tretā-yuga. He appeared in the dynasty of the sun as the son of Triśaṅku, and he is celebrated in the <i>Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa </i>as the pious king who satisfied Viśvāmitra Muni by sacrificing his kingdom, wife, and son."
    },
    {
      "term": "Haryakṣa",
      "definition": "see: Hiraṇyākṣa",
      "definition_html": "<i>see:</i> Hiraṇyākṣa"
    },
    {
      "term": "Harā",
      "definition": "Rādhārāṇī-Lord Kṛṣṇa's most intimate consort, who the personification of the internal, pleasure potency of Lord Kṛṣṇa. She appeared in this world as the daughter of King Vṛsabhānu and Kirti-devī and is the Queen of Vṛndāvana. The most favorite consort of Kṛṣṇa in Vrindavana, situated on Lord Kṛṣṇa's left on altars and pictures.",
      "definition_html": "Rādhārāṇī-Lord Kṛṣṇa's most intimate consort, who the personification of the internal, pleasure potency of Lord Kṛṣṇa. She appeared in this world as the daughter of King Vṛsabhānu and Kirti-devī and is the Queen of Vṛndāvana. The most favorite consort of Kṛṣṇa in Vrindavana, situated on Lord Kṛṣṇa's left on altars and pictures."
    },
    {
      "term": "Harṣa",
      "definition": "jubilation, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "jubilation, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hastināpura",
      "definition": "the ancient capital city of Bhārata-varṣa, or India. The Sanskrit word hasti means elephants and in this city there were many elephants kept. It occupies a portion of what is today called New Delhi; The capital city of the Pāṇḍavas. When Dhṛtarāṣṭra wanted to give the Pāṇḍavas half of the kingdom, this part was given.",
      "definition_html": "the ancient capital city of Bhārata-varṣa, or India. The Sanskrit word <i>hasti</i> means elephants and in this city there were many elephants kept. It occupies a portion of what is today called New Delhi; The capital city of the Pāṇḍavas. When Dhṛtarāṣṭra wanted to give the Pāṇḍavas half of the kingdom, this part was given."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hathi",
      "definition": "elephant",
      "definition_html": "elephant"
    },
    {
      "term": "Hawking, Stephen",
      "definition": "Famous British physicist (*1942) who believes the riddle of the origin of the universe can be solved by mathematics. Hawking is a positivist. See Logical Positivism, Positivism.",
      "definition_html": "Famous British physicist (*1942) who believes the riddle of the origin of the universe can be solved by mathematics. Hawking is a positivist. See Logical Positivism, Positivism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hayagriva",
      "definition": "Lord Kṛṣṇa's horse-headed incarnation, who returned the stolen Vedas to Brahmā.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Kṛṣṇa's horse-headed incarnation, who returned the stolen Vedas to Brahmā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hayaśīrṣā",
      "definition": "the horse-headed incarnation of Lord Kṛṣṇa. He spoke the Vedas to Lord Brahmā.",
      "definition_html": "the horse-headed incarnation of Lord Kṛṣṇa. He spoke the <i>Vedas</i> to Lord Brahmā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Haṭha-yoga",
      "definition": "the practice of postures and breathing exercises for achieving purification and sense control.",
      "definition_html": "the practice of postures and breathing exercises for achieving purification and sense control."
    },
    {
      "term": "Heavenly planets",
      "definition": "the higher planets of the universe, residences of the demigods.",
      "definition_html": "the higher planets of the universe, residences of the demigods."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hell",
      "definition": "hellish planets within this universe meant for the punishment and rectification of the sinful.",
      "definition_html": "hellish planets within this universe meant for the punishment and rectification of the sinful."
    },
    {
      "term": "Henotheism",
      "definition": "This term comes from the Greek eno, one, plus theo, God. Henotheism is a form of polytheism. It postulates that there are many gods, one of which rules the others, as Indra rules the demigods. The ruling god, however, is neither absolute nor eternal. He is just for the time being more powerful than the other gods. Max Mūller mistakenly thought the Vedic religion was henotheistic: the Vedas present many gods, and when any one of them is worshiped, that god or goddess becomes the highest deity of the Vedas. See Atheism, Demigods, Polytheism, Theism.",
      "definition_html": "This term comes from the Greek <i>eno,</i> one, plus <i>theo,</i> God. Henotheism is a form of polytheism. It postulates that there are many gods, one of which rules the others, as Indra rules the demigods. The ruling god, however, is neither absolute nor eternal. He is just for the time being more powerful than the other gods. Max Mūller mistakenly thought the Vedic religion was henotheistic: the Vedas present many gods, and when any one of them is worshiped, that god or goddess becomes the highest deity of the <b><i>Vedas</i></b>. See Atheism, Demigods, Polytheism, Theism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Herā-pañcamī festival",
      "definition": "celebration of the coming of the goddess of fortune to the Guṇḍicā temple.",
      "definition_html": "celebration of the coming of the goddess of fortune to the Guṇḍicā temple."
    },
    {
      "term": "Himavān",
      "definition": "the great mountain on the northern side of India. The Pāṇḍavas stayed for some time in this region.",
      "definition_html": "the great mountain on the northern side of India. The Pāṇḍavas stayed for some time in this region."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hindu",
      "definition": "a newly-concocted name for members of various social and religious groups of India.",
      "definition_html": "a newly-concocted name for members of various social and religious groups of India."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hinduism",
      "definition": "This term is derived from the name of a river in present-day Pakistan, the Sindhu, Sind or Indus. Beginning around 1000 AD, invading armies from the Middle East called the place beyond the Sindhu river Hindustan and the people who lived there the Hindus. (Due to the invaders' language, the s was changed to h.) In the centuries that followed, the term Hindu became acceptable even to the Indians themselves as a general designation for their different religious traditions. But since the word Hindu is not found in the Vedic scriptures upon which these traditions are based, it is quite inappropriate. The proper term is Vedic Dharma. See Dharma.",
      "definition_html": "This term is derived from the name of a river in present-day Pakistan, the Sindhu, Sind or Indus. Beginning around 1000 AD, invading armies from the Middle East called the place beyond the Sindhu river <i>Hindustan</i> and the people who lived there the <i>Hindus.</i> (Due to the invaders' language, the s was changed to h.) In the centuries that followed, the term Hindu became acceptable even to the Indians themselves as a general designation for their different religious traditions. But since the word Hindu is not found in the Vedic scriptures upon which these traditions are based, it is quite inappropriate. The proper term is <i>Vedic Dharma.</i> See Dharma."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hing",
      "definition": "asafoetida",
      "definition_html": "<i>asafoetida</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Hiraṇmaya Pātra",
      "definition": "The dazzling covering preventing the impersonalists from seeing the Personality of Godhead.",
      "definition_html": "The dazzling covering preventing the impersonalists from seeing the Personality of Godhead."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hiraṇmaya-mahat-tattva",
      "definition": "the total material energy.",
      "definition_html": "the total material energy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hiraṇyadhanus",
      "definition": "the father of Ekalavya, and the King of the Niśadhas, forest dwellers.",
      "definition_html": "the father of Ekalavya, and the King of the Niśadhas, forest dwellers."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hiraṇyakaśipu",
      "definition": "The most powerful materialist of his time. He tried to be immortal for the sake of material enjoyment but was killed by the Claws of Lord Nṛsiṁha, the avatāra of Godhead in the Form of half-lion, half-man.",
      "definition_html": "The most powerful materialist of his time. He tried to be immortal for the sake of material enjoyment but was killed by the Claws of Lord Nṛsiṁha, the <i>avatāra</i> of Godhead in the Form of half-lion, half-man."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hiraṇyavarman",
      "definition": "a king of Daśārṇa. His daughter was married to Śikhaṇḍī.",
      "definition_html": "a king of Daśārṇa. His daughter was married to Śikhaṇḍī."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hiraṇyākṣa",
      "definition": "the demoniac son of Kaśyapa who was killed by Lord Varāha.",
      "definition_html": "the demoniac son of Kaśyapa who was killed by Lord Varāha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hiḍimba",
      "definition": "a Rākṣasa who fought with Bhīma and was killed. This incident is mentioned in the Ādi Parva of the Mahābhārata.",
      "definition_html": "a Rākṣasa who fought with Bhīma and was killed. This incident is mentioned in the Ādi Parva of the <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hiḍimbī",
      "definition": "the sister of Hiḍimba. She later married Bhīma and begot a son named Ghaṭotkaca.",
      "definition_html": "the sister of Hiḍimba. She later married Bhīma and begot a son named Ghaṭotkaca."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hlādinī śakti",
      "definition": "Kṛṣṇa's pleasure potency.",
      "definition_html": "Kṛṣṇa's pleasure potency."
    },
    {
      "term": "Holī",
      "definition": "a major Hindu holiday celebrated on the last day of the bright fortnight of the month of Phalgun (February-March). This festival is said to be one of Kṛṣṇa's favorites. The most popular activity is ther throwing of colored water and powder by participants on each other.",
      "definition_html": "a major Hindu holiday celebrated on the last day of the bright fortnight of the month of Phalgun (February-March). This festival is said to be one of Kṛṣṇa's favorites. The most popular activity is ther throwing of colored water and powder by participants on each other."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hotravāhana",
      "definition": "the maternal grandfather of Ambā. He recommended to Ambā that she approach Paraśurāma to influence Bhīṣma to marry her.",
      "definition_html": "the maternal grandfather of Ambā. He recommended to Ambā that she approach Paraśurāma to influence Bhīṣma to marry her."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hoysala",
      "definition": "South Indian dynasty that ruled part of South India.",
      "definition_html": "South Indian dynasty that ruled part of South India."
    },
    {
      "term": "Humanism",
      "definition": "Humanism grew into a distinct ideological movement during the Renaissance as a reaction against feudalism and medieval theology. It proclaims freedom of the rational individual, opposes religious asceticism, and promotes man's rights to pleasure and the satisfaction of earthly desires and requirements. It is dedicated to fostering the ethical and creative development of the individual without reference to God or other concepts of the supernatural. In the nineteenth century, humanism took the shape of a secular religion; a prominent humanist of that time was Karl Marx. Today, the term is commonly used to mean a set of entirely non-religious beliefs and values. See Marxism, Relativism.",
      "definition_html": "Humanism grew into a distinct ideological movement during the Renaissance as a reaction against feudalism and medieval theology. It proclaims freedom of the rational individual, opposes religious asceticism, and promotes man's rights to pleasure and the satisfaction of earthly desires and requirements. It is dedicated to fostering the ethical and creative development of the individual without reference to God or other concepts of the supernatural. In the nineteenth century, humanism took the shape of a secular religion; a prominent humanist of that time was Karl Marx. Today, the term is commonly used to mean a set of entirely non-religious beliefs and values. See Marxism, Relativism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hume, David",
      "definition": "Along with Locke and Berkeley, Hume (1711-1776) is classified as one of the three principle British empiricist philosophers. He taught that knowledge is comprised of sense data; there is no a priori knowledge; existence is identical to our own ideas; there is no objective connection between cause and effect, and there is no mind, self, or spiritual substance apart from a bundle of sense impressions and ideas in our heads. See Empiricism.",
      "definition_html": "Along with Locke and Berkeley, Hume (1711-1776) is classified as one of the three principle British empiricist philosophers. He taught that knowledge is comprised of sense data; there is no <i>a priori</i> knowledge; existence is identical to our own ideas; there is no objective connection between cause and effect, and there is no mind, self, or spiritual substance apart from a bundle of sense impressions and ideas in our heads. See Empiricism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hypothetico-deduction",
      "definition": "A method of reasoning widely used in the Western world for a very long time. An example from history is found in De Stella Martis by Kepler, who was puzzled by the problem of the shape of the orbit of Mars. Unable to figure it out by empirical observation, Kepler decided to simply suppose that the orbit was elliptical. Following this hypothesis, he worked out positions for the planet that corresponded well with its observed positions. Thus his hypothesis was not formed on the basis of previous observations, as it would have been had Kepler followed the empirical method. Rather, it was devised by speculation. The observations were then deductively brought into line with that speculation. See Abduction, Deduction, Induction.",
      "definition_html": "A method of reasoning widely used in the Western world for a very long time. An example from history is found in <i>De Stella Martis</i> by Kepler, who was puzzled by the problem of the shape of the orbit of Mars. Unable to figure it out by empirical observation, Kepler decided to simply suppose that the orbit was elliptical. Following this hypothesis, he worked out positions for the planet that corresponded well with its observed positions. Thus his hypothesis was not formed on the basis of previous observations, as it would have been had Kepler followed the empirical method. Rather, it was devised by speculation. The observations were then deductively brought into line with that speculation. See Abduction, Deduction, Induction."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hādīka",
      "definition": "the father of Kṛtavarmān.",
      "definition_html": "the father of Kṛtavarmān."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hāsya-rasa",
      "definition": "the indirect relationship of laughing.",
      "definition_html": "the indirect relationship of laughing."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hṛta-jñāna",
      "definition": "bereft of intelligence.",
      "definition_html": "bereft of intelligence."
    },
    {
      "term": "Hṛṣīkeśa",
      "definition": "a name of Kṛṣṇa meaning \"the master of all senses.\"",
      "definition_html": "a name of Kṛṣṇa meaning \"the master of all senses.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Iconoclasts",
      "definition": "Those who refuse to accept that God can appear in the Form of Deities supposedly made of earth or stone. They do not accept as reality the inconceivable potencies of God, by which He, as the one Source of all energies, can convert material energy into spiritual energy according to His own will.",
      "definition_html": "Those who refuse to accept that God can appear in the Form of Deities supposedly made of earth or stone. They do not accept as reality the inconceivable potencies of God, by which He, as the one Source of all energies, can convert material energy into spiritual energy according to His own will."
    },
    {
      "term": "Idea",
      "definition": "The Greek term ida means form or pattern. An idea is anything that is contained in consciousness as an item of thought or awareness. It is usually taken to mean a mental image of something. It may also mean the essence of a thing; a general notion; an imagination; a belief, opinion or doctrine, or an ideal.",
      "definition_html": "The Greek term <i>ida</i> means form or pattern. An idea is anything that is contained in consciousness as an item of thought or awareness. It is usually taken to mean a mental image of something. It may also mean the essence of a thing; a general notion; an imagination; a belief, opinion or doctrine, or an ideal."
    },
    {
      "term": "Idealism",
      "definition": "Theoretically, the opposite of materialism. But like materialism, idealism is a very broad category of philosophy containing many shades of theory. It is sometimes called mentalism or immaterialism. Idealists believe the universe is the embodiment of a mind. All reality is mental, and matter does not exist. The external world is not physical. Famous idealist philosophers are Berkeley, Hegel, Kant, and Plato. See Materialism, Mind/body problem.",
      "definition_html": "Theoretically, the opposite of materialism. But like materialism, idealism is a very broad category of philosophy containing many shades of theory. It is sometimes called mentalism or immaterialism. Idealists believe the universe is the embodiment of a mind. All reality is mental, and matter does not exist. The external world is not physical. Famous idealist philosophers are Berkeley, Hegel, Kant, and Plato. See Materialism, Mind/body problem."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ideology",
      "definition": "From the Greek ida and lgos, ideology in classical times meant the science of ideas. Nowadays it means the system of ideas that constitutes a dogma: the ideology of fascism, for instance. See Idea.",
      "definition_html": "From the Greek <i>ida</i> and <i>lgos,</i> ideology in classical times meant the science of ideas. Nowadays it means the system of ideas that constitutes a dogma: the ideology of fascism, for instance. See Idea."
    },
    {
      "term": "Idhmavāhat",
      "definition": "the devotee who approaches the spiritual master. Idhma refers to wood that is taken to burn as fuel for a fire. A brahmacārī is supposed to take this idhma to ignite the fire used in performing sacrifices. By spiritual instruction a brahmacāri is trained to ignite a fire and offer oblations in the morning. He is supposed to go to the spiritual master to take lessons on transcendental subject matter, and the Vedic injunction is that when approaching the spiritual master one must carry with him fuel to perform yajñas, or sacrifices. The exact Vedic injunction is as follows: tad-vijñānārthaṁ sa gurum evābhigacchet-samit-pāṇiḥ śrotriyaṁ brahma-niṣṭham \" To understand these things properly, one must humbly approach, with firewood in hand, a spiritual master who is learned in the Vedas and firmly devoted to the Absolute Truth.\"\"To learn transcendental subject matter, one must approach the spiritual master. In doing so, he should carry fuel to burn in sacrifice. The symptom of such a spiritual master is that he is expert in understanding the Vedic conclusion, and therefore he constantly engages in the service of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.\" (Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad 1.2.12) By serving such a bona fide spiritual master, gradually a conditioned soul becomes detached from material enjoyment and invariably makes progress in spiritual realization under the direction of the spiritual master. Those who are misled by the illusory energy are never interested in approaching a spiritual master to make life successful.",
      "definition_html": "the devotee who approaches the spiritual master. <i>Idhma</i> refers to wood that is taken to burn as fuel for a fire. A <i>brahmacārī</i> is supposed to take this <i>idhma</i> to ignite the fire used in performing sacrifices. By spiritual instruction a <i>brahmacāri</i> is trained to ignite a fire and offer oblations in the morning. He is supposed to go to the spiritual master to take lessons on transcendental subject matter, and the Vedic injunction is that when approaching the spiritual master one must carry with him fuel to perform <i>yajñas,</i> or sacrifices. The exact Vedic injunction is as follows: <i>tad-vijñānārthaṁ sa gurum evābhigacchet-samit-pāṇiḥ śrotriyaṁ brahma-niṣṭham</i> \" To understand these things properly, one must humbly approach, with firewood in hand, a spiritual master who is learned in the <i>Vedas</i> and firmly devoted to the Absolute Truth.\"\"To learn transcendental subject matter, one must approach the spiritual master. In doing so, he should carry fuel to burn in sacrifice. The symptom of such a spiritual master is that he is expert in understanding the Vedic conclusion, and therefore he constantly engages in the service of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.\" (<i>Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad</i> <b>1.2.12</b>) By serving such a bona fide spiritual master, gradually a conditioned soul becomes detached from material enjoyment and invariably makes progress in spiritual realization under the direction of the spiritual master. Those who are misled by the illusory energy are never interested in approaching a spiritual master to make life successful."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ignorance",
      "definition": "See Modes of nature (Tamo-guṇa).",
      "definition_html": "See Modes of nature (Tamo-guṇa)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ikṣvāku",
      "definition": "the son of Manu who was king of the earth in ancient times and to whom Manu spoke Bhagavad-gītā.",
      "definition_html": "the son of Manu who was king of the earth in ancient times and to whom Manu spoke <i>Bhagavad-gītā.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Ilāvṛta-varṣa",
      "definition": "the original name of this earth planet, before it became known as Bharata-varṣa.",
      "definition_html": "the original name of this earth planet, before it became known as Bharata-varṣa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Impersonal monism",
      "definition": "Māyāvāda-the impersonal philosophy first propounded by Śaṅkarācārya, which proposes the unqualified oneness of God and the living entities (who are both conceived of as being ultimately formless) and the nonreality of manifest nature; the philosophy that everything is one and that the Absolute Truth is not a person; See Brahmajyoti, Buddhism, Māyāvādī philosophy, Personalism, Voidism.",
      "definition_html": "Māyāvāda-the impersonal philosophy first propounded by Śaṅkarācārya, which proposes the unqualified oneness of God and the living entities (who are both conceived of as being ultimately formless) and the nonreality of manifest nature; the philosophy that everything is one and that the Absolute Truth is not a person; See Brahmajyoti, Buddhism, Māyāvādī philosophy, Personalism, Voidism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Indra",
      "definition": "the chief demigod of heaven and presiding deity of rain, and the father of Arjuna. He is the son of Aditi.",
      "definition_html": "the chief demigod of heaven and presiding deity of rain, and the father of Arjuna. He is the son of Aditi."
    },
    {
      "term": "Indra-nīla",
      "definition": "gems decorating Kṛṣṇa's flute.",
      "definition_html": "gems decorating Kṛṣṇa's flute."
    },
    {
      "term": "Indraloka",
      "definition": "the planet where Lord Indra resides.",
      "definition_html": "the planet where Lord Indra resides."
    },
    {
      "term": "Indraprastha",
      "definition": "Hastināpura-the ancient capital city of Bhārata-varṣa, or India. The Sanskrit word hasti means elephants and in this city there were many elephants kept. It occupies a portion of what is today called New Delhi; The capital city of the Pāṇḍavas. When Dhṛtarāṣṭra wanted to give the Pāṇḍavas half of the kingdom, this part was given.",
      "definition_html": "Hastināpura-the ancient capital city of Bhārata-varṣa, or India. The Sanskrit word <i>hasti</i> means elephants and in this city there were many elephants kept. It occupies a portion of what is today called New Delhi; The capital city of the Pāṇḍavas. When Dhṛtarāṣṭra wanted to give the Pāṇḍavas half of the kingdom, this part was given."
    },
    {
      "term": "Indriya-saṁyama",
      "definition": "curbing one's senses.",
      "definition_html": "curbing one's senses."
    },
    {
      "term": "Induction",
      "definition": "A form of reason that guesses the nature of a cause from the perception of an effect. See Abduction, ṁroha/ Avaroha, Deduction, Empiricism, Logic, Phenomenalism.",
      "definition_html": "A form of reason that guesses the nature of a cause from the perception of an effect. See Abduction, ṁroha/ Avaroha, Deduction, Empiricism, Logic, Phenomenalism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Infinite",
      "definition": "regress From the Latin regressus ad infinitum (similar in meaning to the Sanskrit anavasthā), infinite regress is the fallacy that occurs when someone argues that a material thing is the ultimate cause. Any material cause must depend upon a remoter material cause. That cause must depend upon an even more remote material cause, and so on ad infinitum (into infinity). Thus arguments for material causation never reach a logical end. See Fallacy, Logic.",
      "definition_html": "regress From the Latin <i>regressus ad infinitum</i> (similar in meaning to the Sanskrit <i>anavasthā</i>), infinite regress is the fallacy that occurs when someone argues that a material thing is the ultimate cause. Any material cause must depend upon a remoter material cause. That cause must depend upon an even more remote material cause, and so on <i>ad infinitum</i> (into infinity). Thus arguments for material causation never reach a logical end. See Fallacy, Logic."
    },
    {
      "term": "Intellect, intelligence",
      "definition": "The power of discrimination, in Sanskrit called buddhi, in Greek dinoia. Intelligence is as natural to the jīva as taste is to water or smell is to earth: As there is no separate existence of the earth and its aroma or of water and its taste, there cannot be any separate existence of intelligence and consciousness. (Kapiladeva, SB 3.27.18) Buddhi manifests within each living entity as the ability to distinguish between forms in the field of perception, and as the sense of direction. The mind (manaḥ) imputes emotional values to form and direction (painful, pleasurable, etc.). The false ego (ahaṅkāra) lays claim to the field of perception (this is mine etc.). Intelligence, being originally spiritual, can rise above the influence of mind and false ego by buddhi-yoga, as explained in Bhagavad-gītā. Nārada Muni tells Mahārāja Yudhiṣṭhira in SB 3.27.18: O King Yudhiṣṭhira, the Supersoul in every body gives intelligence to the individual soul according to his capacity for understanding. Therefore the Supersoul is the chief within the body. The Supersoul is manifested to the individual soul according to the individual's comparative development of knowledge, austerity, penance and so on. Since buddhi is awarded to all living entities by the Supersoul according to their knowledge and austerity, when a living entity surrenders completely to Kṛṣṇa, he is awarded pure intelligence. Surrendering completely to Kṛṣṇa entails surrendering to the spiritual master by renouncing the emotional values of the mind and the claims of the false ego. When original intelligence is covered by ignorance, it is called tāmasa-buddhi. This is the beginning of the material existence of the soul. In Bg. 10.10 Lord Kṛṣṇa says that buddhi-yoga, the respiritualization of the intelligence, is accomplished by prīti-pūrvakam, the method of loving devotion. See Consciousness, False ego, Mind, Modes of nature, Soul, Subtle body, Supersoul. Ipse dixit (Lat.) He himself has said it. A kind of proof, after the answer that disciples of Pythagoras, an ancient Greek sage, used to give whenever an opponent called the certitude of the sage's doctrine into question. This proof is rejected by modern philosophers. See Śabda.",
      "definition_html": "The power of discrimination, in Sanskrit called <i>buddhi</i>, in Greek <i>dinoia</i>. Intelligence is as natural to the <i>jīva</i> as taste is to water or smell is to earth: As there is no separate existence of the earth and its aroma or of water and its taste, there cannot be any separate existence of intelligence and consciousness. (Kapiladeva, <i>SB </i><b>3.27.18</b>) <i>Buddhi </i>manifests within each living entity as the ability to distinguish between forms in the field of perception, and as the sense of direction. The mind <i>(manaḥ)</i> imputes emotional values to form and direction (painful, pleasurable, etc.). The false ego <i>(ahaṅkāra)</i> lays claim to the field of perception (this is mine etc.). Intelligence, being originally spiritual, can rise above the influence of mind and false ego by <i>buddhi-yoga</i>, as explained in <i>Bhagavad-gītā. </i>Nārada Muni tells Mahārāja Yudhiṣṭhira in <i>SB </i><b>3.27.18</b>: O King Yudhiṣṭhira, the Supersoul in every body gives intelligence to the individual soul according to his capacity for understanding. Therefore the Supersoul is the chief within the body. The Supersoul is manifested to the individual soul according to the individual's comparative development of knowledge, austerity, penance and so on. Since <i>buddhi</i> is awarded to all living entities by the Supersoul according to their knowledge and austerity, when a living entity surrenders completely to Kṛṣṇa, he is awarded pure intelligence. Surrendering completely to Kṛṣṇa entails surrendering to the spiritual master by renouncing the emotional values of the mind and the claims of the false ego. When original intelligence is covered by ignorance, it is called <i>tāmasa-buddhi.</i> This is the beginning of the material existence of the soul. In <i>Bg.</i> <b>10.10</b> Lord Kṛṣṇa says that <i>buddhi-yoga,</i> the respiritualization of the intelligence, is accomplished by <i>prīti-pūrvakam,</i> the method of loving devotion. See Consciousness, False ego, Mind, Modes of nature, Soul, Subtle body, Supersoul. Ipse dixit (Lat.) He himself has said it. A kind of proof, after the answer that disciples of Pythagoras, an ancient Greek sage, used to give whenever an opponent called the certitude of the sage's doctrine into question. This proof is rejected by modern philosophers. See Śabda."
    },
    {
      "term": "Irāvān",
      "definition": "the son of Arjuna by Ulūpī. He was killed by the Rākṣasa, Alambuṣa, during the Kurukṣetra battle.",
      "definition_html": "the son of Arjuna by Ulūpī. He was killed by the Rākṣasa, Alambuṣa, during the Kurukṣetra battle."
    },
    {
      "term": "ISKCON",
      "definition": "the abbreviation for the International Society for Krishna Consciousness; the Hare Krishna Movement. The society was founded in New York, 1966, by His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda, who came by boat, the Jaladuta from Calcutta in 1965, with just forty rupees and a trunk full of books. Sumati Morarji kindly donated his passage; Śrīla Prabhupāda-(1896-1977) His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda. He is the tenth generation from Caitanya Mahāprabhu. The founder-ācārya, spiritual master of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON). Śrīla Prabhupāda was the widely-acclaimed author of more than seventy books on the science of pure bhakti-yoga, unalloyed Kṛṣṇa consciousness. His major works are annotated English translations of the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, the Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta, and the Bhagavad-gītā As It Is. He was the world's most distinguished teacher of Vedic religion and thought. Śrīla Prabhupāda was a fully God conscious saint who had perfect realization of the Vedic scriptures. He worked incessantly to spread Kṛṣṇa consciousness all over the world. He guided his society and saw it grow to a worldwide confederation of hundreds of ashrams, schools, temples, institutes, and farm communities; Acronym for the International Society for Kṛṣṇa Consciousness, the branch of Caitanya Mahāprabhu's saṅkīrtana mission established by Śrīla Prabhupāda in New York in 1966. ISKCON is a worldwide nonsectarian movement dedicated to propagating the message of the Vedas for the benefit of mankind. Over the years ISKCON has steadily grown in popularity and influence, and today it is widely recognized by theologians, scholars and laymen as a genuine and important spiritual movement. The hundreds of ISKCON centers throughout the world enable full-time members to live in close association, following the principles of Vedic life, and also provide a place where interested visitors can learn about the philosophy and culture of Kṛṣṇa consciousness and participate in its various functions. The basis of the movement is the Hare Kṛṣṇa mahā-mantra Hare Kṛṣṇa, Hare Kṛṣṇa, Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa, Hare Hare/ Hare Rāma, Hare Rāma, Rāma Rāma, Hare Hare. The devotees experience divine ecstasy in singing these holy names of God to the accompaniment of musical instruments. The ISKCON devotees, as a prerequisite for the serious pursuit of spiritual life, abstain from meat-eating, illicit sex, intoxication, and gambling. The Kṛṣṇa conscious life style is based on the principles of simple living and high thinking. The devotees rise very early, about 3:30 a.m., and spend the morning hours in meditation and study. During the day, some devotees go out to public places to distribute the Society's books and its official journal, Back to Godhead magazine. In addition to book distribution, devotees engage in a variety of activities, including teaching, artistic pursuits, farming and business. See Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda, Hare Kṛṣṇa Mahā-mantra, Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the abbreviation for the International Society for Krishna Consciousness; the Hare Krishna Movement. The society was founded in New York, 1966, by His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda, who came by boat, the Jaladuta from Calcutta in 1965, with just forty rupees and a trunk full of books. Sumati Morarji kindly donated his passage; Śrīla Prabhupāda-(1896-1977) His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda. He is the tenth generation from Caitanya Mahāprabhu. The founder-<i>ācārya</i>, spiritual master of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON). Śrīla Prabhupāda was the widely-acclaimed author of more than seventy books on the science of pure <i>bhakti-yoga, </i>unalloyed Kṛṣṇa consciousness. His major works are annotated English translations of the <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, </i>the <i>Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta, </i>and the <i>Bhagavad-gītā As It Is. </i>He was the world's most distinguished teacher of Vedic religion and thought. Śrīla Prabhupāda was a fully God conscious saint who had perfect realization of the Vedic scriptures. He worked incessantly to spread Kṛṣṇa consciousness all over the world. He guided his society and saw it grow to a worldwide confederation of hundreds of ashrams, schools, temples, institutes, and farm communities; Acronym for the International Society for Kṛṣṇa Consciousness, the branch of Caitanya Mahāprabhu's <i>saṅkīrtana</i> mission established by Śrīla Prabhupāda in New York in 1966. ISKCON is a worldwide nonsectarian movement dedicated to propagating the message of the Vedas for the benefit of mankind. Over the years ISKCON has steadily grown in popularity and influence, and today it is widely recognized by theologians, scholars and laymen as a genuine and important spiritual movement. The hundreds of ISKCON centers throughout the world enable full-time members to live in close association, following the principles of Vedic life, and also provide a place where interested visitors can learn about the philosophy and culture of Kṛṣṇa consciousness and participate in its various functions. The basis of the movement is the Hare Kṛṣṇa <i>mahā-mantra </i>Hare Kṛṣṇa, Hare Kṛṣṇa, Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa, Hare Hare/ Hare Rāma, Hare Rāma, Rāma Rāma, Hare Hare. The devotees experience divine ecstasy in singing these holy names of God to the accompaniment of musical instruments. The ISKCON devotees, as a prerequisite for the serious pursuit of spiritual life, abstain from meat-eating, illicit sex, intoxication, and gambling. The Kṛṣṇa conscious life style is based on the principles of simple living and high thinking. The devotees rise very early, about 3:30 a.m., and spend the morning hours in meditation and study. During the day, some devotees go out to public places to distribute the Society's books and its official journal, Back to Godhead magazine. In addition to book distribution, devotees engage in a variety of activities, including teaching, artistic pursuits, farming and business. See Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda, Hare Kṛṣṇa Mahā-mantra, Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Isāvāsya",
      "definition": "God-centered. Īśopaniṣad instructs there is no harm in any activity such as family life or politics, provided the center of the activity is God.",
      "definition_html": "God-centered. <i>Īśopaniṣad</i> instructs there is no harm in any activity such as family life or politics, provided the center of the activity is God."
    },
    {
      "term": "Itihāsa",
      "definition": "a historical account.",
      "definition_html": "a historical account."
    },
    {
      "term": "Iṣṭā",
      "definition": "the performance of public welfare activities such as digging wells or planting trees.",
      "definition_html": "the performance of public welfare activities such as digging wells or planting trees."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jagad-guru",
      "definition": "the spiritual master of the whole world.",
      "definition_html": "the spiritual master of the whole world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jagad-rūpa (Virāṭ-rūpa, Viśva-rūpa)",
      "definition": "The universal form of īśvara, in which jīva, prakṛti, kāla and karma are revealed as energies of the Supreme. This form was shown by Lord Kṛṣṇa to Arjuna in the Eleventh Chapter of the Bhagavad-gītā. See Īśvara, Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "The universal form of <i>īśvara</i>, in which <i>jīva, prakṛti, kāla</i> and <i>karma</i> are revealed as energies of the Supreme. This form was shown by Lord Kṛṣṇa to Arjuna in the Eleventh Chapter of the <i>Bhagavad-gītā.</i> See Īśvara, Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jagad-īśa",
      "definition": "the Supreme Lord, who is the proprietor of all the universes.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Lord, who is the proprietor of all the universes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jagadīśa",
      "definition": "the Lord of the universe, Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the Lord of the universe, Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jagamohana",
      "definition": "the area directly in front of the central altar of an Orissan temple.",
      "definition_html": "the area directly in front of the central altar of an Orissan temple."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jagannatha Misra",
      "definition": "Kṛṣṇa's eternal father, Nada Maharaj of Kṛṣṇa-lila.",
      "definition_html": "Kṛṣṇa's eternal father, Nada Maharaj of Kṛṣṇa-lila."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jagannātha",
      "definition": "the Supreme Lord, who is Lord of the universe. A particular Deity form of Lord Krṣṇa, seemingly fashioned from wood and brightly painted, which has been worshiped for many centuries in Jagannātha Purī. Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu used to daily visit Lord Jagannātha and see Him in a mood of intense separation, in the mood of Rādhārāṇī, who was parted from her beloved Kṛṣṇa most of her days.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Lord, who is Lord of the universe. A particular Deity form of Lord Krṣṇa, seemingly fashioned from wood and brightly painted, which has been worshiped for many centuries in Jagannātha Purī. Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu used to daily visit Lord Jagannātha and see Him in a mood of intense separation, in the mood of Rādhārāṇī, who was parted from her beloved Kṛṣṇa most of her days."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jagannātha Purī",
      "definition": "place of pilgrimage on the east coast of India where the deity of Jagannātha is worshiped",
      "definition_html": "place of pilgrimage on the east coast of India where the deity of Jagannātha is worshiped"
    },
    {
      "term": "Jagannātha Purī (Jagannātha-dhāma)",
      "definition": "a city on the coast of Orissa, a province in eastern India; the holy city of the temple and Deity of Lord JAGANNĀTHA.",
      "definition_html": "a city on the coast of Orissa, a province in eastern India; the holy city of the temple and Deity of Lord JAGANNĀTHA."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jagannātha, Baladeva, and Subhadrā",
      "definition": "the Deity of Lord KṚṢṆA as Jagannātha (“Lord of the Universe”), together with His brother, Baladeva and sister Subhadrā.",
      "definition_html": "the Deity of Lord KṚṢṆA as Jagannātha (“Lord of the Universe”), together with His brother, Baladeva and sister Subhadrā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jagat",
      "definition": "the material universe.",
      "definition_html": "the material universe."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jagāi and Mādhāi",
      "definition": "two great debauchees whom Lord Nityānanda converted into Vaiṣṇavas.",
      "definition_html": "two great debauchees whom Lord Nityānanda converted into Vaiṣṇavas."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jaiminī",
      "definition": "the atheistic propounder and philosopher of Karma-mimāṁsā philosophy, and author of the Karma-mīmāṁsā-sūtras, which explain the Vedas in ritualistic terms, and advocate material work as the purpose of life. He theorized that if fruitive activity is performed nicely, then God is obliged to give the results.",
      "definition_html": "the atheistic propounder and philosopher of Karma-mimāṁsā philosophy, and author of the <i>Karma-mīmāṁsā-sūtras, </i>which explain the <i>Vedas</i> in ritualistic terms, and advocate material work as the purpose of life. He theorized that if fruitive activity is performed nicely, then God is obliged to give the results."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jains",
      "definition": "religious sect based on impersonalist ideas.",
      "definition_html": "religious sect based on impersonalist ideas."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jajmani",
      "definition": "system of patron-client relationships.",
      "definition_html": "system of patron-client relationships."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jana-nivāsa",
      "definition": "name for Kṛṣṇa indicating that He is the ultimate resort of all living entities.",
      "definition_html": "name for Kṛṣṇa indicating that He is the ultimate resort of all living entities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jana-saṇga",
      "definition": "association with persons not interested in Kṛṣṇa consciousness. Janmāṣṭamī—Kṛṣṇa's appearance day. Japa-mālā—string of 108 prayer beads for chanting the Hare Kṛṣṇa mahā-mantra. Jīvātmās—minute living entities. Jñānī—one engaged in the cultivation of knowledge.",
      "definition_html": "association with persons not interested in Kṛṣṇa consciousness.<br/> Janmāṣṭamī—Kṛṣṇa's appearance day.<br/> <i>Japa-mālā</i>—string of 108 prayer beads for chanting the Hare Kṛṣṇa <i>mahā-mantra</i>.<br/> <i>Jīvātmās</i>—minute living entities.<br/> <i>Jñānī</i>—one engaged in the cultivation of knowledge."
    },
    {
      "term": "Janaka",
      "definition": "a great self-realized king and father-in-law of Lord Rāmacandra.",
      "definition_html": "a great self-realized king and father-in-law of Lord Rāmacandra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Janaka Mahārāja",
      "definition": "considered one of the mahājanas, the great self-realized king of Mithilā, and the father of Sītā-devī, consort of Lord Rāmacandra.",
      "definition_html": "considered one of the <i>mahājanas</i>, the great self-realized king of Mithilā, and the father of Sītā-devī, consort of Lord Rāmacandra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Janaloka",
      "definition": "a heavenly planet.",
      "definition_html": "a heavenly planet."
    },
    {
      "term": "Janamejaya",
      "definition": "the son of King Parīkṣit.",
      "definition_html": "the son of King Parīkṣit."
    },
    {
      "term": "Janas",
      "definition": "see: Janaloka above",
      "definition_html": "<i>see: </i>Janaloka above"
    },
    {
      "term": "Janmāṣṭamī",
      "definition": "the celebration of Lord Kṛṣṇa's appearance in the material world;the eighth lunar day of the dark fortnight in the month of Bhadra (August-September). The festival of Kṛṣṇa's birthday.",
      "definition_html": "the celebration of Lord Kṛṣṇa's appearance in the material world;the eighth lunar day of the dark fortnight in the month of Bhadra (August-September). The festival of Kṛṣṇa's birthday."
    },
    {
      "term": "Janārdana",
      "definition": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning \"He who is the original abode and protector of all living beings\".",
      "definition_html": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning \"He who is the original abode and protector of all living beings\"."
    },
    {
      "term": "Japa",
      "definition": "the soft recitation of the Kṛṣṇa's holy names as a private meditation, with the aid of 108 prayer beads.",
      "definition_html": "the soft recitation of the Kṛṣṇa's holy names as a private meditation, with the aid of 108 prayer beads."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jarā",
      "definition": "old age.",
      "definition_html": "old age."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jarāsandha",
      "definition": "the King of Magadha. He was killed by Bhīma. (Sabhā Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "the King of Magadha. He was killed by Bhīma. (Sabhā Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Jaya",
      "definition": "a son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra who was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "a son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra who was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Jaya and Vijaya",
      "definition": "two doorkeepers of Vaikuṇṭha who were cursed on account of offending the four Kumāra Ṛṣis, and who thus both had to take birth three times in the material world as great demons, Hiraṇyakaśipu and Hiraṇyākṣa in Satya-yuga, Rāvaṇa and Kumbhakarṇa in the next yuga, Tretā-yuga, and Śiśupāla and Dantavakra at the end of Dvāpara-yuga.",
      "definition_html": "two doorkeepers of Vaikuṇṭha who were cursed on account of offending the four Kumāra Ṛṣis, and who thus both had to take birth three times in the material world as great demons, Hiraṇyakaśipu and Hiraṇyākṣa in Satya-yuga, Rāvaṇa and Kumbhakarṇa in the next yuga, Tretā-yuga, and Śiśupāla and Dantavakra at the end of Dvāpara-yuga."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jayadeva Gosvāmī",
      "definition": "a great Vaisnava poet and author of Gita-govinda.",
      "definition_html": "a great Vaisnava poet and author of Gita-govinda."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jayadratha",
      "definition": "the King of Sindhu. He was killed by Arjuna in the battle of Kurukṣetra. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "the King of Sindhu. He was killed by Arjuna in the battle of Kurukṣetra. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Jayatsena",
      "definition": "the son of Jarāsandha. He took the side of Duryodhana in the Kurukṣetra war and was killed by Abhimanyu. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "the son of Jarāsandha. He took the side of Duryodhana in the Kurukṣetra war and was killed by Abhimanyu. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Jaḍa Bharata",
      "definition": "Bharata Mahārāja in his final birth as a renounced brāhmaṇa. He gave wonderful spiritual instruction to Mahārāja Rahūgaṇa.",
      "definition_html": "Bharata Mahārāja in his final birth as a renounced <i>brāhmaṇa.</i> He gave wonderful spiritual instruction to Mahārāja Rahūgaṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jaṅgama-nārāyaṇa",
      "definition": "moving Nārāyaṇa.",
      "definition_html": "moving Nārāyaṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jaṭāsura",
      "definition": "a Rākṣasa who disguised himself as a brāhmaṇa and tried to kidnap Draupadī and four of the Pāṇḍavas except for Bhīma. Bhīma challenged him and killed him in single combat.",
      "definition_html": "a Rākṣasa who disguised himself as a brāhmaṇa and tried to kidnap Draupadī and four of the Pāṇḍavas except for Bhīma. Bhīma challenged him and killed him in single combat."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jaṭāyu",
      "definition": "a devotee of Lord Rāmacandra who was the king of the vultures, and the brother of Sampāti. He fought with the demon Rāvaṇa when the latter kidnapped Sītā, the consort of Lord Rāmacandra.",
      "definition_html": "a devotee of Lord Rāmacandra who was the king of the vultures, and the brother of Sampāti. He fought with the demon Rāvaṇa when the latter kidnapped Sītā, the consort of Lord Rāmacandra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jhulana yatra",
      "definition": "the swing festival beginning on the third day of the month of Shravan (July-August) and lasting for a fortnight. The swings, usually made from gold or silver, are hung in temples on which the Deities are swung during kirtan by the guests and Vaisnavas.",
      "definition_html": "the swing festival beginning on the third day of the month of Shravan (July-August) and lasting for a fortnight. The swings, usually made from gold or silver, are hung in temples on which the Deities are swung during kirtan by the guests and Vaisnavas."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ji",
      "definition": "honorific suffix added to almost any name as a term of endearment",
      "definition_html": "honorific suffix added to almost any name as a term of endearment"
    },
    {
      "term": "Jitendriya",
      "definition": "one who has conquered the senses.",
      "definition_html": "one who has conquered the senses."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jnānagamya",
      "definition": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning \"He who is understood through knowledge of the Vedas.\"",
      "definition_html": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning \"He who is understood through knowledge of the <i>Vedas.\"</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Jvalitā",
      "definition": "the stage exhibited by a devotee when more than two or three transcendental transformations are manifest and it is possible to conceal them with difficulty.",
      "definition_html": "the stage exhibited by a devotee when more than two or three transcendental transformations are manifest and it is possible to conceal them with difficulty."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jyotir-linga",
      "definition": "one of the 12 selfmanifested Śiva-lingas",
      "definition_html": "one of the 12 selfmanifested Śiva-lingas"
    },
    {
      "term": "Jyotiḥ-śāstra",
      "definition": "the Vedic science of astronomy.",
      "definition_html": "the Vedic science of astronomy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jñāna",
      "definition": "knowledge. Material jñāna does not go beyond the material body. Transcendental jñāna discriminates between matter and spirit. Perfect jñāna is knowledge of the body, the soul and the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "knowledge. Material <i>jñāna </i>does not go beyond the material body. Transcendental <i>jñāna </i>discriminates between matter and spirit. Perfect <i>jñāna </i>is knowledge of the body, the soul and the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jñāna-kāṇḍa",
      "definition": "the division of the Vedas dealing with empirical speculation in pursuit of truth; also, such speculation itself; the portions of the Vedas containing knowledge of Brahman, or spirit.",
      "definition_html": "the division of the <i>Vedas </i>dealing with empirical speculation in pursuit of truth; also, such speculation itself; the portions of the <i>Vedas </i>containing knowledge of Brahman, or spirit."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jñāna-mārga",
      "definition": "the cultivation of knowledge.",
      "definition_html": "the cultivation of knowledge."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jñāna-vairāgyam",
      "definition": "that knowledge by which one becomes detached from material allurement.",
      "definition_html": "that knowledge by which one becomes detached from material allurement."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jñāna-yoga",
      "definition": "the process of approaching the Supreme by the cultivation of knowledge; the predominantly empirical process of linking with the Supreme, which is executed when one is still attached to mental speculation.",
      "definition_html": "the process of approaching the Supreme by the cultivation of knowledge; the predominantly empirical process of linking with the Supreme, which is executed when one is still attached to mental speculation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jñāna-śakti",
      "definition": "the power to distribute transcendental knowledge.",
      "definition_html": "the power to distribute transcendental knowledge."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jñānendriya",
      "definition": "The five knowledge-acquiring senses: the ears, the skin, the eyes, the tongue and the nostrils.",
      "definition_html": "The five knowledge-acquiring senses: the ears, the skin, the eyes, the tongue and the nostrils."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jñānins",
      "definition": "Persons engaged in mental speculation as a means to realizing the Absolute Truth, such as philosophers and metaphysical poets. By the jñāna process one can reach to the realization of the Absolute Truth as Brahman.",
      "definition_html": "Persons engaged in mental speculation as a means to realizing the Absolute Truth, such as philosophers and metaphysical poets. By the <i>jñāna</i> process one can reach to the realization of the Absolute Truth as <i>Brahman</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jñānī",
      "definition": "one who is engaged in the cultivation of knowledge (especially by philosophical speculation). Upon attaining perfection, a jñānī surrenders to Kṛṣṇa; This Sanskrit term is related in both form and meaning to the English word know via the Greek word gnsis. In Vedic terminology, there is jñāna and vijñāna. Jñāna refers to the knowledge of the self as not the body, whereas vijñāna refers to knowledge of the self's relationship to the Supreme Self.",
      "definition_html": "one who is engaged in the cultivation of knowledge (especially by philosophical speculation). Upon attaining perfection, a jñānī surrenders to Kṛṣṇa; This Sanskrit term is related in both form and meaning to the English word know via the Greek word <i>gnsis.</i> In Vedic terminology, there is <i>jñāna</i> and <i>vijñāna.</i> <i>Jñāna</i> refers to the knowledge of the self as not the body, whereas <i>vijñāna</i> refers to knowledge of the self's relationship to the Supreme Self."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jñānīs",
      "definition": "speculative philosophers.",
      "definition_html": "speculative philosophers."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jāgara",
      "definition": "the ecstatic symptom of wakefulness.",
      "definition_html": "the ecstatic symptom of wakefulness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jāmbavatī",
      "definition": "the daughter of Jāmbavān. She is one of the eight principal queens of Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the daughter of Jāmbavān. She is one of the eight principal queens of Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jāta-karma",
      "definition": "a purificatory ceremony performed at the birth of a child.",
      "definition_html": "a purificatory ceremony performed at the birth of a child."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jāyanteyas",
      "definition": "nine great sages, sons of King Bharata, who were also known as the nine Yogendras.",
      "definition_html": "nine great sages, sons of King Bharata, who were also known as the nine Yogendras."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jāyā",
      "definition": "intelligence.",
      "definition_html": "intelligence."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jāḍya",
      "definition": "invalidity, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "invalidity, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jīmūta",
      "definition": "a wrestler who was killed by Bhīma during a wrestling match in the kingdom of Virāṭa.",
      "definition_html": "a wrestler who was killed by Bhīma during a wrestling match in the kingdom of Virāṭa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jīrṇa-sarpa",
      "definition": "the fatigued air of life.",
      "definition_html": "the fatigued air of life."
    },
    {
      "term": "jīva",
      "definition": "the individual living entity, who is an eternal minute part of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the individual living entity, who is an eternal minute part of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jīva (jīvātmā)",
      "definition": "the living entity, who is an eternal soul, individual but part and parcel of the Supreme Lord; One of the five tattvas, or Vedic ontological truths: the living entity, or individual soul. See Soul, Tattva.",
      "definition_html": "the living entity, who is an eternal soul, individual but part and parcel of the Supreme Lord; One of the five <i>tattvas,</i> or Vedic ontological truths: the living entity, or individual soul. See Soul, Tattva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jīva Gosvāmī",
      "definition": "one of the Six Gosvāmīs of Vṛndāvana and the nephew of Rupa and Sanātana Gosvāmīs. His father, Anupama, died when the boy was very young. He grew up absorbed in the worship of Kṛṣṇa and Balarāma. Lord Caitanya instructed him in a dream to proceed to Navadvīpa, and there he toured that sacred place in the association of Śrī Nityānanda Prabhu. He then went to Benares to study Sanskrit, and from there to Vṛndāvana to be under the shelter of his uncles. He became a disciple of Rūpa Gosvāmī and wrote eighteen major works on Vaiṣṇava philosophy, comprising more than 400,000 verses. He is considered by many philosophers and Sanskritists to be the greatest scholar who ever lived.",
      "definition_html": "one of the Six Gosvāmīs of Vṛndāvana and the nephew of Rupa and Sanātana Gosvāmīs. His father, Anupama, died when the boy was very young. He grew up absorbed in the worship of Kṛṣṇa and Balarāma. Lord Caitanya instructed him in a dream to proceed to Navadvīpa, and there he toured that sacred place in the association of Śrī Nityānanda Prabhu. He then went to Benares to study Sanskrit, and from there to Vṛndāvana to be under the shelter of his uncles. He became a disciple of Rūpa Gosvāmī and wrote eighteen major works on Vaiṣṇava philosophy, comprising more than 400,000 verses. He is considered by many philosophers and Sanskritists to be the greatest scholar who ever lived."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jīva Goswami",
      "definition": "one of the six Vaiṣṇava spiritual masters who directly followed Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU and systematically presented His teachings.",
      "definition_html": "one of the six Vaiṣṇava spiritual masters who directly followed Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU and systematically presented His teachings."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jīva Jago",
      "definition": "wake up sleeping souls. [Aruṇodaya-kīrtana II]",
      "definition_html": "wake up sleeping souls. <b>[</b><b><i>Aruṇodaya-kīrtana</i></b><b> II]</b>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Jīva-bhūta",
      "definition": "the living force within matter. Jīva (jīvātmā)-the living entity, who is an eternal soul, individual but part and parcel of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the living force within matter. Jīva (jīvātmā)-the living entity, who is an eternal soul, individual but part and parcel of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jīva-hiṁsā",
      "definition": "envy of other living entities. [CB Madhya 15.072]",
      "definition_html": "envy of other living entities. [<i>CB Madhya</i> 15.072]"
    },
    {
      "term": "Jīva-māyā",
      "definition": "the living entities.",
      "definition_html": "the living entities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jīva-tattva",
      "definition": "the living entities, atomic parts of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the living entities, atomic parts of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jīvan-mukta",
      "definition": "a person who is already liberated even while living in his present body.",
      "definition_html": "a person who is already liberated even while living in his present body."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jīvas",
      "definition": "living entities or souls.",
      "definition_html": "living entities or souls."
    },
    {
      "term": "Jīvātmā",
      "definition": "the spirit soul.",
      "definition_html": "the spirit soul."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kabandha",
      "definition": "a son of Śrī. Indra once stuffed his legs and head into his belly as a punishment. Indra foretold that until his long arms were cut off by Lord Rāma (which later occurred), Kabandha would not achieve peace.",
      "definition_html": "a son of Śrī. Indra once stuffed his legs and head into his belly as a punishment. Indra foretold that until his long arms were cut off by Lord Rāma (which later occurred), Kabandha would not achieve peace."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kacchapī-vīṇā",
      "definition": "the stringed instrument of Rādhārāṇī.",
      "definition_html": "the stringed instrument of Rādhārāṇī."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kadru",
      "definition": "wife of Kasyapa and mother of the race of serpents.",
      "definition_html": "wife of Kasyapa and mother of the race of serpents."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kailasa",
      "definition": "the home of Lord Śiva in the Himalayas.",
      "definition_html": "the home of Lord Śiva in the Himalayas."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kaitava-dharma",
      "definition": "cheating religion.",
      "definition_html": "cheating religion."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kaivalya",
      "definition": "the impersonal liberation of merging into the spiritual effulgence of Brahman emanating from the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the impersonal liberation of merging into the spiritual effulgence of Brahman emanating from the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kaivalyam",
      "definition": "the state of realization of one's constitutional position as part and parcel of the Supreme Lord, which is preliminary to manifestation of activities on the platform of devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "the state of realization of one's constitutional position as part and parcel of the Supreme Lord, which is preliminary to manifestation of activities on the platform of devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kaiśora",
      "definition": "Kṛṣṇa's age from the eleventh to the fifteenth year.",
      "definition_html": "Kṛṣṇa's age from the eleventh to the fifteenth year."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kajjala",
      "definition": "a preparation of lampblack used to darken the edges of the eyelids; kohl.",
      "definition_html": "a preparation of lampblack used to darken the edges of the eyelids; kohl."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kala",
      "definition": "eternal time.",
      "definition_html": "eternal time."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kala namak",
      "definition": "Black salt-a reddish-gray variety of salt with a distinct \"hard-boiled egg-yolk\" flavour. Black salt or kala namak, as it is known in Indian cuisine, is a major ingredient in the spice blend chat masala. Sprinkle black salt in Scrambled Curd. It is available at Indian grocers.",
      "definition_html": "Black salt-a reddish-gray variety of salt with a distinct \"hard-boiled egg-yolk\" flavour. Black salt or <i>kala namak</i>, as it is known in Indian cuisine, is a major ingredient in the spice blend <i>chat masala</i>. Sprinkle black salt in<i> Scrambled Curd</i>. It is available at Indian grocers."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kali",
      "definition": "the black intense form of Lord Śiva's wife. She wears a necklace of skulls. Demigoddess to whom worshipers may offer meat. Durgā-Lord Śiva 's wife in a fierce form, riding a tiger. The goddess is empowered by the Supreme Lord to preside over the material nature and bewilder the souls situated there into misconceiving themselves to be their material bodies and enjoyers and controllers of the mundane creation. She is very powerful, superseded only by Lord Viṣṇu Himself, and is the external manifestation of the Lord's internal potency, Yoga-māyā. Once a fallen soul takes to the path of God consciousness, she continues to offer various material allurements so as to test his sincerity and determination to serve the Lord. Once the Lord accepts the struggling soul she can no longer influence that soul and it is thus liberated.",
      "definition_html": "the black intense form of Lord Śiva's wife. She wears a necklace of skulls. Demigoddess to whom worshipers may offer meat. Durgā-Lord Śiva 's wife in a fierce form, riding a tiger. The goddess is empowered by the Supreme Lord to preside over the material nature and bewilder the souls situated there into misconceiving themselves to be their material bodies and enjoyers and controllers of the mundane creation. She is very powerful, superseded only by Lord Viṣṇu Himself, and is the external manifestation of the Lord's internal potency, Yoga-māyā. Once a fallen soul takes to the path of God consciousness, she continues to offer various material allurements so as to test his sincerity and determination to serve the Lord. Once the Lord accepts the struggling soul she can no longer influence that soul and it is thus liberated."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kali-yuga",
      "definition": "the \"Age of Quarrel and Hypocrisy \" The fourth and last age in the cycle of a mahā-yuga. This is the present age in which we are now living. It began 5,000 years ago and lasts for a total of 432,000 years. It is characterized by irreligious practice and stringent material miseries. In the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam the age is personified as an evil black man who tries to kill a helpless cow and bull. The four legs of the cow represent the four principles of religiosity-namely, truth, cleanliness, mercy and austerity. The bull represents religion itself; The most recommended process of spiritual upliftment in this age is saṅkīrtana, the congregational glorification of the Lord through chanting His holy name. See Caitanya Mahāprabhu, Hare Kṛṣṇa Mahā-mantra, ISKCON, Saṅkīrtana, Time.",
      "definition_html": "the \"Age of Quarrel and Hypocrisy \" The fourth and last age in the cycle of a <i>mahā-yuga. </i>This is the present age in which we are now living. It began 5,000 years ago and lasts for a total of 432,000 years. It is characterized by irreligious practice and stringent material miseries. In the <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam </i>the age is personified as an evil black man who tries to kill a helpless cow and bull. The four legs of the cow represent the four principles of religiosity-namely, truth, cleanliness, mercy and austerity. The bull represents religion itself; The most recommended process of spiritual upliftment in this age is <i>saṅkīrtana</i>, the congregational glorification of the Lord through chanting His holy name. See Caitanya Mahāprabhu, Hare Kṛṣṇa Mahā-mantra, ISKCON, Saṅkīrtana, Time."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kali-yuga (Age of Kali)",
      "definition": "the present age, which is characterized by quarrel. It is last in the cycle of four, and began five thousand years ago. Karatālas—hand cymbals used in kīrtana. Karma—fruitive action, for which there is always reaction, good or bad. Karmī—one who is satisfied with working hard for flickering sense gratification. Kīrtana—chanting the glories of the Supreme Lord. Kṛṣṇaloka—See: Goloka Kṣatriyas—a warrior or administrator; the second Vedic social order.",
      "definition_html": "the present age, which is characterized by quarrel. It is last in the cycle of four, and began five thousand years ago.<br/> <i>Karatālas</i>—hand cymbals used in kīrtana.<br/> <i>Karma</i>—fruitive action, for which there is always reaction, good or bad.<br/> <i>Karmī</i>—one who is satisfied with working hard for flickering sense gratification.<br/> <i>Kīrtana</i>—chanting the glories of the Supreme Lord.<br/> Kṛṣṇaloka—<i>See</i>: Goloka<br/> <i>Kṣatriyas</i>—a warrior or administrator; the second Vedic social order."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kaliṅga",
      "definition": "a province in ancient India.",
      "definition_html": "a province in ancient India."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kalki",
      "definition": "He is the tenth incarnation of Lord Viṣṇu. He arrives on a white horse at the end of Kali-yuga to annihilate all the remaining atheists.",
      "definition_html": "He is the tenth incarnation of Lord Viṣṇu. He arrives on a white horse at the end of Kali-yuga to annihilate all the remaining atheists."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kalmaṣa",
      "definition": "sin.",
      "definition_html": "sin."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kalpa",
      "definition": "a day in the time calculation of Lord Brahmā.",
      "definition_html": "a day in the time calculation of Lord Brahmā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kalpa-avatāras",
      "definition": "līlā-avatāras appearing in each day of Brahmā.",
      "definition_html": "<i>līlā-avatāras</i> appearing in each day of Brahmā."
    },
    {
      "term": "kalpa-taru",
      "definition": "a “desire tree,” which grows in the spiritual world and can immediately yield any fruit desirable.",
      "definition_html": "a “desire tree,” which grows in the spiritual world and can immediately yield any fruit desirable."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kalpa-vṛkṣa",
      "definition": "wish-fulfilling trees.",
      "definition_html": "wish-fulfilling trees."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kalā",
      "definition": "a form of the Lord that is an expansion of the Lord's original form.",
      "definition_html": "a form of the Lord that is an expansion of the Lord's original form."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kamaṇḍalu",
      "definition": "the water-pot carried by sannyāsīs.",
      "definition_html": "the water-pot carried by <i>sannyāsīs.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Kaniṣṭha Adhikāri",
      "definition": "A person in the lowest stage of realization of God, who worships in the temple or church according to routine formulas but who does not realize the respective advancement of different devotees or the Spiritual Nature of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "A person in the lowest stage of realization of God, who worships in the temple or church according to routine formulas but who does not realize the respective advancement of different devotees or the Spiritual Nature of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kaniṣṭha-adhikārī",
      "definition": "a neophyte devotee, whose faith is not firm.  Karmīs—fruitive workers. Kīrtana—glorification of the Supreme Lord. Krodha—anger. Kṛṣṇa-kathā—topics spoken by or about Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a neophyte devotee, whose faith is not firm. <br/> <i>Karmīs</i>—fruitive workers.<br/> <i>Kīrtana</i>—glorification of the Supreme Lord.<br/> <i>Krodha</i>—anger.<br/> <i>Kṛṣṇa-kathā</i>—topics spoken by or about Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kant, Immanuel",
      "definition": "German rationalist philosopher, born in Kṭnigsberg (now Kaliningrad) in 1724. He laid down what are known as the regulative principles of modern science, such as the law of the conservation of matter and the principle of causality. Kant gave the world the theory that the universe was formed out of a cloud of dust. He died in 1804. See Idealism, Rationalism.",
      "definition_html": "German rationalist philosopher, born in Kṭnigsberg (now Kaliningrad) in 1724. He laid down what are known as the regulative principles of modern science, such as the law of the conservation of matter and the principle of causality. Kant gave the world the theory that the universe was formed out of a cloud of dust. He died in 1804. See Idealism, Rationalism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kanyākumārī",
      "definition": "the virgin maiden; another name of the wife of Lord Śiva.",
      "definition_html": "the virgin maiden; another name of the wife of Lord Śiva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kapha",
      "definition": "mucus, one of the three major elements of the gross body.",
      "definition_html": "mucus, one of the three major elements of the gross body."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kapila",
      "definition": "an incarnation of Kṛṣṇa who appeared in Satya-yuga as the son of Devahūti and Kardama Muni and expounded the devotional Sāṅkhya philosophy, the analysis of matter and spirit, as a means of cultivatingdevotional service to the Lord. (There is also an atheist named Kapila, but he is not an incarnation of the Lord.)",
      "definition_html": "an incarnation of Kṛṣṇa who appeared in Satya-yuga as the son of Devahūti and Kardama Muni and expounded the devotional <i>Sāṅkhya </i>philosophy, the analysis of matter and spirit, as a means of cultivatingdevotional service to the Lord. (There is also an atheist named Kapila, but he is not an incarnation of the Lord.)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Karanodaka-śāyi Viṣṇu or Mahā-Viṣṇu",
      "definition": "The gigantic expansion of the Lord Who lies down in the Causal Ocean in a section of the Spiritual Sky. Innumerable universes are generated from the pores of His body when He breathes, and they exist only during the period of His outgoing breath. All this is related in Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam.",
      "definition_html": "The gigantic expansion of the Lord Who lies down in the Causal Ocean in a section of the Spiritual Sky. Innumerable universes are generated from the pores of His body when He breathes, and they exist only during the period of His outgoing breath. All this is related in <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Karatālas",
      "definition": "hand cymbals used in kīrtana.",
      "definition_html": "hand cymbals used in <i>kīrtana.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Karaṅga",
      "definition": "waterpot carried by sannyāsīs.",
      "definition_html": "waterpot carried by <i>sannyāsīs</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Karaṇāpāṭava",
      "definition": "imperfection of the material senses.",
      "definition_html": "imperfection of the material senses."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kardama Muni",
      "definition": "the father of Lord Kapila and one of the chief forefathers of the population of the universe.",
      "definition_html": "the father of Lord Kapila and one of the chief forefathers of the population of the universe."
    },
    {
      "term": "Karhai",
      "definition": "a deep, rounded pan with handles on both sides, used for deep-frying or pan-frying.",
      "definition_html": "a deep, rounded pan with handles on both sides, used for deep-frying or pan-frying."
    },
    {
      "term": "Karma",
      "definition": "1. material action performed according to scriptural regulations; 2. action pertaining to the development of the material body; 3. any material action which will incur a subsequent reaction; 4. the material reaction one incurs due to fruitive activities; This Sanskrit word means 'action' or, more specifically, any material action that brings a reaction binding us to the material world. According to the law of karma, if we cause pain and suffering to other living beings, we must endure pain and suffering in return; One of the five tattvas, or Vedic ontological truths: the activity or work which the embodied living entity performs with the karmendriya, as well as the resultant reaction. The soul receives the due reaction to work by taking his next birth in a subhuman species, or the human species, or a superhuman species. Or the soul may be liberated from birth and death altogether. All this depends upon whether the karma performed within this lifetime is ignorant, passionate, good or transcendental. Karma dedicated in sacrifice as directed by Vedic injunctions raises the quality of a human being's work. Sacrifice culminates in activity dedicated only to Lord Kṛṣṇa's service. Such transcendental karma is called naiṣkarma. See Liberation, Life after death, Reincarnation, Saṁsāra, Supersoul, Tattva.",
      "definition_html": "1. material action performed according to scriptural regulations; 2. action pertaining to the development of the material body; 3. any material action which will incur a subsequent reaction; 4. the material reaction one incurs due to fruitive activities; This Sanskrit word means 'action' or, more specifically, any material action that brings a reaction binding us to the material world. According to the law of <i>karma</i>, if we cause pain and suffering to other living beings, we must endure pain and suffering in return; One of the five <i>tattvas,</i> or Vedic ontological truths: the activity or work which the embodied living entity performs with the <i>karmendriya,</i> as well as the resultant reaction. The soul receives the due reaction to work by taking his next birth in a subhuman species, or the human species, or a superhuman species. Or the soul may be liberated from birth and death altogether. All this depends upon whether the <i>karma</i> performed within this lifetime is ignorant, passionate, good or transcendental. <i>Karma</i> dedicated in sacrifice as directed by Vedic injunctions raises the quality of a human being's work. Sacrifice culminates in activity dedicated only to Lord Kṛṣṇa's service. Such transcendental <i>karma</i> is called <i>naiṣkarma.</i> See Liberation, Life after death, Reincarnation, Saṁsāra, Supersoul, Tattva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Karma-bandha",
      "definition": "the bondage of fruitive activities.",
      "definition_html": "the bondage of fruitive activities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Karma-bandhana",
      "definition": "The bondage to one's material work, by which the eternal living being is forced to transmigrate within the material world.",
      "definition_html": "The bondage to one's material work, by which the eternal living being is forced to transmigrate within the material world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Karma-bandhanaḥ",
      "definition": "work which binds one to this material world.",
      "definition_html": "work which binds one to this material world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Karma-kanda",
      "definition": "the division of the Vedas which deals with fruitive activities performed for the purpose of gradual purification of the grossly entangled materialist.",
      "definition_html": "the division of the <i>Vedas</i> which deals with fruitive activities performed for the purpose of gradual purification of the grossly entangled materialist."
    },
    {
      "term": "Karma-kāṇḍa",
      "definition": "the division of the Vedas which deals with fruitive activities performed for the purpose of gradual purification of the grossly entangled materialist; The path of fruitive work. One of the three departments of Vedic knowledge, karma-kāṇḍa is taught by Dakṣa. See Apara-vidyā, Jñāna-kāṇḍa, Upāsanā-kāṇḍa.",
      "definition_html": "the division of the <i>Vedas </i>which deals with fruitive activities performed for the purpose of gradual purification of the grossly entangled materialist; The path of fruitive work. One of the three departments of Vedic knowledge, <i>karma-kāṇḍa</i> is taught by Dakṣa. See Apara-vidyā, Jñāna-kāṇḍa, Upāsanā-kāṇḍa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Karma-kāṇḍīya",
      "definition": "relating to karma-kāṇḍa.",
      "definition_html": "relating to <i>karma-kāṇḍa.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Karma-mīmāṁsā",
      "definition": "one of the six main Vedic philosophies. It states that the subtle laws of nature reward or punish one according to how one acts, without reference to an independent God; A doctrine of fruitive work taught by sage Jaimini. One of the six systems of Vedic philosophy. See Six systems.",
      "definition_html": "one of the six main Vedic philosophies. It states that the subtle laws of nature reward or punish one according to how one acts, without reference to an independent God; A doctrine of fruitive work taught by sage Jaimini. One of the six systems of Vedic philosophy. See Six systems."
    },
    {
      "term": "Karma-niṣṭhas",
      "definition": "those who consider devotional service to be fruitive activities.",
      "definition_html": "those who consider devotional service to be fruitive activities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Karma-tyāga",
      "definition": "the giving of the results of karma to the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the giving of the results of <i>karma </i>to the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Karma-vīra",
      "definition": "a successful fruitive worker.",
      "definition_html": "a successful fruitive worker."
    },
    {
      "term": "Karma-yoga",
      "definition": "(1) action in devotional service; (2) action performed by one who knows that the goal of life is Kṛṣṇa but who is addicted to the fruits of his activities.",
      "definition_html": "(1) action in devotional service; (2) action performed by one who knows that the goal of life is Kṛṣṇa but who is addicted to the fruits of his activities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Karmendriya",
      "definition": "The five working senses or organs of action: the mouth (with the double function of speaking and eating), the hands, the legs, the genitalia and the rectum.",
      "definition_html": "The five working senses or organs of action: the mouth (with the double function of speaking and eating), the hands, the legs, the genitalia and the rectum."
    },
    {
      "term": "Karmendriyas",
      "definition": "the working senses.",
      "definition_html": "the working senses."
    },
    {
      "term": "Karmis",
      "definition": "Those engaged in activities of sense gratification and the resultant reactions. The karmi desires to work hard and enjoy the fruits of his labor without surrendering his all to God as the Owner and Controller of everything that be.",
      "definition_html": "Those engaged in activities of sense gratification and the resultant reactions. The <i>karmi</i> desires to work hard and enjoy the fruits of his labor without surrendering his all to God as the Owner and Controller of everything that be."
    },
    {
      "term": "Karmātmaka",
      "definition": "one whose mind is colored with fruitive activity.",
      "definition_html": "one whose mind is colored with fruitive activity."
    },
    {
      "term": "karmī",
      "definition": "a person who is trying to enjoy the results of his material activities.",
      "definition_html": "a person who is trying to enjoy the results of his material activities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Karmīs",
      "definition": "fruitive laborers.",
      "definition_html": "fruitive laborers."
    },
    {
      "term": "Karuṇa-rasa",
      "definition": "the indirect relationship of compassion.",
      "definition_html": "the indirect relationship of compassion."
    },
    {
      "term": "Karṇa",
      "definition": "the eldest son of Kuntī before her marriage to Pāṇḍu. She had received a mantra from Durvāsā Muni that she could call any deva and conceive children. In her innocence she called Sūrya, the sun-god and conceived Karṇa. She was forced to abandon the child out of fear of her relatives. Karṇa was then raised by Adhiratha and Rādhā. He fought against the Pāṇḍavas and was killed by Arjuna in the battle of Kurukṣetra.",
      "definition_html": "the eldest son of Kuntī before her marriage to Pāṇḍu. She had received a <i>mantra</i> from Durvāsā Muni that she could call any <i>deva</i> and conceive children. In her innocence she called Sūrya, the sun-god and conceived Karṇa. She was forced to abandon the child out of fear of her relatives. Karṇa was then raised by Adhiratha and Rādhā. He fought against the Pāṇḍavas and was killed by Arjuna in the battle of Kurukṣetra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Katha",
      "definition": "stories and discussion on religious themes, especially from the purunas.",
      "definition_html": "stories and discussion on religious themes, especially from the <i>purunas</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kathakali",
      "definition": "Keralan religious dance.",
      "definition_html": "Keralan religious dance."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kathenotheism",
      "definition": "From the Greek kth'n, one by one, plus thes, a god. A kathenotheist worships one god after another among a pantheon of gods, at intervals throughout the year. These gods are supposed to represent different facets of the absolute. See Atheism, Theism.",
      "definition_html": "From the Greek <i>kth'n,</i> one by one, plus <i>thes,</i> a god. A kathenotheist worships one god after another among a pantheon of gods, at intervals throughout the year. These gods are supposed to represent different facets of the absolute. See Atheism, Theism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kaunteya",
      "definition": "the son of Kuntī (usually refers to Arjuna).",
      "definition_html": "the son of Kuntī (usually refers to Arjuna)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kaupīna",
      "definition": "the thick belt and underwear worn by saintly persons.",
      "definition_html": "the thick belt and underwear worn by saintly persons."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kauravas",
      "definition": "the descendants of King Kuru who fought against the Pāṇḍavas in the Battle of Kurukṣetra.",
      "definition_html": "the descendants of King Kuru who fought against the Pāṇḍavas in the Battle of Kurukṣetra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kaustubha gem",
      "definition": "a jewel worn by Lord Viṣṇu, or Kṛṣṇa, on His chest.",
      "definition_html": "a jewel worn by Lord Viṣṇu, or Kṛṣṇa, on His chest."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kauḍis",
      "definition": "small conchshells.",
      "definition_html": "small conchshells."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kavacī",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Karṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Karṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Kavi-karṇapūra Gosvāmī",
      "definition": "a noted sixteenth-century author of Sanskrit poems and plays. He is one of the leading followers of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu.",
      "definition_html": "a noted sixteenth-century author of Sanskrit poems and plays. He is one of the leading followers of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kaśyapa",
      "definition": "a great saint who was the father of many demigods and also of the Supreme Lord's incarnation Vāmanadeva; one of the seven mental sons of Lord Brahmā.",
      "definition_html": "a great saint who was the father of many demigods and also of the Supreme Lord's incarnation Vāmanadeva; one of the seven mental sons of Lord Brahmā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kaḍāra",
      "definition": "the ointment of Lord Jagannātha, the remnants of which were used by Lord Caitanya.",
      "definition_html": "the ointment of Lord Jagannātha, the remnants of which were used by Lord Caitanya."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kaṁsa",
      "definition": "a demoniac king of the Bhoja dynasty and maternal uncle of Kṛṣṇa. The son of Ugrasena. He imprisoned his father and took charge of the kingdom. He killed the first six children of Devakī. Kaṁsa was killed by Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a demoniac king of the Bhoja dynasty and maternal uncle of Kṛṣṇa. The son of Ugrasena. He imprisoned his father and took charge of the kingdom. He killed the first six children of Devakī. Kaṁsa was killed by Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kaṅka",
      "definition": "the name Yudhiṣṭhira used during the last year of exile in the kingdom of Virāṭa.",
      "definition_html": "the name Yudhiṣṭhira used during the last year of exile in the kingdom of Virāṭa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kaṇika",
      "definition": "a brāhmaṇa minister of King Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He advised the King to kill his enemies by any means. (Ādi Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "a <i>brāhmaṇa</i> minister of King Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He advised the King to kill his enemies by any means. (Ādi Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Kaṇāda",
      "definition": "the propounder of Vaiśeṣika philosophy, which states that atoms are the original cause of the creation.",
      "definition_html": "the propounder of Vaiśeṣika philosophy, which states that atoms are the original cause of the creation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kaṭha Upaniṣad",
      "definition": "one of the 108 Vedic scriptures known as Upaniṣads.",
      "definition_html": "one of the 108 Vedic scriptures known as <i>Upaniṣads.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Kekaya",
      "definition": "a province in ancient India. Five princes from this country joined with Yudhiṣṭhira in the battle of Kurukṣetra, and they were killed by Droṇa. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "a province in ancient India. Five princes from this country joined with Yudhiṣṭhira in the battle of Kurukṣetra, and they were killed by Droṇa. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Kesava Gaudiya Matha",
      "definition": "This temple was established by Srila Bhaktiprajnana Kesava Gosvami Maharaja, the sannyasa-guru of A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. The presiding Deities are Sri Sri Radha-vinoda-vihari.",
      "definition_html": "This temple was established by Srila Bhaktiprajnana Kesava Gosvami Maharaja, the sannyasa-guru of A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. The presiding Deities are Sri Sri Radha-vinoda-vihari."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kesava Kasmir",
      "definition": "learned scholar in Caitanya-lila.",
      "definition_html": "learned scholar in Caitanya-lila."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kevala",
      "definition": "devotional platform of seeing the unlimited potency of Kṛṣṇa but still considering oneself equal with Him; pure, uncontaminated emotion.",
      "definition_html": "devotional platform of seeing the unlimited potency of Kṛṣṇa but still considering oneself equal with Him; pure, uncontaminated emotion."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kevala bhakti",
      "definition": "pure unalloyed devotional service in which there is no desire but to please Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "pure unalloyed devotional service in which there is no desire but to please Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kevalādvaita-vādīs",
      "definition": "Māyāvādī philosophers.",
      "definition_html": "Māyāvādī philosophers."
    },
    {
      "term": "Keśa-avatāras",
      "definition": "the false story of the incarnations of Kṛṣṇa and Balarāma from respective black and white hairs of Kṣīrodakaśāyī Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "the false story of the incarnations of Kṛṣṇa and Balarāma from respective black and white hairs of Kṣīrodakaśāyī Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Keśava",
      "definition": "the Supreme Lord, Kṛṣṇa, who has fine, long black hair.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Lord, Kṛṣṇa, who has fine, long black hair."
    },
    {
      "term": "Keśava Kāśmīrī",
      "definition": "a famous scholar defeated in a poetry competition by Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU.",
      "definition_html": "a famous scholar defeated in a poetry competition by Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU."
    },
    {
      "term": "Keśī",
      "definition": "a demon who attacked the inhabitants of Vṛndāvana in the form of a wild horse but was killed by Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a demon who attacked the inhabitants of Vṛndāvana in the form of a wild horse but was killed by Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Khasādayaḥ",
      "definition": "classes of lowborn men.",
      "definition_html": "classes of lowborn men."
    },
    {
      "term": "Khaṇḍa",
      "definition": "a valley between two mountains;a section of a book.",
      "definition_html": "a valley between two mountains;a section of a book."
    },
    {
      "term": "Khaṭvāṅga",
      "definition": "a saintly king who is famous for attaining unalloyed Kṛṣṇa consciousness just moments before his death.",
      "definition_html": "a saintly king who is famous for attaining unalloyed Kṛṣṇa consciousness just moments before his death."
    },
    {
      "term": "Khetari",
      "definition": "birthplace and residence of the great Vaiṣṇava Śrīla Narottama dāsa Ṭhākura and site of a magnificent festival and Deity installation in which thousands of devotees took part, located in the West Bengal district of Rajasahi.",
      "definition_html": "birthplace and residence of the great Vaiṣṇava Śrīla Narottama dāsa Ṭhākura and site of a magnificent festival and Deity installation in which thousands of devotees took part, located in the West Bengal district of Rajasahi."
    },
    {
      "term": "Khājā",
      "definition": "a kind of light sweetmeat.",
      "definition_html": "a kind of light sweetmeat."
    },
    {
      "term": "Khāḍi",
      "definition": "cotton cloth.",
      "definition_html": "cotton cloth."
    },
    {
      "term": "Khāṇḍavaprastha",
      "definition": "another name for Indraprastha. The forest in the part of the Kuru kingdom was devoured by Agni with the help of Lord Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna.",
      "definition_html": "another name for Indraprastha. The forest in the part of the Kuru kingdom was devoured by Agni with the help of Lord Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kikaṭa",
      "definition": "the present state of Gaya, in north-central India.",
      "definition_html": "the present state of Gaya, in north-central India."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kindama",
      "definition": "a sage who was killed by Pāṇḍu in the forest. Kindama had taken the form of a deer and was enjoying sex with his wife. Pāṇḍu, thinking the deer fit for sacrifice, killed the deer and its mate. Before leaving his body, Kindama cursed Pāṇḍu to die while he was enjoying his wife.",
      "definition_html": "a sage who was killed by Pāṇḍu in the forest. Kindama had taken the form of a deer and was enjoying sex with his wife. Pāṇḍu, thinking the deer fit for sacrifice, killed the deer and its mate. Before leaving his body, Kindama cursed Pāṇḍu to die while he was enjoying his wife."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kinnaras",
      "definition": "minor demigods inhabiting the heavenly planets. They can change their form at will.",
      "definition_html": "minor demigods inhabiting the heavenly planets. They can change their form at will."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kirmīra",
      "definition": "a fierce Rākṣasa and the brother of Baka. He was killed by Bhīma during their exile in the forest. (Vana Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "a fierce Rākṣasa and the brother of Baka. He was killed by Bhīma during their exile in the forest. (Vana Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Kirāta",
      "definition": "a mountainous region near modern Udaipur, Rajasthan, where Arjuna did penance. Lord Śiva took the form of a Kirāta and fought with Arjuna.",
      "definition_html": "a mountainous region near modern Udaipur, Rajasthan, where Arjuna did penance. Lord Śiva took the form of a Kirāta and fought with Arjuna."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kirīṭī",
      "definition": "another name for Arjuna.",
      "definition_html": "another name for Arjuna."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kitava",
      "definition": "a great cheater.",
      "definition_html": "a great cheater."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kiśora-gopāla",
      "definition": "Kṛṣṇa as a young boy.",
      "definition_html": "Kṛṣṇa as a young boy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kleśa-ghnī",
      "definition": "description of devotional service indicating that it reduces or nullifies all kinds of suffering.",
      "definition_html": "description of devotional service indicating that it reduces or nullifies all kinds of suffering."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kosala",
      "definition": "a prosperous kingdom in ancient India. Bhīmasena conquered this country for Yudhiṣṭhira before the Rājasūya sacrifice.",
      "definition_html": "a prosperous kingdom in ancient India. Bhīmasena conquered this country for Yudhiṣṭhira before the Rājasūya sacrifice."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kovil",
      "definition": "temple in Tamil Nadu.",
      "definition_html": "temple in Tamil Nadu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Koṭī",
      "definition": "ten million.",
      "definition_html": "ten million."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kratu",
      "definition": "one of the seven great sages who were born directly from Lord Brahmā.",
      "definition_html": "one of the seven great sages who were born directly from Lord Brahmā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Krishnanagar",
      "definition": "a town that is the government headquarters of a sub-division of the West Bengal district of Nadia. It is about ten miles east of Śrī Māyāpura.",
      "definition_html": "a town that is the government headquarters of a sub-division of the West Bengal district of Nadia. It is about ten miles east of Śrī Māyāpura."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kriyā-hīna",
      "definition": "devoid of spiritual behavior.",
      "definition_html": "devoid of spiritual behavior."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kriyā-vidhāna",
      "definition": "injunctions for Vedic rituals.",
      "definition_html": "injunctions for Vedic rituals."
    },
    {
      "term": "Krodha",
      "definition": "anger.",
      "definition_html": "anger."
    },
    {
      "term": "Krpā-siddihi",
      "definition": "perfection attained simply by the blessings of a great devotee or transcendentalist.",
      "definition_html": "perfection attained simply by the blessings of a great devotee or transcendentalist."
    },
    {
      "term": "Krṣnaloka",
      "definition": "the planet in the spiritual world where Krṣna resides. See also: Goloka Vṛndāvana",
      "definition_html": "the planet in the spiritual world where Krṣna resides. <i>See also:</i> <i>Goloka Vṛndāvana</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Ku-viṣaya",
      "definition": "sense gratificatory activities performed under sinful conditions.",
      "definition_html": "sense gratificatory activities performed under sinful conditions."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kulaśekhara",
      "definition": "a great devotee-king and the author of Mukunda-mālā stotra, prayers to Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a great devotee-king and the author of <i>Mukunda-mālā stotra, </i>prayers to Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kulācala",
      "definition": "the place where there is no disturbance.",
      "definition_html": "the place where there is no disturbance."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kumbha",
      "definition": "pitcher.",
      "definition_html": "pitcher."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kumbha-melā",
      "definition": "a fair held every twelve years at Prayāga for spiritual upliftment; attended by people from all over India.",
      "definition_html": "a fair held every twelve years at Prayāga for spiritual upliftment; attended by people from all over India."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kumbhaka-yoga",
      "definition": "complete stoppage of the air currents within the body as part of the eightfold mystic process.",
      "definition_html": "complete stoppage of the air currents within the body as part of the eightfold mystic process."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kumera",
      "definition": "a variety of sweet potato with a rich, orange colour, popular in New Zealand.",
      "definition_html": "a variety of sweet potato with a rich, orange colour, popular in New Zealand."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kumāras",
      "definition": "four learned ascetic sons of Lord Brahmā appearing eternally as children, who became great devotees of the Lord and great authorities on devotional service; Four sons of Brahmā, named Sanat, Sanandana, Sanaka and Sanātana, who are incarnations of the jñāna-śakti (power of knowledge) of Lord Viṣṇu. They live for the entire duration of universal time, but appear as children of only 5 years. One of the four Vaiṣṇava sampradāyas is called the Kumāra Sampradāya. They are its original founders.",
      "definition_html": "four learned ascetic sons of Lord Brahmā appearing eternally as children, who became great devotees of the Lord and great authorities on devotional service; Four sons of Brahmā, named Sanat, Sanandana, Sanaka and Sanātana, who are incarnations of the <i>jñāna-śakti</i> (power of knowledge) of Lord Viṣṇu. They live for the entire duration of universal time, but appear as children of only 5 years. One of the four Vaiṣṇava <i>sampradāyas</i> is called the Kumāra Sampradāya. They are its original founders."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kuntibhoja",
      "definition": "a king of the Yadu dynasty, and the foster father of Kuntī. He took the side of the Pāṇḍavas during the Kurukṣetra war.",
      "definition_html": "a king of the Yadu dynasty, and the foster father of Kuntī. He took the side of the Pāṇḍavas during the Kurukṣetra war."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kuntī",
      "definition": "the mother of the Pāṇḍavas and Lord Kṛṣṇa's aunt in the Mahābhārata. She was the daughter of Śūrasena and the sister of Vasudeva. She was adopted by King Kuntībhoja and later married King Pāṇḍu. Her other name is Pṛthā.",
      "definition_html": "the mother of the Pāṇḍavas and Lord Kṛṣṇa's aunt in the Mahābhārata. She was the daughter of Śūrasena and the sister of Vasudeva. She was adopted by King Kuntībhoja and later married King Pāṇḍu. Her other name is Pṛthā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kurara",
      "definition": "a type of osprey (female kurarī).",
      "definition_html": "a type of osprey (female <i>kurarī</i>)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kurta",
      "definition": "Indian shirts pullover.",
      "definition_html": "Indian shirts pullover."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kuru",
      "definition": "the founder of the dynasty in which the Pāṇḍavas, as well as their archrivals, the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra, took birth.",
      "definition_html": "the founder of the dynasty in which the Pāṇḍavas, as well as their archrivals, the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra, took birth."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kurukṣetra",
      "definition": "a holy place due to the penances of King Kuru. It was here that the great Mahābhārata war was fought; situated about ninety miles north of New Delhi where Lord Kṛṣṇa spoke the Bhagavad-gītā to Arjuna, five thousand years ago. It is a place of pilgrimage.",
      "definition_html": "a holy place due to the penances of King Kuru. It was here that the great Mahābhārata war was fought; situated about ninety miles north of New Delhi where Lord Kṛṣṇa spoke the <i>Bhagavad-gītā</i> to Arjuna, five thousand years ago. It is a place of pilgrimage."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kurus",
      "definition": "all of the descendants of King Kuru, but specifically the 100 sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. The Pāṇḍavas were also descendants of King Kuru, but Dhṛtarāṣṭra wished to exclude them from the family tradition; enemies of the Pāṇḍavas.",
      "definition_html": "all of the descendants of King Kuru, but specifically the 100 sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. The Pāṇḍavas were also descendants of King Kuru, but Dhṛtarāṣṭra wished to exclude them from the family tradition; enemies of the Pāṇḍavas."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kutārkikas",
      "definition": "false logicians.",
      "definition_html": "false logicians."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kuvera",
      "definition": "one of the important demigods in heaven, and the treasurer of wealth. He benedicted the Pāṇḍavas during their exile in the forest; father of Nalakūvara and Maṇigrīva.",
      "definition_html": "one of the important demigods in heaven, and the treasurer of wealth. He benedicted the Pāṇḍavas during their exile in the forest; father of Nalakūvara and Maṇigrīva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kuśa",
      "definition": "an auspicious grass used in Vedic rituals and sacrifices.",
      "definition_html": "an auspicious grass used in Vedic rituals and sacrifices."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kuṅkuma",
      "definition": "a sweetly-flavored reddish cosmetic powder which is thrown on the bodies of worshipable persons, also used by married women to decorate their foreheads.",
      "definition_html": "a sweetly-flavored reddish cosmetic powder which is thrown on the bodies of worshipable persons, also used by married women to decorate their foreheads."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kuṇḍa",
      "definition": "small lake or pond.",
      "definition_html": "small lake or pond."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kuṇḍadhāra",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma during the battle of Kurukṣetra. (Bhīṣma Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma during the battle of Kurukṣetra. (Bhīṣma Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Kuṇḍaja",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma during the battle of Kurukṣetra. (Bhīṣma Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma during the battle of Kurukṣetra. (Bhīṣma Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Kuṇḍalī",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma during the battle of Kurukṣetra. (Bhīṣma Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma during the battle of Kurukṣetra. (Bhīṣma Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Kuṇḍodara",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma during the battle of Kurukṣetra. (Bhīṣma Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma during the battle of Kurukṣetra. (Bhīṣma Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Kuṭi-nāṭi",
      "definition": "duplicity or fault-finding.",
      "definition_html": "duplicity or fault-finding."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kuṭumbinī",
      "definition": "intelligence.",
      "definition_html": "intelligence."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kuṭīcaka",
      "definition": "the first stage of the sannyāsa order. The kuṭīcaka lives in a hut nearby his village, and his family brings him food.",
      "definition_html": "the first stage of the <i>sannyāsa</i> order. The <i>kuṭīcaka </i>lives in a hut nearby his village, and his family brings him food."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kuṭṭamita",
      "definition": "happy within the heart, but externally angry and offended.",
      "definition_html": "happy within the heart, but externally angry and offended."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kāka",
      "definition": "crow.",
      "definition_html": "crow."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kāla",
      "definition": "Eternal time.",
      "definition_html": "Eternal time."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kāla-sarpa",
      "definition": "the snake of time.",
      "definition_html": "the snake of time."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kālakanyā",
      "definition": "the invalidity of old age.",
      "definition_html": "the invalidity of old age."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kāliya",
      "definition": "the many-headed serpent chastised by Lord Kṛṣṇa for poisoning a section of the Yamunā River.",
      "definition_html": "the many-headed serpent chastised by Lord Kṛṣṇa for poisoning a section of the Yamunā River."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kālī",
      "definition": "Durgā-Lord Śiva 's wife in a fierce form, riding a tiger. The goddess is empowered by the Supreme Lord to preside over the material nature and bewilder the souls situated there into misconceiving themselves to be their material bodies and enjoyers and controllers of the mundane creation. She is very powerful, superseded only by Lord Viṣṇu Himself, and is the external manifestation of the Lord's internal potency, Yoga-māyā. Once a fallen soul takes to the path of God consciousness, she continues to offer various material allurements so as to test his sincerity and determination to serve the Lord. Once the Lord accepts the struggling soul she can no longer influence that soul and it is thus liberated.",
      "definition_html": "Durgā-Lord Śiva 's wife in a fierce form, riding a tiger. The goddess is empowered by the Supreme Lord to preside over the material nature and bewilder the souls situated there into misconceiving themselves to be their material bodies and enjoyers and controllers of the mundane creation. She is very powerful, superseded only by Lord Viṣṇu Himself, and is the external manifestation of the Lord's internal potency, Yoga-māyā. Once a fallen soul takes to the path of God consciousness, she continues to offer various material allurements so as to test his sincerity and determination to serve the Lord. Once the Lord accepts the struggling soul she can no longer influence that soul and it is thus liberated."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kāma",
      "definition": "lust; the desire to gratify one's own senses; Desire, especially material desire and sexual desire; lust, as opposed to prema. See Prema.",
      "definition_html": "lust; the desire to gratify one's own senses; Desire, especially material desire and sexual desire; lust, as opposed to <i>prema.</i> See Prema."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kāma-dhenus",
      "definition": "desire-fulfilling cows in Vṛndāvana.",
      "definition_html": "desire-fulfilling cows in Vṛndāvana."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kāma-gāyatrī",
      "definition": "a Vedic hymn which is composed of twenty-four and a half syllables.",
      "definition_html": "a Vedic hymn which is composed of twenty-four and a half syllables."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kāma-lekha",
      "definition": "exchanges of letters between a young boy and young girl concerning their awakening of attachment for one another.",
      "definition_html": "exchanges of letters between a young boy and young girl concerning their awakening of attachment for one another."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kāmadhenu",
      "definition": "spiritual cows, in the spiritual world, which yield unlimited quantities of milk.",
      "definition_html": "spiritual cows, in the spiritual world, which yield unlimited quantities of milk."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kāmbhoja",
      "definition": "a province situated in the north western part of India.",
      "definition_html": "a province situated in the north western part of India."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kāmpilya",
      "definition": "the capital of King Drupada.",
      "definition_html": "the capital of King Drupada."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kāraṇa Ocean",
      "definition": "the corner of the spiritual universe in which Lord Mahā-Viṣṇu lies down to create the entirety of material universes.",
      "definition_html": "the corner of the spiritual universe in which Lord Mahā-Viṣṇu lies down to create the entirety of material universes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kāraṇodakaśāyī Viṣṇu",
      "definition": "Mahā-Viṣṇu, the expansion of the Supreme Lord from whom all material universes emanate. He lies within the Causal Ocean and breathes out innumerable universes.",
      "definition_html": "Mahā-Viṣṇu, the expansion of the Supreme Lord from whom all material universes emanate. He lies within the Causal Ocean and breathes out innumerable universes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kāraṇodakaśāyī Viṣṇu (Mahā-Viṣṇu)",
      "definition": "the Viṣṇu expansion of Lord Kṛṣṇa from whom all the material universes emanate.",
      "definition_html": "the Viṣṇu expansion of Lord Kṛṣṇa from whom all the material universes emanate."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kārttika",
      "definition": "the name of a Vedic month occurring around October-November of the solar calendar, in which the Dāmodara form of Lord Kṛṣṇa is worshiped.",
      "definition_html": "the name of a Vedic month occurring around October-November of the solar calendar, in which the Dāmodara form of Lord Kṛṣṇa is worshiped."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kārttikeya",
      "definition": "the younger son of Lord Śiva and Pārvatī. He is the presiding deity of warfare. Also known as Subrahmanya or Skanda.",
      "definition_html": "the younger son of Lord Śiva and Pārvatī. He is the presiding deity of warfare. Also known as Subrahmanya or Skanda."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kārṣṇas",
      "definition": "the members of Lord Kṛṣṇa's family.",
      "definition_html": "the members of Lord Kṛṣṇa's family."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kātyāyanī",
      "definition": "the material energy personified. She is also known as Durgā and Kālī and by many other names.",
      "definition_html": "the material energy personified. She is also known as Durgā and Kālī and by many other names."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kāyastha caste",
      "definition": "a Hindu community who are expert in managing business and government affairs; they are very reliable and faithful servants.",
      "definition_html": "a Hindu community who are expert in managing business and government affairs; they are very reliable and faithful servants."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kāśamdi",
      "definition": "a kind of pickle.",
      "definition_html": "a kind of pickle."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kāśī",
      "definition": "one of the oldest sacred places of learning in India. The Purāṇic name of the modern city of Benares in the North Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the place of Lord Śiva and generally the followers of Lord Śiva live there. Ambā, Ambikā and Ambālikā were abducted by Bhīṣma from this city. This was the site of Lord Caitanya's famous conversion of the leading impersonalist scholar of the day, Prakāśānanda Sarasvatī.",
      "definition_html": "one of the oldest sacred places of learning in India. The Purāṇic name of the modern city of Benares in the North Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the place of Lord Śiva and generally the followers of Lord Śiva live there. Ambā, Ambikā and Ambālikā were abducted by Bhīṣma from this city. This was the site of Lord Caitanya's famous conversion of the leading impersonalist scholar of the day, Prakāśānanda Sarasvatī."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kāṇaphāṭā-yogīs",
      "definition": "beggars similar to gypsies who wear ivory earrings.",
      "definition_html": "beggars similar to gypsies who wear ivory earrings."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kāṇḍas",
      "definition": "three divisions of the Vedas.",
      "definition_html": "three divisions of the <i>Vedas</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kīcaka",
      "definition": "brother-in-law of King Virāṭa. He was killed during the last year of the Pāṇḍavas exile in the kingdom of Virāṭa. When he lusted after Draupadī, he was killed by Bhīma.",
      "definition_html": "brother-in-law of King Virāṭa. He was killed during the last year of the Pāṇḍavas exile in the kingdom of Virāṭa. When he lusted after Draupadī, he was killed by Bhīma."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kīrtana",
      "definition": "glorification of the Supreme Lord. Narrating or singing the glories of the Supreme Personality of Godhead and His Holy Names; the devotional process of chanting the names and glories of the Supreme Lord; A related Sanskrit word is kīrti (fame). Hence, kīrtana means to glorify, and saṅkīrtana means to glorify congregationally, the fame of the Supreme Lord. Saṅkīrtana is the yuga-dharma, or the main occupation and attribute of the present age (Kali-yuga). See Bhakti, Hare Kṛṣṇa Mahā-mantra, Caitanya Mahāprabhu, Saṅkīrtana;",
      "definition_html": "glorification of the Supreme Lord. Narrating or singing the glories of the Supreme Personality of Godhead and His Holy Names; the devotional process of chanting the names and glories of the Supreme Lord; A related Sanskrit word is <i>kīrti</i> (fame). Hence, <i>kīrtana</i> means to glorify, and <i>saṅkīrtana</i> means to glorify congregationally, the fame of the Supreme Lord. <i>Saṅkīrtana</i> is the <i>yuga-dharma</i>, or the main occupation and attribute of the present age <i>(Kali-yuga).</i> See Bhakti, Hare Kṛṣṇa Mahā-mantra, Caitanya Mahāprabhu, Saṅkīrtana;"
    },
    {
      "term": "Kīrtanam",
      "definition": "glorification of Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "glorification of Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kūrma",
      "definition": "the Supreme Lord's incarnation as a tortoise.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Lord's incarnation as a tortoise."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kūrma Purāṇa",
      "definition": "one of the eighteen Purāṇas. It describes the pastimes of Lord Kṛṣṇa's tortoise incarnation.",
      "definition_html": "one of the eighteen Purāṇas. It describes the pastimes of Lord Kṛṣṇa's tortoise incarnation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛpa",
      "definition": "a great warrior who fought against the PĀṆḌAVA brothers in the battle of KURUKṢETRA.",
      "definition_html": "a great warrior who fought against the PĀṆḌAVA brothers in the battle of KURUKṢETRA."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛpaṇa",
      "definition": "one who is miserly and does not make use of valuable assets; specifically, one who wastes his life by not striving for spiritual realization.",
      "definition_html": "one who is miserly and does not make use of valuable assets; specifically, one who wastes his life by not striving for spiritual realization."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛpā-siddha",
      "definition": "one who as attained perfection by the mercy of superior authorities.",
      "definition_html": "one who as attained perfection by the mercy of superior authorities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛpā-siddhi",
      "definition": "perfection attained simply by the blessings of the Lord or a great devotee.",
      "definition_html": "perfection attained simply by the blessings of the Lord or a great devotee."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛpācārya",
      "definition": "the son of Śaradvān. He was a brāhmaṇa by birth, but was inclined to the duties of a kṣatriya. He learned the Dhanur Veda from his father, and taught the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra and the sons of Pāṇḍu what he had learned from his father. Due to politics he took the side of Duryodhana during the battle of Kurukṣetra. He later became the teacher of Mahārāja Parīkṣit.",
      "definition_html": "the son of Śaradvān. He was a <i>brāhmaṇa</i> by birth, but was inclined to the duties of a <i>kṣatriya</i>. He learned the Dhanur Veda from his father, and taught the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra and the sons of Pāṇḍu what he had learned from his father. Due to politics he took the side of Duryodhana during the battle of Kurukṣetra. He later became the teacher of Mahārāja Parīkṣit."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛpī",
      "definition": "the sister of Kṛpācārya and the wife of Droṇa. Her son was Aśvatthāmā.",
      "definition_html": "the sister of Kṛpācārya and the wife of Droṇa. Her son was Aśvatthāmā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛta-yuga",
      "definition": "Satya-yuga.",
      "definition_html": "Satya-yuga."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛtavarmā",
      "definition": "a king of the Vṛṣṇi dynasty, and the son of Hādīka. He took the side of Duryodhana during the battle of Kurukṣetra. He was killed during the fratricidal war of the Yadus.",
      "definition_html": "a king of the Vṛṣṇi dynasty, and the son of Hādīka. He took the side of Duryodhana during the battle of Kurukṣetra. He was killed during the fratricidal war of the Yadus."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛṣṇa",
      "definition": "Literally, the all-attractive Lord; the main Sanskrit name of the original Supreme Personality of Godhead. Śrī Kṛṣṇa is the source of all incarnations, and no one is equal to Him or greater than Him. The Vedas glorify His partial incarnations (which include the demigods), His impersonal Brahman effulgence, His almighty Nārāyaṇa feature with four hands, and at last His superexcellent pastimes as the most sublime youth who herds millions of cows in the forest of Vṛndāvana and dances with millions of cowherd girls (gopīs). There is nothing to compare with this, the two-armed form of the Lord, blackish like a rain cloud, with reddish lotus eyes and a world-enchanting smile. In the material world the owner of the body is called the soul, and the body is called a material designation. In the spiritual Vaikuṇṭha world, however, there is no such distinction. The owner of the body is not different from the body, for both are pure spirit. The divine body of Lord Kṛṣṇa in Vaikuṇṭha is the first and the cynosure of all spiritual forms. He is eternal, and His appearance within the material world as an avatāra is perpetual. Kṛṣṇa is personally Bhagavān, the possessor of six opulences in unlimited fullness: wealth, strength, beauty, knowledge, fame and renunciation. Semi-personally and impersonally, Kṛṣṇa is represented by the Supersoul and the brahma-jyotir Besides all-attractive, the name Kṛṣṇa also means the whole of existence and He who stops birth and death. Kṛṣṇa has unlimited other names like Govinda, Gopāla, Mukunda and Hari. These holy names are nondifferent from Him and indicate the forms He displays in His various pleasure pastimes. See Avatāra, Bhagavān, Bhakti, Brahmajyoti, Brahman, Deity, ISKCON, Īśvara, Līlā, Rādhārāṇī, Supersoul, Spiritual world, Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "Literally, the all-attractive Lord; the main Sanskrit name of the original Supreme Personality of Godhead. Śrī Kṛṣṇa is the source of all incarnations, and no one is equal to Him or greater than Him. The <b><i>Vedas</i></b> glorify His partial incarnations (which include the demigods), His impersonal Brahman effulgence, His almighty Nārāyaṇa feature with four hands, and at last His superexcellent pastimes as the most sublime youth who herds millions of cows in the forest of Vṛndāvana and dances with millions of cowherd girls <i>(gopīs).</i> There is nothing to compare with this, the two-armed form of the Lord, blackish like a rain cloud, with reddish lotus eyes and a world-enchanting smile. In the material world the owner of the body is called the soul, and the body is called a material designation. In the spiritual Vaikuṇṭha world, however, there is no such distinction. The owner of the body is not different from the body, for both are pure spirit. The divine body of Lord Kṛṣṇa in Vaikuṇṭha is the first and the cynosure of all spiritual forms. He is eternal, and His appearance within the material world as an <i>avatāra</i> is perpetual. Kṛṣṇa is personally <i>Bhagavān,</i> the possessor of six opulences in unlimited fullness: wealth, strength, beauty, knowledge, fame and renunciation. Semi-personally and impersonally, Kṛṣṇa is represented by the Supersoul and the <i>brahma-jyotir </i>Besides all-attractive, the name Kṛṣṇa also means the whole of existence and He who stops birth and death. Kṛṣṇa has unlimited other names like Govinda, Gopāla, Mukunda and Hari. These holy names are nondifferent from Him and indicate the forms He displays in His various pleasure pastimes. See Avatāra, Bhagavān, Bhakti, Brahmajyoti, Brahman, Deity, ISKCON, Īśvara, Līlā, Rādhārāṇī, Supersoul, Spiritual world, Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛṣṇa Dvaipāyana",
      "definition": "another name of Śrīla Vyāsadeva.",
      "definition_html": "another name of Śrīla Vyāsadeva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛṣṇa-bahirmukha",
      "definition": "bereft of one's relationship with Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "bereft of one's relationship with Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛṣṇa-bhakta",
      "definition": "a devotee of Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a devotee of Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛṣṇa-bhakti",
      "definition": "devotion to Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "devotion to Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛṣṇa-dāsa",
      "definition": "servant of Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "servant of Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛṣṇa-karma",
      "definition": "doing all work for the sake of Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "doing all work for the sake of Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛṣṇa-kathā",
      "definition": "discussions or topics spoken by or about Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "discussions or topics spoken by or about Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛṣṇa-kīrtana",
      "definition": "the chanting of Kṛṣṇa's name and pastimes.",
      "definition_html": "the chanting of Kṛṣṇa's name and pastimes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛṣṇa-līlā",
      "definition": "the transcendental pastimes of Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the transcendental pastimes of Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "kṛṣṇa-prasāda",
      "definition": "See PRASĀDA.",
      "definition_html": "See PRASĀDA."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛṣṇa-prasādam",
      "definition": "Prasāda, or prasādam-\"the mercy of Lord Kṛṣṇa.\" Food prepared for the pleasure of Kṛṣṇa and offered to Him with love and devotion. Because Kṛṣṇa tastes the offering, the food becomes spiritualized and purifies anyone who eats it. See also: Mahā-prasādam",
      "definition_html": "<i>Prasāda</i>, or <i>prasādam</i>-\"the mercy of Lord Kṛṣṇa.\" Food prepared for the pleasure of Kṛṣṇa and offered to Him with love and devotion. Because Kṛṣṇa tastes the offering, the food becomes spiritualized and purifies anyone who eats it.<i> See also: Mahā-prasādam</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛṣṇa-prema-dhana",
      "definition": "the treasure of love for Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the treasure of love for Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "kṛṣṇa-premā",
      "definition": "See PREMĀ.",
      "definition_html": "See PREMĀ."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛṣṇa-pāriṣada",
      "definition": "associates of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "associates of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛṣṇa-viraha",
      "definition": "the feeling of spiritual separation from Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the feeling of spiritual separation from Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛṣṇa-ākarṣiṇī",
      "definition": "description of pure devotional service indicating that it gradually attracts Kṛṣṇa toward the devotee.",
      "definition_html": "description of pure devotional service indicating that it gradually attracts Kṛṣṇa toward the devotee."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja Gosvāmi",
      "definition": "author of the immortal Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta, considered the greatest work on the life and philosophy of Lord Caitanya. He composed it in his nineties, despite bodily infirmity. This book is especially revered by Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavas. He was ordered by Lord Nityānanda in a dream to go to Vṛndāvana where he studied the Gosvāmī literature under the direction of Raghunātha dāsa Gosvāmī.",
      "definition_html": "author of the immortal <i>Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta, </i>considered the greatest work on the life and philosophy of Lord Caitanya. He composed it in his nineties, despite bodily infirmity. This book is especially revered by Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavas. He was ordered by Lord Nityānanda in a dream to go to Vṛndāvana where he studied the Gosvāmī literature under the direction of Raghunātha dāsa Gosvāmī."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛṣṇaloka",
      "definition": "the planet in the spiritual world where Kṛṣṇa resides.",
      "definition_html": "the planet in the spiritual world where Kṛṣṇa resides."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛṣṇe matir astu",
      "definition": "greeting of Vaiṣṇava sannyāsīs meaning \"Let your attention be on Kṛṣṇa.\"",
      "definition_html": "greeting of Vaiṣṇava <i>sannyāsīs </i>meaning \"Let your attention be on Kṛṣṇa.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛṣṇā",
      "definition": "another name of Draupadī.",
      "definition_html": "another name of Draupadī."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṛṣṇāliṅgita-vigraha",
      "definition": "the spiritual master, who is always embraced by Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the spiritual master, who is always embraced by Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṣara",
      "definition": "perishable.",
      "definition_html": "perishable."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṣatradeva",
      "definition": "the son of Śikhaṇḍī. He was killed by Lakṣmaṇa during the Kurukṣetra war.",
      "definition_html": "the son of Śikhaṇḍī. He was killed by Lakṣmaṇa during the Kurukṣetra war."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṣatradharman",
      "definition": "one of the sons of Dhṛṣṭadyumna. He was killed by Droṇa during the Kurukṣetra war.",
      "definition_html": "one of the sons of Dhṛṣṭadyumna. He was killed by Droṇa during the Kurukṣetra war."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṣatravarman",
      "definition": "one of the sons of Dhṛṣṭadyumna. He was killed by Droṇa during the Kurukṣetra war.",
      "definition_html": "one of the sons of Dhṛṣṭadyumna. He was killed by Droṇa during the Kurukṣetra war."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṣatrañjaya",
      "definition": "one of the sons of Dhṛṣṭadyumna. He was killed by Droṇa during the Kurukṣetra war.",
      "definition_html": "one of the sons of Dhṛṣṭadyumna. He was killed by Droṇa during the Kurukṣetra war."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṣatriya",
      "definition": "third of the four orders of the varṇāśrama system. A warrior who is inclined to fight and lead others. The administrative or protective occupation according to the system of four social and spiritual orders.",
      "definition_html": "third of the four orders of the <i>varṇāśrama</i> system. A warrior who is inclined to fight and lead others. The administrative or protective occupation according to the system of four social and spiritual orders."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṣatriyas",
      "definition": "the administrative and military class in human society.",
      "definition_html": "the administrative and military class in human society."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṣattā",
      "definition": "a name of Vidura.",
      "definition_html": "a name of Vidura."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṣepaṇa",
      "definition": "subordinate ecstatic symptoms, including dancing and bodily contortions; a division of anubhāva.",
      "definition_html": "subordinate ecstatic symptoms, including dancing and bodily contortions; a division of <i>anubhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṣetra",
      "definition": "field of activities, the body of the conditioned soul.",
      "definition_html": "field of activities, the body of the conditioned soul."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṣetra-sannyāsa",
      "definition": "vow to leave household life and live in a place of pilgrimage devoted to Lord Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "vow to leave household life and live in a place of pilgrimage devoted to Lord Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṣetrajña",
      "definition": "(kṣetra— field or body + jña— knowing) one who is conscious of the body. Both the soul and the Supersoul are kṣetrajña, for the individual soul is conscious of his own particular body and the Supersoul is conscious of the bodies of all living beings.",
      "definition_html": "(<i>kṣetra</i>— field or body + <i>jña</i>— knowing) one who is conscious of the body. Both the soul and the Supersoul are <i>kṣetrajña</i>, for the individual soul is conscious of his own particular body and the Supersoul is conscious of the bodies of all living beings."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṣudhā-tṛṣṇā",
      "definition": "hunger and thirst.",
      "definition_html": "hunger and thirst."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṣīracorā",
      "definition": "Gopīnātha Deity who stole condensed milk for Mādhavendra Purī.",
      "definition_html": "Gopīnātha Deity who stole condensed milk for Mādhavendra Purī."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṣīrodaka-śāyī Viṣṇu",
      "definition": "The expansion of the Lord Who is residing on an island of white sand in an ocean of milk within the material universe, on a planet called Śvetadvīpa. He is also the Maintainer of the Universe and is in charge of the modes of goodness.",
      "definition_html": "The expansion of the Lord Who is residing on an island of white sand in an ocean of milk within the material universe, on a planet called <i>Śvetadvīpa</i>. He is also the Maintainer of the Universe and is in charge of the modes of goodness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Kṣīrodakaśāyī Viṣṇu",
      "definition": "the Viṣṇu expansion of the Supreme Lord who enters within each atom and between each atom of the universe and enters the heart of every living entity. He is also called the Supersoul.",
      "definition_html": "the Viṣṇu expansion of the Supreme Lord who enters within each atom and between each atom of the universe and enters the heart of every living entity. He is also called the Supersoul."
    },
    {
      "term": "Laghima-siddhi",
      "definition": "mystic ability to make one's body very light",
      "definition_html": "mystic ability to make one's body very light"
    },
    {
      "term": "Laghu-bhāgavatāmṛta",
      "definition": "a book by Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī describing Kṛṣṇa, His incarnations and His devotees.",
      "definition_html": "a book by Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī describing Kṛṣṇa, His incarnations and His devotees."
    },
    {
      "term": "Lakh",
      "definition": "one hundred thousand, written as 1,00,000.",
      "definition_html": "one hundred thousand, written as 1,00,000."
    },
    {
      "term": "Laksman Sen",
      "definition": "King of Bengal in the 12th century. His grandfather, Vijaya Sen, founded the city of Navadvīpa in 1063 on the eastern bank of the Ganges. Laksman Sen was crowned king in 1178, and he made Navadvīpa his capital. The ruins of his kingdom can still be found in the villages of Bamanpukur and Māyāpura. He was a great patron of learning and sponsored the famous Jayadeva Gosvāmī, author of Gītā-govinda.",
      "definition_html": "King of Bengal in the 12th century. His grandfather, Vijaya Sen, founded the city of Navadvīpa in 1063 on the eastern bank of the Ganges. Laksman Sen was crowned king in 1178, and he made Navadvīpa his capital. The ruins of his kingdom can still be found in the villages of Bamanpukur and Māyāpura. He was a great patron of learning and sponsored the famous Jayadeva Gosvāmī, author of <i>Gītā-govinda.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Lakṣmaṇa",
      "definition": "a younger brother of Lord Rāmacandra's. An incarnation of Saṅkarṣaṇa, He accompanied Rāma and Sītā in Their exile.",
      "definition_html": "a younger brother of Lord Rāmacandra's. An incarnation of Saṅkarṣaṇa, He accompanied Rāma and Sītā in Their exile."
    },
    {
      "term": "Lakṣmī",
      "definition": "the goddess of fortune and the eternal consort of the Supreme Lord as Lord Nārayaṇa, who resides in the unlimited spiritual realm of Vaikuṇtha.",
      "definition_html": "the goddess of fortune and the eternal consort of the Supreme Lord as Lord Nārayaṇa, who resides in the unlimited spiritual realm of Vaikuṇtha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Lakṣmī-Nārāyaṇa",
      "definition": "the transcendental couple of Lord Kṛṣṇa in His four-armed form and the goddess of fortune, Lakṣmī.",
      "definition_html": "the transcendental couple of Lord Kṛṣṇa in His four-armed form and the goddess of fortune, Lakṣmī."
    },
    {
      "term": "Lakṣmī-vijayotsava festival",
      "definition": "the pastime of Lakṣmī's victory during the Ratha-yātrā festival.",
      "definition_html": "the pastime of Lakṣmī's victory during the Ratha-yātrā festival."
    },
    {
      "term": "Laos",
      "definition": "Galangal-there are two varieties of galangal-greater and lesser. Both are closely related, although the lesser is more important. Greater galangal (Alpinia galanga), native to Indonesia, is related to ginger. Its large, knobby, spicy roots taste rather like ginger and are used in Indonesian cooking. Lesser galangal (Alpinia officinarum) is the rhizome of a plant native to China. Its roots have a pepper-ginger flavour and are used in many Indonesian and Malaysian dishes. In Indonesia it is also known as laos. Laos or galangal can occasionally be obtained fresh from Chinese or Indonesian shops. Peel and slice it before use. If unavailable, substitute fresh ginger. Laos powder is also used, especially in Indonesian cooking. It is less hot and more bitter than fresh laos. Use very sparingly or substitute slices of fresh ginger.",
      "definition_html": "Galangal<i>-</i>there are two varieties of <i>galangal</i>-greater and lesser. Both are closely related, although the lesser is more important. Greater <i>galangal</i> (Alpinia galanga), native to Indonesia, is related to ginger. Its large, knobby, spicy roots taste rather like ginger and are used in Indonesian cooking. Lesser <i>galangal (Alpinia officinarum)</i> is the rhizome of a plant native to China. Its roots have a pepper-ginger flavour and are used in many Indonesian and Malaysian dishes. In Indonesia it is also known as <i>laos</i>. <i>Laos </i>or<i> galangal</i> can occasionally be obtained fresh from Chinese or Indonesian shops. Peel and slice it before use. If unavailable, substitute fresh ginger. <i>Laos</i> powder is also used, especially in Indonesian cooking. It is less hot and more bitter than fresh <i>laos</i>. Use very sparingly or substitute slices of fresh ginger."
    },
    {
      "term": "Lassi",
      "definition": "a sweet or salty yogurt drink.",
      "definition_html": "a sweet or salty yogurt drink."
    },
    {
      "term": "Laukika",
      "definition": "Ordinary, mundane or commonplace; nonscriptural, as opposed to śāstramūlaka. See Śāstramūlaka.",
      "definition_html": "Ordinary, mundane or commonplace; nonscriptural, as opposed to <i>śāstramūlaka.</i> See Śāstramūlaka."
    },
    {
      "term": "Laṅkā",
      "definition": "the golden city of Rāvaṇa, situated some eight hundred miles south of India, in Ceylon.",
      "definition_html": "the golden city of Rāvaṇa, situated some eight hundred miles south of India, in Ceylon."
    },
    {
      "term": "Lgos (Gr.)",
      "definition": "Reason, argument, word, speech, or knowledge of something. In Greek philosophy, lgos has three aspects of meaning: structured thought, structured speech and the structured appearance of the world. See Logic.",
      "definition_html": "Reason, argument, word, speech, or knowledge of something. In Greek philosophy, <i>lgos</i> has three aspects of meaning: structured thought, structured speech and the structured appearance of the world. See Logic."
    },
    {
      "term": "Liberation",
      "definition": "freedom from the material concept of life; being situated in one's constitutional position as an eternal servant of God; In Sanskrit, mokṣa or mukti. Vedic culture guides mankind through four stages of value development: dharma (religiosity), artha (economic development), kāma (sense gratification) and mokṣa (liberation of the soul from birth and death). Beyond even mokṣa, taught Caitanya Mahāprabhu, is the fifth and unsurpassed stage, love of God (prema). See Ecstasy, Life after death, Karma, Nirvāna, Prema.",
      "definition_html": "freedom from the material concept of life; being situated in one's constitutional position as an eternal servant of God; In Sanskrit, <i>mokṣa</i> or <i>mukti.</i> Vedic culture guides mankind through four stages of value development: <i>dharma</i> (religiosity), <i>artha</i> (economic development), <i>kāma</i> (sense gratification) and <i>mokṣa</i> (liberation of the soul from birth and death). Beyond even <i>mokṣa,</i> taught Caitanya Mahāprabhu, is the fifth and unsurpassed stage, love of God <i>(prema)</i>. See Ecstasy, Life after death, Karma, Nirvāna, Prema."
    },
    {
      "term": "Life after death",
      "definition": "All the great religions of mankind teach that this present life is meant to cultivate a life in the hereafter. Among the various sects of Judaeo-Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism, two paths of cultivation can be discerned: 1) the path of elevation, and 2) the path of salvation. The elevationists aim for an elevated state of material happiness in the afterlife. Their hope is to join their family and friends in the celestial realm known as heaven in the Bible and svarga in the Vedas. The Bhagavad-gītā warns that although life in heaven is much longer than on earth, it is not eternal: When they have thus enjoyed vast heavenly sense pleasure and the results of their pious activities are exhausted, they return to this mortal planet again. Thus those who seek sense enjoyment by adhering to the principles of elevation achieve only repeated birth and death. [Bg. 9.21] Salvationists, on the other hand, aim to be saved from their mortality. They often speak of salvation as the surrender of the mortal self to the eternal light that is Nirvāna, Brahman or God. Some speak of salvation as a state of unbroken prayerful contemplation upon a personal deity. These are descriptions of impersonal Brahman and Paramātmā realization. Impersonal Brahman, as explained in the brahma-jyotir entry, is the formless effulgence of Kṛṣṇa's personal form. Mystics and yogīs who are able to negate their minds' attachments to the world of material form may lose themselves within this formless light. Paramātmā is Kṛṣṇa's form as the Supersoul, who dwells within the hearts of all living beings as the overseer and permitter (see Bg. 13.23). Paramātmā realization is semi-personal, because the salvationist's relationship to the Supersoul in the heart remains passive. More than wanting to serve God, the salvationist wants to be saved from death and rebirth. Thus impersonal Brahman and semi-personal Paramātmā realization are incomplete. The complete realization is the realization of the Personality of Godhead through bhakti-yoga. The most fortunate salvationists can attain only the śānta-rasa (passive relationship in awe and reverence). The four higher rasas are reserved for Kṛṣṇa's pure devotees. By flooding the senses with eternal nectar from the original, pure source of pleasure God Himself love of Kṛṣṇa completely liberates the devotee from attraction to temporary material sense pleasures. Thus the consciousness of the soul completely takes shelter of its original position as an eternal associate of the Lord in the spiritual world. As long as he or she still possesses a physical body, the fully Kṛṣṇa conscious devotee is called jīvan-mukta, liberated while still within the material world. When he or she gives up the physical body, the fully Kṛṣṇa conscious devotee remains forever with Kṛṣṇa in the spiritual world. This is videha-mukti, liberation that transcends the material world altogether. See Bhakti-yoga, Brahmajyoti, Brahman, Karma, Liberation, Nirvāna, Prema, Rasa, Reincarnation, Saṁsāra, Supersoul.",
      "definition_html": "All the great religions of mankind teach that this present life is meant to cultivate a life in the hereafter. Among the various sects of Judaeo-Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism, two paths of cultivation can be discerned: 1) the path of elevation, and 2) the path of salvation. The elevationists aim for an elevated state of material happiness in the afterlife. Their hope is to join their family and friends in the celestial realm known as heaven in the Bible and <i>svarga</i> in the Vedas. The <i>Bhagavad-gītā</i> warns that although life in heaven is much longer than on earth, it is not eternal: When they have thus enjoyed vast heavenly sense pleasure and the results of their pious activities are exhausted, they return to this mortal planet again. Thus those who seek sense enjoyment by adhering to the principles of elevation achieve only repeated birth and death. [<i>Bg.</i> <b>9.21]</b> Salvationists, on the other hand, aim to be saved from their mortality. They often speak of salvation as the surrender of the mortal self to the eternal light that is Nirvāna, Brahman or God. Some speak of salvation as a state of unbroken prayerful contemplation upon a personal deity. These are descriptions of impersonal Brahman and Paramātmā realization. Impersonal Brahman, as explained in the <i>brahma-jyotir</i> entry, is the formless effulgence of Kṛṣṇa's personal form. Mystics and <i>yogīs</i> who are able to negate their minds' attachments to the world of material form may lose themselves within this formless light. Paramātmā is Kṛṣṇa's form as the Supersoul, who dwells within the hearts of all living beings as the overseer and permitter (see <i>Bg.</i> <b>13.23</b>). Paramātmā realization is semi-personal, because the salvationist's relationship to the Supersoul in the heart remains passive. More than wanting to serve God, the salvationist wants to be saved from death and rebirth. Thus impersonal Brahman and semi-personal Paramātmā realization are incomplete. The complete realization is the realization of the Personality of Godhead through <i>bhakti-yoga. </i>The most fortunate salvationists can attain only the <i>śānta-rasa</i> (passive relationship in awe and reverence). The four higher <i>rasas</i> are reserved for Kṛṣṇa's pure devotees. By flooding the senses with eternal nectar from the original, pure source of pleasure God Himself love of Kṛṣṇa completely liberates the devotee from attraction to temporary material sense pleasures. Thus the consciousness of the soul completely takes shelter of its original position as an eternal associate of the Lord in the spiritual world. As long as he or she still possesses a physical body, the fully Kṛṣṇa conscious devotee is called <i>jīvan-mukta,</i> liberated while still within the material world. When he or she gives up the physical body, the fully Kṛṣṇa conscious devotee remains forever with Kṛṣṇa in the spiritual world. This is <i>videha-mukti,</i> liberation that transcends the material world altogether. See Bhakti-yoga, Brahmajyoti, Brahman, Karma, Liberation, Nirvāna, Prema, Rasa, Reincarnation, Saṁsāra, Supersoul."
    },
    {
      "term": "Liṅga",
      "definition": "the subtle body: mind, intelligence and false ego.",
      "definition_html": "the subtle body: mind, intelligence and false ego."
    },
    {
      "term": "Liṅga-śarīra",
      "definition": "See Subtle body.",
      "definition_html": "See Subtle body."
    },
    {
      "term": "Liṅgam",
      "definition": "phallic symbol which is used in the worship of Lord Śiva.",
      "definition_html": "phallic symbol which is used in the worship of Lord Śiva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Lobha",
      "definition": "greed.",
      "definition_html": "greed."
    },
    {
      "term": "Locana dāsa Ṭhākura",
      "definition": "a great Kṛṣṇa conscious spiritual master.",
      "definition_html": "a great Kṛṣṇa conscious spiritual master."
    },
    {
      "term": "Logic",
      "definition": "This is one of the four main branches of philosophy (besides epistemology, ethics and metaphysics). Logic is the study of reasoning systematic thought expressed in language (speech) that accounts for what we know in this world. Through logic the experience of the world is made intelligible. See Epistemology, Ethics, Fallacy, Lgos, Metaphysics, Nyāya, Philosophy.",
      "definition_html": "This is one of the four main branches of philosophy (besides epistemology, ethics and metaphysics). Logic is the study of reasoning systematic thought expressed in language (speech) that accounts for what we know in this world. Through logic the experience of the world is made intelligible. See Epistemology, Ethics, Fallacy, Lgos, Metaphysics, Nyāya, Philosophy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Logical positivism",
      "definition": "A twentieth century development of positivism and empiricism. Its basis is the theory of verification, which claims the only valid truth is that which is proven by the modern scientific method. Language should emulate mathematical logic in order to express this truth. Metaphysical statements and values are meaningless. One of its founders is the British philosopher A.J. Ayer. See Empiricism, Positivism.",
      "definition_html": "A twentieth century development of positivism and empiricism. Its basis is the theory of verification, which claims the only valid truth is that which is proven by the modern scientific method. Language should emulate mathematical logic in order to express this truth. Metaphysical statements and values are meaningless. One of its founders is the British philosopher A.J. Ayer. See Empiricism, Positivism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Loka",
      "definition": "planet.",
      "definition_html": "planet."
    },
    {
      "term": "Loka-pratāraka",
      "definition": "a pretender.",
      "definition_html": "a pretender."
    },
    {
      "term": "Loka-pāla",
      "definition": "a generic term for the deity presiding over one of the directions: Indra for the east, Agni for the southeast. Yama for the south, Sūrya for the southwest, Varuṇa for the west, Vāyu for the northwest, Kuvera for the north, and Candra for the northeast.",
      "definition_html": "a generic term for the deity presiding over one of the directions: Indra for the east, Agni for the southeast. Yama for the south, Sūrya for the southwest, Varuṇa for the west, Vāyu for the northwest, Kuvera for the north, and Candra for the northeast."
    },
    {
      "term": "Lokāyatikas",
      "definition": "a class of philosophers, akin to the Buddhists, who existed when Lord Kṛṣṇa spoke Bhagavad-gītā and who accept that life is a product of a mature combination of material elements.",
      "definition_html": "a class of philosophers, akin to the Buddhists, who existed when Lord Kṛṣṇa spoke <i>Bhagavad-gītā </i>and who accept that life is a product of a mature combination of material elements."
    },
    {
      "term": "Lomaśa",
      "definition": "a sage who guided the Pāṇḍavas during their exile in the forest. He took them to many places of pilgrimage. (Vana Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "a sage who guided the Pāṇḍavas during their exile in the forest. He took them to many places of pilgrimage. (Vana Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Lorry",
      "definition": "truck.",
      "definition_html": "truck."
    },
    {
      "term": "Lāphrā-vyañjana",
      "definition": "combination of green vegetables, often mixed with rice.",
      "definition_html": "combination of green vegetables, often mixed with rice."
    },
    {
      "term": "Līlā",
      "definition": "a transcendental ''pastime\" or activity performed by God or His devotee; The endlessly expanding spiritual activities and pastimes of Kṛṣṇa. See Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a transcendental ''pastime\" or activity performed by God or His devotee; The endlessly expanding spiritual activities and pastimes of Kṛṣṇa. See Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Līlā-avatāras",
      "definition": "innumerable incarnations, like Matsya, Kurma, Rāma and Nṛsiṁha, who descend to display the spiritual pastimes of the Personality of Godhead in the material world.",
      "definition_html": "innumerable incarnations, like Matsya, Kurma, Rāma and Nṛsiṁha, who descend to display the spiritual pastimes of the Personality of Godhead in the material world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Līlā-puruṣottama",
      "definition": "the Personality of Godhead, who is by His own nature always engaged in transcendental pastimes.",
      "definition_html": "the Personality of Godhead, who is by His own nature always engaged in transcendental pastimes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Līlā-śakti",
      "definition": "Kṛṣṇa's internal potency, the energy that helps to enact His pastimes.",
      "definition_html": "Kṛṣṇa's internal potency, the energy that helps to enact His pastimes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Līlāvatāras",
      "definition": "innumerable incarnations, like Matsya, Kūrma, Rāma and Nṛsiṁha, who descend to display the spiritual pastimes of the Personality of Godhead in the material world.",
      "definition_html": "innumerable incarnations, like Matsya, Kūrma, Rāma and Nṛsiṁha, who descend to display the spiritual pastimes of the Personality of Godhead in the material world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mad elephant offense",
      "definition": "offense against the lotus feet of a Vaiṣṇava.",
      "definition_html": "offense against the lotus feet of a Vaiṣṇava."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mada",
      "definition": "madness, a vyabhicāri-bhāva; also, intoxication.",
      "definition_html": "madness, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva; </i>also, intoxication."
    },
    {
      "term": "Madana",
      "definition": "Cupid, the demigod who incites lusty desires in the living beings.",
      "definition_html": "Cupid, the demigod who incites lusty desires in the living beings."
    },
    {
      "term": "Madana-mohana",
      "definition": "the name of Kṛṣṇa which means \"He who charms Cupid.\"",
      "definition_html": "the name of Kṛṣṇa which means \"He who charms Cupid.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Madana-mohana-mohinī",
      "definition": "Rādhārāṇī, the enchanter of the enchanter of Cupid.",
      "definition_html": "Rādhārāṇī, the enchanter of the enchanter of Cupid."
    },
    {
      "term": "Madhupati",
      "definition": "name of Kṛṣṇa in Dvārakā.",
      "definition_html": "name of Kṛṣṇa in Dvārakā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Madhura-rasa",
      "definition": "see:Mādhurya-rasa. below.",
      "definition_html": "<i>see:Mādhurya-rasa. below.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Madhusūdana",
      "definition": "a name of Kṛṣṇa, \"killer of the Madhu demon.\"",
      "definition_html": "a name of Kṛṣṇa, \"killer of the Madhu demon.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Madhva",
      "definition": "Also known as Ānandatīrtha and Pūrṇaprajña, ācārya Madhva re-established the Brahmā Sampradāya in the thirteenth century AD. He is considered to be the avatāra of Vāyu and Hanumān. A prolific writer and undefeatable in debate, he established Dvaita Vedānta in direct opposition to Śaṅkarācārya's Advaita Vedānta. Śrīla Jīva Go-svāmī acknowledged Madhva's works as an inspiration for his own writings on acintya-bheda-abheda philosophy. See Advaita, Dvaita, Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas, Śaṅkarācārya, Vedānta.",
      "definition_html": "Also known as Ānandatīrtha and Pūrṇaprajña, <i>ācārya</i> Madhva re-established the Brahmā Sampradāya in the thirteenth century AD. He is considered to be the <i>avatāra</i> of Vāyu and Hanumān. A prolific writer and undefeatable in debate, he established Dvaita Vedānta in direct opposition to Śaṅkarācārya's Advaita Vedānta. Śrīla Jīva Go-svāmī acknowledged Madhva's works as an inspiration for his own writings on <i>acintya-bheda-abheda</i> philosophy. See Advaita, Dvaita, Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas, Śaṅkarācārya, Vedānta."
    },
    {
      "term": "Madhvācārya",
      "definition": "a great thirteenth-century Vaiṣṇava spiritual master, who preached the theistic philosophy of pure dualism. The founder of the dvaita school of Vedānta philosophy. He wrote a number of works which refuted the impersonal philosophy of Śaṅkarācārya. He appeared in the 13th century in Udipī, in South India. He took sannyāsa at the age of twelve, traveled all over India and had the personal darśana of Śrīla Vyāsadeva in the Himalayan abode of Badarikāśrama and presented his commentary on Bhagavad-gītā before that venerable sage. He also received a śālagrama-śīla called Aṣṭamūrti from Vyāsa. He was very powerful both physically and intellectualy, and was considered to be an incarnation of Vāyu, the wind god.",
      "definition_html": "a great thirteenth-century Vaiṣṇava spiritual master, who preached the theistic philosophy of pure dualism. The founder of the <i>dvaita </i>school of <i>Vedānta </i>philosophy. He wrote a number of works which refuted the impersonal philosophy of Śaṅkarācārya. He appeared in the 13th century in Udipī, in South India. He took <i>sannyāsa </i>at the age of twelve, traveled all over India and had the personal <i>darśana </i>of Śrīla Vyāsadeva in the Himalayan abode of Badarikāśrama and presented his commentary on <i>Bhagavad-gītā </i>before that venerable sage. He also received a <i>śālagrama-śīla </i>called Aṣṭamūrti from Vyāsa. He was very powerful both physically and intellectualy, and was considered to be an incarnation of Vāyu, the wind god."
    },
    {
      "term": "Madhya-līlā",
      "definition": "the pastimes Lord Caitanya performed during the middle part of His manifest presence, while He was traveling throughout India; the portion of the Caitanya-caritāmṛta recounting those pastimes.",
      "definition_html": "the pastimes Lord Caitanya performed during the middle part of His manifest presence, while He was traveling throughout India; the portion of the <i>Caitanya-caritāmṛta</i> recounting those pastimes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Madhyam Adhikāri",
      "definition": "Devotees in the intermediate stage of devotional service, who save their love for the Supreme Lord, make loving friendships with devotees, teach the innocent and avoid the outright atheists.",
      "definition_html": "Devotees in the intermediate stage of devotional service, who save their love for the Supreme Lord, make loving friendships with devotees, teach the innocent and avoid the outright atheists."
    },
    {
      "term": "Madhyama-adhikārī",
      "definition": "devotee who worships the Lord with firm faith, makes friends with His devotees, preaches to the innocent, and avoids atheists; Madhyama-bhāgavata",
      "definition_html": "devotee who worships the Lord with firm faith, makes friends with His devotees, preaches to the innocent, and avoids atheists; Madhyama-bhāgavata"
    },
    {
      "term": "Madirekṣaṇā",
      "definition": "refers to one whose eyes are so attractive that one who observes them becomes maddened by her. In other words, madirekṣaṇā means a very beautiful young girl. According to Jīva Gosvāmī, madirekṣaṇā means the personified deity of bhakti. If one is attracted by the bhakti cult, he becomes engaged in the service of the Lord and the spiritual master, and thus his life becomes successful. Vaidarbhī, the woman, became a follower of her husband. As she left her comfortable home for the service of her husband, a serious student of spiritual understanding must give up everything for the service of the spiritual master. As stated by Viśvanātha Cakravartī Ṭhākura, yasya prasādād bhagavat-prasādaḥ: if one wants actual success in life, he must strictly follow the instructions of the spiritual master. By following such instructions, one is sure to make rapid progress in spiritual life. [Gurv-aṣṭaka 8] This statement by Viśvanātha Cakravartī is in pursuance of the following injunction from the Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣadyasya deve parā bhaktir yathā deve tathā gurau tasyaite kathitā hy arthāḥ prakāśante mahātmanaḥ \"Unto those great souls who have implicit faith in both the Lord and the spiritual master, all the imports of Vedic knowledge are automatically revealed.\" (Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad 6.23) ataḥ śrī-kṛṣṇa-nāmādi na bhaved grāhyam indriyaiḥ sevonmukhe hi jihvādau svayam eva sphuraty adaḥ \"No one can understand Kṛṣṇa as He is by the blunt material senses. But He reveals Himself to the devotees, being pleased with them for their transcendental loving service unto Him.\" [Padma Purāṇa] bhaktyā mām abhijānāti yāvān yaś cāsmi tattvataḥ tato māṁ tattvato jñātvā viśate tad-anantaram \"One can understand the Supreme Personality as He is only by devotional service. And when one is in full consciousness of the Supreme Lord by such devotion, he can enter into the kingdom of God.\"",
      "definition_html": "refers to one whose eyes are so attractive that one who observes them becomes maddened by her. In other words, <i>madirekṣaṇā</i> means a very beautiful young girl. According to Jīva Gosvāmī, <i>madirekṣaṇā</i> means the personified deity of <i>bhakti.</i> If one is attracted by the <i>bhakti</i> cult, he becomes engaged in the service of the Lord and the spiritual master, and thus his life becomes successful. Vaidarbhī, the woman, became a follower of her husband. As she left her comfortable home for the service of her husband, a serious student of spiritual understanding must give up everything for the service of the spiritual master. As stated by Viśvanātha Cakravartī Ṭhākura, <i>yasya prasādād bhagavat-prasādaḥ:</i> if one wants actual success in life, he must strictly follow the instructions of the spiritual master. By following such instructions, one is sure to make rapid progress in spiritual life. [<i>Gurv-aṣṭaka</i> <b>8</b>]<b> </b>This statement by Viśvanātha Cakravartī is in pursuance of the following injunction from the <i>Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad</i><i>yasya deve parā bhaktir yathā deve tathā gurau tasyaite kathitā hy arthāḥ prakāśante mahātmanaḥ </i>\"Unto those great souls who have implicit faith in both the Lord and the spiritual master, all the imports of Vedic knowledge are automatically revealed.\" (<i>Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad</i> <b>6.23</b>) <b><i>ataḥ śrī-kṛṣṇa-nāmādi na bhaved grāhyam indriyaiḥ sevonmukhe hi jihvādau svayam eva sphuraty adaḥ</i></b> \"No one can understand Kṛṣṇa as He is by the blunt material senses. But He reveals Himself to the devotees, being pleased with them for their transcendental loving service unto Him.\" <b>[</b><b><i>Padma Purāṇa</i></b><b>]</b> <b><i>bhaktyā mām abhijānāti yāvān yaś cāsmi tattvataḥ tato māṁ tattvato jñātvā viśate tad-anantaram</i></b> \"One can understand the Supreme Personality as He is only by devotional service. And when one is in full consciousness of the Supreme Lord by such devotion, he can enter into the kingdom of God.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Madirā",
      "definition": "a wife of Vasudeva.",
      "definition_html": "a wife of Vasudeva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Magadha",
      "definition": "a province of ancient India; also the capital city of King Jarāsandha.",
      "definition_html": "a province of ancient India; also the capital city of King Jarāsandha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Maha-Viṣṇu",
      "definition": "the expansion of the Supreme Lord Viṣṇu reclining on Ādi-Sesa, from whom all material universes emanate; See Supersoul, Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "the expansion of the Supreme Lord Viṣṇu reclining on Ādi-Sesa, from whom all material universes emanate; See Supersoul, Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahal",
      "definition": "palace or house.",
      "definition_html": "palace or house."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahapuri",
      "definition": "one of the pilgrimage cities in India where residence brings salvation. The seven maha-puris are Mathura, Ayodhya, Hardwar, Varanasi, Kanchi, Ujjain, and Dwarka.",
      "definition_html": "one of the pilgrimage cities in India where residence brings salvation. The seven maha-puris are Mathura, Ayodhya, Hardwar, Varanasi, Kanchi, Ujjain, and Dwarka."
    },
    {
      "term": "Maharloka",
      "definition": "a heavenly planet.",
      "definition_html": "a heavenly planet."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahat",
      "definition": "Literally, very great, this word is often used in the Vedic scriptures to signify the immeasurability of material nature.",
      "definition_html": "Literally, very great, this word is often used in the Vedic scriptures to signify the immeasurability of material nature."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahat-tattva",
      "definition": "The first stage of creation, in which the ingredients of subsequent creations are displayed within material nature. The ingredients appear when the three modes of material nature are activated by the glance of Mahā-Viṣṇu. See Modes of nature, Prakṛti, Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "The first stage of creation, in which the ingredients of subsequent creations are displayed within material nature. The ingredients appear when the three modes of material nature are activated by the glance of Mahā-Viṣṇu. See Modes of nature, Prakṛti, Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahendra",
      "definition": "Lord Indra, the King of heaven.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Indra, the King of heaven."
    },
    {
      "term": "Maheśvara",
      "definition": "the supreme proprietor. Śiva-the guṇa-avatāra who is the superintendent of the mode of ignorance (tamoguṇa) and who takes charge of destroying the universe at the time of annihilation. He disguised himself as a Kirāta and fought with Arjuna over a boar. Lord Śiva was pleased with Arjuna and gave him a benediction of the Paśupati astra by which he could kill Jayadratha. He also gave a benediction to Aśvatthāmā that he could kill the remaining soldiers on the side of the Pāṇḍavas while they were sleeping in their tents. He is also considered the greatest Vaiṣṇava, or devotee, of Lord Kṛṣṇa. He is confused by some with the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the supreme proprietor. Śiva-the <i>guṇa-avatāra</i> who is the superintendent of the mode of ignorance <i>(tamoguṇa) </i>and who takes charge of destroying the universe at the time of annihilation. He disguised himself as a Kirāta and fought with Arjuna over a boar. Lord Śiva was pleased with Arjuna and gave him a benediction of the <i>Paśupati</i> <i>astra</i> by which he could kill Jayadratha. He also gave a benediction to Aśvatthāmā that he could kill the remaining soldiers on the side of the Pāṇḍavas while they were sleeping in their tents. He is also considered the <b>greatest</b> Vaiṣṇava, or devotee, of Lord Kṛṣṇa. He is confused by some with the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahiṣa",
      "definition": "buffalo demon who was killed by Durgā.",
      "definition_html": "buffalo demon who was killed by Durgā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahodara",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahā-bhāgavata",
      "definition": "a pure devotee of the Supreme Lord in the highest stage of devotional life; Uttama-adhikārī-a first-class devotee who is expert in Vedic literature and has full faith in the Supreme Lord; he can deliver the whole world; The Sanskrit term bhagavata refers to a devotee of Bhagavān Śrī Kṛṣṇa. A mahā-bhagavata is a great or first-class Vaiṣṇava devotee.",
      "definition_html": "a pure devotee of the Supreme Lord in the highest stage of devotional life; Uttama-adhikārī-a first-class devotee who is expert in Vedic literature and has full faith in the Supreme Lord; he can deliver the whole world; The Sanskrit term <i>bhagavata</i> refers to a devotee of Bhagavān Śrī Kṛṣṇa. A <i>mahā-bhagavata</i> is a great or first-class Vaiṣṇava devotee."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahā-bhāva",
      "definition": "the highest stage of love of God.",
      "definition_html": "the highest stage of love of God."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahā-bhūtas",
      "definition": "The five material elements: earth, water, fire, air and ether. See Elements.",
      "definition_html": "The five material elements: earth, water, fire, air and ether. See Elements."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahā-dvādaśī",
      "definition": "the day after Ekādaśī, celebrated instead of Ekādaśi because of astronomical overlapping. Lord Kṛṣṇa calls it Ekādaśī if a fast is observed on that day.",
      "definition_html": "the day after Ekādaśī, celebrated instead of Ekādaśi because of astronomical overlapping. Lord Kṛṣṇa calls it Ekādaśī if a fast is observed on that day."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahā-lakṣmī",
      "definition": "Lakṣmī-the goddess of fortune and the eternal consort of the Supreme Lord as Lord Nārayaṇa, who resides in the unlimited spiritual realm of Vaikuṇtha.",
      "definition_html": "Lakṣmī-the goddess of fortune and the eternal consort of the Supreme Lord as Lord Nārayaṇa, who resides in the unlimited spiritual realm of Vaikuṇtha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahā-mahā-prasādam",
      "definition": "the remnants of food left by a pure Vaiṣṇava.",
      "definition_html": "the remnants of food left by a pure Vaiṣṇava."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahā-mantra",
      "definition": "the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kṛṣṇa, Hare Kṛṣṇa, Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa, Hare Hare/ Hare Rāma, Hare Rāma, Rāma Rāma, Hare Hare. Mantra—a sound vibration that can deliver the mind from illusion. Mathurā—Lord Kṛṣṇa's abode, surrounding Vṛndāvana, where He took birth and later returned to after performing His Vṛndāvana pastimes. Māyā—(mā—not; yā—this), illusion; forgetfulness of one's relationship with Kṛṣṇa. Māyāvādīs—impersonal philosophers who say that the Lord cannot have a transcendental body. Mṛdaṅga—a clay drum used for congregational chanting.",
      "definition_html": "the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kṛṣṇa, Hare Kṛṣṇa, Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa, Hare Hare/ Hare Rāma, Hare Rāma, Rāma Rāma, Hare Hare.<br/> <i>Mantra</i>—a sound vibration that can deliver the mind from illusion.<br/> Mathurā—Lord Kṛṣṇa's abode, surrounding Vṛndāvana, where He took birth and later returned to after performing His Vṛndāvana pastimes.<br/> <i>Māyā</i>—(mā—not; <i>yā</i>—this), illusion; forgetfulness of one's relationship with Kṛṣṇa.<br/> Māyāvādīs—impersonal philosophers who say that the Lord cannot have a transcendental body.<br/> <i>Mṛdaṅga</i>—a clay drum used for congregational chanting."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahā-māyā",
      "definition": "the material nature; the external potency of the Supreme Lord, which bewilders the conditioned living entities. She is personified as Durgā-devī; the illusory, material energy of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the material nature; the external potency of the Supreme Lord, which bewilders the conditioned living entities. She is personified as Durgā-devī; the illusory, material energy of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahā-paṇḍita",
      "definition": "a very learned person.",
      "definition_html": "a very learned person."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahā-prasādam",
      "definition": "sanctified food that consists of remnants from the plate offered directly to Kṛṣṇa in His Deity form.",
      "definition_html": "sanctified food that consists of remnants from the plate offered directly to Kṛṣṇa in His Deity form."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahā-puruṣa",
      "definition": "the Supreme Lord, who is the supreme enjoyer.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Lord, who is the supreme enjoyer."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahā-pūrṇa",
      "definition": "the highest level of perfection.",
      "definition_html": "the highest level of perfection."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahā-ratha",
      "definition": "a powerful warrior who can single-handedly fight against ten thousand others.",
      "definition_html": "a powerful warrior who can single-handedly fight against ten thousand others."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahā-snāna",
      "definition": "a vast bath with ghee and water used to bathe the Deity.",
      "definition_html": "a vast bath with ghee and water used to bathe the Deity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahā-vadānyāvatāra",
      "definition": "Lord Caitanya, the most magnanimous incarnation.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Caitanya, the most magnanimous incarnation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahā-Viṣṇu",
      "definition": "See Kāraṇodakaśāyī Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "See Kāraṇodakaśāyī Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahā-vākya",
      "definition": "transcendental sound vibration.",
      "definition_html": "transcendental sound vibration."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahābhuta",
      "definition": "(mahā-great + bhuta-element) the five great material elements: earth, water, fire, air and ether.",
      "definition_html": "<i>(mahā-</i>great + <i>bhuta-</i>element) the five great material elements: earth, water, fire, air and ether."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahābhāgavata",
      "definition": "Great personality who sees everything in relation to the Supreme Personality of Godhead.",
      "definition_html": "Great personality who sees everything in relation to the Supreme Personality of Godhead."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahābhārata",
      "definition": "an ancient, Sanskrit, epic history of Bhārata, or India composed by Krṣṇa Dvaipāyana Vyāsadeva, the literary incarnation of Godhead, in 100,000 verses. The essence of all Vedic philosophy, the Bhagavad-gītā, is a part of this great work. Mahabhārata is a history of the earth from its creation to the great Kurukṣetra war fought between the Kuru and Pāṇdava factions of the Kaurava dynasty, which took place about five thousand years ago. The battle was waged to determine who would be the emperor of the world: the saintly Yudhiṣthira, a Vaiṣṇava king, or the evil-minded Duryodhana, the son of Dhrtarastra.",
      "definition_html": "an ancient, Sanskrit, epic history of Bhārata, or India composed by Krṣṇa Dvaipāyana Vyāsadeva, the literary incarnation of Godhead, in 100,000 verses. The essence of all Vedic philosophy, the <i>Bhagavad-gītā, is </i>a part of this great work. <i>Mahabhārata is </i>a history of the earth from its creation to the great Kurukṣetra war fought between the Kuru and Pāṇdava factions of the Kaurava dynasty, which took place about five thousand years ago. The battle was waged to determine who would be the emperor of the world: the saintly Yudhiṣthira, a Vaiṣṇava king, or the evil-minded Duryodhana, the son of Dhrtarastra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahābhārata-tatparya-nīrṇaya",
      "definition": "Madhvācārya's commentary on the Mahābhārata.",
      "definition_html": "Madhvācārya's commentary on the <i>Mahābhārata.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahābhūta",
      "definition": "(mahā—great + bhuta—element) the five great material elements: earth, water, fire, air and ether.",
      "definition_html": "(<i>mahā</i>—great + <i>bhuta</i>—element) the five great material elements: earth, water, fire, air and ether."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahādeva",
      "definition": "Lord Śiva-the guṇa-avatāra who is the superintendent of the mode of ignorance (tamoguṇa) and who takes charge of destroying the universe at the time of annihilation. He disguised himself as a Kirāta and fought with Arjuna over a boar. Lord Śiva was pleased with Arjuna and gave him a benediction of the Paśupati astra by which he could kill Jayadratha. He also gave a benediction to Aśvatthāmā that he could kill the remaining soldiers on the side of the Pāṇḍavas while they were sleeping in their tents. He is also considered the greatest Vaiṣṇava, or devotee, of Lord Kṛṣṇa. He is confused by some with the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Śiva-the <i>guṇa-avatāra</i> who is the superintendent of the mode of ignorance <i>(tamoguṇa) </i>and who takes charge of destroying the universe at the time of annihilation. He disguised himself as a Kirāta and fought with Arjuna over a boar. Lord Śiva was pleased with Arjuna and gave him a benediction of the <i>Paśupati</i> <i>astra</i> by which he could kill Jayadratha. He also gave a benediction to Aśvatthāmā that he could kill the remaining soldiers on the side of the Pāṇḍavas while they were sleeping in their tents. He is also considered the <b>greatest</b> Vaiṣṇava, or devotee, of Lord Kṛṣṇa. He is confused by some with the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahājana",
      "definition": "one of the twelve great self-realized souls, authorized agents of the Lord whose duty is to preach the cult of devotional service to the people in general; one who understands the Absolute Truth and throughout his life behaves likes a pure devotee.",
      "definition_html": "one of the twelve great self-realized souls, authorized agents of the Lord whose duty is to preach the cult of devotional service to the people in general; one who understands the Absolute Truth and throughout his life behaves likes a pure devotee."
    },
    {
      "term": "mahājanas",
      "definition": "the chief authorities on the process of devotional service to the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the chief authorities on the process of devotional service to the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahākāśa",
      "definition": "(lit., the greatest sky of all) the space occupied by Goloka Vṛndāvana.",
      "definition_html": "(lit., the greatest sky of all) the space occupied by Goloka Vṛndāvana."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahāprabhu",
      "definition": "supreme master of all masters; Lord Caitanya.",
      "definition_html": "supreme master of all masters; Lord Caitanya."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahāraurava",
      "definition": "a hell wherein animal killers are sent.",
      "definition_html": "a hell wherein animal killers are sent."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahārāja",
      "definition": "king, ruler, sannyasi (renounced order of life)",
      "definition_html": "king, ruler, <i>sannyasi</i> (renounced order of life)<i> </i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahārāṇī",
      "definition": "wife of the king or the ruler in her own right.",
      "definition_html": "wife of the king or the ruler in her own right."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahāt-tattva",
      "definition": "the total material energy.",
      "definition_html": "the total material energy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahātma",
      "definition": "a great soul, one who factually understands that Kṛṣṇa is everything and who therefore surrenders unto Him.",
      "definition_html": "a great soul, one who factually understands that Kṛṣṇa is everything and who therefore surrenders unto Him."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahātmas",
      "definition": "great souls.",
      "definition_html": "great souls."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mahātmā",
      "definition": "a great soul. Mantras—a sound vibration that can deliver the mind from illusion. Māyā—illusion; forgetfulness of one's relationship with Kṛṣṇa. Māyāvādīs—impersonal philosophers who say that the Lord cannot have a transcendental body. Munis—thoughtful sages.",
      "definition_html": "a great soul.<br/> <b>Mantras</b>—a sound vibration that can deliver the mind from illusion.<br/> <b>Māyā</b>—illusion; forgetfulness of one's relationship with Kṛṣṇa.<br/> <b>Māyāvādīs</b>—impersonal philosophers who say that the Lord cannot have a transcendental body.<br/> <b>Munis</b>—thoughtful sages."
    },
    {
      "term": "Maidan",
      "definition": "open square or park.",
      "definition_html": "open square or park."
    },
    {
      "term": "Maināka",
      "definition": "this mountain was the son of Himavan during the Satya-yuga, when mountains had wings. Its wings were clipped, and it was placed in the ocean by Indra.",
      "definition_html": "this mountain was the son of Himavan during the Satya-yuga, when mountains had wings. Its wings were clipped, and it was placed in the ocean by Indra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Maitreya Muni",
      "definition": "the great sage who spoke Śrīmād-Bhagāvātām to Vidura, who gave advice to the Pāṇḍavas during their exile in the forest. He cursed Duryodhana that Bhīma would fulfill his vow.",
      "definition_html": "the great sage who spoke <i>Śrīmād-Bhagāvātām </i>to Vidura, who gave advice to the Pāṇḍavas during their exile in the forest. He cursed Duryodhana that Bhīma would fulfill his vow."
    },
    {
      "term": "Makara-dhvaja",
      "definition": "\"The sex-god is called Makara-dhvaja.\" Bhāg. 3.28.32. See also: Cupid",
      "definition_html": "\"The sex-god is called Makara-dhvaja.\" <i>Bhāg</i>. <b>3.28.32</b>. <i>See also: Cupid</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Mala",
      "definition": "string of 108 beads made from Tulsasi wood used for chanting or Japa-the soft recitation of the Kṛṣṇa's holy names as a private meditation, with the aid of 108 prayer beads.",
      "definition_html": "string of 108 beads made from Tulsasi wood used for chanting or Japa-the soft recitation of the Kṛṣṇa's holy names as a private meditation, with the aid of 108 prayer beads."
    },
    {
      "term": "Malayadhvaja",
      "definition": "a nice devotee who is like sandalwood.",
      "definition_html": "a nice devotee who is like sandalwood."
    },
    {
      "term": "Malina-aṅgatā",
      "definition": "the ecstatic symptom of uncleanliness.",
      "definition_html": "the ecstatic symptom of uncleanliness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mallikā",
      "definition": "a sweet-scented flower of Vṛndāvana.",
      "definition_html": "a sweet-scented flower of Vṛndāvana."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mamatā",
      "definition": "an intimate attachment between the servitor and the served in devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "an intimate attachment between the servitor and the served in devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mandapam (mandapa)",
      "definition": "halls of the temple, often with many pillars. They are one or more entrance porches or halls that lead to the vimana or inner sanctum.",
      "definition_html": "halls of the temple, often with many pillars. They are one or more entrance porches or halls that lead to the <i>vimana </i>or inner sanctum."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mandarācala",
      "definition": "the mountain used by the demigods and demons to churn the ocean of milk and thus extract nectar.",
      "definition_html": "the mountain used by the demigods and demons to churn the ocean of milk and thus extract nectar."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mandir",
      "definition": "temple",
      "definition_html": "temple"
    },
    {
      "term": "Manjughoṣā",
      "definition": "a society lady of the heavenly planets.",
      "definition_html": "a society lady of the heavenly planets."
    },
    {
      "term": "Manomaya",
      "definition": "(consciousness) absorbed in mental activity.",
      "definition_html": "(consciousness) absorbed in mental activity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mantra",
      "definition": "(man-mind + tra-deliverance) a pure sound vibration when repeated over and over delivers the mind from its material inclinations and illusion. A transcendental sound or Vedic hymn, a prayer or chant; Combining the Sanskrit terms manas (mind) and trayate (to deliver), a mantra is a spiritual sound that frees consciousness from illusion. The Vedic scriptures are composed of many thousands of mantras. Mahā-mantra means great mantra; it is a synonym for the Hare Kṛṣṇa mantra: Hare Kṛṣṇa Hare Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa Hare Hare Hare Rāma Hare Rāma Rāma Rāma Hare Hare",
      "definition_html": "(<i>man</i>-mind + <i>tra</i>-deliverance) a pure sound vibration when repeated over and over delivers the mind from its material inclinations and illusion. A transcendental sound or Vedic hymn, a prayer or chant; Combining the Sanskrit terms <i>manas</i> (mind) and <i>trayate</i> (to deliver), a <i>mantra</i> is a spiritual sound that frees consciousness from illusion. The Vedic scriptures are composed of many thousands of <i>mantras.</i> <i>Mahā-mantra</i> means great mantra; it is a synonym for the Hare Kṛṣṇa <i>mantra: </i>Hare Kṛṣṇa Hare Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa Hare Hare Hare Rāma Hare Rāma Rāma Rāma Hare Hare"
    },
    {
      "term": "Manu",
      "definition": "Svayambhuva Manu, a demigod son of Brahmā who is the original father and lawgiver of the human race; also, a generic name for any of the fourteen universal rulers also known as Manvantara-avataras, who appear in each day of Lord Brahmā. Their names are 1) Svayambhuva; 2) Svārociṣa; 3) Uttama; 4) Tāmasa; 5) Raivata; 6) Cākṣusa; 7) Vaivasvata; 8) Savarṇi; 9) Dakṣa-sāvarṇi; 10) Brahma-sāvarṇi; 11) Dharma-sāvarṇi; 12) Rudra-sāvarṇi; 13) Deva-sāvarni; 14) Indra-sāvarṇi.",
      "definition_html": "Svayambhuva Manu, a demigod son of Brahmā who is the original father and lawgiver of the human race; also, a generic name for any of the fourteen universal rulers also known as Manvantara-avataras, who appear in each day of Lord Brahmā. Their names are 1) Svayambhuva; 2) Svārociṣa; 3) Uttama; 4) Tāmasa; 5) Raivata; 6) Cākṣusa; 7) Vaivasvata; 8) Savarṇi; 9) Dakṣa-sāvarṇi; 10) Brahma-sāvarṇi; 11) Dharma-sāvarṇi; 12) Rudra-sāvarṇi; 13) Deva-sāvarni; 14) Indra-sāvarṇi."
    },
    {
      "term": "Manu-saṁhitā",
      "definition": "the scriptural lawbook for mankind, written by Manu, the administrative demigod, and father of mankind.",
      "definition_html": "the scriptural lawbook for mankind, written by Manu, the administrative demigod, and father of mankind."
    },
    {
      "term": "Manuṣya-gaṇa",
      "definition": "mankind.",
      "definition_html": "mankind."
    },
    {
      "term": "Manvantara",
      "definition": "the duration of each Manu' s reign",
      "definition_html": "the duration of each Manu' s reign"
    },
    {
      "term": "Manvantara-avatāras",
      "definition": "the incarnations of the Supreme Lord who appear during the reign of each Manu (306,720,000 years); used as a standard division of history.",
      "definition_html": "the incarnations of the Supreme Lord who appear during the reign of each Manu (306,720,000 years); used as a standard division of history."
    },
    {
      "term": "Manīṣā",
      "definition": "intelligence.",
      "definition_html": "intelligence."
    },
    {
      "term": "Marakata-maṇi",
      "definition": "an emerald.",
      "definition_html": "an emerald."
    },
    {
      "term": "Maratha",
      "definition": "ruling group from Maharashtra in the 16th and 17th centuries.",
      "definition_html": "ruling group from Maharashtra in the 16th and 17th centuries."
    },
    {
      "term": "Markaṭa-vairāgya",
      "definition": "false renunciation; literally, the renunciation of a monkey.",
      "definition_html": "false renunciation; literally, the renunciation of a monkey."
    },
    {
      "term": "Martya",
      "definition": "a description of Kṛṣṇa indicating that because of His affection for His devotees He appears like an ordinary human being.",
      "definition_html": "a description of Kṛṣṇa indicating that because of His affection for His devotees He appears like an ordinary human being."
    },
    {
      "term": "Martya Loka",
      "definition": "The place of death. Refers to the whole material world.",
      "definition_html": "The place of death. Refers to the whole material world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Martya-loka",
      "definition": "”the world of death”; the planet earth.",
      "definition_html": "”the world of death”; the planet earth."
    },
    {
      "term": "Marudloka",
      "definition": "the planet of the Maruts, associates of King Indra.",
      "definition_html": "the planet of the Maruts, associates of King Indra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Marut (Vāyu)",
      "definition": "the demigod in charge of the wind.",
      "definition_html": "the demigod in charge of the wind."
    },
    {
      "term": "Maruts",
      "definition": "the demigod associates of King Indra, the gods of the air. They number forty-nine and are sons of Diti.",
      "definition_html": "the demigod associates of King Indra, the gods of the air. They number forty-nine and are sons of Diti."
    },
    {
      "term": "Marxism",
      "definition": "The rationalist political and economic doctrine of the nineteenth century German social revolutionary Karl Marx (1818-1883). Marx is considered to be a materialist, but his materialism is special. He believed the material (especially economic) facts of a society determine its mental aspects: social laws, religion, culture and other patterns of thought. In short, Marx believed the material determines the mental. But materialism is actually the belief that the material is the mental. Marx was much influenced by the idealist Hegel, whose philosophy of history predicted the progressive development of human consciousness towards knowledge of the absolute. Marx translated that notion of progress into economic terms. But the historical end he foresaw for humanity perpetual communisms idealistic, not materialistic. According to materialism, nothing is perpetual except primordial matter. Phenomena are ever-changing. Hence, no social system can be permanent. Theorist of economy that he was, Marx was not able to provide for his wife and children. He and his family were supported by his fellow revolutionary Friedrich Engels, a rich man's son. See Humanism, Idealism, Materialism, Rationalism.",
      "definition_html": "The rationalist political and economic doctrine of the nineteenth century German social revolutionary Karl Marx (1818-1883). Marx is considered to be a materialist, but his materialism is special. He believed the material (especially economic) facts of a society determine its mental aspects: social laws, religion, culture and other patterns of thought. In short, Marx believed the material determines the mental. But materialism is actually the belief that the material <i>is</i> the mental. Marx was much influenced by the idealist Hegel, whose philosophy of history predicted the progressive development of human consciousness towards knowledge of the absolute. Marx translated that notion of progress into economic terms. But the historical end he foresaw for humanity perpetual communisms idealistic, not materialistic. According to materialism, nothing is perpetual except primordial matter. Phenomena are ever-changing. Hence, no social system can be permanent. Theorist of economy that he was, Marx was not able to provide for his wife and children. He and his family were supported by his fellow revolutionary Friedrich Engels, a rich man's son. See Humanism, Idealism, Materialism, Rationalism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Maryādā-laṅghana",
      "definition": "a violation of the regulative principles.",
      "definition_html": "a violation of the regulative principles."
    },
    {
      "term": "Marīci",
      "definition": "one of the great sages born directly from Lord Brahmā.",
      "definition_html": "one of the great sages born directly from Lord Brahmā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Masjīd",
      "definition": "a mosque.",
      "definition_html": "a mosque."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mata",
      "definition": "mother.",
      "definition_html": "mother."
    },
    {
      "term": "Material Nature",
      "definition": "Stringent laws operating on all living beings horn into the material world, by which they evolve through the species of life, suffering in the cycles of repeated births and deaths. Vedic scriptures state that the only hope of permanently quitting the material world is to surrender to Kṛṣṇa, the Absolute Truth.",
      "definition_html": "Stringent laws operating on all living beings horn into the material world, by which they evolve through the species of life, suffering in the cycles of repeated births and deaths. Vedic scriptures state that the only hope of permanently quitting the material world is to surrender to Kṛṣṇa, the Absolute Truth."
    },
    {
      "term": "Materialism",
      "definition": "A very broad category of philosophy containing many shades of theory. The main points are that everything in existence is only matter in motion. According to some materialists, mind exists, but only as an effect of matter in motion. Other materialists say mind has no existence at all. All agree there is no God, there is no first cause or prime mover and that life is not eternal. All phenomena change, eventually pass out of existence, returning back again to a primordial eternal material ground in an eternal retransformation of matter. Marxists claim to be materialists, but the doctrine taught by Karl Marx has idealistic tendencies. See Idealism, Marxism, Mind/body problem, Scepticism.",
      "definition_html": "A very broad category of philosophy containing many shades of theory. The main points are that everything in existence is only matter in motion. According to some materialists, mind exists, but only as an effect of matter in motion. Other materialists say mind has no existence at all. All agree there is no God, there is no first cause or prime mover and that life is not eternal. All phenomena change, eventually pass out of existence, returning back again to a primordial eternal material ground in an eternal retransformation of matter. Marxists claim to be materialists, but the doctrine taught by Karl Marx has idealistic tendencies. See Idealism, Marxism, Mind/body problem, Scepticism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mathurā",
      "definition": "Lord Kṛṣṇa's abode, and birth place, surrounding Vṛndāvana. At the end of Lord Kṛṣṇa's manifest līlā, Vajra, His grandson, was put in charge of this sacred city. Lord Krsṇa displayed His pastimes after leaving Vṛndāvana. It is also the name of the district where Vraja (Vṛndāvana) is located.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Kṛṣṇa's abode, and birth place, surrounding Vṛndāvana. At the end of Lord Kṛṣṇa's manifest <b><i>līlā</i></b>, Vajra, His grandson, was put in charge of this sacred city. Lord Krsṇa displayed His pastimes after leaving Vṛndāvana. It is also the name of the district where Vraja (Vṛndāvana) is located."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mati",
      "definition": "attention, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "attention, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Matiar",
      "definition": "peas.",
      "definition_html": "peas."
    },
    {
      "term": "Matsya",
      "definition": "the fish incarnation of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the fish incarnation of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Maugdhya",
      "definition": "assuming the position of not knowing things although everything is known.",
      "definition_html": "assuming the position of not knowing things although everything is known."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mauṣala-līlā",
      "definition": "the pastimes of the annihilation of the Yadu dynasty and Lord Kṛṣṇa's disappearance.",
      "definition_html": "the pastimes of the annihilation of the Yadu dynasty and Lord Kṛṣṇa's disappearance."
    },
    {
      "term": "Maya Dānava",
      "definition": "the architect of the demons.",
      "definition_html": "the architect of the demons."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mayāvādī",
      "definition": "one who propounds the philosophy of Śaṅkarācārya, which basically holds that God is featureless and impersonal, that devotion to a personal Godhead is false, the material creation of the Lord is also false, and the ultimate goal of life is to become existentially one with the all-pervading, impersonal Absolute.",
      "definition_html": "one<i> </i>who propounds the philosophy of Śaṅkarācārya, which basically holds that God is featureless and impersonal, that devotion to a personal Godhead is false, the material creation of the Lord is also false, and the ultimate goal of life is to become existentially one with the all-pervading, impersonal Absolute."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mañjarī",
      "definition": "the small, purplish flowers of the tulasī plant. Mañjarīs, along with tulasī leaves, are offered only to the Supreme Personality of Godhead. They must be fresh.",
      "definition_html": "the small, purplish flowers of the <i>tulasī </i>plant. <i>Mañjarīs</i>, along with <i>tulasī </i>leaves, are offered only to the Supreme Personality of Godhead. They must be fresh."
    },
    {
      "term": "Maṅgala-arati",
      "definition": "the daily predawn worship ceremony honoring the Deity of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the daily predawn worship ceremony honoring the Deity of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Maṇimā",
      "definition": "an address used for respectable persons in Orissa.",
      "definition_html": "an address used for respectable persons in Orissa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Maṇimān",
      "definition": "a Yakṣa who was killed by Bhīmasena. (Vana Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "a Yakṣa who was killed by Bhīmasena. (Vana Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Maṭha",
      "definition": "a temple of the Lord with an attached residence or āśrama for brahmacārīs (celibate students) and sannyāsīs (renunciants) to live; monastery.",
      "definition_html": "a temple of the Lord with an attached residence or <i>āśrama</i> for <i>brahmacārīs </i>(celibate students) and <i>sannyāsīs</i> (renunciants) to live; monastery."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mechanomorphism",
      "definition": "In Contemporary Scientific Mythology (1957), Stephen Toulmin wrote: We are inclined to suppose that myths must necessarily be anthropomorphic, and that personification is the unique road to myth. But this assumption is baseless; the myths of the twentieth century, as we shall see, are not so much anthropomorphic as mechanomorphic. In mechanomorphism, God or the total universe is conceived in terms of mythical machines. See Anthropomorphism.",
      "definition_html": "In <i>Contemporary Scientific Mythology</i> (1957), Stephen Toulmin wrote: We are inclined to suppose that myths must necessarily be anthropomorphic, and that personification is the unique road to myth. But this assumption is baseless; the myths of the twentieth century, as we shall see, are not so much anthropomorphic as mechanomorphic. In mechanomorphism, God or the total universe is conceived in terms of mythical machines. See Anthropomorphism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mela",
      "definition": "fair, festival.",
      "definition_html": "fair, festival."
    },
    {
      "term": "Menakā",
      "definition": "the famous society girl of the heavenly planets who seduced the sage Viśvāmitra.",
      "definition_html": "the famous society girl of the heavenly planets who seduced the sage Viśvāmitra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Meru",
      "definition": "a mountain, the golden peak of Himavan, seat of Lord Śiva, abode of the demigods. Also called Maha-meru.",
      "definition_html": "a mountain, the golden peak of Himavan, seat of Lord Śiva, abode of the demigods. Also called Maha-meru."
    },
    {
      "term": "Metaphysics",
      "definition": "This is one of the four main branches of philosophy (besides epistemology, ethics and logic). Metaphysics inquires into reality beyond sense perception. It typically holds sense perception to be illusory. The term metaphysics comes from the Greek phrase, t met t physik, the things past the physics. See Epistemology, Ethics, Logic, Philosophy.",
      "definition_html": "This is one of the four main branches of philosophy (besides epistemology, ethics and logic). Metaphysics inquires into reality beyond sense perception. It typically holds sense perception to be illusory. The term metaphysics comes from the Greek phrase, <i>t met t physik</i>, the things past the physics. See Epistemology, Ethics, Logic, Philosophy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Method",
      "definition": "In philosophy, method is what must be done to attain knowledge. In Vedic language, method corresponds to vidhi (injunction), which together with artha-vāda (explanation) and mantra (transcendental chants) forms the very substance of knowledge itself.",
      "definition_html": "In philosophy, method is what must be done to attain knowledge. In Vedic language, method corresponds to <i>vidhi</i> (injunction), which together with <i>artha-vāda</i> (explanation) and <i>mantra</i> (transcendental chants) forms the very substance of knowledge itself."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mezze",
      "definition": "Middle Eastern hors d'oeuvres or appetizers. Mezze is essentially a Lebanese creation but has spread throughout the Middle East. Delicious vegetarian mezze included in this book are fresh, round Middle Eastern Breads (Pita) and dips such as Chickpea and Sesame Dip (Hummus), Lebanese Eggplant Dip (Babagannonj, and Syrian Yogurt Cheese Labreh). Lebanese Bulgur Wheat Salad (Tabbouleh) invariably appears on the mezze banquet table, as do varieties of Stuffed Vine Leaves (Dolmades), along with simple items such as slices of cucumber, olives, fresh raw or blanched vegetables, nuts, whole cooked chickpeas, and lemon wedges.",
      "definition_html": "Middle Eastern hors d'oeuvres or appetizers. <i>Mezze</i> is essentially a Lebanese creation but has spread throughout the Middle East. Delicious vegetarian <i>mezze</i> included in this book are fresh, round <i>Middle Eastern Breads</i> (Pita) and dips such <i>as Chickpea and Sesame Dip (Hummus), Lebanese Eggplant Dip (Babagannonj, and Syrian Yogurt Cheese Labreh). Lebanese Bulgur Wheat Salad (Tabbouleh)</i> invariably appears on the mezze banquet table, as do varieties of <i>Stuffed Vine Leaves</i> <i>(Dolmades),</i> along with simple items such as slices of cucumber, olives, fresh raw or blanched vegetables, nuts, whole cooked chickpeas, and lemon wedges."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mind",
      "definition": "Some prominent theories of the mind are the following: 1) it is an eternal transmigrating soul; 2) it is a product of the action of the soul upon the body; 3) it is a non-material substance totally unlike the body; 4) it is a succession of mental events; 5) it is a by-product of the body; 6) it is a function of the form of the body, as vision is to the form of the eye; 7) it is function of the organism as a whole; 8) it is the behavior patterns of the body; 9) it is identical to the brain; 10) it is matter in motion. None of these theories exactly correspond to the Vedic version, and some are completely materialistic. The Vedas state that the seed of the mind is the desire of the soul. If desire is pure, the mind that develops out of it is spiritual. If desire is impure, then what develops is subtle matter in the mode of goodness. The development of the mind of the living entity is governed by the Supersoul (Aniruddha). According to Lord Kṛṣṇa, the functions of the mind are saṅkalpa-vikalpa (acceptance and rejection; see SB 11.2.38). See Consciousness, False ego, Intellect, Mind/body problem, Modes of nature, Soul, Subtle body, Supersoul. Mind/body problem Throughout history, philosophers of the East and West have offered speculations about the exact nature of the relationship between the mind and the body. They can be grouped under the following headings: 1) Dualism: mind/body as two substances, mental and material. 2) Logical Behaviorism: mind as the logic of the body's behavior. 3) Idealism: mind/body as one substance, mind. 4) Materialism: mind/body as one substance, matter. 5) Functionalism: mind as the functions of input, processing, output, analogous to the functions of a computer. 6) Double aspect theory: mind/body as aspects of a substance that is neither mental nor physical. That substance is supposed by different philosophers to be the totality of everything, or a neutral monistic stuff, or the fundamental concept person, of which mind and matter are aspects. 7) Phenomenology: mind/body as a problem of experience, rather than a problem of theory. The mind/body duality is really a problem of the materialistic soul's intention toward matter, from which all dualities arise. The mind and body of the bound soul are material. The mind and body of the liberated soul are spiritual. See Consciousness, Dualism, False ego, Gross body, Idealism, Intellect, Logic, Materialism, Mind, Modes of nature, Phenomenology, Soul, Subtle body, Supersoul.",
      "definition_html": "Some prominent theories of the mind are the following: 1) it is an eternal transmigrating soul; 2) it is a product of the action of the soul upon the body; 3) it is a non-material substance totally unlike the body; 4) it is a succession of mental events; 5) it is a by-product of the body; 6) it is a function of the form of the body, as vision is to the form of the eye; 7) it is function of the organism as a whole; 8) it is the behavior patterns of the body; 9) it is identical to the brain; 10) it is matter in motion. None of these theories exactly correspond to the Vedic version, and some are completely materialistic. The Vedas state that the seed of the mind is the desire of the soul. If desire is pure, the mind that develops out of it is spiritual. If desire is impure, then what develops is subtle matter in the mode of goodness. The development of the mind of the living entity is governed by the Supersoul (Aniruddha). According to Lord Kṛṣṇa, the functions of the mind are <i>saṅkalpa-vikalpa</i> (acceptance and rejection; see <i>SB </i><b>11.2.38</b>). See Consciousness, False ego, Intellect, Mind/body problem, Modes of nature, Soul, Subtle body, Supersoul. Mind/body problem Throughout history, philosophers of the East and West have offered speculations about the exact nature of the relationship between the mind and the body. They can be grouped under the following headings: 1) Dualism: mind/body as two substances, mental and material. 2) Logical Behaviorism: mind as the logic of the body's behavior. 3) Idealism: mind/body as one substance, mind. 4) Materialism: mind/body as one substance, matter. 5) Functionalism: mind as the functions of input, processing, output, analogous to the functions of a computer. 6) Double aspect theory: mind/body as aspects of a substance that is neither mental nor physical. That substance is supposed by different philosophers to be the totality of everything, or a neutral monistic stuff, or the fundamental concept person, of which mind and matter are aspects. 7) Phenomenology: mind/body as a problem of experience, rather than a problem of theory. The mind/body duality is really a problem of the materialistic soul's intention toward matter, from which all dualities arise. The mind and body of the bound soul are material. The mind and body of the liberated soul are spiritual. See Consciousness, Dualism, False ego, Gross body, Idealism, Intellect, Logic, Materialism, Mind, Modes of nature, Phenomenology, Soul, Subtle body, Supersoul."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mirabai",
      "definition": "poetess, author of popular devotional songs.",
      "definition_html": "poetess, author of popular devotional songs."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mithila",
      "definition": "capital of the kingdom of Videha, ruled by King Janaka, father of Sita. Modern Janatput, Nepal.",
      "definition_html": "capital of the kingdom of Videha, ruled by King Janaka, father of Sita. Modern Janatput, Nepal."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mitra",
      "definition": "the demigod who controls death.",
      "definition_html": "the demigod who controls death."
    },
    {
      "term": "Miśra-sattva",
      "definition": "mundane goodness.",
      "definition_html": "mundane goodness."
    },
    {
      "term": "mleccha",
      "definition": "one who does not follow Vedic culture.",
      "definition_html": "one who does not follow Vedic culture."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mlecchas",
      "definition": "uncivilized humans, outside the Vedic system of society, who are generally meat-eaters.",
      "definition_html": "uncivilized humans, outside the Vedic system of society, who are generally meat-eaters."
    },
    {
      "term": "Modes of nature",
      "definition": "There are three guṇas, or modes of material nature: goodness (sattva-guṇa), passion (rajo-guṇa) and ignorance (tamo-guṇa). They make possible our mental, emotional and physical experiences of the universe. Without the influence of the modes, thought, value judgement and action are impossible for the conditioned soul. The English word mode, as used by Śrīla Prabhupāda in his translations of Vedic literature, best conveys the sense of the Sanskrit term guṇa (material quality). Mode comes from the Latin modus, and it has a special application in European philosophy. Modus means measure. It is used to distinguish between two aspects of material nature: that which is immeasurable (called natura naturans, the creative nature) and that which seems measurable (called natura naturata, the created nature). Creative nature is a single divine substance that manifests, through modes, the created nature, the material world of physical and mental variety. Being immeasurable (in other words, without modes), creative nature cannot be humanly perceived. Created nature (with modes) seems measurable, hence we do perceive it. Modus also means a manner of activity. When creative nature acts, it assumes characteristic modes of behavior: creation, maintainance and destruction. Bhagavad-gītā (14.3-5) presents a similar twofold description of material nature as mahat yoni, the source of birth, and as guṇa prakṛti, that which acts wonderfully through modes. Material nature as the source of birth is also termed mahad-brahman, the great or immeasurable Brahman. Mahad-brahman is nature as the divine creative substance, which is the material cause of everything. Material cause is a term common to both European philosophy (as causa materialis) and Vedānta philosophy (as upadāna kāraṇa). It means the source of ingredients that make up creation. We get an example of a material cause from the Sanskrit word yoni, which literally means womb. The mother's womb provides the ingredients for the formation of the embryo. Similarly, the immeasurable creative nature provides the ingredients for the formation of the material world in which we live, the seemingly measurable created nature. The clarity of this example forces a question: what about the father, who must impregnate the womb first before it can act as the material cause? This question is answered by Kṛṣṇa, the speaker of the Bhagavad-gītā, in verse 14.4: ahaṁ bīja-pradaḥ pitā, I am the seed-giving father. In Vedānta philosophy, this factor of causation is termed nimitta-mātram (the remote cause). It is important to note that by presenting creation as the result of the union of two causes (the material and the remote), the Bhagavad-gītā rejects the philosophy of Deus sive natura, the identity of God and nature. In short, though creative nature may be accepted as the direct cause of creation, it is not the self-sufficient cause of creation. The seed with which Kṛṣṇa impregnates the womb of creative nature is comprised of sarva-bhūtānām, all living entities [Bg. 14.3]. And Bg. 14.5 explains that when Kṛṣṇa puts the souls into the womb of material nature, their consciousness is conditioned by three modes, or tri-guṇa. The modes are three measures of interaction between conscious spirit and unconscious matter. The modes may be compared to the three primary colors, yellow, red and blue, and consciousness may be compared to clear light. The conditioning (nibhadnanti: they do condition) of consciousness upon its entry into the womb of material nature is comparable to the coloration of light upon its passing through a prism. The color yellow symbolizes sattva-guṇa, the mode of goodness. This mode is pure, illuminating, and sinless. Goodness conditions the soul with the sense of happiness and knowledge. The color red symbolizes the rajo-guṇa, the mode of passion, full of longings and desires. By the influence of passion the soul engages in works of material accomplishment. The color blue symbolizes tamo-guṇa, the mode of ignorance, which binds the soul to madness, indolence and sleep. As the three primary colors combine to produce a vast spectrum of hues, so the three modes combine to produce the vast spectrum of states of conditioned consciousness that encompasses all living entities within the universe. See Kṛṣṇa, Threefold miseries.",
      "definition_html": "There are three <i>guṇas,</i> or modes of material nature: goodness <i>(sattva-guṇa)</i>, passion <i>(rajo-guṇa)</i> and ignorance <i>(tamo-guṇa).</i> They make possible our mental, emotional and physical experiences of the universe. Without the influence of the modes, thought, value judgement and action are impossible for the conditioned soul. The English word mode, as used by Śrīla Prabhupāda in his translations of Vedic literature, best conveys the sense of the Sanskrit term <i>guṇa</i> (material quality). Mode comes from the Latin <i>modus,</i> and it has a special application in European philosophy. <i>Modus</i> means measure. It is used to distinguish between two aspects of material nature: that which is immeasurable (called <i>natura naturans,</i> the creative nature) and that which seems measurable (called <i>natura naturata,</i> the created nature). Creative nature is a single divine substance that manifests, through modes, the created nature, the material world of physical and mental variety. Being immeasurable (in other words, without modes), creative nature cannot be humanly perceived. Created nature (with modes) seems measurable, hence we do perceive it. <i>Modus</i> also means a manner of activity. When creative nature acts, it assumes characteristic modes of behavior: creation, maintainance and destruction. <i>Bhagavad-gītā</i> (<b>14.3</b>-5) presents a similar twofold description of material nature as <i>mahat yoni,</i> the source of birth, and as <i>guṇa prakṛti,</i> that which acts wonderfully through modes. Material nature as the source of birth is also termed <i>mahad-brahman,</i> the great or immeasurable Brahman. <i>Mahad-brahman</i> is nature as the divine creative substance, which is the material cause of everything. Material cause is a term common to both European philosophy (as <i>causa materialis</i>) and Vedānta philosophy (as <i>upadāna kāraṇa</i>). It means the source of ingredients that make up creation. We get an example of a material cause from the Sanskrit word <i>yoni,</i> which literally means womb. The mother's womb provides the ingredients for the formation of the embryo. Similarly, the immeasurable creative nature provides the ingredients for the formation of the material world in which we live, the seemingly measurable created nature. The clarity of this example forces a question: what about the father, who must impregnate the womb first before it can act as the material cause? This question is answered by Kṛṣṇa, the speaker of the <i>Bhagavad-gītā,</i> in verse <b>14.4</b>: <i>ahaṁ bīja-pradaḥ pitā,</i> I am the seed-giving father. In Vedānta philosophy, this factor of causation is termed <i>nimitta-mātram</i> (the remote cause). It is important to note that by presenting creation as the result of the union of two causes (the material and the remote), the <i>Bhagavad-gītā</i> rejects the philosophy of <i>Deus sive natura,</i> the identity of God and nature. In short, though creative nature may be accepted as the direct cause of creation, it is not the self-sufficient cause of creation. The seed with which Kṛṣṇa impregnates the womb of creative nature is comprised of <i>sarva-bhūtānām,</i> all living entities <b>[</b><b><i>Bg.</i></b><b> 14.3]</b>. And <i>Bg.</i> <b>14.5</b> explains that when Kṛṣṇa puts the souls into the womb of material nature, their consciousness is conditioned by three modes, or <i>tri-guṇa.</i> The modes are three measures of interaction between conscious spirit and unconscious matter. The modes may be compared to the three primary colors, yellow, red and blue, and consciousness may be compared to clear light. The conditioning (<i>nibhadnanti:</i> they do condition) of consciousness upon its entry into the womb of material nature is comparable to the coloration of light upon its passing through a prism. The color yellow symbolizes <i>sattva-guṇa,</i> the mode of goodness. This mode is pure, illuminating, and sinless. Goodness conditions the soul with the sense of happiness and knowledge. The color red symbolizes the <i>rajo-guṇa,</i> the mode of passion, full of longings and desires. By the influence of passion the soul engages in works of material accomplishment. The color blue symbolizes <i>tamo-guṇa,</i> the mode of ignorance, which binds the soul to madness, indolence and sleep. As the three primary colors combine to produce a vast spectrum of hues, so the three modes combine to produce the vast spectrum of states of conditioned consciousness that encompasses all living entities within the universe. See Kṛṣṇa, Threefold miseries."
    },
    {
      "term": "Moghul",
      "definition": "the Muslim dynasty of Indian Emperors starting from Babur.",
      "definition_html": "the Muslim dynasty of Indian Emperors starting from Babur."
    },
    {
      "term": "Moha",
      "definition": "bewilderment, a vyabhicāri-bhāva; illusion.",
      "definition_html": "bewilderment, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>;<i> </i>illusion."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mohana",
      "definition": "highly advanced ecstasy in which the lovers are separated; divided into udghūrṇā and citra-jalpa.",
      "definition_html": "highly advanced ecstasy in which the lovers are separated; divided into <i>udghūrṇā </i>and <i>citra-jalpa.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Mohinī",
      "definition": "the incarnation of the Supreme Lord as a most beautiful woman. She distributed the nectar produced from the churning of the ocean of milk. She was also pursued by Lord Śiva.",
      "definition_html": "the incarnation of the Supreme Lord as a most beautiful woman. She distributed the nectar produced from the churning of the ocean of milk. She was also pursued by Lord Śiva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mokṣa",
      "definition": "liberation from material bondage; See Liberation.",
      "definition_html": "liberation from material bondage; See Liberation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mokṣa-kāmī",
      "definition": "one who desires liberation.",
      "definition_html": "one who desires liberation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mokṣonmukhī",
      "definition": "pious activities that enable the living entity to merge into the existence of the Supreme.",
      "definition_html": "pious activities that enable the living entity to merge into the existence of the Supreme."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mokṣākāṅkṣī",
      "definition": "see: Mokṣa-kāmī above",
      "definition_html": "<i>see: Mokṣa-kāmī </i>above"
    },
    {
      "term": "Monism",
      "definition": "From the Greek mnos, single. It is generally taken to mean the doctrine of oneness argued by Māyāvādī philosophers, that reality is without variety and matter is an illusion. Vaiṣṇavas explain monism differently: all things in the universe occur out of the activity of one fundamental essence or substance, the Supreme Lord. See Atheism, Māyāvāda philosophy, Theism.",
      "definition_html": "From the Greek <i>mnos,</i> single. It is generally taken to mean the doctrine of oneness argued by Māyāvādī philosophers, that reality is without variety and matter is an illusion. Vaiṣṇavas explain monism differently: all things in the universe occur out of the activity of one fundamental essence or substance, the Supreme Lord. See Atheism, Māyāvāda philosophy, Theism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Monolith",
      "definition": "a monument, statue or temple carved out of a single stone.",
      "definition_html": "a monument, statue or temple carved out of a single stone."
    },
    {
      "term": "Monotheism",
      "definition": "The doctrine that there is only one God (from Gr. mnos, only, alone, plus thes, God). See Atheism, Theism.",
      "definition_html": "The doctrine that there is only one God (from Gr. <i>mnos,</i> only, alone, plus <i>thes,</i> God). See Atheism, Theism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Monsoon",
      "definition": "rainy season from June to October.",
      "definition_html": "rainy season from June to October."
    },
    {
      "term": "Moṭṭāyita",
      "definition": "awakening of lusty desires by the remembrance and words of the hero.",
      "definition_html": "awakening of lusty desires by the remembrance and words of the hero."
    },
    {
      "term": "Muhammed",
      "definition": "See Avatāra (Śaktyāveśa).",
      "definition_html": "See Avatāra (Śaktyāveśa)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Muhūrta",
      "definition": "a period of forty-eight minutes.",
      "definition_html": "a period of forty-eight minutes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mukta-puruṣa",
      "definition": "a liberated soul.",
      "definition_html": "a liberated soul."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mukti",
      "definition": "liberation of a conditioned soul from material consciousness and bondage.",
      "definition_html": "liberation of a conditioned soul from material consciousness and bondage."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mukti-devī",
      "definition": "the demigoddess who is the personification of liberation.",
      "definition_html": "the demigoddess who is the personification of liberation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mukti-pāda",
      "definition": "the Supreme Lord under whose feet exist all kinds of liberation.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Lord under whose feet exist all kinds of liberation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mukunda",
      "definition": "the name of Kṛṣṇa meaning \"the giver of liberation.\"",
      "definition_html": "the name of Kṛṣṇa meaning \"the giver of liberation.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Mukunda-datta",
      "definition": "Madhukantha, famous singer of Vrajabhumi",
      "definition_html": "Madhukantha, famous singer of Vrajabhumi"
    },
    {
      "term": "Mukut",
      "definition": "a crown or tiara worn by the Deity.",
      "definition_html": "a crown or tiara worn by the Deity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mumukṣu",
      "definition": "one who desires liberation from the material world.",
      "definition_html": "one who desires liberation from the material world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Muni",
      "definition": "a sage or self-realized soul.",
      "definition_html": "a sage or self-realized soul."
    },
    {
      "term": "Muni-putra",
      "definition": "the son of a sage.",
      "definition_html": "the son of a sage."
    },
    {
      "term": "Muraripu (Muradviṣa)",
      "definition": "the Supreme Lord, Kṛṣṇa, the killer of the demon Mura",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Lord, Kṛṣṇa, the killer of the demon Mura"
    },
    {
      "term": "Murāri",
      "definition": "Kṛṣṇa, the enemy of the demon Mura.",
      "definition_html": "Kṛṣṇa, the enemy of the demon Mura."
    },
    {
      "term": "Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad",
      "definition": "See UPANIṢADS.",
      "definition_html": "See UPANIṢADS."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mystic yoga",
      "definition": "yoga performed for the purpose of developing subtle material powers.",
      "definition_html": "<i>yoga</i> performed for the purpose of developing subtle material powers."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mysticism",
      "definition": "From the Greek mystes, one initiated into the mysteries or secrets of higher knowledge. Andrew Weeks, a scholar of this subject, points out the difficulty of coming to clear terms with what mysticism actually is: The concept of mysticism is controversial and ambiguous in its core. There is no agreement among scholars on the question of who ought to be classified as a mystic. (from German Mysticism, 1993, p. 3) St. John of the Cross, a Christian mystic, wrote: In order to arrive at that which thou knowest not, Thou must go by a way that thou knowest not. In order to arrive at that which thou possesseth not, Thou must go by a way that thou possesseth not. As Śrīla Prabhupāda once said, Mystical means misty. See Brahmajyoti, Ecstasy, Sphoṭavāda.",
      "definition_html": "From the Greek <i>mystes,</i> one initiated into the mysteries or secrets of higher knowledge. Andrew Weeks, a scholar of this subject, points out the difficulty of coming to clear terms with what mysticism actually is: The concept of mysticism is controversial and ambiguous in its core. There is no agreement among scholars on the question of who ought to be classified as a mystic. (from German Mysticism, 1993, p. 3) St. John of the Cross, a Christian mystic, wrote: In order to arrive at that which thou knowest not, Thou must go by a way that thou knowest not. In order to arrive at that which thou possesseth not, Thou must go by a way that thou possesseth not. As Śrīla Prabhupāda once said, Mystical means misty. See Brahmajyoti, Ecstasy, Sphoṭavāda."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mādana",
      "definition": "a category of highly advanced ecstasy in which the lovers meet together and there is kissing and many other symptoms.",
      "definition_html": "a category of highly advanced ecstasy in which the lovers meet together and there is kissing and many other symptoms."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mādhava",
      "definition": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning \"He who appeared in the Madhu dynasty.\" It is also a name for the Yadu dynasty; also a name of Kṛṣṇa comparing Him to the sweetness of springtime or the sweetness of honey.",
      "definition_html": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning \"He who appeared in the Madhu dynasty.\" It is also a name for the Yadu dynasty; also a name of Kṛṣṇa comparing Him to the sweetness of springtime or the sweetness of honey."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mādhukarī",
      "definition": "a saintly mendicant who takes a little food from each householder's place like a bee gathering honey; a system of begging adopted by a mendicant.",
      "definition_html": "a saintly mendicant who takes a little food from each householder's place like a bee gathering honey; a system of begging adopted by a mendicant."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mādhurya",
      "definition": "The spiritual relationship of conjugal love with the Supreme Personality of Godhead, as enjoyed by the cowherd girls of Vṛndāvan. The sex attraction as known in the material world is a perverted reflection of the original spiritual relationship of Mādhurya existing eternally in the Spiritual World between the Lord and His conjugal Associates.",
      "definition_html": "The spiritual relationship of conjugal love with the Supreme Personality of Godhead, as enjoyed by the cowherd girls of Vṛndāvan. The sex attraction as known in the material world is a perverted reflection of the original spiritual relationship of <i>Mādhurya</i> existing eternally in the Spiritual World between the Lord and His conjugal Associates."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mādhurya-bhaktas",
      "definition": "devotees engaged only in conjugal love.",
      "definition_html": "devotees engaged only in conjugal love."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mādhurya-līlā",
      "definition": "Lord Kṛṣṇa's pastimes of conjugal love with His eternal associates.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Kṛṣṇa's pastimes of conjugal love with His eternal associates."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mādhurya-rasa",
      "definition": "the mellow of conjugal love with the Supreme Lord, as best exhibited by the gopis. Madhyama-adhikārī—a second-class devotee, who has received spiritual initiation and is fully engaged in devotional service. Mahā-bhāgavata—a greatly advanced devotee. Mahā-mantra—the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kṛṣṇa, Hare Kṛṣṇa, Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa, Hare Hare/ Hare Rāma, Hare Rāma, Rāma Rāma, Hare Hare. Mahātmā—a great soul, or devotee. Maṅgala-ārati—the early morning ceremony to greet the Lord. Mañjarīs—maidservants of the gopis. Mano-vega—the urges of the restless mind. Mantra—a pure sound vibration that delivers the mind from material contamination. Martya-loka—the place of death, or the earth planet. Māyā—(mā-not; yā-this) illusion; forgetfulness of one's relationship with Kṛṣṇa. Mukti-kāmīs—persons desiring liberation by merging into the impersonal existence of Brahman.",
      "definition_html": "the mellow of conjugal love with the Supreme Lord, as best exhibited by the gopis.<br/> <i>Madhyama-adhikārī</i>—a second-class devotee, who has received spiritual initiation and is fully engaged in devotional service.<br/> <i>Mahā-bhāgavata</i>—a greatly advanced devotee.<br/> <i>Mahā-mantra</i>—the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kṛṣṇa, Hare Kṛṣṇa, Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa, Hare Hare/ Hare Rāma, Hare Rāma, Rāma Rāma, Hare Hare.<br/> <i>Mahātmā</i>—a great soul, or devotee.<br/> <i>Maṅgala-ārati</i>—the early morning ceremony to greet the Lord.<br/> <i>Mañjarīs</i>—maidservants of the gopis.<br/> <i>Mano-vega</i>—the urges of the restless mind.<br/> <i>Mantra</i>—a pure sound vibration that delivers the mind from material contamination.<br/> <i>Martya-loka</i>—the place of death, or the earth planet.<br/> <i>Māyā</i>—(<i>mā</i>-not; <i>yā</i>-this) illusion; forgetfulness of one's relationship with Kṛṣṇa.<br/> <i>Mukti-kāmīs</i>—persons desiring liberation by merging into the impersonal existence of Brahman."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mādhurya-rati",
      "definition": "see: Mādhurya-rasa. above.",
      "definition_html": "<i>see: Mādhurya-rasa. above.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Mādhāi",
      "definition": "see: Jagāi and Mādhāi",
      "definition_html": "<i>see: Jagāi and Mādhāi</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Mādrī",
      "definition": "the co-wife (with Kuntī) of King Pāṇḍu. She conceived Nakula and Sahadeva from the Aśvinī Kumāra demigods. She entered the fire with her husband.",
      "definition_html": "the co-wife (with Kuntī) of King Pāṇḍu. She conceived Nakula and Sahadeva from the Aśvinī Kumāra demigods. She entered the fire with her husband."
    },
    {
      "term": "Māgha-melā",
      "definition": "a yearly fair held during the month of Māgha at Prayāga for spiritual upliftment.",
      "definition_html": "a yearly fair held during the month of Māgha at Prayāga for spiritual upliftment."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mālyavān",
      "definition": "a great demon.",
      "definition_html": "a great demon."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mālā",
      "definition": "chanting with beads.",
      "definition_html": "chanting with beads."
    },
    {
      "term": "Māna",
      "definition": "when the lover feels novel sweetness by exchanging hearty loving words but wishes to hide his feelings by crooked means.",
      "definition_html": "when the lover feels novel sweetness by exchanging hearty loving words but wishes to hide his feelings by crooked means."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mānasa-gaṅgā",
      "definition": "a sacred river that flows in Vṛndāvana along part of the base of Govardhana Hill.",
      "definition_html": "a sacred river that flows in Vṛndāvana along part of the base of Govardhana Hill."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mānasarovara",
      "definition": "a lake north of India, near Mount Kailāsa.",
      "definition_html": "a lake north of India, near Mount Kailāsa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mānā",
      "definition": "standard of measurement for rice and grain.",
      "definition_html": "standard of measurement for rice and grain."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mārga",
      "definition": "road.",
      "definition_html": "road."
    },
    {
      "term": "Māriṣā",
      "definition": "the society girl of the heavenly planets sent by Indra to seduce the sage Kaṇḍu.",
      "definition_html": "the society girl of the heavenly planets sent by Indra to seduce the sage Kaṇḍu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa",
      "definition": "the Purāṇa of Mārkaṇḍeya Ṛṣi.",
      "definition_html": "the <b><i>Purāṇa</i></b> of Mārkaṇḍeya Ṛṣi."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mārkaṇḍeya Ṛṣi",
      "definition": "an ancient sage who narrated the Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa, which, describes the nature of Krṣṇa. He beheld the Lord lying down on a Banyan leaf during the period of universal devastation",
      "definition_html": "an ancient sage who narrated the <b><i>Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa</i></b>, which, describes the nature of Krṣṇa. He beheld the Lord lying down on a Banyan leaf during the period of universal devastation"
    },
    {
      "term": "Mātali",
      "definition": "the charioteer of Indra. He took Arjuna to the heavenly planets. (Vana Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "the charioteer of Indra. He took Arjuna to the heavenly planets. (Vana Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Mātsarya",
      "definition": "envy.",
      "definition_html": "envy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mātā Śacī",
      "definition": "the mother of Lord Śri Caitanya Mahāprabhu, the daughter of Nilāmbara Cakravartī and the wife of Śrī Jagannātha Miśra.",
      "definition_html": "the mother of Lord Śri Caitanya Mahāprabhu, the daughter of Nilāmbara Cakravartī and the wife of Śrī Jagannātha Miśra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Māyayā apahṛta-jnāna",
      "definition": "Class of men who think that they themselves are God, and that there is no necessity of worshiping any other God. They are unable, however, to answer how they have come under the control of the illusory energy, subject to the conditions of birth, death, disease and old age and restricted by the modes of goodness, passion and ignorance. God Himself, even when He visits this planet, is never subjected to its material laws, nor is He forced to take a body by His past actions, as are the ordinary living entities or the māyayā apahṛta jñāna.",
      "definition_html": "Class of men who think that they themselves are God, and that there is no necessity of worshiping any other God. They are unable, however, to answer how they have come under the control of the illusory energy, subject to the conditions of birth, death, disease and old age and restricted by the modes of goodness, passion and ignorance. God Himself, even when He visits this planet, is never subjected to its material laws, nor is He forced to take a body by His past actions, as are the ordinary living entities or the <i>māyayā apahṛta jñāna</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Māyā",
      "definition": "Māyāvāda philosophy. Māyāvāda in Sanskrit means doctrine of illusion. In India, the philosophies of the Buddha and of Śaṅkarācārya are called Māyāvāda. The second grew out of the first. The fundamental principles accepted by both are the following: 1) name, form, individuality, thoughts, desires and words arise from māyā or illusion, not God; 2) māyā cannot be rationally explained, since the very idea that anything needs explaining is itself māyā; 3) the individual self or soul is not eternal, because upon liberation it ceases to exist; 4) like māyā, the state of liberation is beyond all explanation. The main difference between the two is that Śaṅkarācārya's Māyāvāda asserts that beyond māyā is an eternal impersonal monistic reality, Brahman, the nature of which is the self. Buddhism, however, aims at extinction (nirodha) as the final goal. Of the two, Śaṅkarācārya's Māyāvāda is more dangerous, as it apparently derives its authority from the Vedas. Much word-jugglery is employed to defend the Vedic origins of Śaṅkarācārya's Māyāvāda. But ultimately Māyāvādīs dispense with Vedic authority by concluding that the Supreme cannot be known through śabda, that the name of Kṛṣṇa is a material vibration, that the form of Kṛṣṇa is illusion, and so on. The Śaṅkarites agree with the Buddhists that nāma-rūpa (name and form) must always be māyā. Therefore Vaiṣṇavas reject both kinds of Māyāvāda as atheism. Buddhists generally do not deny that they are atheists, whereas the Śaṅkarite Māyāvādīs claim to be theists. But actually they are monists and pantheists. Their claim to theism is refuted by their belief that the Supreme Self is overcome by māyā and becomes the bound soul. Śaṅkarācārya's Māyāvāda is similar in significant ways to the Western doctrine of solipsism. Like solipsism, it arrives at a philosophical dead end. The questions that remain unanswered are: If my consciousness is the only reality, why can't I change the universe at will, simply by thought? And if my own self is the only reality, why am I dependent for my life, learning and happiness upon a world full of living entities that refuse to acknowledge this reality? See Brahmajyoti, Brahman, Buddhism, Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas, Monism, Pantheism, Śaṅkarācārya, Scepticism, Solipsism, Six systems.",
      "definition_html": "Māyāvāda philosophy. Māyāvāda in Sanskrit means doctrine of illusion. In India, the philosophies of the Buddha and of Śaṅkarācārya are called Māyāvāda. The second grew out of the first. The fundamental principles accepted by both are the following: 1) name, form, individuality, thoughts, desires and words arise from <i>māyā</i> or illusion, not God; 2) <i>māyā</i> cannot be rationally explained, since the very idea that anything needs explaining is itself <i>māyā;</i> 3) the individual self or soul is not eternal, because upon liberation it ceases to exist; 4) like <i>māyā,</i> the state of liberation is beyond all explanation. The main difference between the two is that Śaṅkarācārya's Māyāvāda asserts that beyond <i>māyā</i> is an eternal impersonal monistic reality, Brahman, the nature of which is the self. Buddhism, however, aims at extinction <i>(nirodha)</i> as the final goal. Of the two, Śaṅkarācārya's Māyāvāda is more dangerous, as it apparently derives its authority from the Vedas. Much word-jugglery is employed to defend the Vedic origins of Śaṅkarācārya's Māyāvāda. But ultimately Māyāvādīs dispense with Vedic authority by concluding that the Supreme cannot be known through <i>śabda,</i> that the name of Kṛṣṇa is a material vibration, that the form of Kṛṣṇa is illusion, and so on. The Śaṅkarites agree with the Buddhists that <i>nāma-rūpa</i> (name and form) must always be <i>māyā.</i> Therefore Vaiṣṇavas reject both kinds of Māyāvāda as atheism. Buddhists generally do not deny that they are atheists, whereas the Śaṅkarite Māyāvādīs claim to be theists. But actually they are monists and pantheists. Their claim to theism is refuted by their belief that the Supreme Self is overcome by <i>māyā</i> and becomes the bound soul. Śaṅkarācārya's Māyāvāda is similar in significant ways to the Western doctrine of solipsism. Like solipsism, it arrives at a philosophical dead end. The questions that remain unanswered are: If my consciousness is the only reality, why can't I change the universe at will, simply by thought? And if my own self is the only reality, why am I dependent for my life, learning and happiness upon a world full of living entities that refuse to acknowledge this reality? See Brahmajyoti, Brahman, Buddhism, Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas, Monism, Pantheism, Śaṅkarācārya, Scepticism, Solipsism, Six systems."
    },
    {
      "term": "Māyā-sukha",
      "definition": "material happiness, which is illusory and temporary.",
      "definition_html": "material happiness, which is illusory and temporary."
    },
    {
      "term": "Māyā-vaśa",
      "definition": "subjected to the influence of the illusory energy.",
      "definition_html": "subjected to the influence of the illusory energy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Māyā-śakti",
      "definition": "Māyā-illusion; an energy of Krṣna's which deludes the living entity into forgetfulness of the Supreme Lord. That which is not, unreality, deception, forgetfulness, material illusion. Under illusion a man thinks he can be happy in this temporary material world. The nature of the material world is that the more a man tries to exploit the material situation, the more he is bound by māyā's complexities.",
      "definition_html": "Māyā<i>-</i>illusion; an energy of Krṣna's which deludes the living entity into forgetfulness of the Supreme Lord. That which is not, unreality, deception, forgetfulness, material illusion. Under illusion a man thinks he can be happy in this temporary material world. The nature of the material world is that the more a man tries to exploit the material situation, the more he is bound by <i>māyā's</i> complexities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Māyādhīśa",
      "definition": "the Lord of all energy.",
      "definition_html": "the Lord of all energy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Māyāvāda",
      "definition": "the impersonal philosophy first propounded by Śaṅkarācārya, which proposes the unqualified oneness of God and the living entities (who are both conceived of as being ultimately formless) and the nonreality of manifest nature; the philosophy that everything is one and that the Absolute Truth is not a person.",
      "definition_html": "the impersonal philosophy first propounded by Śaṅkarācārya, which proposes the unqualified oneness of God and the living entities (who are both conceived of as being ultimately formless) and the nonreality of manifest nature; the philosophy that everything is one and that the Absolute Truth is not a person."
    },
    {
      "term": "Māṇdūkya Upaniṣad",
      "definition": "See UPANIṢADS.",
      "definition_html": "See UPANIṢADS."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mīmāṁsakas",
      "definition": "atheistic philosophers who say that even if God exists He is obliged to reward us the fruits of our work. From karma-mimāṁsā philosophy of Jaiminī-the atheistic propounder and philosopher of Karma-mimāṁsā philosophy, and author of the Karma-mīmāṁsā-sūtras, which explain the Vedas in ritualistic terms, and advocate material work as the purpose of life. He theorized that if fruitive activity is performed nicely, then God is obliged to give the results.",
      "definition_html": "atheistic philosophers who say that even if God exists He is obliged to reward us the fruits of our work. From <i>karma-mimāṁsā </i>philosophy of Jaiminī-the atheistic propounder and philosopher of Karma-mimāṁsā philosophy, and author of the <i>Karma-mīmāṁsā-sūtras, </i>which explain the <i>Vedas</i> in ritualistic terms, and advocate material work as the purpose of life. He theorized that if fruitive activity is performed nicely, then God is obliged to give the results."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mīmāṁsā",
      "definition": "see:above",
      "definition_html": "<i>see:above</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Mūla-mantra",
      "definition": "a short Sanskrit incantation uttered before one offers an item of worship to the Deity of Kṛṣṇa or His expansions.",
      "definition_html": "a short Sanskrit incantation uttered before one offers an item of worship to the Deity of Kṛṣṇa or His expansions."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mūrti",
      "definition": "form of the Lord or His devotee.",
      "definition_html": "form of the Lord or His devotee."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mūḍha",
      "definition": "a fool or rascal; asslike person.",
      "definition_html": "a fool or rascal; asslike person."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mūḍhas",
      "definition": "Asses. The word is used in the Bhagavad-gītā to describe those engaged in the pursuit of sense gratification.",
      "definition_html": "Asses. The word is used in the <i>Bhagavad-gītā</i> to describe those engaged in the pursuit of sense gratification."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mṛdaṅga",
      "definition": "a two-headed clay drum used for kīrtana performances and congregational chanting.",
      "definition_html": "a two-headed clay drum used for <i>kīrtana </i>performances and congregational chanting."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mṛttikā",
      "definition": "clay derived from wet earth.",
      "definition_html": "clay derived from wet earth."
    },
    {
      "term": "Mṛtyu",
      "definition": "death personified, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "death personified, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Nadi",
      "definition": "river.",
      "definition_html": "river."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nadīyā-nāgarī",
      "definition": "a so-called party of devotees who worship Viṣṇupriyā.",
      "definition_html": "a so-called party of devotees who worship Viṣṇupriyā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nagara",
      "definition": "a town or city.",
      "definition_html": "a town or city."
    },
    {
      "term": "Naimiṣāraṇya",
      "definition": "a sacred forest in central India where the eighteen Purāṇas were spoken and which is said to be the hub of the universe.",
      "definition_html": "a sacred forest in central India where the eighteen <i>Purāṇas </i>were spoken and which is said to be the hub of the universe."
    },
    {
      "term": "Naishada",
      "definition": "a forest dweller, desdants of Naishada, an ugly dwarf born of the thigh of King Vena.",
      "definition_html": "a forest dweller, desdants of Naishada, an ugly dwarf born of the thigh of King Vena."
    },
    {
      "term": "Naiṣkarma",
      "definition": "another term for akarma; action for which one suffers no reaction because it is performed in Kṛṣṇa consciousness.",
      "definition_html": "another term for <i>akarma</i>; action for which one suffers no reaction because it is performed in Kṛṣṇa consciousness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Naiṣṭhika-brahmacārī",
      "definition": "one who has been celibate since birth.",
      "definition_html": "one who has been celibate since birth."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nakula",
      "definition": "the fourth of the Pāṇḍavas. He was the son of Mādrī by the twin Aśvinī Kumāra demigods. Nakula and his brother Sahadeva were taken care of by Kuntī after Madrī entered the funeral fire of Pāṇḍu. Nakula was reputed for being handsome.",
      "definition_html": "the fourth of the Pāṇḍavas. He was the son of Mādrī by the twin Aśvinī Kumāra demigods. Nakula and his brother Sahadeva were taken care of by Kuntī after Madrī entered the funeral fire of Pāṇḍu. Nakula was reputed for being handsome."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nakṣatra",
      "definition": "star; also refers to an asterism. In Vedic astrology there are twenty-seven asterisms.",
      "definition_html": "star; also refers to an asterism. In Vedic astrology there are twenty-seven asterisms."
    },
    {
      "term": "Namaste",
      "definition": "Hindu greetings, meaning \"obeisances.\"",
      "definition_html": "Hindu greetings, meaning \"obeisances.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Namo nārāyaṇāya",
      "definition": "greeting of Māyāvādī sannyāsīs meaning \"I offer my obeisances to Nārāyaṇa.\"",
      "definition_html": "greeting of Māyāvādī <i>sannyāsīs </i>meaning \"I offer my obeisances to Nārāyaṇa.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Nan",
      "definition": "baked leavened bread.",
      "definition_html": "baked leavened bread."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nanda",
      "definition": "one of the chief personal servants of Lord Nārāyaṇa in His spiritual abode, Vaikuṇṭha.",
      "definition_html": "one of the chief personal servants of Lord Nārāyaṇa in His spiritual abode, Vaikuṇṭha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nanda Mahārāja",
      "definition": "the king of the cowherd men of Vṛndāvana, Vraja, foster father of Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the king of the cowherd men of Vṛndāvana, Vraja, foster father of Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nanda-mahotsava",
      "definition": "the festival of Nanda Mahārāja; Kṛṣṇa's birthday.",
      "definition_html": "the festival of Nanda Mahārāja; Kṛṣṇa's birthday."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nanda-nandana",
      "definition": "the Supreme Lord, Kṛṣṇa, who is the darling son of Nanda Mahārāja.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Lord, Kṛṣṇa, who is the darling son of Nanda Mahārāja."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nandana-kānana",
      "definition": "the beautiful forest in the celestial world where Lord Indra sports with his wife and where there is heavenly music and dancing.",
      "definition_html": "the beautiful forest in the celestial world where Lord Indra sports with his wife and where there is heavenly music and dancing."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nandavana",
      "definition": "lower garden.",
      "definition_html": "lower garden."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nandi",
      "definition": "the bull carrier of Śiva found in many Śiva temples.",
      "definition_html": "the bull carrier of Śiva found in many Śiva temples."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nara",
      "definition": "the human race or a human being.",
      "definition_html": "the human race or a human being."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nara-deva",
      "definition": "the king, who is an earthly god.",
      "definition_html": "the king, who is an earthly god."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nara-Nārāyaṇa Ṛṣi",
      "definition": "an incarnation of the Supreme Lord appearing as two sages to teach by example the practice of austerities.",
      "definition_html": "an incarnation of the Supreme Lord appearing as two sages to teach by example the practice of austerities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Narakeśvara",
      "definition": "a name for the Supreme Lord as well as for Yamarāja, meaning \"he who is in charge of the hellish regions\".",
      "definition_html": "a name for the Supreme Lord as well as for Yamarāja, meaning \"he who is in charge of the hellish regions\"."
    },
    {
      "term": "Narakuṇḍa",
      "definition": "lake of hell.",
      "definition_html": "lake of hell."
    },
    {
      "term": "Narakāsura",
      "definition": "the father of King Bhagadatta. He was killed by Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the father of King Bhagadatta. He was killed by Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Narasiṁha, Lord",
      "definition": "Nṛsiṁha-deva-the half-man, half-lion incarnation of Lord Kṛṣṇa, who killed the demon Hiranyakasipu and saved His devotee, Prahlada Mahārāja.",
      "definition_html": "Nṛsiṁha-deva-the half-man, half-lion incarnation of Lord Kṛṣṇa, who killed the demon Hiranyakasipu and saved His devotee, Prahlada Mahārāja."
    },
    {
      "term": "Narottama dāsa Ṭhākura",
      "definition": "a renowned Vaiṣṇava spiritual master in the disciplic succession from Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu, who is famous for his many compositions of devotional songs. He appeared in the 16th century in Khetari. in the West Bengal district of Rajasahi, just north of Nadia. He was devoted to Lord Caitanya from birth. His father was a king and dedicated to Lord Nityānanda. Narottama went to Vṛndāvana and became the initiated disciple of Lokanātha Gosvāmī. He studied under Śrīla Jīva Gosvāmī and preached widely throughout India, making many thousands of disciples.",
      "definition_html": "a renowned Vaiṣṇava spiritual master in the disciplic succession from Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu, who is famous for his many compositions of devotional songs. He appeared in the 16th century in Khetari. in the West Bengal district of Rajasahi, just north of Nadia. He was devoted to Lord Caitanya from birth. His father was a king and dedicated to Lord Nityānanda. Narottama went to Vṛndāvana and became the initiated disciple of Lokanātha Gosvāmī. He studied under Śrīla Jīva Gosvāmī and preached widely throughout India, making many thousands of disciples."
    },
    {
      "term": "Narādhama",
      "definition": "(lit., “lowest of mankind”) those who are socially and politically developed but have no religious principles.",
      "definition_html": "(lit., “lowest of mankind”) those who are socially and politically developed but have no religious principles."
    },
    {
      "term": "Natarāja",
      "definition": "Śiva as the cosmic dancer.",
      "definition_html": "Śiva as the cosmic dancer."
    },
    {
      "term": "Natural theology",
      "definition": "A theological movement of the late seventeenth to early nineteenth century that minimized traditional revealed theology. Natural theology was the attempt of rationalist philosophers to acquire and demonstrate God consciousness by innate or natural reason. See Rationalism.",
      "definition_html": "A theological movement of the late seventeenth to early nineteenth century that minimized traditional revealed theology. Natural theology was the attempt of rationalist philosophers to acquire and demonstrate God consciousness by innate or natural reason. See Rationalism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nava-yauvana",
      "definition": "the eternal transcendental form of Kṛṣṇa as pre-youth.",
      "definition_html": "the eternal transcendental form of Kṛṣṇa as pre-youth."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nava-yauvana day",
      "definition": "the day on which Lord Jagannātha, Śrīmatī Subhadrā and Lord Balarāma enter seclusion for fifteen days before Ratha-yātrā.",
      "definition_html": "the day on which Lord Jagannātha, Śrīmatī Subhadrā and Lord Balarāma enter seclusion for fifteen days before Ratha-yātrā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Navadvīpa",
      "definition": "the topmost holy place, ninety miles north of Calcutta. In the 15th and 16th centuries the city became the greatest center of Sanskrit learning in all of India. Lord Caitanya, the yuga-avatāra, appeared there in the late 15th century and propagated the chanting of the Holy Names all over India. His appearance made Navadvīpa the crest jewel of all holy places in the present age.",
      "definition_html": "the topmost holy place, ninety miles north of Calcutta. In the 15th and 16th centuries the city became the greatest center of Sanskrit learning in all of India. Lord Caitanya, the <i>yuga-avatāra, </i>appeared there in the late 15th century and propagated the chanting of the Holy Names all over India. His appearance made Navadvīpa the crest jewel of all holy places in the present age."
    },
    {
      "term": "Navagraha",
      "definition": "nine planets.",
      "definition_html": "nine planets."
    },
    {
      "term": "Navamī",
      "definition": "the ninth day of the waxing and waning moon.",
      "definition_html": "the ninth day of the waxing and waning moon."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nawab",
      "definition": "Muslim ruler or a big landowner",
      "definition_html": "Muslim ruler or a big landowner"
    },
    {
      "term": "Nawab Hussein Shah",
      "definition": "the Muhammdan governor of Bengal during the time of Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu's appearance.",
      "definition_html": "the Muhammdan governor of Bengal during the time of Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu's appearance."
    },
    {
      "term": "Naṣṭa-buddhi",
      "definition": "bereft of all good sense.",
      "definition_html": "bereft of all good sense."
    },
    {
      "term": "Naṣṭa-prajña",
      "definition": "bereft of all intelligence.",
      "definition_html": "bereft of all intelligence."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nesis (Gr.)",
      "definition": "Factual, intellectual knowledge, as opposed to mere opinion (dxa). See Epistemology.",
      "definition_html": "Factual, intellectual knowledge, as opposed to mere opinion <i>(dxa).</i> See Epistemology."
    },
    {
      "term": "Neti neti",
      "definition": "the negative process of the jñānīs: \"This is not spirit, this is not Brahman.\"",
      "definition_html": "the negative process of the <i>jñānīs:</i> \"This is not spirit, this is not Brahman.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Netrotsava festival",
      "definition": "the festival of painting the eyes of Lord Jagannātha during the Nava-yauvana ceremony.",
      "definition_html": "the festival of painting the eyes of Lord Jagannātha during the Nava-yauvana ceremony."
    },
    {
      "term": "New Philosophy",
      "definition": "A European intellectual movement of the seventeenth century that directly led to the rise of modern science, New Philosophy owed much to Descartes' analytical, mechanistic view of the material world. The essential premise of New Philosophy is that knowledge is how something is made. The arcana naturae (secrets of nature) are to be exposed by experimenta lucifera (experiments of light), and the results of such experiments are to be validated by the reproduction of nature's effects with the help of mechanical apparatus.",
      "definition_html": "A European intellectual movement of the seventeenth century that directly led to the rise of modern science, New Philosophy owed much to Descartes' analytical, mechanistic view of the material world. The essential premise of New Philosophy is that knowledge is how something is made. The <i>arcana naturae</i> (secrets of nature) are to be exposed by <i>experimenta lucifera</i> (experiments of light), and the results of such experiments are to be validated by the reproduction of nature's effects with the help of mechanical apparatus."
    },
    {
      "term": "New Vṛndāvana",
      "definition": "the first farm-community, located in West Virginia, of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.",
      "definition_html": "the first farm-community, located in West Virginia, of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Newman, John Henry (1801-1890)",
      "definition": "an English cardinal who became one of the most outstanding European religious thinkers and essayists of the 19th century. He spent his life defending Christian truth against various forms of so-called rationalism.",
      "definition_html": "an English cardinal who became one of the most outstanding European religious thinkers and essayists of the 19th century. He spent his life defending Christian truth against various forms of so-called rationalism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Newton, Sir Isaac",
      "definition": "English scientist who lived from 1643 to 1727. He was a follower of the Unitarian wing of Christianity, and tried to keep his science firmly grounded upon his faith. Newton opposed Descartes, whose philosophy he perceived as leading science away from the Bible.",
      "definition_html": "English scientist who lived from 1643 to 1727. He was a follower of the Unitarian wing of Christianity, and tried to keep his science firmly grounded upon his faith. Newton opposed Descartes, whose philosophy he perceived as leading science away from the Bible."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nidrā",
      "definition": "sleep, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "sleep, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nigarbha-yogī",
      "definition": "a yogī who worships the Supersoul without form.",
      "definition_html": "a <i>yogī </i>who worships the Supersoul without form."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nija-dharma",
      "definition": "one's constitutional position.",
      "definition_html": "one's constitutional position."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nilambar Cakravartī",
      "definition": "the grand father of Sri Caitanya Maha-prabhu.",
      "definition_html": "the grand father of Sri Caitanya Maha-prabhu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nilambara Cakravartī",
      "definition": "the great astrologer and scholar Vaisnava, Garga Muni, of Krsna-lila.",
      "definition_html": "the great astrologer and scholar Vaisnava, Garga Muni, of Krsna-lila."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nimai",
      "definition": "Lord Caitanya in His childhood.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Caitanya in His childhood."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nimi",
      "definition": "a devotee king, ruler of Videha.",
      "definition_html": "a devotee king, ruler of Videha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nimāi Paṇḍita",
      "definition": "the name of Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU during His pastimes as a young scholar.",
      "definition_html": "the name of Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU during His pastimes as a young scholar."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nindakas",
      "definition": "blasphemers.",
      "definition_html": "blasphemers."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nirantara",
      "definition": "without cessation, continuously, constantly.",
      "definition_html": "without cessation, continuously, constantly."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nirgrantha-muni",
      "definition": "a completely liberated saint.",
      "definition_html": "a completely liberated saint."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nirguṇa",
      "definition": "Without attributes, without material qualifications. Is also used to mean that the Supreme Person's qualities are beyond estimation.",
      "definition_html": "Without attributes, without material qualifications. Is also used to mean that the Supreme Person's qualities are beyond estimation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nirguṇa-brahma",
      "definition": "the impersonal conception of the Supreme Truth as being without any qualities.",
      "definition_html": "the impersonal conception of the Supreme Truth as being without any qualities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nirjala",
      "definition": "fasting completely, even from water.",
      "definition_html": "fasting completely, even from water."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nirmama",
      "definition": "consciousness that nothing belongs to oneself.",
      "definition_html": "consciousness that nothing belongs to oneself."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nirodha",
      "definition": "the winding up of all energies employed in creation.",
      "definition_html": "the winding up of all energies employed in creation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nirveda",
      "definition": "indifference, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "indifference, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nirviśeṣa-vādīs",
      "definition": "impersonalists who accept an Absolute but deny that He has any qualities of His own.",
      "definition_html": "impersonalists who accept an Absolute but deny that He has any qualities of His own."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nirvāṇa",
      "definition": "the cessation of material activities and existence, which according to Vaiṣṇava philosophy, does not deny spiritual activities and existence; freedom from and the end of the process of materialistic life; Literally, of, or like, a candle extinguised. A Sanskrit term for deliverance from material identity or extinction of the false ego, nirvāna is often identified with Buddhism. However, it is to be found throughout the Vedic literatures, e.g. in Bhagavad-gītā 2.72, 5.24-26, and 6.15. See Buddhism, False ego, Liberation, Modes of nature.",
      "definition_html": "the cessation of material activities and existence, which according to Vaiṣṇava philosophy, does not deny spiritual activities and existence; freedom from and the end of the process of materialistic life; Literally, of, or like, a candle extinguised. A Sanskrit term for deliverance from material identity or extinction of the false ego, <i>nirvāna</i> is often identified with Buddhism. However, it is to be found throughout the Vedic literatures, e.g. in <i>Bhagavad-gītā</i> <b>2.72</b>, <b>5.24-26</b>, and <b>6.15</b>. See Buddhism, False ego, Liberation, Modes of nature."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nistraiguṇya",
      "definition": "the transcendental position above the three modes of nature.",
      "definition_html": "the transcendental position above the three modes of nature."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nitya-baddha",
      "definition": "the eternally conditioned soul, bound in the material world.",
      "definition_html": "the eternally conditioned soul, bound in the material world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nitya-līlā",
      "definition": "Kṛṣṇa's eternally present pastimes.",
      "definition_html": "Kṛṣṇa's eternally present pastimes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nitya-mukta",
      "definition": "an eternally liberated soul.",
      "definition_html": "an eternally liberated soul."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nitya-muktas",
      "definition": "souls who never come in contact with the external energy.",
      "definition_html": "souls who never come in contact with the external energy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nitya-siddha",
      "definition": "one who has attained eternal perfection attained by never forgetting Kṛṣṇa at any time; an ever-purified associate of the Lord",
      "definition_html": "one who has attained eternal perfection attained by never forgetting Kṛṣṇa at any time; an ever-purified associate of the Lord"
    },
    {
      "term": "Nityānanda Prabhu",
      "definition": "an incarnation of the Lord who appeared as the chief associate of another incarnation, Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU.",
      "definition_html": "an incarnation of the Lord who appeared as the chief associate of another incarnation, Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nivātakavacas",
      "definition": "a sect of demons who were killed by Arjuna at the request of Indra.",
      "definition_html": "a sect of demons who were killed by Arjuna at the request of Indra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nivṛtti-mārga",
      "definition": "the path of renunciation, which leads to liberation; directions for giving up the material world for higher spiritual understanding.",
      "definition_html": "the path of renunciation, which leads to liberation; directions for giving up the material world for higher spiritual understanding."
    },
    {
      "term": "Niyama",
      "definition": "restraint of the senses.",
      "definition_html": "restraint of the senses."
    },
    {
      "term": "Niyamāgraha",
      "definition": "either following rules and regulations insufficiently (niyama-agraha) or fanatically without understanding the goal (niyama-āgraha).",
      "definition_html": "either following rules and regulations insufficiently (<i>niyama-agraha</i>) or fanatically without understanding the goal (<i>niyama</i>-<i>āgraha</i>)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Niścaya",
      "definition": "Correct apprehension. One of the five functions of buddhi. See Buddhi.",
      "definition_html": "Correct apprehension. One of the five functions of <i>buddhi.</i> See Buddhi."
    },
    {
      "term": "Niṣiddhācāra",
      "definition": "acting in a way forbidden in the śāstra.",
      "definition_html": "acting in a way forbidden in the <i>śāstra</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Niṣkiñcana",
      "definition": "free from all material possessions; having nothing; a renunciant.",
      "definition_html": "free from all material possessions; having nothing; a renunciant."
    },
    {
      "term": "Niṣkāma",
      "definition": "free from material desires.",
      "definition_html": "free from material desires."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nrita-mandapa",
      "definition": "dance hall.",
      "definition_html": "dance hall."
    },
    {
      "term": "Numinous",
      "definition": "Opposite of phenomenal. The root of the word numinous is the Latin numen, nod: a nod as a sign of command. From this comes the sense of a divine will or divine command. Thus the term numinous indicates the felt presence of the divine spirit, the transcendental, the everlasting. See Phenomenalism.",
      "definition_html": "Opposite of phenomenal. The root of the word numinous is the Latin <i>numen,</i> nod: a nod as a sign of command. From this comes the sense of a divine will or divine command. Thus the term numinous indicates the felt presence of the divine spirit, the transcendental, the everlasting. See Phenomenalism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nyāya",
      "definition": "logic; Gautama Muni-one of the seven sons born from Lord Brahma's mind. He belongs to the family of Aṅgirā Ṛṣi and is the author of Nyāya-śāstra, the science of logic, which explains that the combination of atoms is the cause of everything; One of the six systems of Vedic philosophy; taught by sage Gautama. See Logic, Six systems.",
      "definition_html": "logic; Gautama Muni-one of the seven sons born from Lord Brahma's mind. He belongs to the family of Aṅgirā Ṛṣi and is the author of <i>Nyāya-śāstra, </i>the science of logic, which explains that the combination of atoms is the cause of everything; One of the six systems of Vedic philosophy; taught by sage Gautama. See Logic, Six systems."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nyāyu-śāstra",
      "definition": "the Sanskrit literary works, written by the ancient Ṛṣi Gautama Muni and his followers, that teach the philosophical science of logic. Nyayu (or dialectics) was founded by Gautama and is one of the six major schools of Indian philosophy.",
      "definition_html": "the Sanskrit literary works, written by the ancient Ṛṣi<i> </i>Gautama Muni and his followers, that teach the philosophical science of logic. <i>Nyayu </i>(or dialectics) was founded by Gautama and is one of the six major schools of Indian philosophy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nābhi",
      "definition": "the saintly king who was the father of Lord Ṛṣabhadeva.",
      "definition_html": "the saintly king who was the father of Lord Ṛṣabhadeva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nāga",
      "definition": "a snake. Śeṣa-nāga is the incarnation of Lord Sankarṣaṇa, or Baladeva.",
      "definition_html": "a snake. Śeṣa-nāga is the incarnation of Lord Sankarṣaṇa, or Baladeva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nāgapatnī",
      "definition": "a wife of a serpent.",
      "definition_html": "a wife of a serpent."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nāgas",
      "definition": "a race of serpents.",
      "definition_html": "a race of serpents."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nāma-aparādha",
      "definition": "an offense against the holy name of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "an offense against the holy name of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nāma-saṅkīrtana",
      "definition": "congregational chanting of the holy names of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, usually accompanied by hand cymbals (karatālas) and clay mṛdaṅga drums. Lord Caitanya and the Vedic literatures recommend this saṅkīrtana as the most effective means of God-realization in the present age of Kali.",
      "definition_html": "congregational chanting of the holy names of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, usually accompanied by hand cymbals (<i>karatālas</i>) and clay <i>mṛdaṅga </i>drums. Lord Caitanya and the Vedic literatures recommend this <i>saṅkīrtana </i>as the most effective means of God-realization in the present age of Kali."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nāmmālvāra",
      "definition": "a famous South Indian devotee who lived before Rāmānuja and composed many beautiful prayers.",
      "definition_html": "a famous South Indian devotee who lived before Rāmānuja and composed many beautiful prayers."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nāmābhāsa",
      "definition": "the stage just above the offensive stage of chanting the name of God, in which one realizes a dim reflection of the holy name.",
      "definition_html": "the stage just above the offensive stage of chanting the name of God, in which one realizes a dim reflection of the holy name."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nāmācārya",
      "definition": "ācārya of the chanting of the holy names (Haridāsa Ṭhākura).",
      "definition_html": "<i>ācārya </i>of the chanting of the holy names (Haridāsa Ṭhākura)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nāndī-śloka",
      "definition": "the introductory portion of a drama, which is written to invoke good fortune.",
      "definition_html": "the introductory portion of a drama, which is written to invoke good fortune."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nārada",
      "definition": "The great sage who travels through the universe playing his vīṇā and distributing the Hare Kṛṣṇa chant. He is called the original spiritual muster; many great devotees are his disciples, such as Vyāsudeva and Prahlād!",
      "definition_html": "The great sage who travels through the universe playing his <i>vīṇā</i> and distributing the <i>Hare Kṛṣṇa</i> chant. He is called the original spiritual muster; many great devotees are his disciples, such as Vyāsudeva and Prahlād!"
    },
    {
      "term": "Nārada Muni",
      "definition": "a pure devotee of the Lord, one of the sons of Lord Brahmā, who travels throughout the universes in his eternal body, glorifying devotional service while delivering the science of bhakti. He is the spiritual master of Vyāsadeva and of many other great devotees; A great sage among the demigods, the favorite son of Brahmā, and one of the foremost authorities on viṣṇu-bhakti. In Kali-santaraṇa Upaniṣad, Brahmā taught Nārada the Hare Kṛṣṇa mahā-mantra. Nārada is famous throughout the universe for his ecstatic chanting of the holy name of Kṛṣṇa. He taught the Nārada-pañcaratra and the Nārada-bhakti-sūtra and gives a number of illuminating discourses in Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam and other Purāṇas. Among Nārada's prominent disciples are Prahlāda, Dhruva, Citraketu (Vṛtrāsura), the Haryaśvas, and Vyāsadeva, who compiled all the Vedic scriptures. See Bhakti-yoga, Brahmā, Demigods, Prahlāda, Vyāsa.",
      "definition_html": "a pure devotee of the Lord, one of the sons of Lord Brahmā, who travels throughout the universes in his eternal body, glorifying devotional service while delivering the science of <i>bhakti.</i> He is the spiritual master of Vyāsadeva and of many other great devotees; A great sage among the demigods, the favorite son of Brahmā, and one of the foremost authorities on <i>viṣṇu-bhakti</i>. In <i>Kali-</i><b><i>santaraṇa</i></b><i> Upaniṣad,</i> Brahmā taught Nārada the Hare Kṛṣṇa <b><i>mahā-mantra</i></b>. Nārada is famous throughout the universe for his ecstatic chanting of the holy name of Kṛṣṇa. He taught the <i>Nārada-pañcaratra</i> and the <i>Nārada-bhakti-sūtra</i> and gives a number of illuminating discourses in <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam</i> and other <i>Purāṇas.</i> Among Nārada's prominent disciples are Prahlāda, Dhruva, Citraketu (Vṛtrāsura), the Haryaśvas, and Vyāsadeva, who compiled all the Vedic scriptures. See Bhakti-yoga, Brahmā, Demigods, Prahlāda, Vyāsa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nārada Pañcarātra",
      "definition": "Nārada Muni's book on the processes of Deity worship and mantra meditation.",
      "definition_html": "Nārada Muni's book on the processes of Deity worship and <i>mantra</i> meditation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nārada-pañcarātra",
      "definition": "Nārada Muni’s book containing instructions for practicing devotional service to the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "Nārada Muni’s book containing instructions for practicing devotional service to the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nārakī",
      "definition": "candidate for hellish life.",
      "definition_html": "candidate for hellish life."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nāras",
      "definition": "living beings.",
      "definition_html": "living beings."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nārāyana",
      "definition": "a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning “one who is the source and the goal of all living beings.”",
      "definition_html": "a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning “one who is the source and the goal of all living beings.”"
    },
    {
      "term": "Nārāyaṇa",
      "definition": "a name for the majestic four-armed form of the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning \"He who is the source and goal of all living entities.\" The resting place of all living entities, who presides over the Vaikuṇṭha planets; Lord Viṣṇu, He is an expansion of Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a name for the majestic four-armed form of the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning \"He who is the source and goal of all living entities.\" The resting place of all living entities, who presides over the Vaikuṇṭha planets; Lord Viṣṇu, He is an expansion of Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nārāyaṇa-para",
      "definition": "one who has dedicated his life to the Supreme Lord Nārāyana, or Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "one who has dedicated his life to the Supreme Lord Nārāyana, or Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nārāyaṇa-parāyaṇa",
      "definition": "a devotee of Lord Nārāyaṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a devotee of Lord Nārāyaṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nīlā",
      "definition": "the Lord's energy that destroys the creation.",
      "definition_html": "the Lord's energy that destroys the creation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nṛ-yajña",
      "definition": "the proper reception of guests; lit. \"a sacrifice to satisfy people.\"",
      "definition_html": "the proper reception of guests; lit. \"a sacrifice to satisfy people.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Nṛga",
      "definition": "a king who was cursed to become a snake because of a slight discrepancy in his service to brāhmaṇas. He was delivered by Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a king who was cursed to become a snake because of a slight discrepancy in his service to <i>brāhmaṇas.</i> He was delivered by Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nṛsiṁha",
      "definition": "an incarnation of Lord Kṛṣṇa in the form of half-lion, half-man.",
      "definition_html": "an incarnation of Lord Kṛṣṇa in the form of half-lion, half-man."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nṛsiṁha Purāṇa",
      "definition": "one of the eighteen Purāṇas. It describes the pastimes of the Supreme Lord in His half-lion, half-man incarnation.",
      "definition_html": "one of the eighteen <i>Purāṇas. </i>It describes the pastimes of the Supreme Lord in His half-lion, half-man incarnation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nṛsiṁha-caturdaśī festival",
      "definition": "the appearance day of Lord Nṛsiṁha.",
      "definition_html": "the appearance day of Lord Nṛsiṁha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Nṛsiṁha-deva",
      "definition": "the half-man, half-lion incarnation of Lord Kṛṣṇa, who killed the demon Hiranyakasipu and saved His devotee, Prahlada Mahārāja.",
      "definition_html": "the half-man, half-lion incarnation of Lord Kṛṣṇa, who killed the demon Hiranyakasipu and saved His devotee, Prahlada Mahārāja."
    },
    {
      "term": "Objective reality",
      "definition": "The external reality to which our language and perceptions refer.",
      "definition_html": "The external reality to which our language and perceptions refer."
    },
    {
      "term": "Occult, Occult quality",
      "definition": "References to the occult were made by Aristotle in his Ethics. He considered occult any effect of nature for which a cause could not be demonstrated. Hence, the occult qualities of nature (for instance, magnetism) could not be subject to scientific inquiry. The New Philosophy viewed all natural phenomena to be occult, since it considered science before the seventeenth century hopelessly inadequate for discovering causation. Though nature's qualities were occult, it was believed that scientific inquiry of a more aggressive kind than Aristotle had conceived of could unlock her secrets. See New Philosophy.",
      "definition_html": "References to the occult were made by Aristotle in his <i>Ethics.</i> He considered occult any effect of nature for which a cause could not be demonstrated. Hence, the occult qualities of nature (for instance, magnetism) could not be subject to scientific inquiry. The New Philosophy viewed <i>all</i> natural phenomena to be occult, since it considered science before the seventeenth century hopelessly inadequate for discovering causation. Though nature's qualities were occult, it was believed that scientific inquiry of a more aggressive kind than Aristotle had conceived of could unlock her secrets. See New Philosophy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Om tat sat",
      "definition": "the three transcendental syllables used by brāhmaṇas for satisfaction of the Supreme when chanting Vedic hymns or offering sacrifice. They indicate the Supreme Absolute Truth, the Personality of Godhead.",
      "definition_html": "the three transcendental syllables used by <i>brāhmaṇas </i>for satisfaction of the Supreme when chanting Vedic hymns or offering sacrifice. They indicate the Supreme Absolute Truth, the Personality of Godhead."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ontology",
      "definition": "The study of being. It asks, what does to be, or to exist, really mean? Utilized in this study are terms and categories such as being/becoming, actuality/potentiality, real/apparent, change, time, existence/nonexistence, essence, necessity, being-as-being, self-dependency, self-sufficiency, ultimate and ground. See Epistemology, Philosophy.",
      "definition_html": "The study of being. It asks, what does to be, or to exist, really mean? Utilized in this study are terms and categories such as being/becoming, actuality/potentiality, real/apparent, change, time, existence/nonexistence, essence, necessity, being-as-being, self-dependency, self-sufficiency, ultimate and ground. See Epistemology, Philosophy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Oḍana-ṣaṣṭhī",
      "definition": "ceremony at the beginning of winter when Lord Jagannātha gets a winter shawl.",
      "definition_html": "ceremony at the beginning of winter when Lord Jagannātha gets a winter shawl."
    },
    {
      "term": "Oṁkāra",
      "definition": "oṁ, the root of Vedic knowledge; known as the mahā-vākya, the supreme sound; the transcendental syllable which represents Kṛṣṇa, and which is vibrated by transcendentalists for attainment of the Supreme when undertaking sacrifices, charities and penances; The transcendental sound oṁ, which symbolically denotes the Personality of Godhead as the root of the creation, maintenance and destruction of the cosmic manifestation.",
      "definition_html": "<i>oṁ, </i>the root of Vedic knowledge; known as the <i>mahā-vākya,</i> the supreme sound; the transcendental syllable which represents Kṛṣṇa, and which is vibrated by transcendentalists for attainment of the Supreme when undertaking sacrifices, charities and penances; The transcendental sound <i>oṁ,</i> which symbolically denotes the Personality of Godhead as the root of the creation, maintenance and destruction of the cosmic manifestation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Paani",
      "definition": "water.",
      "definition_html": "water."
    },
    {
      "term": "Padayātrā",
      "definition": "foot journey; to go on pilgrimage by foot.",
      "definition_html": "foot journey; to go on pilgrimage by foot."
    },
    {
      "term": "Padma",
      "definition": "the lotus flower held by Lord Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "the lotus flower held by Lord Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Padma Purāṇa",
      "definition": "one of the eighteen Purāṇas, or Vedic historical scriptures. It consists of conversation between Lord Śiva and his wife, Pārvati.",
      "definition_html": "one of the eighteen Purāṇas, or Vedic historical scriptures. It consists of conversation between Lord Śiva and his wife, Pārvati."
    },
    {
      "term": "Padmanābha",
      "definition": "a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning \"He who has a lotus flower sprouting from His navel\" or \"He whose navel resembles a lotus.\"",
      "definition_html": "a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning \"He who has a lotus flower sprouting from His navel\" or \"He whose navel resembles a lotus.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Paise",
      "definition": "100 paise equals one rupee.",
      "definition_html": "100 paise equals one rupee."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pakka",
      "definition": "ripe, mature, reliable",
      "definition_html": "ripe, mature, reliable"
    },
    {
      "term": "Palanquin",
      "definition": "a seat that can be carried by four men, usually used to transport great personages or ladies.",
      "definition_html": "a seat that can be carried by four men, usually used to transport great personages or ladies."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pallavas",
      "definition": "South Indian dynasty of rulers.",
      "definition_html": "South Indian dynasty of rulers."
    },
    {
      "term": "Panch masala",
      "definition": "a mixture of five whole spices used in preparing vegetable dishes.",
      "definition_html": "a mixture of five whole spices used in preparing vegetable dishes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Panch puran",
      "definition": "Five-spice-two varieties of five-spice are prominent in the world of vegetarian cuisine-Chinese five-spice powder and Indian panch puran, a blend of five whole spices. Chinese five-spice powder is a combination of five dried, ground spices, generally cinnamon, cloves, fennel, star anise, and Sichuan peppercorns, the pungent brown peppercorns native to the Sichuan province. When used as a condiment for fried food, it is used in sparing quantities because it is very potent. Try making your own by grinding together 2 or 3 small sections of cinnamon stick, a dozen cloves, 2 teaspoons of fennel seeds, 2 teaspoons of Sichuan peppercorns, and 3 or 4 star anise. Keep the powder in a well-sealed jar in a cool, dry place. Obtain your ingredients at any Asian grocery store. You can also purchase Chinese five-spice ready-made. Panch puran is most often associated with Bengali cuisine. It is a combination of equal quantities of fenugreek seeds, cumin seeds, fennel seeds, black mustard seeds, and nigella (kalonji) seeds. Panch puran is always fried in ghee or oil before use to release the dormant flavour in the seeds. Mix your own, or purchase it ready-mixed at Indian grocery stores.",
      "definition_html": "Five-spice-two varieties of five-spice are prominent in the world of vegetarian cuisine-Chinese five-spice powder and Indian panch puran, a blend of five whole spices. Chinese five-spice powder is a combination of five dried, ground spices, generally cinnamon, cloves, fennel, star anise, and Sichuan peppercorns, the pungent brown peppercorns native to the Sichuan province. When used as a condiment for fried food, it is used in sparing quantities because it is very potent. Try making your own by grinding together 2 or 3 small sections of cinnamon stick, a dozen cloves, 2 teaspoons of fennel seeds, 2 teaspoons of Sichuan peppercorns, and 3 or 4 star anise. Keep the powder in a well-sealed jar in a cool, dry place. Obtain your ingredients at any Asian grocery store. You can also purchase Chinese five-spice ready-made. Panch puran is most often associated with Bengali cuisine. It is a combination of equal quantities of fenugreek seeds, cumin seeds, fennel seeds, black mustard seeds, and nigella (kalonji) seeds. Panch puran is always fried in ghee or oil before use to release the dormant flavour in the seeds. Mix your own, or purchase it ready-mixed at Indian grocery stores."
    },
    {
      "term": "Panentheism",
      "definition": "The belief that all things are imbued with God's presence, because all things are in God (Gr. pan, all; en, in, and theo, God). See Atheism, Theism; The belief that God is identical to the universe.",
      "definition_html": "The belief that all things are imbued with God's presence, because all things are in God (Gr. <b><i>pan</i></b>, all; <b><i>en</i></b>, in, and<b><i> theo</i></b>, God). See Atheism, Theism; The belief that God is identical to the universe."
    },
    {
      "term": "Panpsychism",
      "definition": "The belief that God pervades all things as a psychic force. Hence, God's consciousness is behind the movement of matter; our individual consciousness is an aspect of God's. This falls short of true theism. See Atheism, Theism.",
      "definition_html": "The belief that God pervades all things as a psychic force. Hence, God's consciousness is behind the movement of matter; our individual consciousness is an aspect of God's. This falls short of true theism. See Atheism, Theism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Para",
      "definition": "transcendental.",
      "definition_html": "transcendental."
    },
    {
      "term": "Para-brahman",
      "definition": "the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is superior to His impersonal aspect of BRAHMAN.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is superior to His impersonal aspect of BRAHMAN."
    },
    {
      "term": "Para-Prakṛti",
      "definition": "the superior, spiritual energy or nature of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the superior, spiritual energy or nature of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Para-upakāra",
      "definition": "helping others.",
      "definition_html": "helping others."
    },
    {
      "term": "Para-vidyā",
      "definition": "Vedic knowledge of transcendence concerning the Supreme Personality of Godhead and His service, as distinct from apara-vidyā. The upāsanā-kāṇḍa scriptures make up the para-vidyā of the Vedas. See Apara-vidyā, Avidyā, Upāsanā-kāṇḍa.",
      "definition_html": "Vedic knowledge of transcendence concerning the Supreme Personality of Godhead and His service, as distinct from <b><i>apara-vidyā</i></b>. The <b><i>upāsanā-kāṇḍa</i></b> scriptures make up the <b><i>para-vidyā</i></b> of the <b><i>Vedas</i></b>. See Apara-vidyā, Avidyā, Upāsanā-kāṇḍa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Para-vyoma",
      "definition": "Thevariegated spiritual planetary system which comprises the major three-fourths part of the Supreme Lord’s creative energy. Also called Vaikuṇṭhaloka.",
      "definition_html": "Thevariegated spiritual planetary system which comprises the major three-fourths part of the Supreme Lord’s creative energy. Also called <i>Vaikuṇṭhaloka</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Paradox",
      "definition": "From the Greek par, contrary to, and dxa, opinion, paradox originally meant anything that goes against common sense but yet still may be true. Nowadays it more commonly means an insoluble dilemma, or a contradiction.",
      "definition_html": "From the Greek par, contrary to, and dxa, opinion, paradox originally meant anything that goes against common sense but yet still may be true. Nowadays it more commonly means an insoluble dilemma, or a contradiction."
    },
    {
      "term": "Parag-ātmā",
      "definition": "the soul, when attached to sense enjoyment.",
      "definition_html": "the soul, when attached to sense enjoyment."
    },
    {
      "term": "Parakīya",
      "definition": "the relationship between a married woman and her paramour; particularly the relationship between the damsels of Vṛndāvana and Krṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the relationship between a married woman and her paramour; particularly the relationship between the damsels of Vṛndāvana and Krṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Parakīya-rasa",
      "definition": "relationship with Kṛṣṇa as His paramour.",
      "definition_html": "relationship with Kṛṣṇa as His paramour."
    },
    {
      "term": "Param Brahman",
      "definition": "The Supreme Spirit. Param Brahman is as much a Person as the individual living entities. As each individual is constitutionally a minute spirit soul, so He is the Supreme Soul, full in Sac-cid-ānanda-vigraha [Bs. 5.1]. Minute Brahman spirit souls exist for the Pleasure of Param Brahman.",
      "definition_html": "The Supreme Spirit. <i>Param Brahman</i> is as much a Person as the individual living entities. As each individual is constitutionally a minute spirit soul, so He is the Supreme Soul, full in <i>Sac-cid-ānanda-vigraha </i>[<i>Bs.</i> 5.1]. Minute <i>Brahman</i> spirit souls exist for the Pleasure of <i>Param Brahman</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Param dhāma",
      "definition": "the eternal planets of the spiritual world.",
      "definition_html": "the eternal planets of the spiritual world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Parama-puruṣārtha",
      "definition": "the supreme goal of life.",
      "definition_html": "the supreme goal of life."
    },
    {
      "term": "Parama-vidvān",
      "definition": "the most learned scholar.",
      "definition_html": "the most learned scholar."
    },
    {
      "term": "Paramahaṁsa",
      "definition": "\"topmost swan,\" a person who knows perfectly how to separate spirit from matter.  Paramātmā—the Supersoul, Lord Viṣṇu sitting within the heart of each and every living being. Pātālaloka—the lower planetary system, where the demons live. Prakṛti—material nature, who controls all phenomena in this world, as well as all conditioned living beings, but is herself directly controlled by the Supreme Lord. Prasāda—food spiritualized by being offered to the Lord. Purāṇas—supplements to the original Vedas which recount the history of the universe from its very creation and describe the Supreme Lord's various incarnations.",
      "definition_html": "\"topmost swan,\" a person who knows perfectly how to separate spirit from matter. <br/> <b>Paramātmā</b>—the Supersoul, Lord Viṣṇu sitting within the heart of each and every living being.<br/> <b>Pātālaloka</b>—the lower planetary system, where the demons live.<br/> <b>Prakṛti</b>—material nature, who controls all phenomena in this world, as well as all conditioned living beings, but is herself directly controlled by the Supreme Lord.<br/> <b>Prasāda</b>—food spiritualized by being offered to the Lord.<br/> <b>Purāṇas</b>—supplements to the original <i>Vedas</i> which recount the history of the universe from its very creation and describe the Supreme Lord's various incarnations."
    },
    {
      "term": "Paramahaṁsa Bābājī",
      "definition": "he who is on the highest platform of spiritual asceticism and who has given up all social and caste designations. The only designation maintained by him is that of being a tiny servant of the unlimited Supreme Personality of Godhead.",
      "definition_html": "he who is on the highest platform of spiritual asceticism and who has given up all social and caste designations. The only designation maintained by him is that of being a tiny servant of the unlimited Supreme Personality of Godhead."
    },
    {
      "term": "Paramahaṁsa-ṭhākura",
      "definition": "one who acts as an ācārya, directly presenting Lord Kṛṣṇa by spreading His name and fame.",
      "definition_html": "one who acts as an <b><i>ācārya</i></b>, directly presenting Lord Kṛṣṇa by spreading His name and fame."
    },
    {
      "term": "Paramahaṁsas",
      "definition": "the topmost swanlike class of devotees. Patita-pāvana—deliverer of the fallen souls. Prajalpa—unnecessary talking. Prākṛta-sahajiyās—materialistic pseudo devotees. Prasāda—the remnants of food offered to Kṛṣṇa. Prayāsa—unnecessary endeavor. Prāyaścitta—atonement. Prema—matured pure love of Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the topmost swanlike class of devotees.<br/> <i>Patita-pāvana</i>—deliverer of the fallen souls.<br/> <i>Prajalpa</i>—unnecessary talking.<br/> <i>Prākṛta-sahajiyās</i>—materialistic pseudo devotees.<br/> <i>Prasāda</i>—the remnants of food offered to Kṛṣṇa.<br/> <i>Prayāsa</i>—unnecessary endeavor.<br/> <i>Prāyaścitta</i>—atonement.<br/> <i>Prema</i>—matured pure love of Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Paramaṁ padam",
      "definition": "the Lord's transcendental abode.",
      "definition_html": "the Lord's transcendental abode."
    },
    {
      "term": "Parameśvara",
      "definition": "the supreme controller, Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the supreme controller, Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Paramparā",
      "definition": "the disciplic succession through which spiritual knowledge is transmitted by bona-fide spiritual masters; Literally, one after the other. It refers to the disciplic succession of spiritual masters and their disciples who became spiritual masters, beginning with Kṛṣṇa and Brahmā, His disciple at the dawn of creation. See Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas.",
      "definition_html": "the disciplic succession through which spiritual knowledge is transmitted by bona-fide spiritual masters; Literally, one after the other. It refers to the disciplic succession of spiritual masters and their disciples who became spiritual masters, beginning with Kṛṣṇa and Brahmā, His disciple at the dawn of creation. See Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas."
    },
    {
      "term": "Paramātman (the Supersoul)",
      "definition": "Expansion of the Supreme Lord by which He is appearing locally in the heart of all living entities, giving them memory and forgetfulness. The individual souls are ātman. The principal ātman, who controls them all, is Supersoul, Paramātman.",
      "definition_html": "Expansion of the Supreme Lord by which He is appearing locally in the heart of all living entities, giving them memory and forgetfulness. The individual souls are <i>ātman</i>. The principal <i>ātman</i>, who controls them all, is Supersoul, <i>Paramātman</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Paramātmā",
      "definition": "the Supersoul, the localized aspect Viṣṇu expansion of the Supreme Lord residing in the heart of each embodied living entity and pervading all of material nature. See Supersoul.",
      "definition_html": "the Supersoul, the localized aspect Viṣṇu expansion of the Supreme Lord residing in the heart of each embodied living entity and pervading all of material nature. See Supersoul."
    },
    {
      "term": "Parantapa",
      "definition": "a name of Arjuna, \"chastiser of the enemies.\"",
      "definition_html": "a name of Arjuna, \"chastiser of the enemies.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Parantapaḥ",
      "definition": "a name of Arjuna, “chastiser of the enemies.”",
      "definition_html": "a name of Arjuna, “chastiser of the enemies.”"
    },
    {
      "term": "Parasara Muni",
      "definition": "a great sage, the speaker of the Viṣṇu Purāṇa, and the father of Śrīla Vyāsadeva.",
      "definition_html": "a great sage, the speaker of the <b><i>Viṣṇu Purāṇa</i></b>, and the father of Śrīla Vyāsadeva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Paravyoma",
      "definition": "the spiritual sky.",
      "definition_html": "the spiritual sky."
    },
    {
      "term": "Paraśurāma",
      "definition": "the sixth incarnation of Lord Kṛṣṇa, who appeared in ancient times to overthrow the warrior class when they had become degraded, who destroyed twenty-one consecutive generations of lawless members of the ruling class. He taught the science of weapons to Droṇa and Karṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the sixth incarnation of Lord Kṛṣṇa, who appeared in ancient times to overthrow the warrior class when they had become degraded, who destroyed twenty-one consecutive generations of lawless members of the ruling class. He taught the science of weapons to Droṇa and Karṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Paraṁ satyam",
      "definition": "the Supreme Truth",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Truth"
    },
    {
      "term": "Paribhū",
      "definition": "Description of Godhead. The greatest of all; no one is greater than He.",
      "definition_html": "Description of Godhead. The greatest of all; no one is greater than He."
    },
    {
      "term": "Paricchada",
      "definition": "the total aggregate of the senses.",
      "definition_html": "the total aggregate of the senses."
    },
    {
      "term": "Parikrama",
      "definition": "the path that circles a sacred tract such as Vrndavan or Braj",
      "definition_html": "the path that circles a sacred tract such as Vrndavan or Braj"
    },
    {
      "term": "Parivrājakācārya",
      "definition": "the third stage of sannyāsa, wherein the devotee constantly travels and preaches.",
      "definition_html": "the third stage of <b><i>sannyāsa</i></b>, wherein the devotee constantly travels and preaches."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pariṇāma-vāda",
      "definition": "the theory of transformation in the creation of the universe.",
      "definition_html": "the theory of transformation in the creation of the universe."
    },
    {
      "term": "Parokṣa",
      "definition": "Knowledge though another's senses. The second of the five stages of Vedic knowledge.",
      "definition_html": "Knowledge though another's senses. The second of the five stages of Vedic knowledge."
    },
    {
      "term": "Partha-sarathi",
      "definition": "Kṛṣṇa, the chariot driver of Arjuna (Pārtha).",
      "definition_html": "Kṛṣṇa, the chariot driver of Arjuna (Pārtha)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Parā Prakṛti",
      "definition": "The superior spiritual energy of the Lord—the living beings belong to the Parā Prakṛti, but are under the proprietary right of the Supreme Being; due to contact with material nature, the living entities' higher nature is suspended, under the influence of the material modes of goodness, passion and ignorance.",
      "definition_html": "The superior spiritual energy of the Lord—the living beings belong to the <i>Parā Prakṛti</i>, but are under the proprietary right of the Supreme Being; due to contact with material nature, the living entities' higher nature is suspended, under the influence of the material modes of goodness, passion and ignorance."
    },
    {
      "term": "Parā Śakti",
      "definition": "Superior energy different from this material inferior Nature. Superior energy is eternal and deathless—this is the original nature of all the living entities. Also Parā Prakṛti.",
      "definition_html": "Superior energy different from this material inferior Nature. Superior energy is eternal and deathless—this is the original nature of all the living entities. Also <i>Parā Prakṛti</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Parā-prakṛti",
      "definition": "the superior, spiritual energy or nature of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the superior, spiritual energy or nature of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Parārdha",
      "definition": "one half of Brahmā's lifetime of 311 trillion 40 billion years.",
      "definition_html": "one half of Brahmā's lifetime of 311 trillion 40 billion years."
    },
    {
      "term": "Parāśara Muni",
      "definition": "the father of VYĀSADEVA and original narrator of several of the PURĀṆAS.",
      "definition_html": "the father of VYĀSADEVA and original narrator of several of the PURĀṆAS."
    },
    {
      "term": "Parīkṣit",
      "definition": "the son of Abhimanyu and grandson of Arjuna. When the Pāṇḍavas retired from kingly life, he was crowned king of the entire world. He was later cursed to die by an immature brāhmaṇa boy and became the hearer of Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam from Śukadeva Gosvāmī, and thus attained perfection.",
      "definition_html": "the son of Abhimanyu and grandson of Arjuna. When the Pāṇḍavas retired from kingly life, he was crowned king of the entire world. He was later cursed to die by an immature brāhmaṇa boy and became the hearer of <b><i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam</i></b> from Śukadeva Gosvāmī, and thus attained perfection."
    },
    {
      "term": "Parīkṣit Mahārāja",
      "definition": "a great Vedic king and devotee of the Lord who heard SRĪMAD-BHĀGAVATAM from ŚUKADEVA GOSWAMI and thus attained perfection.",
      "definition_html": "a great Vedic king and devotee of the Lord who heard SRĪMAD-BHĀGAVATAM from ŚUKADEVA GOSWAMI and thus attained perfection."
    },
    {
      "term": "Passion",
      "definition": "See Modes of nature (Rajo-guṇa).",
      "definition_html": "See Modes of nature (<b><i>Rajo-guṇa</i></b>)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Patañjali",
      "definition": "a great authority and propounder on the aṣṭāṅga mystic yoga system and author of the Yoga-sūtra. He imagined the form of the Absolute Truth in everything.",
      "definition_html": "a great authority and propounder on the aṣṭāṅga mystic yoga system and author of the <b><i>Yoga-sūtra</i></b>. He imagined the form of the Absolute Truth in everything."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pati",
      "definition": "a husband.",
      "definition_html": "a husband."
    },
    {
      "term": "Patita-pāvana",
      "definition": "Lord Caitanya, the deliverer of the fallen souls.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Caitanya, the deliverer of the fallen souls."
    },
    {
      "term": "Paugaṇḍa",
      "definition": "the age from five to ten years.",
      "definition_html": "the age from five to ten years."
    },
    {
      "term": "Paura-jana",
      "definition": "the seven elements that constitute the body.",
      "definition_html": "the seven elements that constitute the body."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pautra",
      "definition": "patience and gravity.",
      "definition_html": "patience and gravity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pauṇḍraka",
      "definition": "an enemy of Lord Kṛṣṇa who attempted to imitate Him.",
      "definition_html": "an enemy of Lord Kṛṣṇa who attempted to imitate Him."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pauṇḍram",
      "definition": "the conchshell of Bhīmasena.",
      "definition_html": "the conchshell of Bhīmasena."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pavitram",
      "definition": "pure.",
      "definition_html": "pure."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pañca-gavya",
      "definition": "five kinds of products of the cow used to bathe the Deity.",
      "definition_html": "five kinds of products of the cow used to bathe the Deity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pañca-mahābhūta",
      "definition": "the five gross elements: earth, water, fire, air and ether.",
      "definition_html": "the five gross elements: earth, water, fire, air and ether."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pañca-mahāyajña",
      "definition": "the five daily sacrifices performed by householders to become free from unintentional sins.",
      "definition_html": "the five daily sacrifices performed by householders to become free from unintentional sins."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pañca-tattva",
      "definition": "the Lord-Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu, His plenary portion-Nityānanda Prabhu, His incarnation-Advaita Prabhu, His energy-Gadādhara Prabhu, and His devotee-Śrīvāsa Ṭhākura.",
      "definition_html": "the Lord-Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu, His plenary portion-Nityānanda Prabhu, His incarnation-Advaita Prabhu, His energy-Gadādhara Prabhu, and His devotee-Śrīvāsa Ṭhākura."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pañcarātra",
      "definition": "Vedic literatures describing the process of Deity worship. See also: Nārada Pañcarātra",
      "definition_html": "Vedic literatures describing the process of Deity worship. See also: Nārada Pañcarātra"
    },
    {
      "term": "Pañcarātra-vidhi",
      "definition": "the standard Vaiṣṇava method of temple worship taught in the Pañcarātras.",
      "definition_html": "the standard Vaiṣṇava method of temple worship taught in the <b><i>Pañcarātras</i></b>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pañcarātrika",
      "definition": "the process of worshiping the Deity, as explained by Nārada Muni. Also, a five-day fast, as explained by Kauṇḍilya Ṛṣi.",
      "definition_html": "the process of worshiping the Deity, as explained by Nārada Muni. Also, a five-day fast, as explained by Kauṇḍilya Ṛṣi."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pañcarātrika-vidhi",
      "definition": "the devotional process of Deity worship and mantra meditation as found in the Pañcarātra literature.",
      "definition_html": "the devotional process of Deity worship and mantra meditation as found in the <b><i>Pañcarātra </i></b>literature."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pañcopāsanā",
      "definition": "worship by impersonalist Māyāvādīs of five deities (Viṣṇu, Durgā, Brahmā, Gaṇeśa and Vivasvān) that is motivated by the desire to ultimately abandon all conceptions of a personal Absolute.",
      "definition_html": "worship by impersonalist Māyāvādīs of five deities (Viṣṇu, Durgā, Brahmā, Gaṇeśa and Vivasvān) that is motivated by the desire to ultimately abandon all conceptions of a personal Absolute."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pañcāla",
      "definition": "the five sense objects.",
      "definition_html": "the five sense objects."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pañcāmṛta",
      "definition": "five kinds of nectar used to bathe the Deity.",
      "definition_html": "five kinds of nectar used to bathe the Deity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Paḍichā",
      "definition": "a superintendent of an Orissan temple.",
      "definition_html": "a superintendent of an Orissan temple."
    },
    {
      "term": "Paṇḍita",
      "definition": "a scholar learned in Vedic literature, not only academically but also by dint of spiritual realization. Though this is the proper definition of the word, the term is also loosely applied to any scholar.",
      "definition_html": "a scholar learned in Vedic literature, not only academically but also by dint of spiritual realization. Though this is the proper definition of the word, the term is also loosely applied to any scholar."
    },
    {
      "term": "Paṇḍita-maṇi",
      "definition": "word indicating that Kṛṣṇa is honored even by learned scholars.",
      "definition_html": "word indicating that Kṛṣṇa is honored even by learned scholars."
    },
    {
      "term": "Paṭhana",
      "definition": "a brāhmaṇa's duty to be conversant with the Vedic scriptures; study of the scriptures.",
      "definition_html": "a brāhmaṇa's duty to be conversant with the Vedic scriptures; study of the scriptures."
    },
    {
      "term": "Personalism",
      "definition": "The philosophical position that accepts personality as ultimate. Early Buddhist philosophers, themselves impersonalists, used the term puruṣa-vādī (Skr. personalist) in reference to the Vedic worshipers of the Mahāpuruṣa (the Supreme Person). In Western philosophy, personalism is often used as a synonym for relativism. Śrīla Prabhupāda used the term in the absolute sense, referring it only to the worship of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, not to the worship of demigods, humans or human ideals. He equated impersonalism with atheism. See Atheism, Impersonalism, Relativism, Theism.",
      "definition_html": "The philosophical position that accepts personality as ultimate. Early Buddhist philosophers, themselves impersonalists, used the term puruṣa-vādī (Skr. personalist) in reference to the Vedic worshipers of the Mahāpuruṣa (the Supreme Person). In Western philosophy, personalism is often used as a synonym for relativism. Śrīla Prabhupāda used the term in the absolute sense, referring it only to the worship of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, not to the worship of demigods, humans or human ideals. He equated impersonalism with atheism. See Atheism, Impersonalism, Relativism, Theism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Phala-śrutis",
      "definition": "Sanskrit verses granting various benedictions.",
      "definition_html": "Sanskrit verses granting various benedictions."
    },
    {
      "term": "Phalgu",
      "definition": "weak, temporary.",
      "definition_html": "weak, temporary."
    },
    {
      "term": "Phalguna",
      "definition": "another name for Arjuna; one of the months corresponding to January/February or February/March.",
      "definition_html": "another name for Arjuna; one of the months corresponding to January/February or February/March."
    },
    {
      "term": "Phenomenalism",
      "definition": "A doctrine of sense perception and reality that is associated with the British philosopher John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). For Mill, all knowledge is derived from sense perception. Things are real only when they are perceived. Therefore the material world cannot be said to exist apart from perception. Phenomenalism is closely associated with empiricism and induction. It is not to be confused with phenomenology. See Empiricism, Induction, Numinous.",
      "definition_html": "A doctrine of sense perception and reality that is associated with the British philosopher John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). For Mill, all knowledge is derived from sense perception. Things are real only when they are perceived. Therefore the material world cannot be said to exist apart from perception. Phenomenalism is closely associated with empiricism and induction. It is not to be confused with phenomenology. See Empiricism, Induction, Numinous."
    },
    {
      "term": "Phenomenology",
      "definition": "A modern development in European rationalism. Its most famous exponents are Franz Brentano (1838-1917), Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), Martin Heidegger (1899-1976), Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) and Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961). Phenomenology investigates consciousness through experience. Some of its theories are reminiscent of Vedic knowledge, for example, the theory of the triumvirate of consciousness: the knower, the act of knowing, and the thing known. In Vedic terminology, these are jñātā, jñāna, and jñeya. See Mind/body problem, Rationalism.",
      "definition_html": "A modern development in European rationalism. Its most famous exponents are Franz Brentano (1838-1917), Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), Martin Heidegger (1899-1976), Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) and Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961). Phenomenology investigates consciousness through experience. Some of its theories are reminiscent of Vedic knowledge, for example, the theory of the triumvirate of consciousness: the knower, the act of knowing, and the thing known. In Vedic terminology, these are <b><i>jñātā, jñāna</i></b>, and <b><i>jñeya</i></b>. See Mind/body problem, Rationalism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Philosophy",
      "definition": "From the Greek phlos, lover, friend, and sophs, wise, learned. A philosopher is someone who loves wisdom and erudition (sopha). Therefore he devotes himself to knowledge, that it may bloom into wisdom without hindrance. In Bg. 7.17, Lord Kṛṣṇa declares that when a sage devotes himself to knowing Him, he becomes very dear to the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "From the Greek phlos, lover, friend, and sophs, wise, learned. A philosopher is someone who loves wisdom and erudition (sopha). Therefore he devotes himself to knowledge, that it may bloom into wisdom without hindrance. In Bg. <b>7.17</b>, Lord Kṛṣṇa declares that when a sage devotes himself to knowing Him, he becomes very dear to the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Phul gobhi",
      "definition": "cauliflower",
      "definition_html": "cauliflower"
    },
    {
      "term": "Pika",
      "definition": "the Indian cuckoo bird.",
      "definition_html": "the Indian cuckoo bird."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pitta",
      "definition": "bile, one of the three main elements of the body.",
      "definition_html": "bile, one of the three main elements of the body."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pitās",
      "definition": "forefathers; especially those departed ancestors who have been promoted to one of the higher planets.",
      "definition_html": "forefathers; especially those departed ancestors who have been promoted to one of the higher planets."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pitṛ-yajña",
      "definition": "offering oblations of water before one's forefathers.",
      "definition_html": "offering oblations of water before one's forefathers."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pitṛloka",
      "definition": "the planet of the ancestors, a heavenly planet.",
      "definition_html": "the planet of the ancestors, a heavenly planet."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pitṛs",
      "definition": "Bygone forefathers.",
      "definition_html": "Bygone forefathers."
    },
    {
      "term": "Piśāca",
      "definition": "a hobgoblin follower of Lord Śiva.",
      "definition_html": "a hobgoblin follower of Lord Śiva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Piṇḍa",
      "definition": "an offering made to departed ancestors.",
      "definition_html": "an offering made to departed ancestors."
    },
    {
      "term": "Plato",
      "definition": "Disciple of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle, and a prolific writer (427-347 BC). Almost all that is known about Socrates comes from Plato's works. A Platonic doctrine that resembles the Bhagavad-gītā philosophy of the three modes of material nature is the care of the soul. The soul is said to work within the body through three faculties: appetite, spiritedness and reason. The appetitive faculty is lowest of the three. It consists of the drives for physical enjoyment (of food and sex) and for the avoidance of pain. Thums, or spiritedness, is the middle faculty. It is excitable, aggressive and pugnacious, and seeks adventure and honor. Highest is the faculty of reason. It expresses itself as inquiry and as worthy activity. Reason seeks beauty, truth and goodness. The appetites can be compared to a herd of sheep, spiritedness to a sheepdog, and reason to a shepherd. Care of the soul means to keep the three faculties in harmony, so that they don't meddle in one another's purpose. The purpose of appetite is to see that the body is properly cared for. Spiritedness's purpose is to fight fear and complacency. The purpose of reason is impose order upon the other two, to maintain harmony, and to care for the soul. Reason gets its sense of correct order and harmony by contemplation of the Good, described as a realm of eternal, unchanging thought-forms. When reason harmonizes human life with the Good, the soul is freed from human ignorance and suffering. British philosopher A.N. Whitehead (1861-1947) said the whole history of Western philosophy consists of nothing more than footnotes to Plato. See Idealism. Plotinus Plotinus lived in Egypt and Rome some two centuries after Christ (204-270 AD) and is the founder of the Neoplatonist school of Greek philosophy. As a young man in Alexandria, he learned philosophy under Ammonius Saccas. There is speculation that Ammonius Saccus was originally from India. Plotinus tried to visit India but failed. Back in the Mediterranean world, he taught that the soul is eternal and transmigrates from body to body (reincarnation). The gradation of species of living entities emanates from the impersonal spiritual essence, God. The philosophical soul gradually ascends to that essence and merges into it. Neoplatonism had a strong influence on the early Christian church. See Mysticism, Plato.",
      "definition_html": "Disciple of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle, and a prolific writer (427-347 BC). Almost all that is known about Socrates comes from Plato's works. A Platonic doctrine that resembles the <b><i>Bhagavad-gītā</i></b> philosophy of the three modes of material nature is the care of the soul. The soul is said to work within the body through three faculties: appetite, spiritedness and reason. The appetitive faculty is lowest of the three. It consists of the drives for physical enjoyment (of food and sex) and for the avoidance of pain. Thums, or spiritedness, is the middle faculty. It is excitable, aggressive and pugnacious, and seeks adventure and honor. Highest is the faculty of reason. It expresses itself as inquiry and as worthy activity. Reason seeks beauty, truth and goodness. The appetites can be compared to a herd of sheep, spiritedness to a sheepdog, and reason to a shepherd. Care of the soul means to keep the three faculties in harmony, so that they don't meddle in one another's purpose. The purpose of appetite is to see that the body is properly cared for. Spiritedness's purpose is to fight fear and complacency. The purpose of reason is impose order upon the other two, to maintain harmony, and to care for the soul. Reason gets its sense of correct order and harmony by contemplation of the Good, described as a realm of eternal, unchanging thought-forms. When reason harmonizes human life with the Good, the soul is freed from human ignorance and suffering. British philosopher A.N. Whitehead (1861-1947) said the whole history of Western philosophy consists of nothing more than footnotes to Plato. See Idealism. Plotinus Plotinus lived in Egypt and Rome some two centuries after Christ (204-270 AD) and is the founder of the Neoplatonist school of Greek philosophy. As a young man in Alexandria, he learned philosophy under Ammonius Saccas. There is speculation that Ammonius Saccus was originally from India. Plotinus tried to visit India but failed. Back in the Mediterranean world, he taught that the soul is eternal and transmigrates from body to body (reincarnation). The gradation of species of living entities emanates from the impersonal spiritual essence, God. The philosophical soul gradually ascends to that essence and merges into it. Neoplatonism had a strong influence on the early Christian church. See Mysticism, Plato."
    },
    {
      "term": "Polenta",
      "definition": "a yellow maize or cornmeal grown in northern Italy, where it is regarded as a staple food. Polenta is graded according to its texture and is available fine-, medium-, or coarse-ground. It is available at most supermarkets and health food stores.",
      "definition_html": "a yellow maize or cornmeal grown in northern Italy, where it is regarded as a staple food. Polenta is graded according to its texture and is available fine-, medium-, or coarse-ground. It is available at most supermarkets and health food stores."
    },
    {
      "term": "Polytheism",
      "definition": "The belief in the existence of many gods. See Atheism, Theism.",
      "definition_html": "The belief in the existence of many gods. See Atheism, Theism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Popper, Karl",
      "definition": "Austrian-born philosopher of science (1902-1994) who taught at the University of London. His most influential books are Logic of Scientific Discovery, The Open Society and Its Enemies and Conjectures and Refutations. Popper was a staunch opponent of logical positivism, which he challenged with his own theory of falsifiability.",
      "definition_html": "Austrian-born philosopher of science (1902-1994) who taught at the University of London. His most influential books are <b><i>Logic of Scientific Discovery, The Open Society and Its Enemies</i></b> and <b><i>Conjectures and Refutations</i></b>. Popper was a staunch opponent of logical positivism, which he challenged with his own theory of falsifiability."
    },
    {
      "term": "Positivism",
      "definition": "A rationalist doctrine founded by French philosopher Auguste Compte (1798-1857), who argued that human thought unavoidably evolves from theological thinking at the lowest stage, through metaphysics (depersonalized philosophy) at the middle stage, to positivism at the highest stage. Positivism consists of the elements of modern science: mathematics, logic, observation, experimentation and control. According to Compte, the highest form of religion is worship of reason and universal humanity, devoid of any reference to God. See Empiricism, Logical positivism, Metaphysics, Rationalism.",
      "definition_html": "A rationalist doctrine founded by French philosopher Auguste Compte (1798-1857), who argued that human thought unavoidably evolves from theological thinking at the lowest stage, through metaphysics (depersonalized philosophy) at the middle stage, to positivism at the highest stage. Positivism consists of the elements of modern science: mathematics, logic, observation, experimentation and control. According to Compte, the highest form of religion is worship of reason and universal humanity, devoid of any reference to God. See Empiricism, Logical positivism, Metaphysics, Rationalism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Poṣaṇa",
      "definition": "the Lord's special care and protection for His devotees.",
      "definition_html": "the Lord's special care and protection for His devotees."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prabhu",
      "definition": "master.",
      "definition_html": "master."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prabhu-datta-deśa",
      "definition": "a place for preaching given by the spiritual master or Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a place for preaching given by the spiritual master or Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prabhupāda",
      "definition": "master at whose feet all other masters surrender.",
      "definition_html": "master at whose feet all other masters surrender."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prabhupāda, Śrīla",
      "definition": "Śrīla Prabhupāda-(1896-1977) His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda. He is the tenth generation from Caitanya Mahāprabhu. The founder-ācārya, spiritual master of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON). Śrīla Prabhupāda was the widely-acclaimed author of more than seventy books on the science of pure bhakti-yoga, unalloyed Kṛṣṇa consciousness. His major works are annotated English translations of the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, the Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta, and the Bhagavad-gītā As It Is. He was the world's most distinguished teacher of Vedic religion and thought. Śrīla Prabhupāda was a fully God conscious saint who had perfect realization of the Vedic scriptures. He worked incessantly to spread Kṛṣṇa consciousness all over the world. He guided his society and saw it grow to a worldwide confederation of hundreds of ashrams, schools, temples, institutes, and farm communities. See Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda.",
      "definition_html": "Śrīla Prabhupāda-(1896-1977) His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda. He is the tenth generation from Caitanya Mahāprabhu. The founder-ācārya, spiritual master of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON). Śrīla Prabhupāda was the widely-acclaimed author of more than seventy books on the science of pure <b><i>bhakti-yoga</i></b>, unalloyed Kṛṣṇa consciousness. His major works are annotated English translations of the <b><i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam</i></b>, the <b><i>Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta</i></b>, and the <b><i>Bhagavad-gītā As It Is</i></b>. He was the world's most distinguished teacher of Vedic religion and thought. Śrīla Prabhupāda was a fully God conscious saint who had perfect realization of the Vedic scriptures. He worked incessantly to spread Kṛṣṇa consciousness all over the world. He guided his society and saw it grow to a worldwide confederation of hundreds of ashrams, schools, temples, institutes, and farm communities. See Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prabhāsa",
      "definition": "a holy place near Dvārakā where the fratricide of the Yadu dynasty took place.",
      "definition_html": "a holy place near Dvārakā where the fratricide of the Yadu dynasty took place."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prabodha",
      "definition": "awakening, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "awakening, a vyabhicāri-bhāva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prabodhānanda Sarasvatī",
      "definition": "a great Vaiṣṇava poet-philosopher and devotee of Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu. He was the uncle of Gopāla Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmī.",
      "definition_html": "a great Vaiṣṇava poet-philosopher and devotee of Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu. He was the uncle of Gopāla Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmī."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pracetās",
      "definition": "the ten sons of King Prācīnabarhi. They achieved perfection by worshiping Lord Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "the ten sons of King Prācīnabarhi. They achieved perfection by worshiping Lord Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pradesh",
      "definition": "state in India.",
      "definition_html": "state in India."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pradhāna",
      "definition": "the total material energy in its unmanifest state; The unmanifest (avyakta) material nature (Gr. chos). See Modes of nature, Tan-mātras.",
      "definition_html": "the total material energy in its unmanifest state; The unmanifest (<b><i>avyakta</i></b>) material nature (Gr. chos). See Modes of nature, Tan-mātras."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pradyumna",
      "definition": "one of the four original expansions of Lord Kṛṣṇa in the spiritual world; also the first son of Lord Kṛṣṇa by Rukminī. He fought against Śālva in the fight for Dvārakā. (Vana Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the four original expansions of Lord Kṛṣṇa in the spiritual world; also the first son of Lord Kṛṣṇa by Rukminī. He fought against Śālva in the fight for Dvārakā. (Vana Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Pragmatism",
      "definition": "A rationalist doctrine founded by American philosopher C.S. Peirce (1839-1914) that attempts to halt all metaphysical speculation about the truth by arguing that practical human activity is the only real test of truth. See Rationalism.",
      "definition_html": "A rationalist doctrine founded by American philosopher C.S. Peirce (1839-1914) that attempts to halt all metaphysical speculation about the truth by arguing that practical human activity is the only real test of truth. See Rationalism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prahara",
      "definition": "a three-hour period, eight of which make up each day.",
      "definition_html": "a three-hour period, eight of which make up each day."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prahararāja",
      "definition": "a designation given to brāhmaṇas who represent the king when the throne is vacant.",
      "definition_html": "a designation given to <b><i>brāhmaṇas</i></b> who represent the king when the throne is vacant."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prahlād Mahārāj",
      "definition": "The boy devotee who was saved from his demoniac father Hiraṇyakaśipu by Lord Nṛsiṁha, half-lion, half-man incarnation of Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "The boy devotee who was saved from his demoniac father Hiraṇyakaśipu by Lord Nṛsiṁha, half-lion, half-man incarnation of Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prahlāda Maharāja",
      "definition": "a great devotee of Lord Kṛṣṇa who was persecuted by his atheistic father, Hiraṇyakaśipu, but was always protected by the Lord and ultimately saved by the Lord in the form of Nṛsiṁha-deva; A great devotee of the Lord in His Narasiṁha (man-lion) feature, Prahlāda is one of the foremost authorities on bhakti-yoga. Many important verses in Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam are spoken by him.",
      "definition_html": "a great devotee of Lord Kṛṣṇa who was persecuted by his atheistic father, Hiraṇyakaśipu, but was always protected by the Lord and ultimately saved by the Lord in the form of Nṛsiṁha-deva; A great devotee of the Lord in His Narasiṁha (man-lion) feature, Prahlāda is one of the foremost authorities on <b><i>bhakti-yoga</i></b>. Many important verses in <b><i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam </i></b>are spoken by him."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prahlāda Mahārāja",
      "definition": "a great devotee of Lord Kṛṣṇa who was persecuted by his atheistic father but was always protected by the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "a great devotee of Lord Kṛṣṇa who was persecuted by his atheistic father but was always protected by the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prajalpa",
      "definition": "idle talk on mundane subjects.",
      "definition_html": "idle talk on mundane subjects."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prajvāra",
      "definition": "a kind of fever called viṣṇu jvāra.",
      "definition_html": "a kind of fever called <b><i>viṣṇu jvāra</i></b>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prajāpati",
      "definition": "(l) a progenitor of living entities; (2) Lord Brahmā.",
      "definition_html": "(l) a progenitor of living entities; (2) Lord Brahmā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prajāpatis",
      "definition": "the progenitors of living entities, chief of whom is Lord Brahmā; The demigods in charge of populating the universe.",
      "definition_html": "the progenitors of living entities, chief of whom is Lord Brahmā; The demigods in charge of populating the universe."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prajās",
      "definition": "citizens (including all species of life).",
      "definition_html": "citizens (including all species of life)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prakara",
      "definition": "the high walls surrounding the temple grounds.",
      "definition_html": "the high walls surrounding the temple grounds."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prakaṭa-līlā",
      "definition": "the manifestation on earth of the Supreme Lord's pastimes.",
      "definition_html": "the manifestation on earth of the Supreme Lord's pastimes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prakāśa-vigrahas",
      "definition": "forms of the Lord manifested for His pastimes.",
      "definition_html": "forms of the Lord manifested for His pastimes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prakāśānanda Sarasvatī",
      "definition": "an impersonalist SANNYĀSĪ who, after being defeated in scriptural argument by Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU, became a disciple along with his forty thousand followers.",
      "definition_html": "an impersonalist SANNYĀSĪ who, after being defeated in scriptural argument by Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU, became a disciple along with his forty thousand followers."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prakṛti",
      "definition": "material nature, the energy of the Supreme (lit., that which is predominated).; the female principle enjoyed by the male puruṣa. There are two prakrtis-apara-prakṛti, the material nature, and para-prakrti, the spiritual nature (living entities)-which are both predominated over by the Supreme Personality of Godhead; One of the five tattvas, or Vedic ontological truths: (material or spiritual) nature. See Daivi-prakṛti, Modes of nature, Tattva.",
      "definition_html": "material nature, the energy of the Supreme (lit., that which is predominated).; the female principle enjoyed by the male <b><i>puruṣa</i></b>. There are two <b><i>prakrtis-apara-prakṛti</i></b>, the material nature, and <b><i>para-prakrti</i></b>, the spiritual nature (living entities)-which are both predominated over by the Supreme Personality of Godhead; One of the five <b><i>tattvas</i></b>, or Vedic ontological truths: (material or spiritual) nature. See Daivi-prakṛti, Modes of nature, Tattva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prakṣepātmikā-śakti",
      "definition": "māyā's power to throw one into the material world.",
      "definition_html": "<b><i>māyā's </i></b>power to throw one into the material world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pralāpa",
      "definition": "the ecstatic symptom of talking like a madman.",
      "definition_html": "the ecstatic symptom of talking like a madman."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pramadā",
      "definition": "woman, to whom a man becomes madly attached.",
      "definition_html": "woman, to whom a man becomes madly attached."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pramatta",
      "definition": "one who is crazy because he cannot control his senses.",
      "definition_html": "one who is crazy because he cannot control his senses."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pramlocā",
      "definition": "the daughter of the sage Kaṇḍu by the heavenly society girl Māriṣā who became the wife of the Pracetās.",
      "definition_html": "the daughter of the sage Kaṇḍu by the heavenly society girl Māriṣā who became the wife of the Pracetās."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pramāda",
      "definition": "inattention or misunderstanding of reality.",
      "definition_html": "inattention or misunderstanding of reality."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pramāṇa",
      "definition": "Evidence, proof. The term refers to sources of knowledge that are held to be valid. In the Brahmā-Madhva-Gauḍīya Sampradāya, the school of Vedic knowledge that ISKCON represents, there are three pramāṇas. They are pratyakṣa (direct sense perception), anumāna (reason), and śabda (authoritative testimony). Of these three pramāṇas, śabda is imperative, while pratyakṣa and anumāna are supportive. See Anumāna, Pratyakṣa, Śabda.",
      "definition_html": "Evidence, proof. The term refers to sources of knowledge that are held to be valid. In the Brahmā-Madhva-Gauḍīya Sampradāya, the school of Vedic knowledge that ISKCON represents, there are three <b><i>pramāṇas</i></b>. They are <b><i>pratyakṣa</i></b> (direct sense perception), <b><i>anumāna</i></b> (reason), and<b><i> śabda</i></b> (authoritative testimony). Of these three <b><i>pramāṇas, śabda</i></b> is imperative, while <b><i>pratyakṣa</i></b> and <b><i>anumāna</i></b> are supportive. See Anumāna, Pratyakṣa, Śabda."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pranava oṁkara",
      "definition": "Oṁkāra-oṁ, the root of Vedic knowledge; known as the mahā-vākya, the supreme sound; the transcendental syllable which represents Kṛṣṇa, and which is vibrated by transcendentalists for attainment of the Supreme when undertaking sacrifices, charities and penances.",
      "definition_html": "<b><i>Oṁkāra-oṁ</i></b>, the root of Vedic knowledge; known as the <b><i>mahā-vākya</i></b>, the supreme sound; the transcendental syllable which represents Kṛṣṇa, and which is vibrated by transcendentalists for attainment of the Supreme when undertaking sacrifices, charities and penances."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prarocanā",
      "definition": "the method inducing the audience to become more and more eager to hear by praising the time and place, the hero and the audience.",
      "definition_html": "the method inducing the audience to become more and more eager to hear by praising the time and place, the hero and the audience."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prasannātmā",
      "definition": "joyfulness attained when one is relieved from material conceptions.",
      "definition_html": "joyfulness attained when one is relieved from material conceptions."
    },
    {
      "term": "prasāda",
      "definition": "food which is sanctified by being first offered to the Lord for His enjoyment.",
      "definition_html": "food which is sanctified by being first offered to the Lord for His enjoyment."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prasāda, or prasādam",
      "definition": "\"the mercy of Lord Kṛṣṇa.\" Food prepared for the pleasure of Kṛṣṇa and offered to Him with love and devotion. Because Kṛṣṇa tastes the offering, the food becomes spiritualized and purifies anyone who eats it. Literally, mercy. When sattvic foods (milk, grains, fruits, vegetables, sugar and legumes) prepared by a devotee are offered to the Deity of Kṛṣṇa as prescribed in the system of bhakti-yoga, the offering is transformed into prasādam, the mercy of the Lord. Prasādam is delicious, nourishing but most important, transcendental. Ordinary food, unoffered to Kṛṣṇa, breeds karmic reactions for every mouthful that is eaten, because so many living entities gave up their lives during the preparation. But food offered to Kṛṣṇa is freed of sin and invokes an attraction to Kṛṣṇa in whomever accepts it. See Bhakti-yoga. See also: Mahā-prasādam",
      "definition_html": "\"the mercy of Lord Kṛṣṇa.\" Food prepared for the pleasure of Kṛṣṇa and offered to Him with love and devotion. Because Kṛṣṇa tastes the offering, the food becomes spiritualized and purifies anyone who eats it. Literally, mercy. When sattvic foods (milk, grains, fruits, vegetables, sugar and legumes) prepared by a devotee are offered to the Deity of Kṛṣṇa as prescribed in the system of <b><i>bhakti-yoga</i></b>, the offering is transformed into prasādam, the mercy of the Lord. Prasādam is delicious, nourishing but most important, transcendental. Ordinary food, unoffered to Kṛṣṇa, breeds karmic reactions for every mouthful that is eaten, because so many living entities gave up their lives during the preparation. But food offered to Kṛṣṇa is freed of sin and invokes an attraction to Kṛṣṇa in whomever accepts it. See Bhakti-yoga. See also: Mahā-prasādam"
    },
    {
      "term": "Prasādam",
      "definition": "Mercy of God. Food offered to the Lord and distributed by the devotee as Divine remnants. In the Bhagavad-gītā the Lord says that He accepts fruits, vegetables, and grains from the hands of the pure devotee.",
      "definition_html": "Mercy of God. Food offered to the Lord and distributed by the devotee as Divine remnants. In the <i>Bhagavad-gītā</i> the Lord says that He accepts fruits, vegetables, and grains from the hands of the pure devotee."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prasādī",
      "definition": "food offered to Lord Jagannātha.",
      "definition_html": "food offered to Lord Jagannātha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prasūti",
      "definition": "a daughter of Svāyambhuva Manu who was the wife of Dakṣa.",
      "definition_html": "a daughter of Svāyambhuva Manu who was the wife of Dakṣa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pratibimba-vāda",
      "definition": "the worship of a form that is the reflection of a false material form.",
      "definition_html": "the worship of a form that is the reflection of a false material form."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pratigraha",
      "definition": "accepting charity; the duty of a brāhmaṇa to accept contributions from his followers.",
      "definition_html": "accepting charity; the duty of a brāhmaṇa to accept contributions from his followers."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pratikriyā",
      "definition": "counteracting agents such as mantras and medicines.",
      "definition_html": "counteracting agents such as mantras and medicines."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prativindhya",
      "definition": "the son of Draupadī and Yudhiṣṭhira. He was killed by Aśvatthāmā while awaking from sleep in his tent.",
      "definition_html": "the son of Draupadī and Yudhiṣṭhira. He was killed by Aśvatthāmā while awaking from sleep in his tent."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pratiṣṭhāśā",
      "definition": "desire for name and fame or high position.",
      "definition_html": "desire for name and fame or high position."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pratyag-ātmā",
      "definition": "the soul, when purified of material attachment.",
      "definition_html": "the soul, when purified of material attachment."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pratyakṣa",
      "definition": "Direct sense perception. 1) The first of the five stages of Vedic knowledge, considered as a subordinate, not self-evident, proof of knowledge. 2) The first of the three Vaiṣṇava pramāṇas. See Anumāna, Empiricism, Experientia, Pramāṇa, Śabda.",
      "definition_html": "Direct sense perception. 1) The first of the five stages of Vedic knowledge, considered as a subordinate, not self-evident, proof of knowledge. 2) The first of the three Vaiṣṇava pramāṇas. See Anumāna, Empiricism, Experientia, Pramāṇa, Śabda."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pratyāhāna",
      "definition": "The process of closing all the doors of the senses and fixing the mind on the heart and the life air at the top of the head, thus establishing oneself in yoga.",
      "definition_html": "The process of closing all the doors of the senses and fixing the mind on the heart and the life air at the top of the head, thus establishing oneself in <i>yoga</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pratyāhāra",
      "definition": "withdrawal of the senses from all unnecessary activities, as a means of advancement in the aṣṭāṅga-yoga system..",
      "definition_html": "withdrawal of the senses from all unnecessary activities, as a means of advancement in the aṣṭāṅga-yoga system.."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pratīpa",
      "definition": "the father of Mahārāja Śantanu.",
      "definition_html": "the father of Mahārāja Śantanu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pravartaka",
      "definition": "introduction to a drama, when the players first enter the stage in response to the time.",
      "definition_html": "introduction to a drama, when the players first enter the stage in response to the time."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pravāsa",
      "definition": "the condition of separation of lovers who were previously intimately associated.",
      "definition_html": "the condition of separation of lovers who were previously intimately associated."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pravṛtti-mārga",
      "definition": "the path of sense enjoyment in accordance with Vedic regulations.",
      "definition_html": "the path of sense enjoyment in accordance with Vedic regulations."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prayojana",
      "definition": "the ultimate goal of life, to develop love of God.",
      "definition_html": "the ultimate goal of life, to develop love of God."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prayāga",
      "definition": "(modern Allahabad) a very sacred place, mentioned in the Purāṇas, situated at the confluence of the holy Ganges, Yamunā and Sarasvatī Rivers. A Māgha-melā and a Kumbha-melā are celebrated here. Every year many thousands of pilgrims come to bathe in the holy waters. It was here that Lord Caitanya instructed Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī for ten days.",
      "definition_html": "(modern Allahabad) a very sacred place, mentioned in the <b><i>Purāṇas</i></b>, situated at the confluence of the holy Ganges, Yamunā and Sarasvatī Rivers. A Māgha-melā and a Kumbha-melā are celebrated here. Every year many thousands of pilgrims come to bathe in the holy waters. It was here that Lord Caitanya instructed Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī for ten days."
    },
    {
      "term": "Praśānta",
      "definition": "undisturbed by the modes of nature.",
      "definition_html": "undisturbed by the modes of nature."
    },
    {
      "term": "Praṇava",
      "definition": "Oṁkāra-oṁ, the root of Vedic knowledge; known as the mahā-vākya, the supreme sound; the transcendental syllable which represents Kṛṣṇa, and which is vibrated by transcendentalists for attainment of the Supreme when undertaking sacrifices, charities and penances.",
      "definition_html": "<b><i>Oṁkāra-oṁ</i></b>, the root of Vedic knowledge; known as the mahā-vākya, the supreme sound; the transcendental syllable which represents Kṛṣṇa, and which is vibrated by transcendentalists for attainment of the Supreme when undertaking sacrifices, charities and penances."
    },
    {
      "term": "Praṇava oṁkāra",
      "definition": "see Oṁkāra.",
      "definition_html": "see <i>Oṁkāra</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Praṇaya",
      "definition": "that mellow of love when there is a possibility to receive direct honor, but it is avoided.",
      "definition_html": "that mellow of love when there is a possibility to receive direct honor, but it is avoided."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prema",
      "definition": "Love, especially love of Kṛṣṇa. Cc., Adi-līlā 4.165 distinguishes prema from kāma (lust). Prema is evinced by service to Kṛṣṇa's senses, whereas kāma is evinced by service to the senses of the material body. See Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "Love, especially love of Kṛṣṇa. Cc., Adi-līlā <b>4.165</b> distinguishes prema from <b><i>kāma</i></b> (lust). <b><i>Prema</i></b> is evinced by service to Kṛṣṇa's senses, whereas <b><i>kāma</i></b> is evinced by service to the senses of the material body. See Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prema-bhakti",
      "definition": "pure love of Lord Kṛṣṇa, the highest perfectional stage in the progressive development of pure devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "pure love of Lord Kṛṣṇa, the highest perfectional stage in the progressive development of pure devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prema-saṅkīrtana",
      "definition": "congregational chanting in love of Godhead.",
      "definition_html": "congregational chanting in love of Godhead."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prema-vaicittya",
      "definition": "an abundance of love that brings about grief from fear of separation although the lover is present.",
      "definition_html": "an abundance of love that brings about grief from fear of separation although the lover is present."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prema-vataḥ",
      "definition": "one who has great love for the spiritual master.",
      "definition_html": "one who has great love for the spiritual master."
    },
    {
      "term": "Premā",
      "definition": "real love of God, the highest perfectional stage of life.",
      "definition_html": "real love of God, the highest perfectional stage of life."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pretsila Hill",
      "definition": "a hill about 540 feet high, located five miles northwest of Gayā in the state of Bihar. Pilgrims perform the śraddha ceremony there. A long flight of steps which leads to the summit and temple was constructed in 1774 by Ṭhākura Bhaktivinoda's ancestor Madan Mohan Dutt.",
      "definition_html": "a hill about 540 feet high, located five miles northwest of Gayā in the state of Bihar. Pilgrims perform the śraddha ceremony there. A long flight of steps which leads to the summit and temple was constructed in 1774 by Ṭhākura Bhaktivinoda's ancestor Madan Mohan Dutt."
    },
    {
      "term": "Preyas",
      "definition": "activity which is immediately beneficial but not ultimately auspicious.",
      "definition_html": "activity which is immediately beneficial but not ultimately auspicious."
    },
    {
      "term": "Priyatama",
      "definition": "dearmost.",
      "definition_html": "dearmost."
    },
    {
      "term": "Priyavrata",
      "definition": "the son of Svāyambhuva Manu and brother of Uttānapāda. He once ruled the universe.",
      "definition_html": "the son of Svāyambhuva Manu and brother of Uttānapāda. He once ruled the universe."
    },
    {
      "term": "Problem of evil",
      "definition": "Professor A.L. Herman, philosopher at the University of Wisconsin, compiled a list of twenty-one attempts to solve the problem of evil put forward by Western philosophers and theologians during the Christian era. He admits that the list is not exhaustive, only representative. Of those he listed, Herman says none will suffice to dissolve the problem, and of unlisted attempts, he comments, I think this result must be inevitable for all such similar attempts undertaken within the context of the traditional Western approach to the problem of evil. The problem stems from three assumptions, only two of which seem to be compatible: 1) God is omnipotent; 2) God is omnibenevolent; 3) Evil exists. For evil to exist, so the argument goes, God must either be less than all-powerful or less than all-good. The Vedic answer is given by Śrīla Prabhupāda in On the Way to Kṛṣṇa, Chapter Three. Accordingly, the human perception of good and evil is due to the influence of the three modes of material nature upon consciousness. These three modes originate in Kṛṣṇa, who is omnipotent and omnibenevolent. Though the modes and their effects are within Kṛṣṇa, He is not in them. Hence, the human perception of good in this world does not correspond to the goodness of Kṛṣṇa, the source of the world. For example, electricity is perceived in the home in terms of heat (in an electric stove) and cold (in a refrigerator). But at the power plant, electricity is not known in terms of the duality of heat and cold. In the home, whether electrical heat and cold are good or bad depends upon ever-changing circumstances and individual opinions. At the power plant, such changing circumstances and differing opinions do not occur. The power plant is not responsible for the reasons that cause people to say electrical heat is good, electrical cold is bad, or vice-versa. Similarly, individuals of different natures, circumstances and opinions define good and evil differently. Death is evil if it happens to me. Death is good if it happens to my enemy. Or death may be good for me if it delivers me from lingering agony, and not good if it does the same for my enemy. Although life and death, or good and evil, are within Kṛṣṇa, His own divine goodness is not within them. The good and evil we ascribe to life and death or anything else are creations of the material mind. See Modes of nature.",
      "definition_html": "Professor A.L. Herman, philosopher at the University of Wisconsin, compiled a list of twenty-one attempts to solve the problem of evil put forward by Western philosophers and theologians during the Christian era. He admits that the list is not exhaustive, only representative. Of those he listed, Herman says none will suffice to dissolve the problem, and of unlisted attempts, he comments, I think this result must be inevitable for all such similar attempts undertaken within the context of the traditional Western approach to the problem of evil. The problem stems from three assumptions, only two of which seem to be compatible: 1) God is omnipotent; 2) God is omnibenevolent; 3) Evil exists. For evil to exist, so the argument goes, God must either be less than all-powerful or less than all-good. The Vedic answer is given by Śrīla Prabhupāda in <b><i>On the Way to Kṛṣṇa</i></b>, Chapter Three. Accordingly, the human perception of good and evil is due to the influence of the three modes of material nature upon consciousness. These three modes originate in Kṛṣṇa, who is omnipotent and omnibenevolent. Though the modes and their effects are within Kṛṣṇa, He is not in them. Hence, the human perception of good in this world does not correspond to the goodness of Kṛṣṇa, the source of the world. For example, electricity is perceived in the home in terms of heat (in an electric stove) and cold (in a refrigerator). But at the power plant, electricity is not known in terms of the duality of heat and cold. In the home, whether electrical heat and cold are good or bad depends upon ever-changing circumstances and individual opinions. At the power plant, such changing circumstances and differing opinions do not occur. The power plant is not responsible for the reasons that cause people to say electrical heat is good, electrical cold is bad, or vice-versa. Similarly, individuals of different natures, circumstances and opinions define good and evil differently. Death is evil if it happens to me. Death is good if it happens to my enemy. Or death may be good for me if it delivers me from lingering agony, and not good if it does the same for my enemy. Although life and death, or good and evil, are within Kṛṣṇa, His own divine goodness is not within them. The good and evil we ascribe to life and death or anything else are creations of the material mind. See Modes of nature."
    },
    {
      "term": "Proṣita-bhaṛtkā",
      "definition": "a woman whose husband has left home and gone to a foreign country.",
      "definition_html": "a woman whose husband has left home and gone to a foreign country."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prācīnabarhi",
      "definition": "a king who, entangled in fruitive activities, received instructions on devotional service from Nārada Muni.",
      "definition_html": "a king who, entangled in fruitive activities, received instructions on devotional service from Nārada Muni."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prāgjyotiṣapura",
      "definition": "the capital city of Narakāsura and his son Bhagadatta.",
      "definition_html": "the capital city of Narakāsura and his son Bhagadatta."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prākāmya",
      "definition": "the mystic ability to fulfill any of one's desires.",
      "definition_html": "the mystic ability to fulfill any of one's desires."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prākṛta",
      "definition": "on the material platform.",
      "definition_html": "on the material platform."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prākṛta-bhaktas",
      "definition": "materialistic devotees not advanced in spiritual knowledge.",
      "definition_html": "materialistic devotees not advanced in spiritual knowledge."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prākṛta-sahajiyās",
      "definition": "pseudo devotees of Kṛṣṇa who take devotional service cheaply and do not follow the regulations of the scripture; materialistic so-called Vaiṣṇavas who imagine themselves to be confidential devotees.",
      "definition_html": "pseudo devotees of Kṛṣṇa who take devotional service cheaply and do not follow the regulations of the scripture; materialistic so-called Vaiṣṇavas who imagine themselves to be confidential devotees."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prāna Vayu",
      "definition": "Movements of different kinds of air within the body. The yogis study to control these airs and move the soul, which is supposed to rise from one circle of air to another.",
      "definition_html": "Movements of different kinds of air within the body. The <i>yogis</i> study to control these airs and move the soul, which is supposed to rise from one circle of air to another."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prāpta-brahma-laya",
      "definition": "one who has already attained the Brahman position.",
      "definition_html": "one who has already attained the Brahman position."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prāpta-svarūpas",
      "definition": "those merged in Brahman realization.",
      "definition_html": "those merged in Brahman realization."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prāpti",
      "definition": "the mystic ability to immediately obtain any material object.",
      "definition_html": "the mystic ability to immediately obtain any material object."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prāpti-siddhi",
      "definition": "mystic perfection of acquisition by which the yogī can reach his hand anywhere and obtain whatever he likes.",
      "definition_html": "mystic perfection of acquisition by which the yogī can reach his hand anywhere and obtain whatever he likes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prāyaścitta",
      "definition": "atonement for sinful acts.",
      "definition_html": "atonement for sinful acts."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prāṇa",
      "definition": "the life air.",
      "definition_html": "the life air."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prāṇa-maya",
      "definition": "(consciousness) absorbed in maintaining one's bodily existence.",
      "definition_html": "(consciousness) absorbed in maintaining one's bodily existence."
    },
    {
      "term": "Prāṇāyāma",
      "definition": "breath control used in yoga practice, especially aṣṭāṅga-yoga (one of the eight parts of the aṣṭanga-yoga system).",
      "definition_html": "breath control used in yoga practice, especially<b><i> aṣṭāṅga-yoga</i></b> (one of the eight parts of the <b><i>aṣṭanga-yoga </i></b>system)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pulastya (Pulaha)",
      "definition": "one of the seven great sages who were born directly from Lord Brahmā.",
      "definition_html": "one of the seven great sages who were born directly from Lord Brahmā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pura-pālaka",
      "definition": "the life air.",
      "definition_html": "the life air."
    },
    {
      "term": "Puraka",
      "definition": "the stage of equilibrium attained by offering the inhaled breath into the exhaled breath.",
      "definition_html": "the stage of equilibrium attained by offering the inhaled breath into the exhaled breath."
    },
    {
      "term": "Puram",
      "definition": "town.",
      "definition_html": "town."
    },
    {
      "term": "Puraścaraṇa",
      "definition": "a preliminary ritualistic performance for the fulfillment of certain desires.",
      "definition_html": "a preliminary ritualistic performance for the fulfillment of certain desires."
    },
    {
      "term": "Puraścaryā",
      "definition": "five preliminary devotional activities performed to qualify for initiation.",
      "definition_html": "five preliminary devotional activities performed to qualify for initiation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Purnam",
      "definition": "All-perfect, the Supreme Lord. There is no chance of His being subject to the laws of material Nature.",
      "definition_html": "All-perfect, the Supreme Lord. There is no chance of His being subject to the laws of material Nature."
    },
    {
      "term": "Purnima",
      "definition": "the day of the full moon.",
      "definition_html": "the day of the full moon."
    },
    {
      "term": "Purocana",
      "definition": "a minister of King Duryodhana. He died in the fire of the house of lac in Vāraṇāvata.",
      "definition_html": "a minister of King Duryodhana. He died in the fire of the house of lac in Vāraṇāvata."
    },
    {
      "term": "Puruṣa",
      "definition": "Enjoyer, Male. Used for the Supreme Lord. Lord Kṛṣṇa in His original Form never leaves Vṛndāvan in the Spiritual Sky; all the affairs of His different creations are carried out by His plenary expansion or Puruṣa incarnation. The ordinary conditioned living entity tries to imitate the Puruṣa as the enjoyer of the material world, but his real eternal position is as eternal servant of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "Enjoyer, Male. Used for the Supreme Lord. Lord Kṛṣṇa in His original Form never leaves Vṛndāvan in the Spiritual Sky; all the affairs of His different creations are carried out by His plenary expansion or <i>Puruṣa</i> incarnation. The ordinary conditioned living entity tries to imitate the <i>Puruṣa</i> as the enjoyer of the material world, but his real eternal position is as eternal servant of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Puruṣa-adhama",
      "definition": "the Personality of Godhead, under whom all other persons remain.",
      "definition_html": "the Personality of Godhead, under whom all other persons remain."
    },
    {
      "term": "Puruṣa-avatāras",
      "definition": "the primary expansions of Lord Viṣṇu who effect the creation, maintenance and destruction of the material universes.",
      "definition_html": "the primary expansions of Lord Viṣṇu who effect the creation, maintenance and destruction of the material universes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Puruṣa-sūkta",
      "definition": "a sacred hymn glorifying the Supersoul of the universe.",
      "definition_html": "a sacred hymn glorifying the Supersoul of the universe."
    },
    {
      "term": "Puruṣam",
      "definition": "supreme enjoyer.",
      "definition_html": "supreme enjoyer."
    },
    {
      "term": "Puruṣottama",
      "definition": "Lord Kṛṣṇa, who is the Supreme Person, meaning \"the most exalted person.\"",
      "definition_html": "Lord Kṛṣṇa, who is the Supreme Person, meaning \"the most exalted person.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Puruṣārtha",
      "definition": "the goal of life.",
      "definition_html": "the goal of life."
    },
    {
      "term": "Puruṣāvatāras",
      "definition": "the primary Viṣṇu expansions of Kṛṣṇa who are involved in the creation, maintenance and destruction of the material universe.",
      "definition_html": "the primary Viṣṇu expansions of Kṛṣṇa who are involved in the creation, maintenance and destruction of the material universe."
    },
    {
      "term": "Purvāṣādhā",
      "definition": "one of the twenty-seven asterisms in Vedic astrology.",
      "definition_html": "one of the twenty-seven asterisms in Vedic astrology."
    },
    {
      "term": "Purāṇa",
      "definition": "Literally, very old. Within the smṛti section of the Vedic scriptures, there are eighteen Mahā-purāṇas (great books of ancient wisdom). Of these, the greatest is the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, also called Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam. See Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam.",
      "definition_html": "Literally, very old. Within the <b><i>smṛti</i></b> section of the Vedic scriptures, there are eighteen <b><i>Mahā-purāṇas</i></b> (great books of ancient wisdom). Of these, the greatest is the <b><i>Bhāgavata Purāṇa</i></b>, also called <b><i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam</i></b>. See Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam."
    },
    {
      "term": "Purāṇas",
      "definition": "the eighteen major and eighteen minor ancient Vedic literatures compiled about five thousand years ago in India by Srila Vyasadeva that are histories of this and other planets; literatures supplementary to the Vedas, discussing such topics as the creation of the universe, incarnations of the Supreme Lord and demigods, and the history of dynasties of saintly kings. The eighteen principal Purāṇas discuss ten primary subject matters: 1) the primary creation, 2) the secondary creation, 3) the planetary systems, 4) protection and maintenance by the avatāras, 5) the Manus. 6) dynasties of great kings, 7) noble character and activities of great kings, 8) dissolution of the universe and liberation of the living entity, 9) the jīva (the spirit soul), 10) the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the eighteen major and eighteen minor ancient Vedic literatures compiled about five thousand years ago in India by Srila Vyasadeva that are histories of this and other planets; literatures supplementary to the <b><i>Vedas</i></b>, discussing such topics as the creation of the universe, incarnations of the Supreme Lord and demigods, and the history of dynasties of saintly kings. The eighteen principal<b><i> Purāṇas</i></b> discuss ten primary subject matters: 1) the primary creation, 2) the secondary creation, 3) the planetary systems, 4) protection and maintenance by the <b><i>avatāras</i></b>, 5) the Manus. 6) dynasties of great kings, 7) noble character and activities of great kings, 8) dissolution of the universe and liberation of the living entity, 9) the jīva (the spirit soul), 10) the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Purī",
      "definition": "See JAGANNĀTHA PURĪ.",
      "definition_html": "See JAGANNĀTHA PURĪ."
    },
    {
      "term": "Purūravā",
      "definition": "a king who was captivated by the celestial woman Urvaśī.",
      "definition_html": "a king who was captivated by the celestial woman Urvaśī."
    },
    {
      "term": "Putra",
      "definition": "consciousness.",
      "definition_html": "consciousness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Puṁścalī",
      "definition": "a harlot, or unchaste woman.",
      "definition_html": "a harlot, or unchaste woman."
    },
    {
      "term": "Puṇya",
      "definition": "karma-pious activities, which help to liberate one from the cycle of birth and death in the material world.",
      "definition_html": "<b><i>karma</i></b>-pious activities, which help to liberate one from the cycle of birth and death in the material world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Puṇya-śloka",
      "definition": "verses that increase one's piety; one who is glorified by such verses.",
      "definition_html": "verses that increase one's piety; one who is glorified by such verses."
    },
    {
      "term": "Puṇḍarīkākṣa",
      "definition": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning \"He whose eyes are like the reddish lotus flower.\"",
      "definition_html": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning \"He whose eyes are like the reddish lotus flower.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Puṣkara",
      "definition": "a lake in western India dear to Lord Brahmā. At this place of pilgrimage is the only authorized temple of Lord Brahmā the world.",
      "definition_html": "a lake in western India dear to Lord Brahmā. At this place of pilgrimage is the only authorized temple of Lord Brahmā the world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Puṣpa-añjali",
      "definition": "the ceremony of offering flowers to the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the ceremony of offering flowers to the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Puṣpadanta",
      "definition": "a name for the Supreme Lord meaning \"He whose teeth are as white as jasmine flowers.\" Also, a devotee of Lord Śiva renowned for his poetic skill.",
      "definition_html": "a name for the Supreme Lord meaning \"He whose teeth are as white as jasmine flowers.\" Also, a devotee of Lord Śiva renowned for his poetic skill."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pāda-sevana",
      "definition": "the devotional process of serving at the Lord's feet.",
      "definition_html": "the devotional process of serving at the Lord's feet."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pādya",
      "definition": "water ceremoniously offered for washing feet.",
      "definition_html": "water ceremoniously offered for washing feet."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pālana-śakti",
      "definition": "the power to rule and maintain the living entities.",
      "definition_html": "the power to rule and maintain the living entities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pālas",
      "definition": "attendants who look after a temple's external affairs.",
      "definition_html": "attendants who look after a temple's external affairs."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pāpahāriṇī",
      "definition": "a name for the Ekādaśī that occurs during the dark part of the month of Caitra. It means \"that which takes away sin.\" Another name for this day, having the same meaning, is Pāpamocani.",
      "definition_html": "a name for the Ekādaśī that occurs during the dark part of the month of Caitra. It means \"that which takes away sin.\" Another name for this day, having the same meaning, is Pāpamocani."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pāpānkuṣā",
      "definition": "the name for the Ekādaśī that occurs during the light part of the month of Aśvina. It means \"that which has the power to pierce sin personified.\"",
      "definition_html": "the name for the Ekādaśī that occurs during the light part of the month of Aśvina. It means \"that which has the power to pierce sin personified.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Pārijāta",
      "definition": "an extraordinarily fragrant white flower that Lord Kṛṣṇa brought from the heavenly planets for His wife Rukmiṇi.",
      "definition_html": "an extraordinarily fragrant white flower that Lord Kṛṣṇa brought from the heavenly planets for His wife Rukmiṇi."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pāriṣats",
      "definition": "devotees who are personal associates of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "devotees who are personal associates of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pārtha-sārathi",
      "definition": "Kṛṣṇa, the chariot driver of Arjuna (Pārtha).",
      "definition_html": "Kṛṣṇa, the chariot driver of Arjuna (Pārtha)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pārvata Muni",
      "definition": "a great sage who is a constant companion of Nārada.",
      "definition_html": "a great sage who is a constant companion of Nārada."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pārvatī",
      "definition": "Sati, Lord Śiva's consort, meaning daughter of the mountain. She was reborn as the daughter of Himālaya after consuming herself in mystic fire at Dakṣa's sacrificial arena.",
      "definition_html": "Sati, Lord Śiva's consort, meaning daughter of the mountain. She was reborn as the daughter of Himālaya after consuming herself in mystic fire at Dakṣa's sacrificial arena."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pāsa",
      "definition": "a mystic noose used to capture Bali Mahārāja.",
      "definition_html": "a mystic noose used to capture Bali Mahārāja."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pātra",
      "definition": "players in a drama.",
      "definition_html": "players in a drama."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pātālaloka",
      "definition": "the lowest of the universe's fourteen planetary systems; also, the lower planets in general; also the seventh tier of the lower planetary systems, where Bali Mahārāja reigns.",
      "definition_html": "the lowest of the universe's fourteen planetary systems; also, the lower planets in general; also the seventh tier of the lower planetary systems, where Bali Mahārāja reigns."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pāñcajanya",
      "definition": "the conchshell of Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the conchshell of Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pāñcāla",
      "definition": "the kingdom of King Drupada.",
      "definition_html": "the kingdom of King Drupada."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pāśupatāstra",
      "definition": "the ultimate weapon of Lord Śiva. This weapon was used by Arjuna to kill Jayadratha.",
      "definition_html": "the ultimate weapon of Lord Śiva. This weapon was used by Arjuna to kill Jayadratha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pāṅji-ṭikā",
      "definition": "further explanations of a subject.",
      "definition_html": "further explanations of a subject."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pāṇḍavas",
      "definition": "the five pious ksatriya brothers Yudhiṣṭhira, Bhīma, Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva. They were intimate friends of Lord Kṛṣṇa's and inherited the leadership of the world upon their victory over the Kurus in the Battle of Kurukṣetra.",
      "definition_html": "the five pious ksatriya brothers Yudhiṣṭhira, Bhīma, Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva. They were intimate friends of Lord Kṛṣṇa's and inherited the leadership of the world upon their victory over the Kurus in the Battle of Kurukṣetra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pāṇḍitaka",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Bhīṣma Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Bhīṣma Parva in<b><i> Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Pāṇḍu",
      "definition": "a great king of the Kuru dynasty, and the father of the Pāṇḍavas, Yudhisthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula and Sahadeva; the heroes of the Mahābhārata. He had two wives, Kuntī and Mādrī. He was a younger brother of Dhṛtarāṣṭra's who died early, leaving his five young sons under the care of Dhṛtarāṣṭra.",
      "definition_html": "a great king of the Kuru dynasty, and the father of the Pāṇḍavas, Yudhisthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula and Sahadeva; the heroes of the Mahābhārata. He had two wives, Kuntī and Mādrī. He was a younger brother of Dhṛtarāṣṭra's who died early, leaving his five young sons under the care of Dhṛtarāṣṭra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pāṇḍu-vijaya",
      "definition": "the function of carrying Lord Jagannātha to His car prior to the Ratha-yātrā procession.",
      "definition_html": "the function of carrying Lord Jagannātha to His car prior to the Ratha-yātrā procession."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pāṇḍyas",
      "definition": "the South Indian dynasty that ruled over Madurai and Rāmeśvaram in South India.",
      "definition_html": "the South Indian dynasty that ruled over Madurai and Rāmeśvaram in South India."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pāṇḍā",
      "definition": "a brahmāṇa guide at temples and holy places; see also: Paṇḍita.",
      "definition_html": "a <b><i>brahmāṇa </i></b>guide at temples and holy places; see also: Paṇḍita."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pāṣaṇḍa",
      "definition": "atheism.",
      "definition_html": "atheism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pāṣaṇḍī",
      "definition": "an \"offender,\" or atheist; a nonbeliever; one who thinks God and the demigods are on the same level, or who considers devotional activities to be material.",
      "definition_html": "an \"offender,\" or atheist; a nonbeliever; one who thinks God and the demigods are on the same level, or who considers devotional activities to be material."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pāṣcālī",
      "definition": "another name of Draupadī, the wife of the Pāṇḍavas.",
      "definition_html": "another name of Draupadī, the wife of the Pāṇḍavas."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pīṭha",
      "definition": "the pedestal or altar of the Deity. The pīṭha is in the sanctum sanctorum (inner sanctum)",
      "definition_html": "the pedestal or altar of the Deity. The pīṭha is in the sanctum sanctorum (inner sanctum)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Pūjā",
      "definition": "offering of worship.",
      "definition_html": "offering of worship."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pūjārī",
      "definition": "priest, one who offers pūjā or worships the Deity in a temple.",
      "definition_html": "priest, one who offers pūjā or worships the Deity in a temple."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pūraka",
      "definition": "the stage of equilibrium attained by offering the inhaled breath into the exhaled breath.",
      "definition_html": "the stage of equilibrium attained by offering the inhaled breath into the exhaled breath."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pūrtam",
      "definition": "performance of sacrifice.",
      "definition_html": "performance of sacrifice."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pūru",
      "definition": "the youngest son of King Yayāti, who agreed to exchange his youth for his father's old age.",
      "definition_html": "the youngest son of King Yayāti, who agreed to exchange his youth for his father's old age."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pūrva-rāga",
      "definition": "the ecstasy of lovers before their meeting.",
      "definition_html": "the ecstasy of lovers before their meeting."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pūrva-vidhi",
      "definition": "the injunction in Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam against praising characteristics or activities of others.",
      "definition_html": "the injunction in <b><i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam</i></b> against praising characteristics or activities of others."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pūrṇa",
      "definition": "the complete whole, Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the complete whole, Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pūrṇam",
      "definition": "complete.",
      "definition_html": "complete."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pūtanā",
      "definition": "a witch who was sent by Kaṁsa to appear in the form of a beautiful woman to kill baby Kṛṣṇa but who was killed by Him and granted liberation.",
      "definition_html": "a witch who was sent by Kaṁsa to appear in the form of a beautiful woman to kill baby Kṛṣṇa but who was killed by Him and granted liberation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pṛthu Mahārāja",
      "definition": "an empowered incarnation of Lord Kṛṣṇa who demonstrated how to be an ideal ruler.",
      "definition_html": "an empowered incarnation of Lord Kṛṣṇa who demonstrated how to be an ideal ruler."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pṛthā",
      "definition": "Kuntī, the wife of King Pāṇḍu, mother of the Pāṇḍavas and aunt of Lord Kṛṣṇa. See also: Kunti-devi.",
      "definition_html": "Kuntī, the wife of King Pāṇḍu, mother of the Pāṇḍavas and aunt of Lord Kṛṣṇa. See also: Kunti-devi."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pṛśni",
      "definition": "the name of Devakī in a previous birth.",
      "definition_html": "the name of Devakī in a previous birth."
    },
    {
      "term": "Pṛṣata",
      "definition": "the father of King Drupada.",
      "definition_html": "the father of King Drupada."
    },
    {
      "term": "Quantum mechanical theory",
      "definition": "A theory of subatomic physics begun by Max Planck (1858-1947) and developed by Niels Bohr (1885-1962), Ernst Schrodinger (1887-1961), Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976), Paul Dirac (1902-1984) and others. In order to form an elementary understanding of quantum theory, it is useful to compare it to Newtonian and Einsteinian physics. In Newton's classical view, science defines the structure and movement of matter in a very fixed and real sense. Matter is composed of particles that move according to the same forces that govern the movement of billiard balls. Einstein argued that while the structure of matter ought to be considered definite, its movement is not. If particles are like billiard balls in motion, then the billiard table is also in motion. The billiard table is comprised of space and time, which are not two separate entities hence the term spacetime in relativity theory. Even stranger, the movement of the billiard balls creates the spacetime billiard table that is the basis of the balls' movement. Einstein introduced into science the idea that the position of an observer contributes to the reality of the motion observed. When two observers, each in a different position, observe the same event differently, there is no way to determine whether one observation is right and the other wrong. If Newton's theory is compared to a tidy piece of realistic art, then Einstein's theory is more like a puzzle in which the objects look real enough, though their spatial relationships change before our eyes as in the case of a small circle drawn within a cube frame. As we gaze at it, the perspective shifts. The circle appears to be near the back left lower corner of the cube, then near the front left lower corner. But quantum theory can be compared only to an abstract yet suggestive art forma painting that at first glance appears to depict no subject at all, only chaos. Then, during closer scrutiny, forms are seen to emerge out of and merge back into the chaos a face, a hand, a bird or something else. Quantum theory gives no fixed and real definition of either the structure or the motion of matter. It predicts only where a quantum object may be found, or what state of motion it will be in. The where and what state of motion of that object are logically incompatible. Therefore quantum theory speaks of quantum objects as wave-particles. Ordinarily, the motion of objects through space is described in terms of four dimensions: length, breadth, height and duration of time. In quantum theory, as the number of quantum objects to be measured increases, more dimensions of space are added to account for them. But these dimensions are creations of the mind. This brings us to the problem of the interplay between mind and matter in quantum mechanics. There is no settled opinion as to where subjectivity ends and objectivity begins. Consequently, it has been remarked of quantum physics that there is no 'there' there. See Relativity theory.",
      "definition_html": "A theory of subatomic physics begun by Max Planck (1858-1947) and developed by Niels Bohr (1885-1962), Ernst Schrodinger (1887-1961), Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976), Paul Dirac (1902-1984) and others. In order to form an elementary understanding of quantum theory, it is useful to compare it to Newtonian and Einsteinian physics. In Newton's classical view, science defines the structure and movement of matter in a very fixed and real sense. Matter is composed of particles that move according to the same forces that govern the movement of billiard balls. Einstein argued that while the structure of matter ought to be considered definite, its movement is not. If particles are like billiard balls in motion, then the billiard table is also in motion. The billiard table is comprised of space and time, which are not two separate entities hence the term <i>spacetime</i> in relativity theory. Even stranger, the movement of the billiard balls creates the spacetime billiard table that is the basis of the balls' movement. Einstein introduced into science the idea that the position of an observer contributes to the reality of the motion observed. When two observers, each in a different position, observe the same event differently, there is no way to determine whether one observation is right and the other wrong. If Newton's theory is compared to a tidy piece of realistic art, then Einstein's theory is more like a puzzle in which the objects look real enough, though their spatial relationships change before our eyes as in the case of a small circle drawn within a cube frame. As we gaze at it, the perspective shifts. The circle appears to be near the back left lower corner of the cube, then near the front left lower corner. But quantum theory can be compared only to an abstract yet suggestive art forma painting that at first glance appears to depict no subject at all, only chaos. Then, during closer scrutiny, forms are seen to emerge out of and merge back into the chaos a face, a hand, a bird or something else. Quantum theory gives no fixed and real definition of either the structure or the motion of matter. It predicts only <i>where</i> a quantum object may be found, or <i>what state of motion</i> it will be in. The <i>where</i> and <i>what state of motion</i> of that object are logically incompatible. Therefore quantum theory speaks of quantum objects as wave-particles. Ordinarily, the motion of objects through space is described in terms of four dimensions: length, breadth, height and duration of time. In quantum theory, as the number of quantum objects to be measured increases, more dimensions of space are added to account for them. But these dimensions are creations of the mind. This brings us to the problem of the interplay between mind and matter in quantum mechanics. There is no settled opinion as to where subjectivity ends and objectivity begins. Consequently, it has been remarked of quantum physics that there is no 'there' there. See Relativity theory."
    },
    {
      "term": "Quine, W.V",
      "definition": "American philosopher of great repute in the twentieth century (1908-1995). His argument that in scientific theory, any statement can be held true, come what may, if we make drastic enough adjustments elsewhere in the system, is often quoted.",
      "definition_html": "American philosopher of great repute in the twentieth century (1908-1995). His argument that in scientific theory, any statement can be held true, come what may, if we make drastic enough adjustments elsewhere in the system, is often quoted."
    },
    {
      "term": "Raghunātha Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmī",
      "definition": "one of the Six Gosvamis of Vṛndāvana. He appeared in 1506 as the son of Tapana Miśra. He first met Lord Caitanya in Benares when the Lord stayed at his father's home for two months. He rendered direct service to the Lord and received His mercy. After the demise of his parents, he went to Purī and associated with the Lord, cooking for Him and taking His remnants. He was especially well-known for his sweetly singing the Bhāgavatam to different tunes, his super-excellent cooking and his never hearing, or speaking about, either worldly topics or criticism of Vaiṣṇavas. On the order of the Lord, he proceeded to Vṛndāvana and associated there with the other Gosvāmīs. He did not write books. His disciples assisted with the construction of the Govindaji Temple for Rūpa Gosvāmī's Deity. He disappeared in 1580 at the age of seventy-four.",
      "definition_html": "one of the Six Gosvamis of Vṛndāvana. He appeared in 1506 as the son of Tapana Miśra. He first met Lord Caitanya in Benares when the Lord stayed at his father's home for two months. He rendered direct service to the Lord and received His mercy. After the demise of his parents, he went to Purī and associated with the Lord, cooking for Him and taking His remnants. He was especially well-known for his sweetly singing the Bhāgavatam to different tunes, his super-excellent cooking and his never hearing, or speaking about, either worldly topics or criticism of Vaiṣṇavas. On the order of the Lord, he proceeded to Vṛndāvana and associated there with the other Gosvāmīs. He did not write books. His disciples assisted with the construction of the Govindaji Temple for Rūpa Gosvāmī's Deity. He disappeared in 1580 at the age of seventy-four."
    },
    {
      "term": "Raghunātha Bhaṭṭa Goswami and Raghunātha dāsa Goswami",
      "definition": "two of the six Vaiṣṇava spiritual masters who directly followed Śrī CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU and systematically presented His teachings.",
      "definition_html": "two of the six Vaiṣṇava spiritual masters who directly followed Śrī CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU and systematically presented His teachings."
    },
    {
      "term": "Raghunātha dāsa Gosvāmī",
      "definition": "one of the Six Gosvāmīs of Vṛndāvana. He appeared in 1495. He was the son of the fabulously wealthy Govardhana Majumdara, the younger brother of the then Zamindar Hiraṇya Majumdara in the village of Krishnapura in West Bengal. His forefathers were Vaiṣṇavas, and when he was a boy he got the association and blessings of Śrīla Haridāsa Ṭhākura. He was mad with the desire to join Lord Caitanya in Jagannātha Purī, but every time he ran away from home his parents would have him captured and brought back. Finally, he was successful. He received the mercy of Lord Caitanya and served for many years as the assistant of Svarūpa Dāmodara. He was thus known as the Raghu of Svarūpa. Later, he was sent to Vṛndāvana and lived in Rādhā-kuṇḍa, performing severe austerities. In his later years he subsisted on just a few drops of buttermilk each day. He wrote important texts on devotion, his only concern being the chanting of the Holy Name. He ascended in 1571 at the age of 76.",
      "definition_html": "one of the Six Gosvāmīs of Vṛndāvana. He appeared in 1495. He was the son of the fabulously wealthy Govardhana Majumdara, the younger brother of the then Zamindar Hiraṇya Majumdara in the village of Krishnapura in West Bengal. His forefathers were Vaiṣṇavas, and when he was a boy he got the association and blessings of Śrīla Haridāsa Ṭhākura. He was mad with the desire to join Lord Caitanya in Jagannātha Purī, but every time he ran away from home his parents would have him captured and brought back. Finally, he was successful. He received the mercy of Lord Caitanya and served for many years as the assistant of Svarūpa Dāmodara. He was thus known as the Raghu of Svarūpa. Later, he was sent to Vṛndāvana and lived in Rādhā-kuṇḍa, performing severe austerities. In his later years he subsisted on just a few drops of buttermilk each day. He wrote important texts on devotion, his only concern being the chanting of the Holy Name. He ascended in 1571 at the age of 76."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rahūgaṇa Mahārāja",
      "definition": "the king who received spiritual instruction from Jaḍa Bharata.",
      "definition_html": "the king who received spiritual instruction from Jaḍa Bharata."
    },
    {
      "term": "Railhead",
      "definition": "town or station at the end of the railway line; ending point.",
      "definition_html": "town or station at the end of the railway line; ending point."
    },
    {
      "term": "Raita",
      "definition": "fruits or semicooked vegetables in lightly seasoned yogurt.",
      "definition_html": "fruits or semicooked vegetables in lightly seasoned yogurt."
    },
    {
      "term": "Raivataka",
      "definition": "a mountain near Dvārakā.",
      "definition_html": "a mountain near Dvārakā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Raja",
      "definition": "rule or sovereignty. Used to describe the British rule; king or prince.",
      "definition_html": "rule or sovereignty. Used to describe the British rule; king or prince."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rajaguṇa",
      "definition": "the mode of passion of material nature.",
      "definition_html": "the mode of passion of material nature."
    },
    {
      "term": "rajas",
      "definition": "the material mode of passion, characterized by materialistic endeavor and desire for sense gratification.",
      "definition_html": "the material mode of passion, characterized by materialistic endeavor and desire for sense gratification."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rajo-guṇa",
      "definition": "the material mode of passion. See Modes of nature.",
      "definition_html": "the material mode of passion. See Modes of nature."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rakta",
      "definition": "red in the Treta-yuga.",
      "definition_html": "red in the Treta-yuga."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ramā",
      "definition": "Lakṣmī, the goddess of fortune and eternal consort of the Supreme Lord, Nārāyaṇa.",
      "definition_html": "Lakṣmī, the goddess of fortune and eternal consort of the Supreme Lord, Nārāyaṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ranaghat",
      "definition": "a town in the West Bengal district of Nadia just south of Navadvīpa on the railway to Calcutta. Ranaghat is the government headquarters of the Ranaghat subdivision of the Nadia district. It covers an area of about two-and-a-half square miles. Ṭhākura Bhaktivinoda's family lived here at different times.",
      "definition_html": "a town in the West Bengal district of Nadia just south of Navadvīpa on the railway to Calcutta. Ranaghat is the government headquarters of the Ranaghat subdivision of the Nadia district. It covers an area of about two-and-a-half square miles. Ṭhākura Bhaktivinoda's family lived here at different times."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ranga-bhumi",
      "definition": "This is where the wrestling match took place between Krsna, Balaram and the professional wrestlers, Canura and Mustika.",
      "definition_html": "This is where the wrestling match took place between Krsna, Balaram and the professional wrestlers, Canura and Mustika."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rasa",
      "definition": "relationship between the Lord and the living entities; mellow, or the sweet taste of a relationship, especially between the Lord and the living entities. They are of five principal varieties-neutral relationship (santa-rasa), relationship as servant (dāsya-rasa), as friend (sakhya-rasa), parent (vātsalya-rasa) and conjugal lover (mādhurya-rasa). Eternal spiritual relationship with Kṛṣṇa. There are five rasas: śānta (passive awe and reverence); dāsya (servitude); sakhya (friendship); vātsalya (parenthood); and mādhurya (conjugal love). According to his specific kind of rasa, the soul displays a spiritual form as Kṛṣṇa's eternal servant, friend, parent or conjugal lover. Just as our present material body permits us to engage in karma (physical activities), so the spiritual rasa-body permits us to engage in līlā (Kṛṣṇa's endlessly expanding spiritual activities) See Ecstasy, Līlā.",
      "definition_html": "relationship between the Lord and the living entities; mellow, or the sweet taste of a relationship, especially between the Lord and the living entities. They are of five principal varieties-neutral relationship (<b><i>santa-rasa</i></b>), relationship as servant (<b><i>dāsya-rasa</i></b>), as friend (<b><i>sakhya-rasa</i></b>), parent (<b><i>vātsalya-rasa</i></b>) and conjugal lover (<b><i>mādhurya-rasa</i></b>). Eternal spiritual relationship with Kṛṣṇa. There are five <b><i>rasas</i></b>: <b><i>śānta</i></b> (passive awe and reverence); <b><i>dāsya </i></b>(servitude); <b><i>sakhya</i></b> (friendship); <b><i>vātsalya</i></b> (parenthood); and <b><i>mādhurya</i></b> (conjugal love). According to his specific kind of <b><i>rasa</i></b>, the soul displays a spiritual form as Kṛṣṇa's eternal servant, friend, parent or conjugal lover. Just as our present material body permits us to engage in karma (physical activities), so the spiritual <b><i>rasa</i></b>-body permits us to engage in <b><i>līlā</i></b> (Kṛṣṇa's endlessly expanding spiritual activities) See Ecstasy, Līlā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rasa-yātrā",
      "definition": "festival of the rasa dancing of Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "festival of the rasa dancing of Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rasam powder",
      "definition": "a South Indian spice blend used to flavour the famous rasam, a chili-hot soup dish made from toovar (arhar) dal lentils. Ingredients vary. The home-made rasam powder recipe contains mustard seeds, coriander seeds, dried hot red chilies, black peppercorns, fenugreek seeds, and cumin seeds. Rasam powder can be purchased ready-mixed in packets or tins from Indian grocery shops.",
      "definition_html": "a South Indian spice blend used to flavour the famous <b><i>rasam</i></b>, a chili-hot soup dish made from toovar (<b><i>arhar</i></b>) <b><i>dal</i></b> lentils. Ingredients vary. The home-made <b><i>rasam</i></b> powder recipe contains mustard seeds, coriander seeds, dried hot red chilies, black peppercorns, fenugreek seeds, and cumin seeds. Rasam powder can be purchased ready-mixed in packets or tins from Indian grocery shops."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rasābhāsa",
      "definition": "incompatible overlapping of transcendental mellows.",
      "definition_html": "incompatible overlapping of transcendental mellows."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rasātala",
      "definition": "the lowest planet in the lowest planetary system (Pātāla) ins",
      "definition_html": "the lowest planet in the lowest planetary system (Pātāla) ins"
    },
    {
      "term": "Ratha",
      "definition": "temple cart or chariot, used during religious festival to carry the Deities.",
      "definition_html": "temple cart or chariot, used during religious festival to carry the Deities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ratha-yātrā",
      "definition": "the festival celebrating Kṛṣṇa's return to Vṛndāvana; The journey of the chariots, a traditional Vaiṣṇava festival held every year at Jagannātha Purī in Orissa. In Purī the devotees place the immense Deity forms of Jagannātha, Baladeva and Lady Subhadrā on three towering, huge gaily decorated canopied chariots, each having sixteen wheels. Thousands of people pull these cars to the Guṇḍicā temple, where Lord Jagannātha abides for seven days, after which there is a return Ratha-yātrā to the Jagannātha Temple. Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu and His associates gathered every year to observe this celebration with a massive festival of saṅkīrtana. This great celebration of Ratha-yātrā is now being held all over the world by the arrangement of Śrīla A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada.",
      "definition_html": "the festival celebrating Kṛṣṇa's return to Vṛndāvana; The journey of the chariots, a traditional Vaiṣṇava festival held every year at Jagannātha Purī in Orissa. In Purī the devotees place the immense Deity forms of Jagannātha, Baladeva and Lady Subhadrā on three towering, huge gaily decorated canopied chariots, each having sixteen wheels. Thousands of people pull these cars to the Guṇḍicā temple, where Lord Jagannātha abides for seven days, after which there is a return Ratha-yātrā to the Jagannātha Temple. Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu and His associates gathered every year to observe this celebration with a massive festival of <b><i>saṅkīrtana</i></b>. This great celebration of Ratha-yātrā is now being held all over the world by the arrangement of Śrīla A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rati",
      "definition": "a strong attraction to God that precedes bhāva (mature ecstasy) and prema (mature love of God).",
      "definition_html": "a strong attraction to God that precedes bhāva (mature ecstasy) and prema (mature love of God)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rationalism",
      "definition": "The approach to philosophy that holds reason (Lat. ratio) to be the primary cause of knowledge. See Anumāna, Descartes, Existentialism, Hawking, Kant, Marxism, Natural theology, Phenomenology, Positivism, Pragmatism.",
      "definition_html": "The approach to philosophy that holds reason (Lat. ratio) to be the primary cause of knowledge. See Anumāna, Descartes, Existentialism, Hawking, Kant, Marxism, Natural theology, Phenomenology, Positivism, Pragmatism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Raty-ābhāsa",
      "definition": "a preliminary glimpse of attachment.",
      "definition_html": "a preliminary glimpse of attachment."
    },
    {
      "term": "Raudra-rasa",
      "definition": "one of the indirect relationships, anger.",
      "definition_html": "one of the indirect relationships, anger."
    },
    {
      "term": "Raṅganātha",
      "definition": "Deity of Lord Viṣṇu worshiped in Śrī Raṅgam.",
      "definition_html": "Deity of Lord Viṣṇu worshiped in Śrī Raṅgam."
    },
    {
      "term": "Reality",
      "definition": "That which is. Reality is opposite to appearance. The Sanskrit equivalent is tattva. See Tattva.",
      "definition_html": "That which is. Reality is opposite to appearance. The Sanskrit equivalent is tattva. See Tattva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Recaka",
      "definition": "the state of equilibrium attained by offering the exhaled breath into the inhaled breath.",
      "definition_html": "the state of equilibrium attained by offering the exhaled breath into the inhaled breath."
    },
    {
      "term": "Reflective, creative, and critical thinking",
      "definition": "Three modes of anumāna. Reflective thinking begins in wonder about something perceived. Out of wonder, questions arise. Creative thinking begins as a mental effort to answer the questions of reflection. Sometimes these questions are answered spontaneously, by intuition, insight or inspiraton, rather than by deliberate effort. At its highest stage of development, creative thinking is śāstramūlaka philosophical speculation. Critical thinking examines to what extent an idea or argument fits the evidence and meets the requirements of logic. See Logic.",
      "definition_html": "Three modes of anumāna. Reflective thinking begins in wonder about something perceived. Out of wonder, questions arise. Creative thinking begins as a mental effort to answer the questions of reflection. Sometimes these questions are answered spontaneously, by intuition, insight or inspiraton, rather than by deliberate effort. At its highest stage of development, creative thinking is <b><i>śāstramūlaka</i></b> philosophical speculation. Critical thinking examines to what extent an idea or argument fits the evidence and meets the requirements of logic. See Logic."
    },
    {
      "term": "Reflexivity",
      "definition": "The condition in which something is directed (reflected) back to itself. Hence, reflexive criticism is self-defeating. It comes from the Latin reflectare, to bend back.",
      "definition_html": "The condition in which something is directed (reflected) back to itself. Hence, reflexive criticism is self-defeating. It comes from the Latin reflectare, to bend back."
    },
    {
      "term": "Reincarnation",
      "definition": "From the Latin re (again) and incarnare (make into flesh). Reincarnation it is the return of the soul to a physical body after death, also called transmigration. See Karma, Life after death, Saṁsāra.",
      "definition_html": "From the Latin re (again) and incarnare (make into flesh). Reincarnation it is the return of the soul to a physical body after death, also called transmigration. See Karma, Life after death, Saṁsāra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Relativism",
      "definition": "Also known as the homo mensura (man is the measure) theory. Relativists reject any truth that is absolute. They argue that because each person sees things differently, truth exists individually for each person. It is therefore false to say one person is right and another is wrong. Relativism in Western philosophy is traced back to Protagoras, a contemporary of Socrates. See Absolute, Humanism. Relativity theory Albert Einstein compared his theory of relativity to a building with two stories. The ground floor is the special theory of relativity. It applies to all physical phenomena except gravitation. The general theory of relativity is the upper floor; it explains the law of gravitation. Einstein's theory combines two principles. One is that motion is relative. For example, when a table-tennis ball rolls across the surface of the playing table, its motion is relative to the table. In the classical physics of Newton, the rolling ball is considered to be the object in motion, and the table is considered to be at rest. However, if at first the ball was at rest on the tabletop, and we were to move the table, then both the table and the ball would move in relation to one another. Relativity theory argues that since all matter in the universe is in motion, the ball rolling upon the surface of a moving table is the actual model for motion in the universe. If space and time are taken to be the table, they contribute motion to the movement of all things. The old model of a ball rolling upon a tabletop at rest is therefore an illusion. The second principle of relativity is that the speed of light is always the same, even when light is emitted from a source that moves at a great speed towards, or away from, the observer. One of the significant differences between relativity theory and classical theory is seen in the calculation of the mass of a physical object. Mass is defined as the amount of matter in a physical object which is measured as that object's resistance to acceleration. Mass is different from, but proportional to, weight. Classical theory attributes a steady mass to any given physical object. Relativity theory predicts that the mass of a thing will vary according to its motion. Relativity is considered an advancement over, but not a replacement of, classical physics, which is still useful. From a logical point of view, the two theories are incompatible. The third important physical theory, quantum mechanics, is likewise incompatible with classical theory, and also differs significantly from relativity theory. See Quantum mechanical theory.",
      "definition_html": "Also known as the homo mensura (man is the measure) theory. Relativists reject any truth that is absolute. They argue that because each person sees things differently, truth exists individually for each person. It is therefore false to say one person is right and another is wrong. Relativism in Western philosophy is traced back to Protagoras, a contemporary of Socrates. See Absolute, Humanism. Relativity theory Albert Einstein compared his theory of relativity to a building with two stories. The ground floor is the special theory of relativity. It applies to all physical phenomena except gravitation. The general theory of relativity is the upper floor; it explains the law of gravitation. Einstein's theory combines two principles. One is that motion is relative. For example, when a table-tennis ball rolls across the surface of the playing table, its motion is relative to the table. In the classical physics of Newton, the rolling ball is considered to be the object in motion, and the table is considered to be at rest. However, if at first the ball was at rest on the tabletop, and we were to move the table, then both the table and the ball would move in relation to one another. Relativity theory argues that since all matter in the universe is in motion, the ball rolling upon the surface of a moving table is the actual model for motion in the universe. If space and time are taken to be the table, they contribute motion to the movement of all things. The old model of a ball rolling upon a tabletop at rest is therefore an illusion. The second principle of relativity is that the speed of light is always the same, even when light is emitted from a source that moves at a great speed towards, or away from, the observer. One of the significant differences between relativity theory and classical theory is seen in the calculation of the mass of a physical object. Mass is defined as the amount of matter in a physical object which is measured as that object's resistance to acceleration. Mass is different from, but proportional to, weight. Classical theory attributes a steady mass to any given physical object. Relativity theory predicts that the mass of a thing will vary according to its motion. Relativity is considered an advancement over, but not a replacement of, classical physics, which is still useful. From a logical point of view, the two theories are incompatible. The third important physical theory, quantum mechanics, is likewise incompatible with classical theory, and also differs significantly from relativity theory. See Quantum mechanical theory."
    },
    {
      "term": "Revelation",
      "definition": "Literally, it means an unveiling or a revealing. In Latin, velare means to cover or to veil (from velum, curtain or veil). Thus revelare means to pull back the veil. As light and darkness are separated by a veil, so too are good and evil. To step behind that veil into darkness is evil. By revelation, the veil is pulled back, removing by light the darkness of evil. See Problem of evil.",
      "definition_html": "Literally, it means an unveiling or a revealing. In Latin, velare means to cover or to veil (from velum, curtain or veil). Thus revelare means to pull back the veil. As light and darkness are separated by a veil, so too are good and evil. To step behind that veil into darkness is evil. By revelation, the veil is pulled back, removing by light the darkness of evil. See Problem of evil."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rickshaw",
      "definition": "two or three wheeled passenger vehicle.",
      "definition_html": "two or three wheeled passenger vehicle."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rishi",
      "definition": "a sage.",
      "definition_html": "a sage."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rohiṇī",
      "definition": "the wife of Vasudeva, and the mother of Lord Balarāma.",
      "definition_html": "the wife of Vasudeva, and the mother of Lord Balarāma."
    },
    {
      "term": "Romaharṣaṇa",
      "definition": "the father of Sūta Gosvāmī. He was killed by Lord Balarāma for his offenses.",
      "definition_html": "the father of Sūta Gosvāmī. He was killed by Lord Balarāma for his offenses."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rudra",
      "definition": "Lord Śiva, controller of the material modes of ignorance; at the time of dissolution of the material worlds, Śiva is in charge of destruction.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Śiva, controller of the material modes of ignorance; at the time of dissolution of the material worlds, Śiva is in charge of destruction."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rudras",
      "definition": "the expansions of Lord Śiva who rule over the material mode of ignorance.",
      "definition_html": "the expansions of Lord Śiva who rule over the material mode of ignorance."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rukmaratha",
      "definition": "the son of Śalya, the King of Madras. He was killed by Śveta, the son of Drupada, during the Kurukṣetra war.",
      "definition_html": "the son of Śalya, the King of Madras. He was killed by Śveta, the son of Drupada, during the Kurukṣetra war."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rukmini-Dvarakādhisa",
      "definition": "the transcendental couple manifested as Kṛṣṇa, the Lord of Dvārakā, and His queen Rukminī; name of the Deities of ISKCON Los Angeles.",
      "definition_html": "the transcendental couple manifested as Kṛṣṇa, the Lord of Dvārakā, and His queen Rukminī; name of the Deities of ISKCON Los Angeles."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rukmiṇī",
      "definition": "Lord Kṛṣṇa's principal queen in Dvārakā; the chief of Lord Kṛṣṇa's wives.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Kṛṣṇa's principal queen in Dvārakā; the chief of Lord Kṛṣṇa's wives."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rukmī",
      "definition": "the son of King Bhīṣmaka, the King of Vidarbha, and the brother of Rukmiṇī, the first wife of Lord Kṛṣṇa. His hatred for Lord Kṛṣṇa eventually got him killed by Lord Baladeva during a chess game.",
      "definition_html": "the son of King Bhīṣmaka, the King of Vidarbha, and the brother of Rukmiṇī, the first wife of Lord Kṛṣṇa. His hatred for Lord Kṛṣṇa eventually got him killed by Lord Baladeva during a chess game."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rupee",
      "definition": "main unit of currency used in India.",
      "definition_html": "main unit of currency used in India."
    },
    {
      "term": "Russel, Bertrand",
      "definition": "Very influential British philosopher of the twentieth century (1872-1970) who was especially interested in mathematical logic and the basic problems of philosophy (appearance and reality, general principles, the value and limits of philosophy, and so on). In a letter of 20 September 1966, Russel suggested to his editor at Oxford University Press that a book of his then in production ought to have a cover illustration of a monkey tumbling over a precipice and exclaiming, 'Oh dear, I wish I hadn't read Einstein.' On no account should the monkey look like me.",
      "definition_html": "Very influential British philosopher of the twentieth century (1872-1970) who was especially interested in mathematical logic and the basic problems of philosophy (appearance and reality, general principles, the value and limits of philosophy, and so on). In a letter of 20 September 1966, Russel suggested to his editor at Oxford University Press that a book of his then in production ought to have a cover illustration of a monkey tumbling over a precipice and exclaiming, 'Oh dear, I wish I hadn't read Einstein.' On no account should the monkey look like me."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rādhikā",
      "definition": "Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī.",
      "definition_html": "Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rādhā",
      "definition": "the wife of Adhiratha, and foster mother of Karṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the wife of Adhiratha, and foster mother of Karṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rādhā (Rādhārānī)",
      "definition": "Lord KṚṢṆA’s most intimate eternal consort, who is the personification of His spiritual pleasure potency.",
      "definition_html": "Lord KṚṢṆA’s most intimate eternal consort, who is the personification of His spiritual pleasure potency."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rādhā-bhāva-mūrti",
      "definition": "the mood of Rādhārāṇī.",
      "definition_html": "the mood of Rādhārāṇī."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rādhā-kuṇḍa",
      "definition": "the bathing place of Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī, a sacred pond near Govardhana Hill in Vraja that was created by Rādhārāṇī and her gopī companions. It is supreme among all the holy places in Vraja and the most exalted holy place for all Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavas. The eight major Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava temples of Vṛndāvana also exist at Rādhā-kuṇḍa, as well as the bhajana-kutīras of Raghunātha dāsa Gosvāmī and Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja Gosvāmī. This is the site of the most intimate loving affairs of Śrī Śrī Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa, and the waters of Rādhā-kuṇḍa are considered non-different from Rādhārāṇī and productive of love of Godhead.",
      "definition_html": "the bathing place of Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī, a sacred pond near Govardhana Hill in Vraja that was created by Rādhārāṇī and her gopī companions. It is supreme among all the holy places in Vraja and the most exalted holy place for all Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavas. The eight major Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava temples of Vṛndāvana also exist at Rādhā-kuṇḍa, as well as the bhajana-kutīras of Raghunātha dāsa Gosvāmī and Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja Gosvāmī. This is the site of the most intimate loving affairs of Śrī Śrī Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa, and the waters of Rādhā-kuṇḍa are considered non-different from Rādhārāṇī and productive of love of Godhead."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rādhārāṇī",
      "definition": "Lord Kṛṣṇa's most intimate consort, who the personification of the internal, pleasure potency of Lord Kṛṣṇa. She appeared in this world as the daughter of King Vṛsabhānu and Kirti-devī and is the Queen of Vṛndāvana. The most favorite consort of Kṛṣṇa in Vrindavana, situated on Lord Kṛṣṇa's left on altars and pictures; The feminine counterpart of Lord Kṛṣṇa. She directs the ānanda potency (hlādinī-śakti) for the transcendental pleasure of the Lord. See Daivi-prakṛti, Kṛṣṇa, Sac-cid-ānanda.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Kṛṣṇa's most intimate consort, who the personification of the internal, pleasure potency of Lord Kṛṣṇa. She appeared in this world as the daughter of King Vṛsabhānu and Kirti-devī and is the Queen of Vṛndāvana. The most favorite consort of Kṛṣṇa in Vrindavana, situated on Lord Kṛṣṇa's left on altars and pictures; The feminine counterpart of Lord Kṛṣṇa. She directs the ānanda potency (<b><i>hlādinī-śakti</i></b>) for the transcendental pleasure of the Lord. See Daivi-prakṛti, Kṛṣṇa, Sac-cid-ānanda."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rādhāṣtamī",
      "definition": "the appearance anniversary of Śrimatī Rādhārāni.",
      "definition_html": "the appearance anniversary of Śrimatī Rādhārāni."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rāga",
      "definition": "attachment in ecstatic love of God.",
      "definition_html": "attachment in ecstatic love of God."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rāga-bhakti",
      "definition": "devotional service in spontaneous love. Rāgānuga-bhakti—spontaneous devotional service in which the devotee follows in the footsteps of one of the eternal associates of Kṛṣṇa in Vṛndāvana. Rasa—the particular loving mood or attitude relished in the exchange of love with the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "devotional service in spontaneous love.<br/> <i>Rāgānuga-bhakti</i>—spontaneous devotional service in which the devotee follows in the footsteps of one of the eternal associates of Kṛṣṇa in Vṛndāvana.<br/> <i>Rasa</i>—the particular loving mood or attitude relished in the exchange of love with the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rāga-mārga",
      "definition": "the path of devotional service in spontaneous love of Godhead. [Cc Ādi 4.15]",
      "definition_html": "the path of devotional service in spontaneous love of Godhead. [<i>Cc Ādi</i><b> 4.15]</b>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Rāghava",
      "definition": "Lord Rāmacandra, who appeared in the Raghu dynasty, the dynasty of the sun.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Rāmacandra, who appeared in the Raghu dynasty, the dynasty of the sun."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rāgānuga-bhakti",
      "definition": "devotional service following the spontaneous loving service of the inhabitants of Vṛndāvana.",
      "definition_html": "devotional service following the spontaneous loving service of the inhabitants of Vṛndāvana."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rāgātmika-bhakti",
      "definition": "spontaneous devotional service of the inhabitants of Vṛndāvana according to their transcendental attachment.",
      "definition_html": "spontaneous devotional service of the inhabitants of Vṛndāvana according to their transcendental attachment."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rāja-pāla",
      "definition": "the governor of the state.",
      "definition_html": "the governor of the state."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rāja-yoga",
      "definition": "Patañjali's process of imagining a form of the Absolute Truth within many forms.",
      "definition_html": "Patañjali's process of imagining a form of the Absolute Truth within many forms."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rājarṣi",
      "definition": "a great saintly king.",
      "definition_html": "a great saintly king."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rājasa-ahaṅkāra",
      "definition": "egotism in passion.",
      "definition_html": "egotism in passion."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rājasūya-yajña",
      "definition": "an elaborate sacrifice that establishes who is the emperor of the world. It was performed by Mahārāja Yudhiṣṭhira before the Battle of Kurukṣetra and attended by Lord Kṛṣṇa. (Sabhā Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "an elaborate sacrifice that establishes who is the emperor of the world. It was performed by Mahārāja Yudhiṣṭhira before the Battle of Kurukṣetra and attended by Lord Kṛṣṇa. (Sabhā Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Rākṣasa",
      "definition": "a class of asura or ungodly people. The Rākṣasa are always opposed to God's will. Generally, they are man-eaters and have grotesque forms.",
      "definition_html": "a class of asura or ungodly people. The Rākṣasa are always opposed to God's will. Generally, they are man-eaters and have grotesque forms."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rākṣasa-gaṇa",
      "definition": "man-eating demons.",
      "definition_html": "man-eating demons."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rāma",
      "definition": "name of the Absolute Truth as the source of unlimited pleasure for transcendentalists; incarnation of the Supreme Lord, Lord Rāmacandra as a perfect, righteous king, who appeared in Ayodhya in the Tretā-yuga; Literally, the supreme pleasure; a prominent Sanskrit name of the Personality of Godhead. See Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "name of the Absolute Truth as the source of unlimited pleasure for transcendentalists; incarnation of the Supreme Lord, Lord Rāmacandra as a perfect, righteous king, who appeared in Ayodhya in the Tretā-yuga; Literally, the supreme pleasure; a prominent Sanskrit name of the Personality of Godhead. See Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rāma-navamī",
      "definition": "the appearance anniversary of Lord Rāmacandra.",
      "definition_html": "the appearance anniversary of Lord Rāmacandra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rāma-rājya",
      "definition": "a perfect, Vedic kingdom following the example of Lord Rāmacandra-the incarnation of the Supreme Lord appearing as the perfect king.",
      "definition_html": "a perfect, Vedic kingdom following the example of Lord Rāmacandra-the incarnation of the Supreme Lord appearing as the perfect king."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rāmacandra",
      "definition": "the eighteenth incarnation of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, the killer of the tenheaded demon king, Rāvaṇa. Rāma was exiled to the forest on the order of His father, Mahārāja Daśaratha. His wife Sītā was kidnapped by Rāvaṇa, but by employing a huge army of monkeys, who were the powerful and intelligent offspring of demigods, He regained his wife in battle, and eventually His ancestral kingdom too. This great epic is recounted in Vālmīki's Rāmāyaṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the eighteenth incarnation of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, the killer of the tenheaded demon king, Rāvaṇa. Rāma was exiled to the forest on the order of His father, Mahārāja Daśaratha. His wife Sītā was kidnapped by Rāvaṇa, but by employing a huge army of monkeys, who were the powerful and intelligent offspring of demigods, He regained his wife in battle, and eventually His ancestral kingdom too. This great epic is recounted in Vālmīki's Rāmāyaṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rāmānanda Rāya",
      "definition": "an intimate associate of Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu in His later pastimes.",
      "definition_html": "an intimate associate of Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu in His later pastimes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rāmānujācārya",
      "definition": "an eleventh-century Vaiṣṇava spiritual master who began the theistic attack against ŚAÌKARĀCĀRYA’s philosophy of monism.",
      "definition_html": "an eleventh-century Vaiṣṇava spiritual master who began the theistic attack against ŚAÌKARĀCĀRYA’s philosophy of monism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rāmāyaṇa",
      "definition": "the original epic history about Lord Rāmacandra and Sītā, written by Vālmīki Muni.",
      "definition_html": "the original epic history about Lord Rāmacandra and Sītā, written by Vālmīki Muni."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rāsa Dance",
      "definition": "The sublime and spiritual Pastime of the Supreme Lord with the gopīs, conducted on the exchange of conjugal love without any of the inebrieties of lust as found in the material world. Rāsa dance has to be understood from the lips of a pure devotee of Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "The sublime and spiritual Pastime of the Supreme Lord with the <i>gopīs</i>, conducted on the exchange of conjugal love without any of the inebrieties of lust as found in the material world. <i>Rāsa </i>dance has to be understood from the lips of a pure devotee of Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rāsa-līlā",
      "definition": "the group dancing of Kṛṣṇa and His cowherd girlfriends in His Vṛndāvana pastimes.",
      "definition_html": "the group dancing of Kṛṣṇa and His cowherd girlfriends in His Vṛndāvana pastimes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rāsādi-vilāsī",
      "definition": "the enjoyer of the rāsa dance and other pastimes.",
      "definition_html": "the enjoyer of the rāsa dance and other pastimes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rāvaṇa",
      "definition": "a powerful ten-headed demon king of Laṅkā who wanted to build a staircase to heaven but was killed by Kṛṣṇa in His incarnation as Lord Rāmacandra. The pastime is described in the epic poem Rāmāyaṇa, by the sage Vālmīki.",
      "definition_html": "a powerful ten-headed demon king of Laṅkā who wanted to build a staircase to heaven but was killed by Kṛṣṇa in His incarnation as Lord Rāmacandra. The pastime is described in the epic poem Rāmāyaṇa, by the sage Vālmīki."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rūpa Gosvāmī",
      "definition": "chief of the six great spiritual master Gosvāmīs of Vṛndāvana who were authorized by Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu to establish and distribute the philosophy of Kṛṣṇa consciousness. He extensively researched the scriptures and established the philosophy taught by Lord Caitanya on an unshakable foundation. Thus Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavas are known as Rūpānugas, followers of Rūpa Gosvāmī. He is also known as the rasācārya, or the teacher of devotional mellows, as exemplified by his book, Bhakti-rasāmṛta-sindhu. It is the duty and the aspiration of every Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava to become his servant and follow his path.",
      "definition_html": "chief of the six great spiritual master Gosvāmīs of Vṛndāvana who were authorized by Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu to establish and distribute the philosophy of Kṛṣṇa consciousness. He extensively researched the scriptures and established the philosophy taught by Lord Caitanya on an unshakable foundation. Thus Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavas are known as Rūpānugas, followers of Rūpa Gosvāmī. He is also known as the rasācārya, or the teacher of devotional mellows, as exemplified by his book, Bhakti-rasāmṛta-sindhu. It is the duty and the aspiration of every Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava to become his servant and follow his path."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rūpa Goswami",
      "definition": "the chief of the six Vaiṣṇava spiritual masters who directly followed Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU and systematically presented His teachings.",
      "definition_html": "the chief of the six Vaiṣṇava spiritual masters who directly followed Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU and systematically presented His teachings."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rūpānuga",
      "definition": "one who follows in the footsteps of Rūpa Gosvāmī.",
      "definition_html": "one who follows in the footsteps of Rūpa Gosvāmī."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rūḍha",
      "definition": "advanced symptom of conjugal mellow found among the queens of Dvārakā; included in mahābhāva.",
      "definition_html": "advanced symptom of conjugal mellow found among the queens of Dvārakā; included in mahābhāva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rūḍha-bhāva",
      "definition": "the love of the gopīs.",
      "definition_html": "the love of the gopīs."
    },
    {
      "term": "Rṣis",
      "definition": "sages.",
      "definition_html": "sages."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sabji",
      "definition": "vegetable or vegetable dish.",
      "definition_html": "vegetable or vegetable dish."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sac-cid-ananda-vigraha",
      "definition": "the Lord's transcendental form, which is eternal, full of knowledge and bliss. Saṅkīrtana—public chanting of the names of God, the approved yoga process for this age. Sannyāsa—renounced life; the fourth order of Vedic spiritual life. Śāstras—revealed scriptures. Śravaṇaṁ kīrtanaṁ viṣṇoḥ—the devotional processes of hearing and chanting about Lord Viṣṇu. [Bhāg. 7.5.23]",
      "definition_html": "the Lord's transcendental form, which is eternal, full of knowledge and bliss.<br/> <i>Saṅkīrtana</i>—public chanting of the names of God, the approved <i>yoga</i> process for this age.<br/> <i>Sannyāsa</i>—renounced life; the fourth order of Vedic spiritual life.<br/> <i>Śāstras</i>—revealed scriptures.<br/> <i>Śravaṇaṁ kīrtanaṁ viṣṇoḥ</i>—the devotional processes of hearing and chanting about Lord Viṣṇu. [<i>Bhāg.</i> 7.5.23]"
    },
    {
      "term": "Sac-cid-ānanda",
      "definition": "the natural condition of spiritual life: eternal, full of knowledge and bliss; The three qualities of Kṛṣṇa and His spiritual world: eternality, knowledge and bliss. See Brahmajyoti, Kṛṣṇa, Rādhārāṇī.",
      "definition_html": "the natural condition of spiritual life: eternal, full of knowledge and bliss; The three qualities of Kṛṣṇa and His spiritual world: eternality, knowledge and bliss. See Brahmajyoti, Kṛṣṇa, Rādhārāṇī."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sac-cid-ānanda vigraha",
      "definition": "(sat—eternal existence + cit—knowledge + ānanda—bliss; vigraha—form) the eternal form of the Supreme Lord, which is full of bliss and knowledge; or, the eternal transcendental form of the living entity.",
      "definition_html": "(<i>sat</i>—eternal existence + <i>cit</i>—knowledge + <i>ānanda</i>—bliss; <i>vigraha</i>—form) the eternal form of the Supreme Lord, which is full of bliss and knowledge; or, the eternal transcendental form of the living entity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sac-cid-ānanda-vigraha",
      "definition": "Eternal, knowing and blissful—in full form. Both the Supreme Personality of Godhead and the living entities share this nature; but His nature is infinite, and His parts and parcels are infinitesimal. [Bs. 5.1]",
      "definition_html": "</i>Eternal, knowing and blissful—in full form. Both the Supreme Personality of Godhead and the living entities share this nature; but His nature is infinite, and His parts and parcels are infinitesimal. [<i>Bs.</i> 5.1]"
    },
    {
      "term": "Sac-cid-ānanda-vigraha [Bs. 5.1]",
      "definition": "the Lord's transcendental form, which is eternal and full of knowledge and bliss; the eternal transcendental form of the living entity.",
      "definition_html": "the Lord's transcendental form, which is eternal and full of knowledge and bliss; the eternal transcendental form of the living entity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sacred thread",
      "definition": "a thread worn by persons initiated into the chanting of the Gāyatrī mantra.",
      "definition_html": "a thread worn by persons initiated into the chanting of the Gāyatrī <i>mantra.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Sadhu-saṅga",
      "definition": "the association of saintly persons [Madhya 22.83].",
      "definition_html": "the association of saintly persons<i> </i><b>[</b><b><i>Madh</i></b><i>ya</i><b><i> </i></b><b>22.83]</b>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sadāśiva",
      "definition": "see: Śiva",
      "definition_html": "<i>see: </i>Śiva"
    },
    {
      "term": "Sagar",
      "definition": "lake.",
      "definition_html": "lake."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sagarbha-yogī",
      "definition": "a yogī who worships the Supersoul in the Viṣṇu form.",
      "definition_html": "a <i>yogī </i>who worships the Supersoul in the Viṣṇu form."
    },
    {
      "term": "Saguṇa",
      "definition": "With qualities. The worship of the Supreme Lord with attributes, as in worship of the Deity in the temple, does not mean that the Lord comes under the laws of material nature, although He has qualities and appears in the material form (wood, stone, etc.). For Him there is no difference between material and spiritual energies, as He is the Source and Controller of both.",
      "definition_html": "With qualities. The worship of the Supreme Lord with attributes, as in worship of the Deity in the temple, does not mean that the Lord comes under the laws of material nature, although He has qualities and appears in the material form (wood, stone, etc.). For Him there is no difference between material and spiritual energies, as He is the Source and Controller of both."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sahadeva",
      "definition": "Nakula's twin, and the fifth of the sons of Pāṇḍu, and younger brother of Arjuna. He was born of the union of the Aśvinī-kumāra demigods and Kuntī. He was reputed for knowledge of scriptures, and he was exceptionally handsome.",
      "definition_html": "Nakula's twin, and the fifth of the sons of Pāṇḍu, and younger brother of Arjuna. He was born of the union of the Aśvinī-kumāra demigods and Kuntī. He was reputed for knowledge of scriptures, and he was exceptionally handsome."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sahajiyās",
      "definition": "a class of so-called devotees who, considering God cheap, ignore the scriptural injunctions and try to imitate the Lord's pastimes; an offensive, immature devotee who does not follow proper devotional regulations.",
      "definition_html": "a class of so-called devotees who, considering God cheap, ignore the scriptural injunctions and try to imitate the Lord's pastimes; an offensive, immature devotee who does not follow proper devotional regulations."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sahasra-giti",
      "definition": "thousand prayers composed by Nāmmālvāra.",
      "definition_html": "thousand prayers composed by Nāmmālvāra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sahasra-vadana",
      "definition": "the thousand-mouthed snake incarnation, called Śeṣa Nāga.",
      "definition_html": "the thousand-mouthed snake incarnation, called Śeṣa Nāga."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sahasra-śīrṣā",
      "definition": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning \"He who has a thousand heads;\" Ananta-Śeṣa-an incarnation of the Supreme Lord in the form of His thousand-headed serpent, on which Viṣṇu rests, and who sustains the planets on His hoods.",
      "definition_html": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning \"He who has a thousand heads;\" Ananta-Śeṣa-an incarnation of the Supreme Lord in the form of His thousand-headed serpent, on which Viṣṇu rests, and who sustains the planets on His hoods."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sahib \"Lord\"",
      "definition": "title given to any gentlemen and usually to Europeans. This is a compliment.",
      "definition_html": "title given to any gentlemen and usually to Europeans. This is a compliment."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sainika",
      "definition": "the condition of threefold miseries.",
      "definition_html": "the condition of threefold miseries."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sairandhrī",
      "definition": "a name used by Draupadī during the Pāṇḍavas last year of exile in the kingdom of Virāṭa.",
      "definition_html": "a name used by Draupadī during the Pāṇḍavas last year of exile in the kingdom of Virāṭa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sajātīya",
      "definition": "a person within the intimate circle of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "a person within the intimate circle of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sajātīyāśaya-snigdha",
      "definition": "pleasing to people of a similar nature.",
      "definition_html": "pleasing to people of a similar nature."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sakhya",
      "definition": "the devotional process of maintaining friendship with Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the devotional process of maintaining friendship with Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sakhya-prema",
      "definition": "love of God in friendship.",
      "definition_html": "love of God in friendship."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sakhya-rasa",
      "definition": "a relationship with the Supreme Lord in devotional friendship.",
      "definition_html": "a relationship with the Supreme Lord in devotional friendship."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sakhya-rati",
      "definition": "see: Sakhya-rasa above.",
      "definition_html": "<i>see: Sakhya-rasa </i>above<i>.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Sakhī",
      "definition": "gopīs who are close associates of Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī's and who expand the conjugal love of Kṛṣṇa and His enjoyment among the gopīs.",
      "definition_html": "<i>gopīs</i> who are close associates of Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī's and who expand the conjugal love of Kṛṣṇa and His enjoyment among the <i>gopīs</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sakāma-bhakta",
      "definition": "a devotee with material desires.",
      "definition_html": "a devotee with material desires."
    },
    {
      "term": "Salvation",
      "definition": "See Life after death.",
      "definition_html": "See Life after death."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sama",
      "definition": "control of the mind.",
      "definition_html": "control of the mind."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sama-darśī",
      "definition": "seeing with equal vision. Therefore, one who has knowledge of the soul and how the soul transmigrates from one body to another does not pay attention to the body, which is nothing but a covering dress. Paṇḍitāḥ sama-darśinaḥ [Bg. 5.18]. Such a person sees the soul, which is part and parcel of the Supreme Lord. Therefore he is a sama-darśi, a learned person.",
      "definition_html": "seeing with equal vision. Therefore, one who has knowledge of the soul and how the soul transmigrates from one body to another does not pay attention to the body, which is nothing but a covering dress. <i>Paṇḍitāḥ sama-darśinaḥ</i> <b>[</b><b><i>Bg</i></b><b>. 5.18]</b><i>.</i> Such a person sees the soul, which is part and parcel of the Supreme Lord. Therefore he is a <i>sama-darśi</i>, a learned person."
    },
    {
      "term": "Samana-vayu",
      "definition": "the internal bodily air which adjusts equilibrium. It is one of the five bodily airs controlled by the breathing exercises of the aṣtanga-yoga system.",
      "definition_html": "the internal bodily air which adjusts equilibrium. It is one of the five bodily airs controlled by the breathing exercises of the aṣtanga-yoga system."
    },
    {
      "term": "Samatā",
      "definition": "stage when one is fully attached to Kṛṣṇa's lotus feet.",
      "definition_html": "stage when one is fully attached to Kṛṣṇa's lotus feet."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sambandha-jñāna",
      "definition": "knowledge of one's original relationship with the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "knowledge of one's original relationship with the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sambhavāt",
      "definition": "Worship of the Supreme Cause.",
      "definition_html": "Worship of the Supreme Cause."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sambhoga",
      "definition": "the ecstasy of the meeting and embracing of lovers.",
      "definition_html": "the ecstasy of the meeting and embracing of lovers."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sambhrama-dāsya",
      "definition": "one of the indirect relationships, respect.",
      "definition_html": "one of the indirect relationships, respect."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sambhūti",
      "definition": "The Absolute Personality of Godhead Who is absolutely independent.",
      "definition_html": "The Absolute Personality of Godhead Who is absolutely independent."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sampradāya",
      "definition": "a disciplic succession of spiritual masters, along with the followers in that tradition, through which spiritual knowledge is transmitted; School of thought. See Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas.",
      "definition_html": "a disciplic succession of spiritual masters, along with the followers in that tradition, through which spiritual knowledge is transmitted; School of thought. See Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sampradāya-ācāryas",
      "definition": "founders of the four Vaiṣṇava schools; they include Śrī Rāmānujācārya, Madhvācārya, Viṣṇu Svāmī and Nimbārka.",
      "definition_html": "founders of the four Vaiṣṇava schools; they include Śrī Rāmānujācārya, Madhvācārya, Viṣṇu Svāmī and Nimbārka."
    },
    {
      "term": "Samprekṣya nāsikāgram",
      "definition": "keeping one's eyes half-open in the practice of yoga.",
      "definition_html": "keeping one's eyes half-open in the practice of <i>yoga.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Samvit-śakti",
      "definition": "the knowledge portion of the Lord's spiritual potency.",
      "definition_html": "the knowledge portion of the Lord's spiritual potency."
    },
    {
      "term": "Samādhi",
      "definition": "total absorption and trance of the mind and senses in consciousness of the Supreme Godhead and service to Him. The word samādhi also refers to the tomb where a great soul's body is laid after his departure from this world.",
      "definition_html": "total absorption and trance of the mind and senses in consciousness of the Supreme Godhead and service to Him. The word <i>samādhi </i>also refers to the tomb where a great soul's body is laid after his departure from this world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Samāna-vāyu",
      "definition": "the internal bodily air which adjusts equilibrium. It is one of the five bodily airs controlled by the breathing exercises of the aṣṭāṅga-yoga system.",
      "definition_html": "the internal bodily air which adjusts equilibrium. It is one of the five bodily airs controlled by the breathing exercises of the <i>aṣṭāṅga-yoga</i> system."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sanctum sanctorum",
      "definition": "inner sanctuary or altar room that contains the main Deity of the temple",
      "definition_html": "inner sanctuary or altar room that contains the main Deity of the temple"
    },
    {
      "term": "Sandeśa",
      "definition": "a delicate sweetmeat made with curd and sugar.",
      "definition_html": "a delicate sweetmeat made with curd and sugar."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sandhinī-śakti",
      "definition": "the existence potency of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the existence potency of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sannipāti",
      "definition": "a convulsive disease caused by combination of kapha, pitta, vāyu.",
      "definition_html": "a convulsive disease caused by combination of <i>kapha, pitta, vāyu</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sannyāsa",
      "definition": "the renounced order, and fourth stage of Vedic spiritual life in the Vedic system of varṇāsrama-dharma, which is free from family relationships and in which all activities are completely dedicated to Kṛṣṇa. It is the order of ascetics who travel and constantly preach the message of Godhead for the benefit of all. The sannyāsī has no other purpose in life but to serve and please the Supreme Personality of Godhead, and he acts as the guru for the other divisions of society; The order of renunciation accepted by males in the Vedic culture. The fourth spiritual devision of life, according to the social system of four āśramas, sannyāsa is meant for ending material existence. It is usually accepted at age fifty, after a man has fulfilled his household responsibilities. The original Vedic sannyāsīs carried the tridaṇḍa, three bamboo rods wrapped together around a fourth, symbolizing that the body, minds and words are dedicated to the Supreme. The fourth stood for the soul. Māyāvādī sannyāsīs in the line of Śaṅkarācārya carry only one daṇḍa; the Buddhists carry none. All bona fide sannyāsīs wear orange or saffron robes and keep their heads shaven; all must follow standard principles: no meat-eating, sexual activity, gambling or intoxication, and all are meant to travel and preach as their only duty in life. See Brahmacārī, Gṛhastha, Vānaprastha.",
      "definition_html": "the renounced order, and fourth stage of Vedic spiritual life in the Vedic system of <i>varṇāsrama-dharma,</i> which is free from family relationships and in which all activities are completely dedicated to Kṛṣṇa<i>. </i>It is the order of ascetics who travel and constantly preach the message of Godhead for the benefit of all. The <i>sannyāsī </i>has no other purpose in life but to serve and please the Supreme Personality of Godhead, and he acts as the guru for the other divisions of society; The order of renunciation accepted by males in the Vedic culture. The fourth spiritual devision of life, according to the social system of four <i>āśramas,</i> <i>sannyāsa</i> is meant for ending material existence. It is usually accepted at age fifty, after a man has fulfilled his household responsibilities. The original Vedic <i>sannyāsīs</i> carried the <i>tridaṇḍa,</i> three bamboo rods wrapped together around a fourth, symbolizing that the body, minds and words are dedicated to the Supreme. The fourth stood for the soul. <i>Māyāvādī sannyāsīs</i> in the line of Śaṅkarācārya carry only one <i>daṇḍa;</i> the Buddhists carry none. All bona fide <i>sannyāsīs</i> wear orange or saffron robes and keep their heads shaven; all must follow standard principles: no meat-eating, sexual activity, gambling or intoxication, and all are meant to travel and preach as their only duty in life. See Brahmacārī, Gṛhastha, Vānaprastha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sannyāsa-daṇḍa",
      "definition": "the staff carried by a sannyāsī.",
      "definition_html": "the staff carried by a <i>sannyāsī</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sannyāsī",
      "definition": "one in the sannyāsa (renounced) order.",
      "definition_html": "one in the <i>sannyāsa</i> (renounced) order."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sanskrit",
      "definition": "the oldest language in the world. The Vedas, or India's holy scriptures, are written in Sanskrit; From saṁs (together) and kṛta (made), hence speech made together (refined), Sanskrit is an ancient language of culture, learning and spiritual wisdom. The Vedas are all written in Sanskrit.",
      "definition_html": "the oldest language in the world. The <i>Vedas, </i>or India's holy scriptures, are written in Sanskrit; From <i>saṁs</i> (together) and <i>kṛta</i> (made), hence speech made together (refined), Sanskrit is an ancient language of culture, learning and spiritual wisdom. The Vedas are all written in Sanskrit."
    },
    {
      "term": "Santan",
      "definition": "Coconut milk-known as santan in Indonesian cooking, this creamy white liquid with a fresh, coconut flavour is extracted from fresh coconut pulp and is used in varieties of South East Asian and Indonesian dishes. It is available in cans from supermarkets and Asian grocers.",
      "definition_html": "Coconut milk-known as <i>santan</i> in Indonesian cooking, this creamy white liquid with a fresh, coconut flavour is extracted from fresh coconut pulp and is used in varieties of South East Asian and Indonesian dishes. It is available in cans from supermarkets and Asian grocers."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sanātana",
      "definition": "Eternal, that which has neither beginning nor end.",
      "definition_html": "Eternal, that which has neither beginning nor end."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sanātana Gosvāmī",
      "definition": "one of the Six Gosvāmīs of Vṛndāvana who was authorized by Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu to establish and distribute the philosophy of Kṛṣṇa consciousness. He was the older brother of Rūpa Gosvāmī and was accepted by Rūpa Gosvāmī as his spiritual master. He and Rūpa Gosvāmī were both ministers in the Mohammedan court in Gauḍa, but renounced everything for the service of Lord Caitanya. The two brothers were ordered by Śrī Caitanya to write books establishing the philosophy of Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism and to excavate the holy places in Vṛndāvana.",
      "definition_html": "one of the Six Gosvāmīs of Vṛndāvana who was authorized by Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu to establish and distribute the philosophy of Kṛṣṇa consciousness. He was the older brother of Rūpa Gosvāmī and was accepted by Rūpa Gosvāmī as his spiritual master. He and Rūpa Gosvāmī were both ministers in the Mohammedan court in Gauḍa, but renounced everything for the service of Lord Caitanya. The two brothers were ordered by Śrī Caitanya to write books establishing the philosophy of Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism and to excavate the holy places in Vṛndāvana."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sanātana Goswami",
      "definition": "one of the six Vaiṣṇava spiritual masters who directly followed Śrī CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU and systemically presented His teachings.",
      "definition_html": "one of the six Vaiṣṇava spiritual masters who directly followed Śrī CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU and systemically presented His teachings."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sanātana-dharma",
      "definition": "literally, the \"eternal activity of the soul\", or the eternal religion of the living being-to render service to the Supreme Lord, which in this age is executed mainly by chanting the mahā-mantra. See also: Bhāgavata-dharma.",
      "definition_html": "literally, the \"eternal activity of the soul\", or the eternal religion of the living being-to render service to the Supreme Lord, which in this age is executed mainly by chanting the <i>mahā-mantra</i>. <i>See also: Bhāgavata-dharma.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Sanātana-dhāma",
      "definition": "The eternal nature, the antimaterial sky beyond the material universe.",
      "definition_html": "The eternal nature, the antimaterial sky beyond the material universe."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sanātana-yoga",
      "definition": "eternal activities performed by the living entity.",
      "definition_html": "eternal activities performed by the living entity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sapta-dvīpa",
      "definition": "the seven islands of the earth.",
      "definition_html": "the seven islands of the earth."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sapta-suta",
      "definition": "the seven sons, namely hearing, chanting, remembering, offering prayers, serving the lotus feet of the Lord, worshiping the Deity and becoming a servant of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the seven sons, namely hearing, chanting, remembering, offering prayers, serving the lotus feet of the Lord, worshiping the Deity and becoming a servant of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sapta-tāla",
      "definition": "the seven palm trees in Rāmacandra's forest.",
      "definition_html": "the seven palm trees in Rāmacandra's forest."
    },
    {
      "term": "Saralatā",
      "definition": "simplicity.",
      "definition_html": "simplicity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sarasvatī",
      "definition": "goddess of learning. Wife of Lord Brahmā. She usually sits on a white swan and holds a veena (stringed instrument) in her hands.",
      "definition_html": "goddess of learning. Wife of Lord Brahmā. She usually sits on a white swan and holds a veena (stringed instrument) in her hands."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sarga",
      "definition": "the first material creation by Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "the first material creation by Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sari",
      "definition": "traditional Indian dress worn by Hindu women-six yards long as a rule; Vedic women's dress.",
      "definition_html": "traditional Indian dress worn by Hindu women-six yards long as a rule; Vedic women's dress."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sarmiṣṭhā",
      "definition": "the second wife of King Yayāti. On account of overattachment to her, the king was cursed by Śukrācārya to lose his youth.",
      "definition_html": "the second wife of King Yayāti. On account of overattachment to her, the king was cursed by Śukrācārya to lose his youth."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sarva-jña",
      "definition": "omniscient; one who knows everything-past, present and future.",
      "definition_html": "omniscient; one who knows everything-past, present and future."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sarva-kāma",
      "definition": "one who desires material perfection.",
      "definition_html": "one who desires material perfection."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sarva-kāma-deha",
      "definition": "the body engaged for the satisfaction of all kinds of material desires.",
      "definition_html": "the body engaged for the satisfaction of all kinds of material desires."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sarva-kāmada",
      "definition": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning \"He who fulfills the desires of His devotees.\"",
      "definition_html": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning \"He who fulfills the desires of His devotees.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Sarva-kāraṇa-kāraṇam",
      "definition": "Kṛṣṇa, the cause of all causes [Bs. 5.1].",
      "definition_html": "Kṛṣṇa, the cause of all causes [<i>Bs.</i> <b>5.1].</b>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Sarva-loka",
      "definition": "all the material worlds.",
      "definition_html": "all the material worlds."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sarvārambha-parityāgī",
      "definition": "one who is indifferent to both pious and impious activities. [Bg. 12.16]",
      "definition_html": "one who is indifferent to both pious and impious activities. <b>[</b><b><i>Bg. </i></b><b>12.16]</b>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Sarvātma-nivedana",
      "definition": "Ātma-nivedana-the devotional process of surrendering everything to the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "<i>Ātma-nivedana</i>-the devotional process of surrendering everything to the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sarvātmā",
      "definition": "Paramātmā-the Supersoul, the localized aspect Viṣṇu expansion of the Supreme Lord residing in the heart of each embodied living entity and pervading all of material nature.",
      "definition_html": "Paramātmā-the Supersoul, the localized aspect Viṣṇu expansion of the Supreme Lord residing in the heart of each embodied living entity and pervading all of material nature."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sat",
      "definition": "eternal, unlimited existence.",
      "definition_html": "eternal, unlimited existence."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sattva",
      "definition": "the mode of goodness of material nature.",
      "definition_html": "the mode of goodness of material nature."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sattva-guṇa",
      "definition": "the mode of material goodness, predominated by Lord Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "the mode of material goodness, predominated by Lord Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sattvatanu",
      "definition": "Viṣṇu who expands the quality of goodness.",
      "definition_html": "Viṣṇu who expands the quality of goodness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Satya",
      "definition": "truthfulness.",
      "definition_html": "truthfulness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Satya-kāma",
      "definition": "directing all of one's desires to the Supreme Truth.",
      "definition_html": "directing all of one's desires to the Supreme Truth."
    },
    {
      "term": "Satya-yuga",
      "definition": "the first and best of the four cyclic ages of a mahā-yuga in the progression of universal time. Satya-yuga is characterized by virtue, wisdom and religion. It is known as the golden age, when people lived as long as one hundred thousand years. It lasts 1,728,000 solar years.",
      "definition_html": "the first and best of the four cyclic ages of a <i>mahā-yuga</i> in the progression of universal time. Satya-yuga is characterized by virtue, wisdom and religion. It is known as the golden age, when people lived as long as one hundred thousand years. It lasts 1,728,000 solar years."
    },
    {
      "term": "Satyabhāmā",
      "definition": "one of the principal queens of Lord Kṛṣṇa during His pastimes in the city of Dvārakā.",
      "definition_html": "one of the principal queens of Lord Kṛṣṇa during His pastimes in the city of Dvārakā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Satyadeva",
      "definition": "a warrior from Kaliṅga who was killed by Bhīma during the Kurukṣetra war.",
      "definition_html": "a warrior from Kaliṅga who was killed by Bhīma during the Kurukṣetra war."
    },
    {
      "term": "Satyadhṛti",
      "definition": "a renowned archer on the side of the Pāṇḍavas. He was killed by Droṇa during the Kurukṣetra war.",
      "definition_html": "a renowned archer on the side of the Pāṇḍavas. He was killed by Droṇa during the Kurukṣetra war."
    },
    {
      "term": "Satyajit",
      "definition": "a brother of King Drupada. He was killed by Droṇa during the Kurukṣetra war.",
      "definition_html": "a brother of King Drupada. He was killed by Droṇa during the Kurukṣetra war."
    },
    {
      "term": "Satyaloka",
      "definition": "Lord Brahmā's abode, the highest planet in the material universe; also called Brahmaloka.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Brahmā's abode, the highest planet in the material universe; also called Brahmaloka."
    },
    {
      "term": "Satyaratha",
      "definition": "a brother of King Suśarma, the King of the Trigartas.",
      "definition_html": "a brother of King Suśarma, the King of the Trigartas."
    },
    {
      "term": "Satyasena",
      "definition": "another brother of King Suśarma, the King of the Trigartas. He was killed by Arjuna during the Kurukṣetra war.",
      "definition_html": "another brother of King Suśarma, the King of the Trigartas. He was killed by Arjuna during the Kurukṣetra war."
    },
    {
      "term": "Satyavarma",
      "definition": "another brother of King Suśarma, the King of the Trigartas.",
      "definition_html": "another brother of King Suśarma, the King of the Trigartas."
    },
    {
      "term": "Satyavatī",
      "definition": "the daughter of the fisherman King. She was the mother of Vyāsadeva by Paraśara Muni. She later married Mahārāja Śantanu and begot two children, Citrāṅgada and Vicitravīrya.",
      "definition_html": "the daughter of the fisherman King. She was the mother of Vyāsadeva by Paraśara Muni. She later married Mahārāja Śantanu and begot two children, Citrāṅgada and Vicitravīrya."
    },
    {
      "term": "Satyavrata",
      "definition": "another brother of King Suśarma, the King of the Trigartas.",
      "definition_html": "another brother of King Suśarma, the King of the Trigartas."
    },
    {
      "term": "Satyavrata Manu",
      "definition": "one of the administrative demigods who are the fathers and lawgivers of mankind.",
      "definition_html": "one of the administrative demigods who are the fathers and lawgivers of mankind."
    },
    {
      "term": "Satyaṁ param",
      "definition": "the Supreme Absolute Truth, Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Absolute Truth, Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Satyeṣu",
      "definition": "another brother of King Suśarma, the King of the Trigartas. He was killed by Arjuna during the Kurukṣetra war.",
      "definition_html": "another brother of King Suśarma, the King of the Trigartas. He was killed by Arjuna during the Kurukṣetra war."
    },
    {
      "term": "Satyāgraha",
      "definition": "fasting for political purposes performed by Mahatma Gandhi.",
      "definition_html": "fasting for political purposes performed by Mahatma Gandhi."
    },
    {
      "term": "Satī",
      "definition": "the wife of Lord Śiva and the daughter of Dakṣa, who burned herself alive when her father insulted her husband; when a widow burns herself in her husband's cremation/funeral fire.",
      "definition_html": "the wife of Lord Śiva and the daughter of Dakṣa, who burned herself alive when her father insulted her husband; when a widow burns herself in her husband's cremation/funeral fire."
    },
    {
      "term": "Satī rite",
      "definition": "voluntary suicide by a chaste widow at her husband's funeral.",
      "definition_html": "voluntary suicide by a chaste widow at her husband's funeral."
    },
    {
      "term": "Saubha",
      "definition": "the airship of King Śālva. It was created by the demon Maya, and Śālva used this airship to attack Dvārakā. It was destroyed by Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the airship of King Śālva. It was created by the demon Maya, and Śālva used this airship to attack Dvārakā. It was destroyed by Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Saubhari Muni",
      "definition": "a powerful mystic who accidentally fell down to sex attraction.",
      "definition_html": "a powerful mystic who accidentally fell down to sex attraction."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sauhṛdya",
      "definition": "endeavor.",
      "definition_html": "endeavor."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sautrāmaṇi",
      "definition": "a particular Vedic fire sacrifice offered to Lord Indra.",
      "definition_html": "a particular Vedic fire sacrifice offered to Lord Indra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Savitri",
      "definition": "lady who saved her husband from death by her chastity.",
      "definition_html": "lady who saved her husband from death by her chastity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sañjaya",
      "definition": "charioteer and minister to King Dhṛtarāṣṭra. Sañjaya narrated the events of the Kurukṣetra war to Dhṛtarāṣṭra by the mercy of Vyāsa; also a former king of the Ikṣvāku dynasty.",
      "definition_html": "charioteer and minister to King Dhṛtarāṣṭra. Sañjaya narrated the events of the Kurukṣetra war to Dhṛtarāṣṭra by the mercy of Vyāsa; also a former king of the Ikṣvāku dynasty."
    },
    {
      "term": "Saṁhitās",
      "definition": "supplementary Vedic literatures expressing the conclusions of particular self-realized authorities.",
      "definition_html": "supplementary Vedic literatures expressing the conclusions of particular self-realized authorities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Saṁskāra",
      "definition": "one of the Vedic reformatory rituals performed one by one from the time of conception until death for purifying a human being.",
      "definition_html": "one of the Vedic reformatory rituals performed one by one from the time of conception until death for purifying a human being."
    },
    {
      "term": "Saṁskṛta",
      "definition": "purified.",
      "definition_html": "purified."
    },
    {
      "term": "Saṁsāra",
      "definition": "the cycle of repeated birth and death in the material world; The baddha-jīva (conditioned soul), captivated by the modes of material nature, is moved as if on a wheel through 8,400,000 kinds of births, lifetime after lifetime. At the lower range of the cycle are births within aquatic, vegetative and animal forms. At the middle range are births within human forms. At the upper range are births within superhuman forms, such as the demigods. But as high as the soul may reach, even up to the position of Brahmā, there is no freedom from saṁsāra. Impelled by prakṛti, kāla and karma, the jīva will surely be forced into another womb, until the day that soul surrenders to the origin of the force that turns the wheel of saṁsārathe īśvara, Kṛṣṇa. The materialistic theory of evolution put forward by Anaximander and Darwin imperfectly recapitulates the Vedic description of the cycle of birth and death. It is true that we were once microbes, fish, reptiles, mammals and apes. But who are we? We are spirit souls. Materialists have no knowledge of the soul. They are unable to explain how and why dead matter assumes the forms of the gradient species. The Vedas explain that the gradient species mark the evolution and devolution of the soul's material desires. See Evolution, Karma, Life after death, Reincarnation.",
      "definition_html": "the cycle of repeated birth and death in the material world; The <i>baddha-jīva</i> (conditioned soul), captivated by the modes of material nature, is moved as if on a wheel through 8,400,000 kinds of births, lifetime after lifetime. At the lower range of the cycle are births within aquatic, vegetative and animal forms. At the middle range are births within human forms. At the upper range are births within superhuman forms, such as the demigods. But as high as the soul may reach, even up to the position of Brahmā, there is no freedom from <i>saṁsāra.</i> Impelled by <i>prakṛti, kāla</i> and <i>karma,</i> the <i>jīva</i> will surely be forced into another womb, until the day that soul surrenders to the origin of the force that turns the wheel of <i>saṁsāra</i>the <i>īśvara,</i> Kṛṣṇa. The materialistic theory of evolution put forward by Anaximander and Darwin imperfectly recapitulates the Vedic description of the cycle of birth and death. It is true that we were once microbes, fish, reptiles, mammals and apes. But who are we? We are spirit souls. Materialists have no knowledge of the soul. They are unable to explain how and why dead matter assumes the forms of the gradient species. The Vedas explain that the gradient species mark the evolution and devolution of the soul's material desires. See Evolution, Karma, Life after death, Reincarnation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Saṁsṛti",
      "definition": "the cycle of repeated birth and death.",
      "definition_html": "the cycle of repeated birth and death."
    },
    {
      "term": "Saṁśaya",
      "definition": "Doubt. One of the five functions of buddhi. See Buddhi.",
      "definition_html": "Doubt. One of the five functions of <i>buddhi.</i> See Buddhi."
    },
    {
      "term": "Saṅgam",
      "definition": "meeting point of two or more rivers.",
      "definition_html": "meeting point of two or more rivers."
    },
    {
      "term": "Saṅkara",
      "definition": "see: Śiva",
      "definition_html": "<i>see: </i>Śiva"
    },
    {
      "term": "Saṅkarṣaṇa",
      "definition": "one of the four original expansions of Lord Kṛṣṇa in the spiritual world; also, another name of Balarāma, given by Garga Muni.",
      "definition_html": "one of the four original expansions of Lord Kṛṣṇa in the spiritual world; also, another name of Balarāma, given by Garga Muni."
    },
    {
      "term": "Saṅkhoddhāra",
      "definition": "the place where the Lord killed Sankhāsura.",
      "definition_html": "the place where the Lord killed Sankhāsura."
    },
    {
      "term": "Saṅkrāntī",
      "definition": "the day when a Bengali month ends. Also, the passage of the sun or any other planet from one Zodiacal sign to another.",
      "definition_html": "the day when a Bengali month ends. Also, the passage of the sun or any other planet from one Zodiacal sign to another."
    },
    {
      "term": "Saṅkīrtana",
      "definition": "The congregational glorification of the Lord through chanting His holy name. The most recommended process of spiritual upliftment in the present age (Kali-yuga). See Caitanya Mahā-prabhu, ISKCON, Kīrtana.",
      "definition_html": "The congregational glorification of the Lord through chanting His holy name. The most recommended process of spiritual upliftment in the present age <i>(Kali-yuga).</i> See Caitanya Mahā-prabhu, ISKCON, Kīrtana."
    },
    {
      "term": "Saṅkīrtana-yajña",
      "definition": "the sacrifice prescribed for the age of Kali; that is, congregational chanting of the name, fame and pastimes of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.",
      "definition_html": "the sacrifice prescribed for the age of Kali; that is, congregational chanting of the name, fame and pastimes of the Supreme Personality of Godhead."
    },
    {
      "term": "Scepticism",
      "definition": "A state of doubting that may range from a tentative doubt in the process of reaching certainty to complete, total disbelief in everything. Usually, scepticism refers to a philosophy of disbelief, of which there are many. In India, the philosophies of Cārvaka Muni, the Buddhists and the Jains are founded upon disbelief in the Vedas. Māyāvādīs claim to accept the Vedas, but they sceptically reject the Vedic philosophy of Vaiṣṇavism. As Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, a famous Māyāvādī scholar, wrote about the teachings of ācārya Rāmānuja: Rāmānuja's beautiful stories of the other world, which he narrates with the confidence of one who had personally assisted at the origination of the world, carry no conviction. These are the words of a man confined to a miniscule spectrum of awareness by his pratyakṣa and anumāna. Yet he thinks he can pass judgement on that which is beyond his senses and mind. There are many forms of Western scepticism as well, which go back to the ancient Greeks. See Buddhism, Materialism, Māyāvādī philosophy, Six systems, Voidism.",
      "definition_html": "A state of doubting that may range from a tentative doubt in the process of reaching certainty to complete, total disbelief in everything. Usually, scepticism refers to a philosophy of disbelief, of which there are many. In India, the philosophies of Cārvaka <b>Muni</b>, the Buddhists and the Jains are founded upon disbelief in the Vedas. Māyāvādīs claim to accept the Vedas, but they sceptically reject the Vedic philosophy of Vaiṣṇavism. As Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, a famous Māyāvādī scholar, wrote about the teachings of <i>ācārya</i> Rāmānuja: Rāmānuja's beautiful stories of the other world, which he narrates with the confidence of one who had personally assisted at the origination of the world, carry no conviction. These are the words of a man confined to a miniscule spectrum of awareness by his <i>pratyakṣa</i> and <i>anumāna.</i> Yet he thinks he can pass judgement on that which is beyond his senses and mind. There are many forms of Western scepticism as well, which go back to the ancient Greeks. See Buddhism, Materialism, Māyāvādī philosophy, Six systems, Voidism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Semantics",
      "definition": "From the Greek sma, sign. The study of how words (or linguistic symbols) make sense, and how words apply to the things they refer to. Semantics attempts to define the conditions under which a statement can be analyzed as true or false.",
      "definition_html": "From the Greek <i>sma,</i> sign. The study of how words (or linguistic symbols) make sense, and how words apply to the things they refer to. Semantics attempts to define the conditions under which a statement can be analyzed as true or false."
    },
    {
      "term": "Semi-deism",
      "definition": "A variant of deism in which God, the first cause, is supposed to sometimes intervene in the regular course of nature through geological catastrophes and the sudden rise of species. Noted semi-deists were nineteenth century British natural theologicans William Buckland (1784-1856), Adam Sedgewick (1785-1873), W.D. Conybeare (1787-1857), and Charles Lyell (1797-1875). See Atheism, Deism, Theism.",
      "definition_html": "A variant of deism in which God, the first cause, is supposed to sometimes intervene in the regular course of nature through geological catastrophes and the sudden rise of species. Noted semi-deists were nineteenth century British natural theologicans William Buckland (1784-1856), Adam Sedgewick (1785-1873), W.D. Conybeare (1787-1857), and Charles Lyell (1797-1875). See Atheism, Deism, Theism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sense enjoyment",
      "definition": "illusory life of trying to enjoy with the body, without surrendering to the Complete Whole.",
      "definition_html": "illusory life of trying to enjoy with the body, without surrendering to the Complete Whole."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sentimentalism",
      "definition": "A mental attitude permeated by or predisposed to emotions produced of sense perception. For example, the sceptic David Hume rejected the standard moral obligations of his time, and argued that morality could only be valid when based upon what he termed sympathy and sentiment.",
      "definition_html": "A mental attitude permeated by or predisposed to emotions produced of sense perception. For example, the sceptic David Hume rejected the standard moral obligations of his time, and argued that morality could only be valid when based upon what he termed sympathy and sentiment."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sevaka",
      "definition": "a servant.",
      "definition_html": "a servant."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sevya",
      "definition": "one who is served.",
      "definition_html": "one who is served."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sevā",
      "definition": "devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sevā-aparādha",
      "definition": "offenses in Deity worship.",
      "definition_html": "offenses in Deity worship."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sevā-pūjā",
      "definition": "Deity worship.",
      "definition_html": "Deity worship."
    },
    {
      "term": "Shukla",
      "definition": "white in the Satya-yuga.",
      "definition_html": "white in the Satya-yuga."
    },
    {
      "term": "Shyama",
      "definition": "Krsna appearing bluish in the Dvarapa-yuga.",
      "definition_html": "Krsna appearing bluish in the Dvarapa-yuga."
    },
    {
      "term": "Siddha",
      "definition": "a perfected person, or mystic; a demigod from Siddhaloka; one who has realized the Brahman effulgence; a perfect devotee.",
      "definition_html": "a perfected person, or mystic; a demigod from Siddhaloka; one who has realized the Brahman effulgence; a perfect devotee."
    },
    {
      "term": "Siddha-deha",
      "definition": "a perfected spiritual body.",
      "definition_html": "a perfected spiritual body."
    },
    {
      "term": "Siddhaloka",
      "definition": "the heavenly planet whose inhabitants possess all mystic powers; the planets of materially perfect beings.",
      "definition_html": "the heavenly planet whose inhabitants possess all mystic powers; the planets of materially perfect beings."
    },
    {
      "term": "Siddhi-lobhī",
      "definition": "one who is greedy for material perfection.",
      "definition_html": "one who is greedy for material perfection."
    },
    {
      "term": "Siddhi-traya",
      "definition": "philosophical work of Yāmunācārya",
      "definition_html": "philosophical work of Yāmunācārya"
    },
    {
      "term": "Siddhi-vraja",
      "definition": "the mystic perfections.",
      "definition_html": "the mystic perfections."
    },
    {
      "term": "Siddhis",
      "definition": "mystic perfections usually acquired by yoga practice and natural to residents of Siddhaloka: becoming small like a particle (aṇimā-siddhi), or lighter than a soft feather (laghimā-siddhi), Get anything from everywhere (prāpti-siddhi), becoming heavier than the heaviest (mahimā-siddhi), create something wonderful or annihilate anything at will (īśitva-siddhi), to control all material elements (vaśitva-siddhi), possessing such power as will never be frustrated in any desire (prākāmya-siddhi), assuming any shape or form one may even whimsically desire (kāmāvasāyitā-siddhi).",
      "definition_html": "mystic perfections usually acquired by yoga practice and natural to residents of Siddhaloka: becoming small like a particle (<i>aṇimā-siddhi</i>), or lighter than a soft feather (<i>laghimā-siddhi</i>), Get anything from everywhere (<i>prāpti-siddhi</i>), becoming heavier than the heaviest (<i>mahimā-siddhi</i>), create something wonderful or annihilate anything at will (<i>īśitva-siddhi</i>), to control all material elements (<i>vaśitva-siddhi</i>), possessing such power as will never be frustrated in any desire (<i>prākāmya-siddhi</i>), assuming any shape or form one may even whimsically desire (<i>kāmāvasāyitā-siddhi</i>)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Siddhānta",
      "definition": "Essential conclusion. See Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas.",
      "definition_html": "Essential conclusion. See Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sikhaṇḍī",
      "definition": "the son of King Drupada, and the rebirth of Ambā, the daughter of the King of Kāśī. He was born to kill Bhīṣma, who he hated from his previous life. During the battle of Kurukṣetra, he fought in front of Arjuna, while attacking Bhīṣma. Bhīṣma dropped his weapons and this allowed Arjuna to fill Bhīṣma with arrows. Śikhaṇḍī was later killed by Aśvatthāmā, while awaking from sleep in the Pāṇḍavas camp.",
      "definition_html": "the son of King Drupada, and the rebirth of Ambā, the daughter of the King of Kāśī. He was born to kill Bhīṣma, who he hated from his previous life. During the battle of Kurukṣetra, he fought in front of Arjuna, while attacking Bhīṣma. Bhīṣma dropped his weapons and this allowed Arjuna to fill Bhīṣma with arrows. Śikhaṇḍī was later killed by Aśvatthāmā, while awaking from sleep in the Pāṇḍavas camp."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sindhu",
      "definition": "a province in Bharata that was ruled by Jayadratha.",
      "definition_html": "a province in Bharata that was ruled by Jayadratha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sivānanda Sena",
      "definition": "a great householder devotee of Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu.",
      "definition_html": "a great householder devotee of Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Six Gosvāmīs",
      "definition": "they were deputed to go to Vṛndāvana to excavate the present places of pilgrimage. The present city of Vṛndāvana and the importance of Vrajabhūmi were thus disclosed by the will of Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu. See also: Rūpa Gosvāmī, Sanātana Gosvāmī, Jīva Gosvāmī, Gopāla Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmī, Raghunātha Dāsa Gosvāmī and Raghunātha Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmī.",
      "definition_html": "they were deputed to go to Vṛndāvana to excavate the present places of pilgrimage. The present city of Vṛndāvana and the importance of Vrajabhūmi were thus disclosed by the will of Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu. <i>See also: Rūpa Gosvāmī, Sanātana Gosvāmī, Jīva Gosvāmī, Gopāla Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmī, Raghunātha Dāsa Gosvāmī and Raghunātha Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmī.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Six systems",
      "definition": "There are six systems of philosophy associated with the Vedic scriptures. These together are known as the ṣaḍ-darśana. The ṣaḍ-darśana (six views) are: 1) Nyāya (logic), 2) Vaiśeṣika (atomic theory), 3) Sāṅkhya (analysis of matter and spirit), 4) Yoga (the discipline of self-realization), 5) Karma-mīmāṁsā (the science of fruitive work) and 6) Vedānta (the science of God realization). The ṣaḍ-darśana are termed āstika philosophies (from asti, or it is so), because they all acknowledge the Veda as authoritative, as opposed to the nāstika philosophies of the Cārvakas, Buddhists and Jains (nāsti, it is not so), who reject the Vedas. Beginning with Nyāya, each of the ṣaḍ-darśana in their turn presents a more developed and comprehensive explanation of the aspects of Vedic knowledge. Nyāya sets up the rules of philosophical debate and identifies the basic subjects under discussion: the physical world, the soul, God and liberation. Vaiśeṣika engages the method of Nyāya or logic in a deeper analysis of the predicament of material existence by showing that the visible material forms to which we are all so attached ultimately break down into invisible atoms. Sāṅkhya develops this analytical process further to help the soul become aloof to matter. Through Yoga, the soul awakens its innate spiritual vision to see itself beyond the body. Karma-mīmāṁsā directs the soul to the goals of Vedic ritualism. Vedānta ultimately focuses on the supreme spiritual goal taught in the Upaniṣads. As can be seen in Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, the basis of these darśanas was an original, unified spiritual science (bhagavad-tattva-vijñāna) taught in very olden times by the twelve Mahājanas: Brahmā, Nārada, Śiva, Kumāras, Kapila, Manu, Prahlāda, Janaka, Bhīṣma, Bali, Śukadeva and Yamarāja. But due to the influence of māyā, scholars who followed the teachings of later sages like Gautama, Kaṇāda, Nirīśvara Kapila, Patañjali and Jaimini, became divided and contentious. The Vedic philosophy was misunderstood, and opposing schools came into being to serve sectarian ends. For instance, Karma-mīmāṁsā (which by 500 BC had become the foremost philosophy of the brāhmaṇa class) was misused by bloodthirsty priests to justify their mass slaughter of animals in Vedic sacrifices. But the unexpected rise of a novel non-Vedic religion challenged the power of Karma-mīmāṁsā. This new religion was Buddhism. By 250 BC, the influence of Karma-mīmāṁsā and other darśanas had weakened considerably. When King Aśoka instituted the Buddha's doctrine as the state philosophy of his empire, many brāhmaṇas abandoned Vedic scholarship to learn and teach nāstika concepts of ahiṁsā (nonviolence) and śūnyatā (voidism). Buddhism in its turn was eclipsed by the teachings of the Vedāntist Śaṅkarācārya, who revived the Vedic culture all over India in the seventh century after Christ. But Śaṅkarācārya's special formulation of Vedānta was itself influenced by Buddhism and is not truly representative of the original Vedānta-darśana. After Śaṅkarācārya, Vedānta was refined by the schools of great teachers (ācāryas) like Rāmānuja and Madhva. Having shed the baggage of Śaṅkarācārya's crypto-Buddhism, Vedānta philosophers brought Vedic studies back to their original form as seen in Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam. See Advaita, Analysis, Dvaita, Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas, Māyāvāda philosophy, Veda, Vedānta.",
      "definition_html": "There are six systems of philosophy associated with the Vedic scriptures. These together are known as the <i>ṣaḍ-darśana.</i> The <i>ṣaḍ-darśana</i> (six views) are: 1) Nyāya (logic), 2) Vaiśeṣika (atomic theory), 3) Sāṅkhya (analysis of matter and spirit), 4) Yoga (the discipline of self-realization), 5) Karma-mīmāṁsā (the science of fruitive work) and 6) Vedānta (the science of God realization). The <i>ṣaḍ-darśana</i> are termed <i>āstika</i> philosophies (from <i>asti,</i> or it is so), because they all acknowledge the Veda as authoritative, as opposed to the <i>nāstika</i> philosophies of the Cārvakas, Buddhists and Jains (<i>nāsti,</i> it is not so), who reject the Vedas. Beginning with Nyāya, each of the <i>ṣaḍ-darśana</i> in their turn presents a more developed and comprehensive explanation of the aspects of Vedic knowledge. Nyāya sets up the rules of philosophical debate and identifies the basic subjects under discussion: the physical world, the soul, God and liberation. Vaiśeṣika engages the method of Nyāya or logic in a deeper analysis of the predicament of material existence by showing that the visible material forms to which we are all so attached ultimately break down into invisible atoms. Sāṅkhya develops this analytical process further to help the soul become aloof to matter. Through Yoga, the soul awakens its innate spiritual vision to see itself beyond the body. Karma-mīmāṁsā directs the soul to the goals of Vedic ritualism. Vedānta ultimately focuses on the supreme spiritual goal taught in the <i>Upaniṣads. </i>As can be seen in <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam,</i> the basis of these <i>darśanas</i> was an original, unified spiritual science <i>(bhagavad-tattva-vijñāna)</i> taught in very olden times by the twelve Mahājanas: Brahmā, Nārada, Śiva, Kumāras, Kapila, Manu, Prahlāda, Janaka, Bhīṣma, Bali, Śukadeva and Yamarāja. But due to the influence of <i>māyā,</i> scholars who followed the teachings of later sages like Gautama, Kaṇāda, Nirīśvara Kapila, Patañjali and Jaimini, became divided and contentious. The Vedic philosophy was misunderstood, and opposing schools came into being to serve sectarian ends. For instance, Karma-mīmāṁsā (which by 500 BC had become the foremost philosophy of the <i>brāhmaṇa</i> class) was misused by bloodthirsty priests to justify their mass slaughter of animals in Vedic sacrifices. But the unexpected rise of a novel non-Vedic religion challenged the power of Karma-mīmāṁsā. This new religion was Buddhism. By 250 BC, the influence of Karma-mīmāṁsā and other <i>darśanas</i> had weakened considerably. When King Aśoka instituted the Buddha's doctrine as the state philosophy of his empire, many <i>brāhmaṇas</i> abandoned Vedic scholarship to learn and teach <i>nāstika</i> concepts of <i>ahiṁsā</i> (nonviolence) and <i>śūnyatā</i> (voidism). Buddhism in its turn was eclipsed by the teachings of the Vedāntist Śaṅkarācārya, who revived the Vedic culture all over India in the seventh century after Christ. But Śaṅkarācārya's special formulation of Vedānta was itself influenced by Buddhism and is not truly representative of the original Vedānta-<i>darśana. </i>After Śaṅkarācārya, Vedānta was refined by the schools of great teachers <i>(ācāryas)</i> like Rāmānuja and Madhva. Having shed the baggage of Śaṅkarācārya's crypto-Buddhism, Vedānta philosophers brought Vedic studies back to their original form as seen in <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam</i>. See Advaita, Analysis, Dvaita, Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas, Māyāvāda philosophy, Veda, Vedānta."
    },
    {
      "term": "Siṁha-dvāra",
      "definition": "the main gate of the Jagannātha temple.",
      "definition_html": "the main gate of the Jagannātha temple."
    },
    {
      "term": "Siṁhāsana",
      "definition": "sitting place.",
      "definition_html": "sitting place."
    },
    {
      "term": "Skanda Purāṇa",
      "definition": "one of the eighteen Purāṇas, or Vedic historical scriptures. It extensively describes Kali-yuga.",
      "definition_html": "one of the eighteen <i>Purāṇas</i>, or Vedic historical scriptures<i>. </i>It extensively describes Kali-yuga."
    },
    {
      "term": "Smaraṇam",
      "definition": "the devotional process of remembering the Supreme Lord; constant thinking of Kṛṣṇa (one of the nine methods of devotional service).",
      "definition_html": "the devotional process of remembering the Supreme Lord; constant thinking of Kṛṣṇa (one of the nine methods of devotional service)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Smarta",
      "definition": "the popular name for followers of the Vedas who are overly attached to elevation and salvation. They are very careful about the latter, but often not the spirit, of scriptural injunctions, confounding the mundane with the spiritual. They are very fond of the smṛti-śāstras and are thus known as smartas.",
      "definition_html": "the popular name for followers of the <i>Vedas</i> who are overly attached to elevation and salvation. They are very careful about the latter, but often not the spirit, of scriptural injunctions, confounding the mundane with the spiritual. They are very fond of the <i>smṛti-śāstras </i>and are thus known as <i>smartas.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Smārta-brāhmaṇa",
      "definition": "a brāhmaṇa interested more in the external performance of the rules and rituals of the Vedas than in attaining Lord Kṛṣṇa, the goal of the Vedas; one who strictly follows the Vedic principles on the mundane platform.",
      "definition_html": "a <i>brāhmaṇa</i> interested more in the external performance of the rules and rituals of the <i>Vedas</i> than in attaining Lord Kṛṣṇa, the goal of the <i>Vedas</i>;<i> </i>one who strictly follows the Vedic principles on the mundane platform."
    },
    {
      "term": "Smārta-guru",
      "definition": "a professional spiritual master.",
      "definition_html": "a professional spiritual master."
    },
    {
      "term": "Smārta-vidhi",
      "definition": "the regulations of mundane religious activity.",
      "definition_html": "the regulations of mundane religious activity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Smṛti",
      "definition": "remembrance, a vyabhicāri-bhāva; revealed scriptures supplementary to the śruti, or original Vedic scriptures, which are the Vedas and Upaniṣads; scriptures compiled by living entities under transcendental direction; the corollaries of the Vedas; One of the five functions of buddhi. See Buddhi.",
      "definition_html": "remembrance, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>; revealed scriptures supplementary to the <i>śruti,</i> or original Vedic scriptures, which are the <i>Vedas</i> and <i>Upaniṣads</i>; scriptures compiled by living entities under transcendental direction; the corollaries of the <i>Vedas</i>; One of the five functions of <i>buddhi.</i> See Buddhi."
    },
    {
      "term": "Smṛti-śāstra",
      "definition": "A section of the Vedic scriptures including the Mahābhārata and the Purāṇas. See Śāstra, Śruti-śāstra.",
      "definition_html": "A section of the Vedic scriptures including the <i>Mahābhārata</i> and the <i>Purāṇas.</i> See Śāstra, Śruti-śāstra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Smṛty-ācārya",
      "definition": "a spiritual master expert in the supplementary Vedic literatures.",
      "definition_html": "a spiritual master expert in the supplementary Vedic literatures."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sneha",
      "definition": "affection for Kṛṣṇa, at which stage the lover cannot be without the beloved.",
      "definition_html": "affection for Kṛṣṇa, at which stage the lover cannot be without the beloved."
    },
    {
      "term": "Snigdha",
      "definition": "very peaceful.",
      "definition_html": "very peaceful."
    },
    {
      "term": "Snāna-yātrā",
      "definition": "the bathing ceremony of Lord Jagannātha.",
      "definition_html": "the bathing ceremony of Lord Jagannātha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Socrates",
      "definition": "Socrates (470-399 BC) is the most influential philosopher in the recorded history of the Western world. Plato was his disciple and Aristotle his grand-disciple. Socrates lived in Athens and taught a doctrine of the soul that is similar in many ways to the Vedic conception. In a 1966 Bhagavad-gītā lecture, Śrīla Prabhupāda said Socrates was a mukta-puruṣa (a liberated soul). According to his biographer Plato, Socrates was unjustly convicted for anti-state activities by the Athenean authorities, who ordered him drink poison. He did so cheerfully, and died preaching we are not these bodies to his followers.",
      "definition_html": "Socrates (470-399 BC) is the most influential philosopher in the recorded history of the Western world. Plato was his disciple and Aristotle his grand-disciple. Socrates lived in Athens and taught a doctrine of the soul that is similar in many ways to the Vedic conception. In a 1966 <i>Bhagavad-gītā</i> lecture, Śrīla Prabhupāda said Socrates was a <i>mukta-puruṣa</i> (a liberated soul). According to his biographer Plato, Socrates was unjustly convicted for anti-state activities by the Athenean authorities, who ordered him drink poison. He did so cheerfully, and died preaching we are not these bodies to his followers."
    },
    {
      "term": "Solipsism",
      "definition": "From the Latin solus, (alone), and ipse, (self). A Western doctrine stating that the self is all that exists or can be known. There are two forms of solipsism: epistemological and metaphysical. The first form holds that since there is nothing to be known beyond the content of one's own consciousness, one's own consciousness is the underlying justification for, and cause of, the existence and nonexistence of knowledge of anything. The second form holds that there is no reality other than one's own self. All things are creations of one's consciousness at the moment one is conscious of them. In other words, there is no existence apart from my own awareness. Like Māyāvāda philosophy, solipsism arrives at a philosophical dead end. The questions that remain unanswered are: If my consciousness is the only reality, why can't I change the universe at will, simply by thought? And if only I myself truly exist, why am I dependent for my life, learning and happiness upon a world full of living entities that refuse to acknowledge this truth? See Māyāvāda philosophy.",
      "definition_html": "From the Latin <i>solus,</i> (alone), and <i>ipse,</i> (self). A Western doctrine stating that the self is all that exists or can be known. There are two forms of solipsism: epistemological and metaphysical. The first form holds that since there is nothing to be known beyond the content of one's own consciousness, one's own consciousness is the underlying justification for, and cause of, the existence and nonexistence of knowledge of anything. The second form holds that there is no reality other than one's own self. All things are creations of one's consciousness at the moment one is conscious of them. In other words, there is no existence apart from my own awareness. Like Māyāvāda philosophy, solipsism arrives at a philosophical dead end. The questions that remain unanswered are: If my consciousness is the only reality, why can't I change the universe at will, simply by thought? And if only I myself truly exist, why am I dependent for my life, learning and happiness upon a world full of living entities that refuse to acknowledge this truth? See Māyāvāda philosophy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Soma",
      "definition": "the presiding deity of the moon.",
      "definition_html": "the presiding deity of the moon."
    },
    {
      "term": "Soma-rasa",
      "definition": "a life-extending heavenly beverage available on the moon to demigods on the higher planets.",
      "definition_html": "a life-extending heavenly beverage available on the moon to demigods on the higher planets."
    },
    {
      "term": "Somadatta",
      "definition": "the son of King Bālhīka and the grandson of King Pratīpa. He had three sons name Bhūri, Bhūriśravas, and Śala. He was killed by Sātyaki during the battle of Kurukṣetra.",
      "definition_html": "the son of King Bālhīka and the grandson of King Pratīpa. He had three sons name Bhūri, Bhūriśravas, and Śala. He was killed by Sātyaki during the battle of Kurukṣetra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Somaka",
      "definition": "a former king of Pāñcāla.",
      "definition_html": "a former king of Pāñcāla."
    },
    {
      "term": "Somarāja",
      "definition": "Candra, the demigod in charge of the moon.",
      "definition_html": "Candra, the demigod in charge of the moon."
    },
    {
      "term": "Soul",
      "definition": "the eternal living entity, who is the marginal energy, eternally part and parcel of the Supreme Lord; Known in Sanskrit as jīva, jīva-ātmā or ātmā, the soul is the eternal individual self, who is a tiny particle of Lord Kṛṣṇa's spiritual potency located in the heart of the material body. The symptom of the soul is consciousness, and the power of the soul is taṭastha-śakti, the power of choice. Thus the soul is responsible for his liberation or bondage, though he has no power to either liberate himself or enjoy matter. The result of his choice, whether auspicious or inauspicious, is arranged by the Supersoul. As the air is always different from the smells it carries, so the soul is always different from the material designations it assumes due to the influence of the modes of nature. How a yogī perceives the soul's direct relationship with the Supreme Soul is described in SB 11.14.45: He sees the individual souls united with the Supreme Soul, just as one sees the sun's rays completely united with the sun. The sun is jyotiṣi, the source of light. Similarly, Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Soul, is the source of the light of consciousness of all living entities. Sunlight is composed of photons, which are tiny units of light. Similarly, each individual soul (jīva-ātmā) is a tiny unit of consciousness. See Consciousness, Ecstasy, Modes of nature, Supersoul.",
      "definition_html": "the eternal living entity, who is the marginal energy, eternally part and parcel of the Supreme Lord; Known in Sanskrit as <i>jīva, jīva-ātmā</i> or <i>ātmā,</i> the soul is the eternal individual self, who is a tiny particle of Lord Kṛṣṇa's spiritual potency located in the heart of the material body. The symptom of the soul is consciousness, and the power of the soul is <i>taṭastha-śakti,</i> the power of choice. Thus the soul is responsible for his liberation or bondage, though he has no power to either liberate himself or enjoy matter. The result of his choice, whether auspicious or inauspicious, is arranged by the Supersoul. As the air is always different from the smells it carries, so the soul is always different from the material designations it assumes due to the influence of the modes of nature. How a <i>yogī</i> perceives the soul's direct relationship with the Supreme Soul is described in <i>SB </i><b>11.14.45</b>: He sees the individual souls united with the Supreme Soul, just as one sees the sun's rays completely united with the sun. The sun is <i>jyotiṣi,</i> the source of light. Similarly, Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Soul, is the source of the light of consciousness of all living entities. Sunlight is composed of photons, which are tiny units of light. Similarly, each individual soul <i>(jīva-ātmā)</i> is a tiny unit of consciousness. See Consciousness, Ecstasy, Modes of nature, Supersoul."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sparśas",
      "definition": "the consonants in the Sanskrit alphabet.",
      "definition_html": "the consonants in the Sanskrit alphabet."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sphoṭavāda",
      "definition": "Also known as śabda-tattva, sphoṭavāda is the philosophy of a metaphysical school of Sanskrit grammarians that goes back to one Sphoṭāyaṇa, whose followers include Bhartṛhari and Jayanta Bhaṭṭa. The famous karma-mīmāṁsā philosopher Madana Miśra also accepted the sphoṭavāda doctrine, though other teachers of mīmāṁsā opposed it. Accordingly, there is a continuum of vibration (ekam eva yad āmnātam), which is partless (akhaṇḍa) and unbroken (akrama), which becomes manifest in sounds (dhvani) or syllables (varṇa). The sounds and syllables are not important. They are used as aids to achieve meditation upon the underlying continuum, where the indivisible unit of meaning (sphoṭa) is realized through śabda-pūrva-yoga. When the sphoṭa is realized, liberation is achieved in the monistic absolute. Clearly, this is a form of Māyāvāda philosophy. Interestingly, Śaṅkarācārya rejected the sphoṭavāda of the grammarians. Yet he accepted the basis of the sphoṭavāda philosophy, which is the śabda-yoga of Patañjali. In his Prabodhasudhākara 13.144, Śaṅkarācārya wrote, When one's essential nature is contemplated upon for a moment or half a moment, then the subtle sound called anāhata is heard in the right ear. In 148 he explained further: If the mind is completely absorbed for a long time in that Light comprised within the subtle sound, it is surely not slated for the bondage of worldly existence again. Many modern forms of mysticism and meditation can be traced to this doctrine: Transcendental Meditation, Radha-Soami Satsang, Kirpal Singh Satsang, and so on. The subtle sound sought in these systems is the egoistic sound at the root of material existence. Beyond this, however, is the pure name (śuddha-nāma), which cannot be extracted from the ākāśa by śabda-yoga, but which must be received from the pure devotee of Kṛṣṇa. What these śabda-yogīs really seek is explained by Kṛṣṇa Himself: I am the sound in ether. ... Of vibrations I am the syllable oṁ. ... Of letters I am the letter A, and among compound words I am the dual compound. ... Of poetry I am the Gāyatrī mantra. (Bg. 7.8, 10.33, 10.35) Hence, they seek Kṛṣṇa but He is to be known only by pure devotion (bhakti-yoga). See Māyāvāda philosophy.",
      "definition_html": "Also known as <i>śabda-tattva,</i> <i>sphoṭavāda</i> is the philosophy of a metaphysical school of Sanskrit grammarians that goes back to one Sphoṭāyaṇa, whose followers include Bhartṛhari and Jayanta Bhaṭṭa. The famous <i>karma-mīmāṁsā</i> philosopher Madana Miśra also accepted the <i>sphoṭavāda</i> doctrine, though other teachers of <i>mīmāṁsā</i> opposed it. Accordingly, there is a continuum of vibration <i>(ekam eva yad āmnātam),</i> which is partless <i>(akhaṇḍa)</i> and unbroken <i>(akrama),</i> which becomes manifest in sounds <i>(dhvani)</i> or syllables <i>(varṇa).</i> The sounds and syllables are not important. They are used as aids to achieve meditation upon the underlying continuum, where the indivisible unit of meaning <i>(sphoṭa)</i> is realized through <i>śabda-pūrva-yoga.</i> When the <i>sphoṭa</i> is realized, liberation is achieved in the monistic absolute. Clearly, this is a form of Māyāvāda philosophy. Interestingly, Śaṅkarācārya rejected the <i>sphoṭavāda</i> of the grammarians. Yet he accepted the basis of the <i>sphoṭavāda</i> philosophy, which is the <i>śabda-yoga</i> of Patañjali. In his <i>Prabodhasudhākara</i> 13.144, Śaṅkarācārya wrote, When one's essential nature is contemplated upon for a moment or half a moment, then the subtle sound called <i>anāhata</i> is heard in the right ear. In 148 he explained further: If the mind is completely absorbed for a long time in that Light comprised within the subtle sound, it is surely not slated for the bondage of worldly existence again. Many modern forms of mysticism and meditation can be traced to this doctrine: Transcendental Meditation, Radha-Soami Satsang, Kirpal Singh Satsang, and so on. The subtle sound sought in these systems is the egoistic sound at the root of material existence. Beyond this, however, is the pure name <i>(śuddha-nāma),</i> which cannot be extracted from the <i>ākāśa</i> by <i>śabda-yoga,</i> but which must be received from the pure devotee of Kṛṣṇa. What these <i>śabda-yogīs</i> really seek is explained by Kṛṣṇa Himself: I am the sound in ether. ... Of vibrations I am the syllable <i>oṁ.</i> ... Of letters I am the letter A, and among compound words I am the dual compound. ... Of poetry I am the Gāyatrī <i>mantra.</i> (<i>Bg.</i> <b>7.8</b>, <b>10.33</b>, <b>10.35</b>) Hence, they seek Kṛṣṇa but He is to be known only by pure devotion <i>(bhakti-yoga).</i> See Māyāvāda philosophy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Spirit soul",
      "definition": "Jīva (jīvātmā)-the living entity, who is an eternal soul, individual but part and parcel of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "<b><i>Jīva</i></b> (<b><i>jīvātmā</i></b>)-the living entity, who is an eternal soul, individual but part and parcel of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Spiritual world",
      "definition": "Referred to as Vaikuṇṭha, Goloka, the supreme abode (param-dhāma), and the spiritual sky (param-vyoma), it is the transcendental, eternal, three-quarters display of Lord Kṛṣṇa's personal splendor. The names, form, qualities, activities and relationships of the spiritual world are ever-fresh and ever-free of the defects of birth, death, disease, and old age. Here the Lord displays His divine pastimes (līlā) which overflood the spiritual world with the sweetest nectar, the very life and soul of the liberated devotees who dwell there. As a tree on the bank of a river is reflected upside-down in the water, so the material world is a reflection of the spiritual world. What is highest in the spiritual world is lowest here. The highest līlā is Kṛṣṇa's conjugal affairs with the gopīs. That is reflected here as sex life, the most entangling activity for the embodied soul. See Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "Referred to as Vaikuṇṭha, Goloka, the supreme abode <i>(param-dhāma),</i> and the spiritual sky <i>(param-vyoma),</i> it is the transcendental, eternal, three-quarters display of Lord Kṛṣṇa's personal splendor. The names, form, qualities, activities and relationships of the spiritual world are ever-fresh and ever-free of the defects of birth, death, disease, and old age. Here the Lord displays His divine pastimes <i>(līlā)</i> which overflood the spiritual world with the sweetest nectar, the very life and soul of the liberated devotees who dwell there. As a tree on the bank of a river is reflected upside-down in the water, so the material world is a reflection of the spiritual world. What is highest in the spiritual world is lowest here. The highest <i>līlā</i> is Kṛṣṇa's conjugal affairs with the <i>gopīs.</i> That is reflected here as sex life, the most entangling activity for the embodied soul. See Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sravaṇa",
      "definition": "the devotional process of hearing about the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the devotional process of hearing about the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sravaṇam",
      "definition": "hearing from an authorized source. (This is the chief of the nine methods of devotional service).",
      "definition_html": "hearing from an authorized source. (This is the chief of the nine methods of devotional service)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sravaṇam kīrtanaṁ viṣṇoḥ [Bhāg. 7.5.23]",
      "definition": "the devotional process of hearing and chanting about Lord Viṣṇu, or Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the devotional process of hearing and chanting about Lord Viṣṇu, or Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sri (sree, shree, shri)",
      "definition": "honorific prefix, to be used before the Deities name.",
      "definition_html": "honorific prefix, to be used before the Deities name."
    },
    {
      "term": "Srutakarmā",
      "definition": "the son of Sahadeva by Draupadī. He fought in the battle of Kurukṣetra and was killed by Aśvatthāmā while rising from sleep in his tent.",
      "definition_html": "the son of Sahadeva by Draupadī. He fought in the battle of Kurukṣetra and was killed by Aśvatthāmā while rising from sleep in his tent."
    },
    {
      "term": "Srutakīrti",
      "definition": "a son of Arjuna by Draupadī. He fought in the battle of Kurukṣetra and was killed by Aśvatthāmā while rising from sleep in his tent.",
      "definition_html": "a son of Arjuna by Draupadī. He fought in the battle of Kurukṣetra and was killed by Aśvatthāmā while rising from sleep in his tent."
    },
    {
      "term": "Srī-kaṇtha",
      "definition": "a name for Lord Śiva meaning \"he whose throat is beautifully blue.\"",
      "definition_html": "a name for Lord Śiva meaning \"he whose throat is beautifully blue.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Srīvāsa Ṭhākura",
      "definition": "the incarnation of Śri Nārada Muni in Lord Caitanya's pastimes. An intimate associate of Lord Caitanya. His courtyard served as the birthplace of Lord Caitanya's saṅkīrtana movement, and his altar was the site of the mahā-prakāśa pastime (twenty-one hours of ecstatic manifestation) of Śrī Caitanya.",
      "definition_html": "the incarnation of Śri Nārada Muni in Lord Caitanya's pastimes. An intimate associate of Lord Caitanya. His courtyard served as the birthplace of Lord Caitanya's <i>saṅkīrtana </i>movement, and his altar was the site of the <i>mahā-prakāśa </i>pastime (twenty-one hours of ecstatic manifestation) of Śrī Caitanya."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sthita-dhīr-muni",
      "definition": "(sthita-steady + dhīra-undisturbed + muni-sage) one who is always fixed in Kṛṣṇa consciousness and as a result is undisturbed by material nature.",
      "definition_html": "<i>(sthita-</i>steady + <i>dhīra-</i>undisturbed + <i>muni-</i>sage) one who is always fixed in Kṛṣṇa consciousness and as a result is undisturbed by material nature."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sthita-dhīra-muni",
      "definition": "(sthita— steady + dhīra—undisturbed + muni—sage) one who is always fixed in Kṛṣṇa consciousness and as a result is undisturbed by material nature,",
      "definition_html": "(<i>sthita</i>— steady + <i>dhīra</i>—undisturbed + <i>muni</i>—sage) one who is always fixed in Kṛṣṇa consciousness and as a result is undisturbed by material nature,"
    },
    {
      "term": "Sthāna",
      "definition": "the maintenance of the universe by Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "the maintenance of the universe by Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sthāyi-bhāva",
      "definition": "continuous love of Godhead in devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "continuous love of Godhead in devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sthāṇu-puruṣa",
      "definition": "mistaking a dry tree without leaves for a person.",
      "definition_html": "mistaking a dry tree without leaves for a person."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sthūla-śarīra",
      "definition": "See Gross body.",
      "definition_html": "See Gross body."
    },
    {
      "term": "Stotra",
      "definition": "a prayer.",
      "definition_html": "a prayer."
    },
    {
      "term": "Stotra-ratna",
      "definition": "book of prayers composed by Yamunācārya.",
      "definition_html": "book of prayers composed by Yamunācārya."
    },
    {
      "term": "Strī",
      "definition": "women.",
      "definition_html": "women."
    },
    {
      "term": "Strī-sambhāṣaṇa",
      "definition": "talking with women.",
      "definition_html": "talking with women."
    },
    {
      "term": "Stupa",
      "definition": "hemispheric Buddhist monument of worship.",
      "definition_html": "hemispheric Buddhist monument of worship."
    },
    {
      "term": "Su-snigdha",
      "definition": "affectionate.",
      "definition_html": "affectionate."
    },
    {
      "term": "Su-viṣaya",
      "definition": "regulated sense gratification according to the Vedas.",
      "definition_html": "regulated sense gratification according to the <i>Vedas</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Subala",
      "definition": "the father of Śakuni and Gāndhārī. He was the King of Gāndhāra.",
      "definition_html": "the father of Śakuni and Gāndhārī. He was the King of Gāndhāra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Subhadrā",
      "definition": "younger sister of Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa, and an incarnation of Yogamāyā, the internal potency of the Supreme Lord. She married Arjuna, and begot Abhimanyu as her son. She is the yellow Deity found between Lord Jagannātha and Baladeva.",
      "definition_html": "younger sister of Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa, and an incarnation of Yogamāyā, the internal potency of the Supreme Lord. She married Arjuna, and begot Abhimanyu as her son. She is the yellow Deity found between Lord Jagannātha and Baladeva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Subjective",
      "definition": "In philosophy, that which is derived from the mind and not external sources, or that which exists in the mind without any external reference or possible confirmation. It also refers to the particular way an individual understands an experience. Even though others experienced the same thing, because of his subjective attitude and outlook, he forms an opinion of what happened that is different from theirs. See Objective reality, Reality.",
      "definition_html": "In philosophy, that which is derived from the mind and not external sources, or that which exists in the mind without any external reference or possible confirmation. It also refers to the particular way an individual understands an experience. Even though others experienced the same thing, because of his subjective attitude and outlook, he forms an opinion of what happened that is different from theirs. See Objective reality, Reality."
    },
    {
      "term": "Subrahmaṇya",
      "definition": "Kārtikeya, the son of Lord Śiva. The god of war. Also known as Skanda.",
      "definition_html": "Kārtikeya, the son of Lord Śiva. The god of war. Also known as Skanda."
    },
    {
      "term": "Substance",
      "definition": "From the Latin substare, be under, be firm, support. Substance (vastu in Sanskrit) is the underlying support of all phenomena. It is the eternal Brahman, the cause, of which the world is the effect. The Vedic view of the substance of the world is different from the Christian view, called creatio ex nihilo. According to this theory put forward by Augustine (175-242), God created the world out of nothing. Augustine's reasoning was based on the Biblical statement that in the beginning there was only God. Creatio ex nihilo was an attempt to break out of the paradoxical question, If in the beginning there was only God, and God is eternal, why is the world ever-changing? It was assumed that a doctrine of the material world's direct emanation from God's own substance could be true only if the material world had the same nature as God. But since it does not, and since God was alone in the beginning, He must have created the world from nothing. There is a paradox upon which creatio ex nihilo stumbles: ex nihilo, nihil fit, From nothing, nothing comes. According to the Vedic view, the substance of creation is tattva, true, just as God is true. The tattva of matter (prakṛti) is eternal, but it assumes temporary forms as God wills. Like a shadow, the material creation resembles the original form of the substance. But it does not have the potency of the original. Yet it has no other source than the substance. Its source is not nothing. See Absolute, Brahman.",
      "definition_html": "From the Latin <i>substare,</i> be under, be firm, support. Substance (<i>vastu</i> in Sanskrit) is the underlying support of all phenomena. It is the eternal Brahman, the cause, of which the world is the effect. The Vedic view of the substance of the world is different from the Christian view, called <i>creatio ex nihilo.</i> According to this theory put forward by Augustine (175-242), God created the world out of nothing. Augustine's reasoning was based on the Biblical statement that in the beginning there was only God. <i>Creatio ex nihilo</i> was an attempt to break out of the paradoxical question, If in the beginning there was only God, and God is eternal, why is the world ever-changing? It was assumed that a doctrine of the material world's direct emanation from God's own substance could be true only if the material world had the same nature as God. But since it does not, and since God was alone in the beginning, He must have created the world from nothing. There is a paradox upon which <i>creatio ex nihilo</i> stumbles: <i>ex nihilo, nihil fit,</i> From nothing, nothing comes. According to the Vedic view, the substance of creation is <i>tattva,</i> true, just as God is true. The <i>tattva</i> of matter <i>(prakṛti)</i> is eternal, but it assumes temporary forms as God wills. Like a shadow, the material creation resembles the original form of the substance. But it does not have the potency of the original. Yet it has no other source than the substance. Its source is not nothing. See Absolute, Brahman."
    },
    {
      "term": "Subtle body",
      "definition": "Called liṅga-śarīra in Sanskrit, and also known as the astral body, the subtle body is the result of the conditioning of consciousness by the three modes of material nature. It includes the false ego, intellect and mind and is composed of cetana, consciousness under material influence. As long as the living entity remains within the cycle of saṁsāra, the subtle body is retained. But the steady practice of bhakti-yoga dissolves the subtle body, thus freeing consciousness from matter. See Consciousness, Ecstasy, False ego, Gross body, Intellect, Mind, Modes of nature, Saṁsāra, Soul, Supersoul.",
      "definition_html": "Called <i>liṅga-śarīra</i> in Sanskrit, and also known as the astral body, the subtle body is the result of the conditioning of consciousness by the three modes of material nature. It includes the false ego, intellect and mind and is composed of <i>cetana,</i> consciousness under material influence. As long as the living entity remains within the cycle of <i>saṁsāra,</i> the subtle body is retained. But the steady practice of <i>bhakti-yoga</i> dissolves the subtle body, thus freeing consciousness from matter. See Consciousness, Ecstasy, False ego, Gross body, Intellect, Mind, Modes of nature, Saṁsāra, Soul, Supersoul."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sudakṣiṇa",
      "definition": "a King of Kāmbhoja. He brought an akṣauhiṇī division of troops for Duryodhana. He was killed by Arjuna during Kurukṣetra war. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "a King of Kāmbhoja. He brought an <i>akṣauhiṇī</i> division of troops for Duryodhana. He was killed by Arjuna during Kurukṣetra war. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Sudarśana",
      "definition": "the discus of Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the discus of Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sudarśana cakra",
      "definition": "the disc weapon of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the disc weapon of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sudeṣṇā",
      "definition": "the wife of King Virāṭa. Draupadī spent the last year of exile as a maidservant to this queen. (Virāṭa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "the wife of King Virāṭa. Draupadī spent the last year of exile as a maidservant to this queen. (Virāṭa Parva in Mahābhārata)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Sudharmā",
      "definition": "the royal assembly court of the Yadus at Dvārakā.",
      "definition_html": "the royal assembly court of the Yadus at Dvārakā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sudāmā",
      "definition": "one of the cowherd boy associates of Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "one of the cowherd boy associates of Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sudāmā Vipra",
      "definition": "a poor householder friend and devotee of Lord Kṛṣṇa who was given immeasurable riches by the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "a poor householder friend and devotee of Lord Kṛṣṇa who was given immeasurable riches by the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sughoṣa",
      "definition": "the conchshell of Nakula.",
      "definition_html": "the conchshell of Nakula."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sukadeva Gosvāmī",
      "definition": "an exhalted devotee who recited the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam to King Parīkṣit during the last seven days of the King's life.",
      "definition_html": "an exhalted devotee who recited the <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam </i>to King Parīkṣit during the last seven days of the King's life."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sukham",
      "definition": "happiness or pleasure.",
      "definition_html": "happiness or pleasure."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sukṛti",
      "definition": "auspicious activity; pious persons.",
      "definition_html": "auspicious activity; pious persons."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sukṛtina",
      "definition": "pious persons who obey the rules of scripture and are devoted to the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "pious persons who obey the rules of scripture and are devoted to the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sulocana",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma during the battle of Kurukṣetra. (Bhīṣma Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma during the battle of Kurukṣetra. (Bhīṣma Parva in Mahābhārata)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Sumeru",
      "definition": "a great mountain situated at the center of the universe. It is the hub of the chariot of the sun.",
      "definition_html": "a great mountain situated at the center of the universe. It is the hub of the chariot of the sun."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sunanda",
      "definition": "one of the chief personal servants of Lord Nārāyaṇa in His spiritual abode, Vaikuṇṭha.",
      "definition_html": "one of the chief personal servants of Lord Nārāyaṇa in His spiritual abode, Vaikuṇṭha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sunābha",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma during the battle of Kurukṣetra. (Bhīṣma Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma during the battle of Kurukṣetra. (Bhīṣma Parva in Mahābhārata)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Sunīthā",
      "definition": "the wife of King Aṅga and mother of Vena.",
      "definition_html": "the wife of King Aṅga and mother of Vena."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sunīti",
      "definition": "the mother of Dhruva Mahārāja.",
      "definition_html": "the mother of Dhruva Mahārāja."
    },
    {
      "term": "Suparṇa",
      "definition": "another name for Garuḍa.",
      "definition_html": "another name for Garuḍa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Supersoul",
      "definition": "Paramātmā-the Supersoul, the localized aspect Viṣṇu expansion of the Supreme Lord residing in the heart of each embodied living entity and pervading all of material nature; Known as Paramātmā in Sanskrit, He is the third of Lord Kṛṣṇa's three puruṣa incarnations: 1) Mahā-Viṣṇu, from whom unlimited universes emanate; 2) Garbhodakaśāyī Viṣṇu, who enters each universe and is the source of birth of Brahmā; and 3) Kṣīrodakaśāyī Viṣṇu, who expands into the heart of every living entity and every atom within the universe. The Supersoul dwells within the hearts of all living beings next to the soul. His spiritual form is four-armed and the size of a thumb. From him come the living entity's knowledge, rememberance and forgetfulness. The Supersoul is the witness and permitter of karma. What He witnesses is punished or rewarded by prakṛti (see Bg. 13.23). See Brahman, Intellect, Īśvara, Karma, Life after death, Kṛṣṇa, Modes of nature, Soul.",
      "definition_html": "Paramātmā-the Supersoul, the localized aspect Viṣṇu expansion of the Supreme Lord residing in the heart of each embodied living entity and pervading all of material nature; Known as <i>Paramātmā</i> in Sanskrit, He is the third of Lord Kṛṣṇa's three <i>puruṣa</i> incarnations: 1) Mahā-Viṣṇu, from whom unlimited universes emanate; 2) Garbhodakaśāyī Viṣṇu, who enters each universe and is the source of birth of Brahmā; and 3) Kṣīrodakaśāyī Viṣṇu, who expands into the heart of every living entity and every atom within the universe. The Supersoul dwells within the hearts of all living beings next to the soul. His spiritual form is four-armed and the size of a thumb. From him come the living entity's knowledge, rememberance and forgetfulness. The Supersoul is the witness and permitter of <i>karma.</i> What He witnesses is punished or rewarded by <i>prakṛti</i> (see <i>Bg.</i> <b>13.23</b>). See Brahman, Intellect, Īśvara, Karma, Life after death, Kṛṣṇa, Modes of nature, Soul."
    },
    {
      "term": "Supratīka",
      "definition": "the name of King Bhagadatta's elephant that was very formidable during the battle of Kurukṣetra. He was killed by Arjuna.",
      "definition_html": "the name of King Bhagadatta's elephant that was very formidable during the battle of Kurukṣetra. He was killed by Arjuna."
    },
    {
      "term": "Supti",
      "definition": "deep sleep, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "deep sleep, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sura",
      "definition": "Godly. One who knows and carries out the responsibility of God-consciousness.",
      "definition_html": "Godly. One who knows and carries out the responsibility of God-consciousness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Surabhī",
      "definition": "the cows in Kṛṣṇaloka, They can give unlimited milk.",
      "definition_html": "the cows in Kṛṣṇaloka, They can give unlimited milk."
    },
    {
      "term": "Surabhī cows",
      "definition": "the cows in the spiritual world, which yield unlimited quantities of milk.",
      "definition_html": "the cows in the spiritual world, which yield unlimited quantities of milk."
    },
    {
      "term": "Suras",
      "definition": "demigods, devotees.",
      "definition_html": "demigods, devotees."
    },
    {
      "term": "Suruci",
      "definition": "the stepmother of Dhruva Mahārāja.",
      "definition_html": "the stepmother of Dhruva Mahārāja."
    },
    {
      "term": "Suryaloka",
      "definition": "the sun planet.",
      "definition_html": "the sun planet."
    },
    {
      "term": "Suta",
      "definition": "the son of Vaidarbhī, or, in other words, one who is somewhat advanced in fruitive activities and who comes in contact with a devotee spiritual master. Such a person becomes interested in the subject matter of devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "the son of Vaidarbhī, or, in other words, one who is somewhat advanced in fruitive activities and who comes in contact with a devotee spiritual master. Such a person becomes interested in the subject matter of devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sutapā",
      "definition": "the name of Vasudeva in a previous birth.",
      "definition_html": "the name of Vasudeva in a previous birth."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sutasoma",
      "definition": "the son of Bhīmasena and Draupadī. He was killed by Aśvatthāmā while awaking from sleep on the last night of the Kurukṣetra war.",
      "definition_html": "the son of Bhīmasena and Draupadī. He was killed by Aśvatthāmā while awaking from sleep on the last night of the Kurukṣetra war."
    },
    {
      "term": "Suśarmā",
      "definition": "the King of the Trigartas. He was an ally of Duryodhana and brought an akṣauhiṇī division of troops to Kurukṣetra. He was very envious of Arjuna and was ultimately killed by Arjuna.",
      "definition_html": "the King of the Trigartas. He was an ally of Duryodhana and brought an <i>akṣauhiṇī</i> division of troops to Kurukṣetra. He was very envious of Arjuna and was ultimately killed by Arjuna."
    },
    {
      "term": "Suṣupti",
      "definition": "deep sleep, one of the levels of material consciousness.",
      "definition_html": "deep sleep, one of the levels of material consciousness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sva-sevana-śakti",
      "definition": "the power to perform the personal service of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the power to perform the personal service of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svabhāva",
      "definition": "Nature, especially one's individual nature; intuitive psychology; instinct.",
      "definition_html": "Nature, especially one's individual nature; intuitive psychology; instinct."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svadharmas",
      "definition": "specific duties of a particular body performed in accordance with religious principles in order to achieve liberation.",
      "definition_html": "specific duties of a particular body performed in accordance with religious principles in order to achieve liberation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svakīyā-rasa",
      "definition": "relationship with Kṛṣṇa as a formally married wife.",
      "definition_html": "relationship with Kṛṣṇa as a formally married wife."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svar",
      "definition": "the upper material planets.",
      "definition_html": "the upper material planets."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svarga",
      "definition": "Heaven. See Demigods, Life after death, Tri-loka.",
      "definition_html": "Heaven. See Demigods, Life after death, Tri-loka."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svargaloka",
      "definition": "the heavenly planets or abodes of the demigods in the material world.",
      "definition_html": "the heavenly planets or abodes of the demigods in the material world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svarāṭ",
      "definition": "fully independent.",
      "definition_html": "fully independent."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svarūpa",
      "definition": "(sva—own + rūpa—form) the living entity’s eternal relationship of service to the Lord, the real form of the soul.",
      "definition_html": "(<i>sva</i>—own + <i>rūpa</i>—form) the living entity’s eternal relationship of service to the Lord, the real form of the soul."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svarūpa Dāmodara Gosvāmī",
      "definition": "the incarnation of the gopī Viśākha. He served as the secretary and intimate associate of Lord Caitanya at Purī and used to ease the pain of the Lord's feelings of separation by reciting appropriate verses and singing devotional songs.",
      "definition_html": "the incarnation of the <i>gopī</i> Viśākha. He served as the secretary and intimate associate of Lord Caitanya at Purī and used to ease the pain of the Lord's feelings of separation by reciting appropriate verses and singing devotional songs."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svarūpa-gata",
      "definition": "the stage of understanding Kṛṣṇa in truth while still maintaining some material connection.",
      "definition_html": "the stage of understanding Kṛṣṇa in truth while still maintaining some material connection."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svarūpa-lakṣaṇa",
      "definition": "the characteristics of the soul when purified of all material contamination.",
      "definition_html": "the characteristics of the soul when purified of all material contamination."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svarūpa-sandhi",
      "definition": "the meeting of similar ecstasies from separate causes.",
      "definition_html": "the meeting of similar ecstasies from separate causes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svarūpa-siddhi",
      "definition": "the perfection of one's eternal relationship with the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the perfection of one's eternal relationship with the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svarūpa-upalabdhi",
      "definition": "realization of one's eternal service relationship with the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "realization of one's eternal service relationship with the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svarūpa-vismṛti",
      "definition": "forgetting one's real constitutional position.",
      "definition_html": "forgetting one's real constitutional position."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svayaṁ-rūpa",
      "definition": "Kṛṣṇa's original form as a cowherd boy in Vṛndāvana.",
      "definition_html": "Kṛṣṇa's original form as a cowherd boy in Vṛndāvana."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svayaṁvara",
      "definition": "the ceremony in which a princess is allowed to choose her husband.",
      "definition_html": "the ceremony in which a princess is allowed to choose her husband."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sveta",
      "definition": "a son of King Virāṭa. He was killed in a ferocious battle with grandfather Bhīṣma. (Bhīṣma Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "a son of King Virāṭa. He was killed in a ferocious battle with grandfather Bhīṣma. (Bhīṣma Parva in Mahābhārata)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Svetadvīpa",
      "definition": "the spiritual planet where Lord Viṣṇu resides within the material universe.",
      "definition_html": "the spiritual planet where Lord Viṣṇu resides within the material universe."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svetāśvatara Upaniṣad",
      "definition": "one of the 108 Upaniṣads. It very clearly presents the Vaiṣṇava point of view regarding the Lord and the living entity.",
      "definition_html": "one of the 108 <i>Upaniṣads. </i>It very clearly presents the Vaiṣṇava point of view regarding the Lord and the living entity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svābhāvya",
      "definition": "a scripture.",
      "definition_html": "a scripture."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svādhyāya",
      "definition": "personal study of Vedic literature.",
      "definition_html": "personal study of Vedic literature."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svāhā",
      "definition": "the wife of Agni, the fire-god.",
      "definition_html": "the wife of Agni, the fire-god."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svāmī",
      "definition": "one fully in control of his senses and mind; title of one in the renounced, or sannyāsa, order; Gosvāmī-a person who has his senses under full control: the title of a person in the renounced order of life, sannyasa. (go-senses + svamī-master) master of the senses.",
      "definition_html": "one fully in control of his senses and mind; title of one in the renounced, or <i>sannyāsa,</i> order; Gosvāmī-a person who has his senses under full control: the title of a person in the renounced order of life, <i>sannyasa. (go-</i>senses + <i>svamī-</i>master) master of the senses."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svāmī-nārāyaṇa",
      "definition": "the impersonalist misconception that one can become God simply by adopting the dress of a sannyāsī.",
      "definition_html": "the impersonalist misconception that one can become God simply by adopting the dress of a <i>sannyāsī.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Svāpa",
      "definition": "Sleep, dreaming. One of the five functions of buddhi. See Buddhi.",
      "definition_html": "Sleep, dreaming. One of the five functions of <i>buddhi.</i> See Buddhi."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svārājya-lakṣmī",
      "definition": "the personal spiritual potency of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the personal spiritual potency of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svāyambhuva Manu",
      "definition": "the Manu who appears first in Brahmā's day and who was the grandfather of Dhruva Mahārāja.",
      "definition_html": "the Manu who appears first in Brahmā's day and who was the grandfather of Dhruva Mahārāja."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svāṁśa",
      "definition": "Kṛṣṇa's plenary portions.",
      "definition_html": "Kṛṣṇa's plenary portions."
    },
    {
      "term": "Svāṅga-viśeṣābhāsa-rūpa",
      "definition": "the form by which the Lord begets living entities in the material world .",
      "definition_html": "the form by which the Lord begets living entities in the material world ."
    },
    {
      "term": "swami",
      "definition": "one who has by spiritual strength become the master of his senses.",
      "definition_html": "one who has by spiritual strength become the master of his senses."
    },
    {
      "term": "Syllogism",
      "definition": "From the Greek syllogisms, a reckoning all together, it is a logical structure of reasonable thought (step-by-step argument). The Sanskrit equivalent is parārthānumāna, reasoning for others' understanding. See Logic.",
      "definition_html": "From the Greek <i>syllogisms</i>, a reckoning all together, it is a logical structure of reasonable thought (step-by-step argument). The Sanskrit equivalent is <i>parārthānumāna,</i> reasoning for others' understanding. See Logic."
    },
    {
      "term": "Syāmānanda Gosvāmī (1535-1631)",
      "definition": "one of the great Vaiṣṇava ācāryas who lived in Vṛndāvana after the time of Śrī Caitanya. He received the direct mercy of Rādhārāṇī in Vṛndāvana, was tutored in the bhakti-śāstras by Jīva Gosvāmī and delivered countless souls, especially in Orissa. He was initiated by Hṛdāya Caitanya dāsa and got the name Duḥkhi Kṛṣṇadāsa, but later he was called Syāmānanda by Jīva Gosvāmī, who noted his attraction for the Deity Śyāmāsundara.",
      "definition_html": "one of the great Vaiṣṇava <i>ācāryas</i> who lived in Vṛndāvana after the time of Śrī Caitanya. He received the direct mercy of Rādhārāṇī in Vṛndāvana, was tutored in the <i>bhakti-śāstras </i>by Jīva Gosvāmī and delivered countless souls, especially in Orissa. He was initiated by Hṛdāya Caitanya dāsa and got the name Duḥkhi Kṛṣṇadāsa, but later he was called Syāmānanda by Jīva Gosvāmī, who noted his attraction for the Deity Śyāmāsundara."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sādhaka",
      "definition": "a practitioner of sādhana-bhakti; one who is nearing the perfection of Brahman realization; one who is a suitable candidate for liberation.",
      "definition_html": "a practitioner of <i>sādhana-bhakti</i>; one who is nearing the perfection of Brahman realization; one who is a suitable candidate for liberation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sādhana",
      "definition": "the beginning phase of devotional service, consisting of regulated practice.",
      "definition_html": "the beginning phase of devotional service, consisting of regulated practice."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sādhana-bhakti",
      "definition": "following the rules and regulations of devotional service to develop natural love for Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "following the rules and regulations of devotional service to develop natural love for Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sādhana-siddha",
      "definition": "one who has attained perfection by executing the rules and regulations of devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "one who has attained perfection by executing the rules and regulations of devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sādhu",
      "definition": "a saintly person, or devotee. Sādhya—the stage of having achieved God realization. Sakhya-rasa—relationship with the Supreme Lord in friendship. Samādhi—the state of trance when the consciousness is absorbed in the Supreme. Saṅkīrtana—congregational chanting of the holy names. Sannyāsa—the renounced order of life. Śānta-rasa—passive or neutral relationship with the Supreme Lord. Śāstras—revealed scriptures. Siddhi-kāmīs—persons desiring the perfection of mystic yoga. Smaraṇa—devotional process of remembering. Śraddhāvān—a faithful person. Śravaṇa—devotional process of hearing. Svāmī—one who controls the mind and the senses; title of a person in the renounced order of life.",
      "definition_html": "a saintly person, or devotee.<br/> <i>Sādhya</i>—the stage of having achieved God realization.<br/> <i>Sakhya-rasa</i>—relationship with the Supreme Lord in friendship.<br/> <i>Samādhi</i>—the state of trance when the consciousness is absorbed in the Supreme.<br/> <i>Saṅkīrtana</i>—congregational chanting of the holy names.<br/> <i>Sannyāsa</i>—the renounced order of life.<br/> <i>Śānta-rasa</i>—passive or neutral relationship with the Supreme Lord.<br/> <i>Śāstras</i>—revealed scriptures.<br/> <i>Siddhi-kāmīs</i>—persons desiring the perfection of mystic yoga.<br/> <i>Smaraṇa</i>—devotional process of remembering.<br/> <i>Śraddhāvān</i>—a faithful person.<br/> <i>Śravaṇa</i>—devotional process of hearing.<br/> <i>Svāmī</i>—one who controls the mind and the senses; title of a person in the renounced order of life."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sādhu-nindā",
      "definition": "the offense of criticizing a Vaiṣṇava.",
      "definition_html": "the offense of criticizing a Vaiṣṇava."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sādhu-varya",
      "definition": "the best of gentlemen.",
      "definition_html": "the best of gentlemen."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sādhyas",
      "definition": "demigods inhabiting the heavenly planets.",
      "definition_html": "demigods inhabiting the heavenly planets."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sākhya",
      "definition": "Relationship of friendship with the Supreme Lord. Arjuna had this relationship.",
      "definition_html": "Relationship of friendship with the Supreme Lord. Arjuna had this relationship."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sākṣi-gopāla",
      "definition": "the Deity of Kṛṣṇa who acted as a witness to the promise of an elder brāhmaṇa to a younger one.",
      "definition_html": "the Deity of Kṛṣṇa who acted as a witness to the promise of an elder <i>brāhmaṇa </i>to a younger one."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sālokya",
      "definition": "the liberation of residing on the same planet as the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the liberation of residing on the same planet as the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sālokya-mukti",
      "definition": "liberation of residing on the same planet as the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "liberation of residing on the same planet as the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sāma Veda",
      "definition": "one of the four original Vedas. It consists of musical settings of the sacrificial hymns. The Sāma Veda is rich with beautiful songs played by the various demigods. One of these songs is the Bṛhat-sāma, which has an exquisite melody and is sung at midnight.",
      "definition_html": "one of the four original <i>Vedas</i>. It consists of musical settings of the sacrificial hymns. The <i>Sāma Veda</i> is rich with beautiful songs played by the various demigods. One of these songs is the <i>Bṛhat-sāma</i>, which has an exquisite melody and is sung at midnight."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sāmba",
      "definition": "one of the heroic sons of Lord Kṛṣṇa born of Jāmbavatī.",
      "definition_html": "one of the heroic sons of Lord Kṛṣṇa born of Jāmbavatī."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sāmīpya",
      "definition": "the liberation of becoming a personal associate of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the liberation of becoming a personal associate of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sāmīpya-mukti",
      "definition": "liberation of living as a personal associate of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "liberation of living as a personal associate of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sāra grass",
      "definition": "a whitish reed.",
      "definition_html": "a whitish reed."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sārvabhauma Bhaṭṭācarya",
      "definition": "a great scholar who was philosophically defeated by Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU and who then surrendered to the Lord as a disciple.",
      "definition_html": "a great scholar who was philosophically defeated by Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU and who then surrendered to the Lord as a disciple."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sārvabhauma Bhaṭṭācārya",
      "definition": "a famous logician, adviser to King Pratāparudra of Orissa who surrendered to Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu.",
      "definition_html": "a famous logician, adviser to King Pratāparudra of Orissa who surrendered to Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sārūpya",
      "definition": "the liberation of attaining a spiritual form like that of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the liberation of attaining a spiritual form like that of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sārūpya-mukti",
      "definition": "the liberation of having the same bodily features as the Lord's.",
      "definition_html": "the liberation of having the same bodily features as the Lord's."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sārṣṭi",
      "definition": "the liberation of achieving equal opulence with the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the liberation of achieving equal opulence with the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sārṣṭi-mukti",
      "definition": "the liberation of achieving opulences equal to those of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the liberation of achieving opulences equal to those of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "sāstras",
      "definition": "authoritative scriptures. See also VEDIC LITERATURE.",
      "definition_html": "authoritative scriptures. See also VEDIC LITERATURE."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sāttvika",
      "definition": "symptoms of ecstatic love coming from the transcendental platform; in the mode of goodness.",
      "definition_html": "symptoms of ecstatic love coming from the transcendental platform; in the mode of goodness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sātvata scriptures",
      "definition": "Vedic scriptures meant especially for the devotees of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "Vedic scriptures meant especially for the devotees of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sātvata-pañcarātra",
      "definition": "one of the Pañcarātras, consisting of a conversation between Nārada Muni and Lord Saṅkarṣaṇa describing the rules and regulations of devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "one of the <i>Pañcarātras, </i>consisting of a conversation between Nārada Muni and Lord Saṅkarṣaṇa describing the rules and regulations of devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sātvata-saṁhitās",
      "definition": "scriptures that are products of the mode of goodness.",
      "definition_html": "scriptures that are products of the mode of goodness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sātyaki",
      "definition": "the son of Śini, and a prominent member of the Yadu dynasty. He was an intimate friend of Lord Kṛṣṇa and student of Arjuna. He fought during the Kurukṣetra war and killed many kings on the side of the Kauravas.",
      "definition_html": "the son of Śini, and a prominent member of the Yadu dynasty. He was an intimate friend of Lord Kṛṣṇa and student of Arjuna. He fought during the Kurukṣetra war and killed many kings on the side of the Kauravas."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sāyujya",
      "definition": "the liberation of merging into the spiritual effulgence of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the liberation of merging into the spiritual effulgence of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sāyujya-mukti",
      "definition": "the liberation of merging into the Brahman effulgence.",
      "definition_html": "the liberation of merging into the Brahman effulgence."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sāṅkhya",
      "definition": "analytical discrimination between spirit and matter and the path of devotional service as described by Lord Kapila, the son of Devahūti in the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam; analytical understanding of the body and the soul. Sāṅkhya-yoga-the process of linking with the Supreme by intellectually tracing out the source of creation; An analysis of matter and spirit taught by sage Nirīśvara Kapila. One of the six systems of Vedic philosophy. See Analysis, Six systems.",
      "definition_html": "analytical discrimination between spirit and matter and the path of devotional service as described by Lord Kapila, the son of Devahūti in the <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam</i>; analytical understanding of the body and the soul. Sāṅkhya-yoga-the process of linking with the Supreme by intellectually tracing out the source of creation; An analysis of matter and spirit taught by sage Nirīśvara Kapila. One of the six systems of Vedic philosophy. See Analysis, Six systems."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sāṅkhya-yoga",
      "definition": "the process of linking with the Supreme by intellectually tracing out the source of creation.",
      "definition_html": "the process of linking with the Supreme by intellectually tracing out the source of creation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sāṅkhyas",
      "definition": "Speculators who scrutinize the material principles with minute analysis and synthesis.",
      "definition_html": "Speculators who scrutinize the material principles with minute analysis and synthesis."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sāṣṭānga-pranāma (Daṇḍavat)",
      "definition": "a respectful obeisance executed by prostrating eight limbs of the body, namely the thighs, feet, hands, chest, thoughts or devotion, head, voice, and closed eyes.",
      "definition_html": "a respectful obeisance executed by prostrating eight limbs of the body, namely the thighs, feet, hands, chest, thoughts or devotion, head, voice, and closed eyes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sītā",
      "definition": "the beloved consort of Lord Rāmacandra. She appeared in the house of Janaka Mahārāja, one of the twelve leading spiritual authorities in the universe. She was abducted by ten-headed demon, Ravana.",
      "definition_html": "the beloved consort of Lord Rāmacandra. She appeared in the house of Janaka Mahārāja, one of the twelve leading spiritual authorities in the universe. She was abducted by ten-headed demon, Ravana."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sītā-Rāma",
      "definition": "the transcendental couple manifested as Lord Rāmacandra, Kṛṣṇa's incarnation as the perfect king, and Lord Rāma's eternal consort, Sītā.",
      "definition_html": "the transcendental couple manifested as Lord Rāmacandra, Kṛṣṇa's incarnation as the perfect king, and Lord Rāma's eternal consort, Sītā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sūddīpta",
      "definition": "the manifestation in a devotee of all eight ecstatic symptoms multiplied a thousand times and all visible at once.",
      "definition_html": "the manifestation in a devotee of all eight ecstatic symptoms multiplied a thousand times and all visible at once."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sūrya",
      "definition": "the sun-god, who became the father of Karṇa. He is said to be the right eye of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the sun-god, who became the father of Karṇa. He is said to be the right eye of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sūryadatta",
      "definition": "a brother of King Virāṭa. He was killed by Droṇa during the battle of Kurukṣetra. (Karṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "a brother of King Virāṭa. He was killed by Droṇa during the battle of Kurukṣetra. (Karṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Sūta",
      "definition": "a mixture of different castes.",
      "definition_html": "a mixture of different castes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sūta Gosvāmī",
      "definition": "the son of Romaharsaṇa. He was the great sage who related the discourse between Parīkṣit Mahārāja and Śukadeva Gosvāmī, which forms the basis of the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam;.Naimiṣāraṇya-a sacred forest in central India where the eighteen Purāṇas were spoken and which is said to be the hub of the universe.",
      "definition_html": "the son of Romaharsaṇa. He was the great sage who related the discourse between Parīkṣit Mahārāja and Śukadeva Gosvāmī, which forms the basis of the <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam</i>;<i>.</i>Naimiṣāraṇya-a sacred forest in central India where the eighteen <i>Purāṇas </i>were spoken and which is said to be the hub of the universe."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sūtra",
      "definition": "the intermediate manifestation of the mahat-tattva, when it is predominated by the mode of passion; an aphorism expressing essential knowledge in minimum words; a book of such aphorisms.",
      "definition_html": "the intermediate manifestation of the <i>mahat-tattva, </i>when it is predominated by the mode of passion; an aphorism expressing essential knowledge in minimum words; a book of such aphorisms."
    },
    {
      "term": "Sṛṣṭi-śakti",
      "definition": "the power to create the cosmic manifestation.",
      "definition_html": "the power to create the cosmic manifestation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tad-ekātma-rūpa",
      "definition": "forms of the Lord which are nondifferent from His original form, but which have different bodily features and specific activities.",
      "definition_html": "forms of the Lord which are nondifferent from His original form, but which have different bodily features and specific activities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tadīya",
      "definition": "everything belonging to the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "everything belonging to the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Takuwan",
      "definition": "Japanese white daikon radish, pickled in rice bran and salt.",
      "definition_html": "Japanese white daikon radish, pickled in rice bran and salt."
    },
    {
      "term": "Takṣaka",
      "definition": "the king of the snakes. He killed Mahārāja Parīkṣit.",
      "definition_html": "the king of the snakes. He killed Mahārāja Parīkṣit."
    },
    {
      "term": "tamas",
      "definition": "the material mode of ignorance, characterized by ignorance, lethargy, and madness.",
      "definition_html": "the material mode of ignorance, characterized by ignorance, lethargy, and madness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tamasaḥ",
      "definition": "the coverings of the universe.",
      "definition_html": "the coverings of the universe."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tamo-guṇa",
      "definition": "the mode of ignorance, or darkness of material nature. It is controlled by Lord Śiva. See Modes of nature.",
      "definition_html": "the mode of ignorance, or darkness of material nature. It is controlled by Lord Śiva. See Modes of nature."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tamāla",
      "definition": "a tree whose color resembles Lord Kṛṣṇa's. It is found mostly in Vṛndāvana, India.",
      "definition_html": "a tree whose color resembles Lord Kṛṣṇa's. It is found mostly in Vṛndāvana, India."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tan-mātras",
      "definition": "The five qualities of the mahā-bhūtas that subtly manifest in the mind as sound, touch, form, taste and smell. See Mahā-bhūtas, Modes of nature, Pradhāna.",
      "definition_html": "The five qualities of the <i>mahā-bhūtas</i> that subtly manifest in the mind as sound, touch, form, taste and smell. See Mahā-bhūtas, Modes of nature, Pradhāna."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tantras",
      "definition": "minor scriptures describing various rituals, mostly for persons in the mode of ignorance; Vedic literatures consisting mostly of dialogues between Lord Śiva and Durgā. They contain instructions on Deity worship and other aspects of spiritual practice; special hymns for conjuring magic or producing mystical effects.",
      "definition_html": "minor scriptures describing various rituals, mostly for persons in the mode of ignorance; Vedic literatures consisting mostly of dialogues between Lord Śiva and Durgā. They contain instructions on Deity worship and other aspects of spiritual practice; special hymns for conjuring magic or producing mystical effects."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tapas",
      "definition": "austerity or penance. There are many rules and regulations in the Vedas which apply here, like rising early in the morning and taking a bath. Sometimes it is very troublesome to rise early in the morning, but whatever voluntary trouble one may suffer in this way is called penance. Similarly, there are prescriptions for fasting on certain days of the month. One may not be inclined to practice such fasting, but because of his determination to make advancement in the science of Kṛṣṇa consciousness, he should accept such bodily troubles when they are recommended.",
      "definition_html": "austerity or penance. There are many rules and regulations in the <i>Vedas</i> which apply here, like rising early in the morning and taking a bath. Sometimes it is very troublesome to rise early in the morning, but whatever voluntary trouble one may suffer in this way is called penance. Similarly, there are prescriptions for fasting on certain days of the month. One may not be inclined to practice such fasting, but because of his determination to make advancement in the science of Kṛṣṇa consciousness, he should accept such bodily troubles when they are recommended<i>.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Tapasvī",
      "definition": "one who performs austerities.",
      "definition_html": "one who performs austerities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tapasvīs",
      "definition": "persons who undergo severe penances for elevation to higher planets.",
      "definition_html": "persons who undergo severe penances for elevation to higher planets."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tapasya",
      "definition": "voluntary acceptance of some material inconvenience for progress in spiritual life. Taṭastha-śakti—the marginal potency of the Supreme Lord. Tyāgis—those in the renounced order of life.",
      "definition_html": "voluntary acceptance of some material inconvenience for progress in spiritual life.<br/> <i>Taṭastha-śakti</i>—the marginal potency of the Supreme Lord.<br/> <i>Tyāgis</i>—those in the renounced order of life."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tapaḥ",
      "definition": "the acceptance of hardships for spiritual realization.",
      "definition_html": "the acceptance of hardships for spiritual realization."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tapoloka",
      "definition": "a heavenly planet.",
      "definition_html": "a heavenly planet."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tattva",
      "definition": "truth, reality. According to Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa, Vedic knowledge categorizes reality into five tattvas, or ontological truths: īśvara (the Supreme Lord), jīva (the living entity), prakṛti (nature), kāla (eternal time) and karma (activity).",
      "definition_html": "truth, reality. According to Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa, Vedic knowledge categorizes reality into five <i>tattvas,</i> or ontological truths: <i>īśvara</i> (the Supreme Lord), <i>jīva</i> (the living entity), <i>prakṛti</i> (nature), <i>kāla</i> (eternal time) and <i>karma</i> (activity)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tattva-darśī",
      "definition": "one who has seen the truth.",
      "definition_html": "one who has seen the truth."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tattvas",
      "definition": "the Absolute Truth's multifarious categories.",
      "definition_html": "the Absolute Truth's multifarious categories."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tattvavit",
      "definition": "one who knows the Absolute Truth in His three different features.",
      "definition_html": "one who knows the Absolute Truth in His three different features."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tattvavādīs",
      "definition": "the followers of Madhvācārya.",
      "definition_html": "the followers of Madhvācārya."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tava",
      "definition": "a slightly concave cast-iron frying pan used for cooking capatis and other flat Indian breads.",
      "definition_html": "a slightly concave cast-iron frying pan used for cooking <i>capatis </i>and other flat Indian breads."
    },
    {
      "term": "Taṭastha-śakti",
      "definition": "the living entities, the marginal potency of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the living entities, the marginal potency of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Teachings of Lord Caitanya",
      "definition": "a summary study by His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda of the book CAITANYA CARITĀMṚTA.",
      "definition_html": "a summary study by His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda of the book CAITANYA CARITĀMṚTA."
    },
    {
      "term": "Technology",
      "definition": "This term is derived from the Greek tchne, handicraft, skill, and that term in turn is derived from takṣa (cutting through), the Sanskrit word for the work of a carpenter. Thus modern technology is glorified carpentry.",
      "definition_html": "This term is derived from the Greek <i>tchne,</i> handicraft, skill, and that term in turn is derived from <i>takṣa</i> (cutting through), the Sanskrit word for the work of a carpenter. Thus modern technology is glorified carpentry."
    },
    {
      "term": "Teleology",
      "definition": "From the Greek tlos, purpose, goal and lgos, knowledge of. The logic of teleology is that one can know the purpose of something by deducing it from its origin. See Deduction.",
      "definition_html": "From the Greek <i>tlos,</i> purpose, goal and <i>lgos,</i> knowledge of. The logic of teleology is that one can know the purpose of something by deducing it from its origin. See Deduction."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tempo",
      "definition": "three-wheeler vehicle used like a small bus.",
      "definition_html": "three-wheeler vehicle used like a small bus."
    },
    {
      "term": "Thali",
      "definition": "vegetarian meal which includes many different preparations, usually all you can eat; a low-rimmed metal plate.",
      "definition_html": "vegetarian meal which includes many different preparations, usually all you can eat; a low-rimmed metal plate."
    },
    {
      "term": "The Nectar of Devotion",
      "definition": "a summary study by His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda of the book BHAKTI-RASĀMṚTA SINDHU by RŪPA GOSWAMI.",
      "definition_html": "a summary study by His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda of the book BHAKTI-RASĀMṚTA SINDHU by RŪPA GOSWAMI."
    },
    {
      "term": "Theism",
      "definition": "According to the Harper Collins Dictionary of Philosophy, p. 120, the philosophy of theism in most interpretations is, God is partly immanent in the universe and partly transcendent. In essence, this definition is the Vedic philosophy of the Supreme Person. As stated in Puruṣa-śukta (Ṛg-Veda 10.90.4): With three-fourths of Himself, the Puruṣa ascended; the other fourth was born here. From here on all sides He moved, toward the living and the non-living. Again and again in the Vedic literatures we find references to tripāda-vibhūti and ekapāda-vibhūti, the three-fourths of the Lord's splendor displayed as the spiritual world, and the one-fourth by which He pervades the material world. About the material manifestation, Lord Kṛṣṇa says in Bg. 10.41: yad yad vibhūtimat sattvaṁ śrīmad ūrjitam eva vā tat tad evāvagaccha tvaṁ mama tejo-'ṁśa-sambhavam. Know that all these opulent, beautiful and glorious creations are born from a part of My total splendor. Because they oppose theism, the theories of deism, monism, pantheism and dualism are actually atheism. Deism separates God completely from His material creation. Monism renders God partless. Pantheism confines Him to the material universe. And dualism divides creation against Him, placing part of it in the hands of a rival. Even major religious traditions like Christianity are influenced by deism and dualism. The English natural theologian Robert Boyle (1627-1691) expressed open contempt for theism as a doctrine of infidels. When he drew up his last will and testament, he bequeathed fifty pounds per annum for ever, or at least for a considerable number of years in order to institute a series of lectures for proving the Christian Religion, against notorious Infidels, viz. Atheists, Theists, Pagans, Jews, and Mahometans. Monotheism and panentheism are synonyms for theism. Monotheism means belief in one God. In the Vedic religion, there is only one God, though He empowers servants who act as demigods on His command. These demigods are worshiped as God only by foolish people. Panentheism teaches that all things are imbued with God's presence, because all things are in God. God is more than all there is. He is all-conscious and the supreme unifying factor. See Atheism.",
      "definition_html": "According to the <i>Harper Collins Dictionary of Philosophy,</i> p. 120, the philosophy of theism in most interpretations is, God is partly immanent in the universe and partly transcendent. In essence, this definition is the Vedic philosophy of the Supreme Person. As stated in <i>Puruṣa-śukta</i> (<i>Ṛg-Veda</i> 10.90.4): With three-fourths of Himself, the Puruṣa ascended; the other fourth was born here. From here on all sides He moved, toward the living and the non-living. Again and again in the Vedic literatures we find references to <i>tripāda-vibhūti</i> and <i>ekapāda-vibhūti,</i> the three-fourths of the Lord's splendor displayed as the spiritual world, and the one-fourth by which He pervades the material world. About the material manifestation, Lord Kṛṣṇa says in <i>Bg.</i> <b>10.41</b>: yad yad vibhūtimat sattvaṁ śrīmad ūrjitam eva vā tat tad evāvagaccha tvaṁ mama tejo-'ṁśa-sambhavam. Know that all these opulent, beautiful and glorious creations are born from a part of My total splendor. Because they oppose theism, the theories of deism, monism, pantheism and dualism are actually atheism. Deism separates God completely from His material creation. Monism renders God partless. Pantheism confines Him to the material universe. And dualism divides creation against Him, placing part of it in the hands of a rival. Even major religious traditions like Christianity are influenced by deism and dualism. The English natural theologian Robert Boyle (1627-1691) expressed open contempt for theism as a doctrine of infidels. When he drew up his last will and testament, he bequeathed fifty pounds per annum for ever, or at least for a considerable number of years in order to institute a series of lectures for proving the Christian Religion, against notorious Infidels, viz. Atheists, Theists, Pagans, Jews, and Mahometans. Monotheism and panentheism are synonyms for theism. Monotheism means belief in one God. In the Vedic religion, there is only one God, though He empowers servants who act as demigods on His command. These demigods are worshiped as God only by foolish people. Panentheism teaches that all things are imbued with God's presence, because all things are <i>in</i> God. God is more than all there is. He is all-conscious and the supreme unifying factor. See Atheism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Theodore Parker (1810-1860)",
      "definition": "an American Unitarian clergyman and social reformer who promoted the antislavery cause.",
      "definition_html": "an American Unitarian clergyman and social reformer who promoted the antislavery cause."
    },
    {
      "term": "Theogony",
      "definition": "A poem written around 700 BC by the Greek shepherd Hesiod who was inspired by the angelic Muses, the daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne. The Theogony, along with the works of Homer, formed the scriptural basis of the historical Greek religion. There was a religious culture in Greece long before this historical period, but from the empirical point of view, it is largely shrouded in mystery.",
      "definition_html": "A poem written around 700 BC by the Greek shepherd Hesiod who was inspired by the angelic Muses, the daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne. The <i>Theogony,</i> along with the works of Homer, formed the scriptural basis of the historical Greek religion. There was a religious culture in Greece long before this historical period, but from the empirical point of view, it is largely shrouded in mystery."
    },
    {
      "term": "Thes",
      "definition": "God.",
      "definition_html": "God."
    },
    {
      "term": "Threefold miseries",
      "definition": "This is another feature of the influence of the three modes of material nature. All living entities within this material world are controlled by material nature (prakṛti), who subjects them to threefold miseries: adhidaivika-kleśa (sufferings caused by the demigods, such as droughts, earthquakes and storms), adhibhautika-kleśa (sufferings caused by other living entities like insects or enemies), and adhyātmika-kleśa (sufferings caused by one's own body and mind, such as mental and physical infirmities). Daiva-bhūtātma-hetavaḥ: the conditioned souls, subjected to these three miseries by the control of the external energy, suffer various difficulties. This suffering is the impetus for seeking answers to the fundemental questions of life: Who am I? Why am I suffering? How can I get free of suffering? See Modes of nature, Prakṛti.",
      "definition_html": "This is another feature of the influence of the three modes of material nature. All living entities within this material world are controlled by material nature <i>(prakṛti),</i> who subjects them to threefold miseries: <i>adhidaivika-kleśa</i> (sufferings caused by the demigods, such as droughts, earthquakes and storms), <i>adhibhautika-kleśa</i> (sufferings caused by other living entities like insects or enemies), and <i>adhyātmika-kleśa</i> (sufferings caused by one's own body and mind, such as mental and physical infirmities). <i>Daiva-bhūtātma-hetavaḥ:</i> the conditioned souls, subjected to these three miseries by the control of the external energy, suffer various difficulties. This suffering is the impetus for seeking answers to the fundemental questions of life: Who am I? Why am I suffering? How can I get free of suffering? See Modes of nature, Prakṛti."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tilaka",
      "definition": "sacred clay markings placed on the forehead and other parts of the body to designate one as a follower of Viṣṇu, Rāma, Śiva, Vedic culture, etc.",
      "definition_html": "sacred clay markings placed on the forehead and other parts of the body to designate one as a follower of Viṣṇu, Rāma, Śiva, Vedic culture, etc."
    },
    {
      "term": "Time",
      "definition": "In his purport of SB 3.10.11, Śrīla Prabhupāda writes as follows about time: The impersonal time factor is the background of the material manifestation as the instrument of the Supreme Lord. It is the ingredient of assistance offered to material nature. No one knows where time began and where it ends, and it is time only which can keep a record of the creation, maintenance and destruction of the material manifestation. This time factor is the material cause of creation and is therefore a self expansion of the Personality of Godhead. Time is considered the impersonal feature of the Lord. The time factor is also explained by modern men in various ways. Some accept it almost as it is explained in the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam. For example, in Hebrew literature time is accepted, in the same spirit, as a representation of God. It is stated therein: God, who at sundry times and in diverse manners spake in time past unto the fathers by the prophets... Metaphysically, time is distinguished as absolute and real. Absolute time is continuous and is unaffected by the speed or slowness of material things. Time is astronomically and mathematically calculated in relation to the speed, change and life of a particular object. Factually, however, time has nothing to do with the relativities of things; rather, everything is shaped and calculated in terms of the facility offered by time. Time is the basic measurement of the activity of our senses, by which we calculate past, present and future; but in factual calculation, time has no beginning and no end. Cāṇakya Pāṇḍita says that even a slight fraction of time cannot be purchased with millions of dollars, and therefore even a moment of time lost without profit must be calculated as the greatest loss in life. Time is not subject to any form of psychology, nor are the moments objective realities in themselves, but they are dependent on particular experiences.",
      "definition_html": "In his purport of <i>SB </i><b>3.10.11</b>, Śrīla Prabhupāda writes as follows about time: The impersonal time factor is the background of the material manifestation as the instrument of the Supreme Lord. It is the ingredient of assistance offered to material nature. No one knows where time began and where it ends, and it is time only which can keep a record of the creation, maintenance and destruction of the material manifestation. This time factor is the material cause of creation and is therefore a self expansion of the Personality of Godhead. Time is considered the impersonal feature of the Lord. The time factor is also explained by modern men in various ways. Some accept it almost as it is explained in the <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam.</i> For example, in Hebrew literature time is accepted, in the same spirit, as a representation of God. It is stated therein: God, who at sundry times and in diverse manners spake in time past unto the fathers by the prophets... Metaphysically, time is distinguished as absolute and real. Absolute time is continuous and is unaffected by the speed or slowness of material things. Time is astronomically and mathematically calculated in relation to the speed, change and life of a particular object. Factually, however, time has nothing to do with the relativities of things; rather, everything is shaped and calculated in terms of the facility offered by time. Time is the basic measurement of the activity of our senses, by which we calculate past, present and future; but in factual calculation, time has no beginning and no end. Cāṇakya Pāṇḍita says that even a slight fraction of time cannot be purchased with millions of dollars, and therefore even a moment of time lost without profit must be calculated as the greatest loss in life. Time is not subject to any form of psychology, nor are the moments objective realities in themselves, but they are dependent on particular experiences."
    },
    {
      "term": "Timiṅgila",
      "definition": "a huge aquatic monster that can swallow whales.",
      "definition_html": "a huge aquatic monster that can swallow whales."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tithis",
      "definition": "days of the Vedic calendar measured according to the phases of the moon.",
      "definition_html": "days of the Vedic calendar measured according to the phases of the moon."
    },
    {
      "term": "Titikṣā",
      "definition": "tolerance; endurance of unhappiness.",
      "definition_html": "tolerance; endurance of unhappiness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tonga",
      "definition": "two-wheeled horse carriage.",
      "definition_html": "two-wheeled horse carriage."
    },
    {
      "term": "Toovar dal",
      "definition": "also called arhar dal, toor dal, or pigeon peas, these cream-coloured split lentils, which are paler in colour, flatter, and larger than yellow split peas, are widely used for cooking in Northern and Southwestern India. They have a delightful, slightly sweet flavour and are easy to digest, especially in the famous South Indian soup-like dishes rasam and sambar. Toovar dal is available at Indian grocers.",
      "definition_html": "also called <i>arhar dal</i>, <i>toor dal</i>, or pigeon peas, these cream-coloured split lentils, which are paler in colour, flatter, and larger than yellow split peas, are widely used for cooking in Northern and Southwestern India. They have a delightful, slightly sweet flavour and are easy to digest, especially in the famous South Indian soup-like <i>dishes rasam and sambar</i>. <i>Toovar dal</i> is available at Indian grocers."
    },
    {
      "term": "Trayodaśī",
      "definition": "the thirteenth day after the new and full moons.",
      "definition_html": "the thirteenth day after the new and full moons."
    },
    {
      "term": "Trayī",
      "definition": "the three Vedas. (Ṛg, Sāma and Yajur), which explain fruitive activities for material benefits.",
      "definition_html": "the three <i>Vedas.</i> (<i>Ṛg, Sāma</i> and <i>Yajur</i>), which explain fruitive activities for material benefits."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tretā-yuga",
      "definition": "the second in the cycle of the four ages of the universe or mahā-yuga. It lasts 1,296,000 years. In this age Lord Rāmacandra appeared.",
      "definition_html": "the second in the cycle of the four ages of the universe or<i> mahā-yuga</i>. It lasts 1,296,000 years. In this age Lord Rāmacandra appeared."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tri-daṇḍa",
      "definition": "a staff, made of three rods, carried by Vaiṣṇava sannyāsīs who are devotees of Lord Kṛṣṇa, signifying service with mind, body and words.",
      "definition_html": "a staff, made of three rods, carried by Vaiṣṇava <i>sannyāsīs</i> who are devotees of Lord Kṛṣṇa, signifying service with mind, body and words."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tri-loka",
      "definition": "The Sanskrit term tri-loka is often found in Vedic scriptures. Tri-loka means three worlds. The universe is divided into three worlds, or realms of consciousness: bhūr, bhuvaḥ and svaḥ (the gross region, the subtle region and the celestial region). In Svargaloka or the celestial heaven, superhuman beings called demigods (devatas) exist, enjoying a life that in human terms is almost unimaginable. In the subtle region exist ghosts and elemental beings. And in the gross or earthly realm exist human beings and other creatures with tissue-bodies, including the animals and plants. There is also a subterranean region where powerful demons reside. And there is a region known as naraka, hell. As explained in Bg. 3.27, the souls within these regions of material consciousness wrongly identify themselves as the doers of physical and mental activities that are actually carried out by three modes of material nature. This wrong identification is called ahaṅkāra, or false ego, the basis of our entanglement in material existence. See Demigods, Svarga.",
      "definition_html": "The Sanskrit term <i>tri-loka</i> is often found in Vedic scriptures. <i>Tri-loka</i> means three worlds. The universe is divided into three worlds, or realms of consciousness: <i>bhūr, bhuvaḥ</i> and <i>svaḥ</i> (the gross region, the subtle region and the celestial region). In Svargaloka or the celestial heaven, superhuman beings called demigods <i>(devatas)</i> exist, enjoying a life that in human terms is almost unimaginable. In the subtle region exist ghosts and elemental beings. And in the gross or earthly realm exist human beings and other creatures with tissue-bodies, including the animals and plants. There is also a subterranean region where powerful demons reside. And there is a region known as <i>naraka,</i> hell. As explained in <i>Bg.</i> <b>3.27</b>, the souls within these regions of material consciousness wrongly identify themselves as the doers of physical and mental activities that are actually carried out by three modes of material nature. This wrong identification is called <i>ahaṅkāra,</i> or false ego, the basis of our entanglement in material existence. See Demigods, Svarga."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tri-pāda-vibhuti",
      "definition": "The Spiritual Nature beyond the jurisdiction of Brahmā—the superior energy of the Lord. Also called Parā Prakṛti.",
      "definition_html": "</i>The Spiritual Nature beyond the jurisdiction of Brahmā—the superior energy of the Lord. Also called <i>Parā Prakṛti</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tribunga",
      "definition": "Lord Krsna's famous three-curved stance.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Krsna's famous three-curved stance."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tridaṇḍi-sannyāsī",
      "definition": "a member of the renounced order of life who accepts the personal nature of the Absolute Truth.",
      "definition_html": "a member of the renounced order of life who accepts the personal nature of the Absolute Truth."
    },
    {
      "term": "Trigarta",
      "definition": "a province in ancient Bharata. The King of this country, Suśarma, fought on the side of Duryodhana and was killed by Arjuna.",
      "definition_html": "a province in ancient Bharata. The King of this country, Suśarma, fought on the side of Duryodhana and was killed by Arjuna."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tripura",
      "definition": "a large district on the far eastern side of Bengal, just south of the Śrī Hatta (Sylhet) area of Assam. In olden times Tripura was part of Bengal. The kings of Tripura had a long-standing relationship with Ṭhākura Bhaktivinoda and later with Śrīla Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Ṭhākura.",
      "definition_html": "a large district on the far eastern side of Bengal, just south of the Śrī Hatta (Sylhet) area of Assam. In olden times Tripura was part of Bengal. The kings of Tripura had a long-standing relationship with Ṭhākura Bhaktivinoda and later with Śrīla Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Ṭhākura."
    },
    {
      "term": "Triveṇī",
      "definition": "the confluence of the three sacred rivers Ganges, Yamunā and Sarasvatī at Prayāga.",
      "definition_html": "the confluence of the three sacred rivers Ganges, Yamunā and Sarasvatī at Prayāga."
    },
    {
      "term": "Trivikrama",
      "definition": "a name for the Supreme Lord indicating His incarnation as the dwarf brāhmaṇa Vāmanadeva. Meaning literally \"He who took three big steps,\" this name recalls the Lord's pastime of extending His foot through the coverings of the material universe and into the Causal Ocean.",
      "definition_html": "a name for the Supreme Lord indicating His incarnation as the dwarf <i>brāhmaṇa </i>Vāmanadeva. Meaning literally \"He who took three big steps,\" this name recalls the Lord's pastime of extending His foot through the coverings of the material universe and into the Causal Ocean."
    },
    {
      "term": "Triyuga",
      "definition": "a name of Viṣṇu meaning one who appears in only three yugas.",
      "definition_html": "a name of Viṣṇu meaning one who appears in only three <i>yugas</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Triyugī",
      "definition": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning \"He who appears in three yugas,\" namely Satya, Tretā, and Dvāpara. The Lord appears in a covered incarnation in Kali-yuga, as Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu.",
      "definition_html": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning \"He who appears in three <i>yugas,\" </i>namely Satya, Tretā, and Dvāpara. The Lord appears in a covered incarnation in Kali-yuga, as Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Try-adhīśvara",
      "definition": "the proprietor of the three worlds.",
      "definition_html": "the proprietor of the three worlds."
    },
    {
      "term": "Trāsa",
      "definition": "shock, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "shock, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tulasī",
      "definition": "a pure devotee in the form of a basil plant held sacred by the Vaiṣṇavas and is very dear to Śrī Kṛṣṇa. Its leaves and mañjarīs (buds) are always offered to His lotus feet; Mañjarī- the small, purplish flowers of the tulasī plant. Mañjarīs, along with tulasī leaves, are offered only to the Supreme Personality of Godhead. They must be fresh.",
      "definition_html": "a pure devotee in the form of a basil plant held sacred by the Vaiṣṇavas and is very dear to Śrī Kṛṣṇa. Its leaves and <i>mañjarīs</i> (buds) are always offered to His lotus feet; Mañjarī- the small, purplish flowers of the <i>tulasī </i>plant. <i>Mañjarīs</i>, along with <i>tulasī </i>leaves, are offered only to the Supreme Personality of Godhead. They must be fresh."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tyāga",
      "definition": "renunciation of activities performed with material consciousness.",
      "definition_html": "renunciation of activities performed with material consciousness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tānava",
      "definition": "the ecstatic symptom of thinness.",
      "definition_html": "the ecstatic symptom of thinness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tāruṇyāmṛta",
      "definition": "the nectar of youth.",
      "definition_html": "the nectar of youth."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tārā",
      "definition": "the wife of Bṛhaspati. She was kidnapped by the moon-god.",
      "definition_html": "the wife of Bṛhaspati. She was kidnapped by the moon-god."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tāṇḍava-nṛtya",
      "definition": "Lord Śiva's dance, which he performs at the time of universal devastation, and at other times also.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Śiva's dance, which he performs at the time of universal devastation, and at other times also."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tīrtha (teertha)",
      "definition": "a sacred place of pilgrimage associated with a pastime of an incarnation of God, such as a holy river, a temple of the Lord, or the residence or place of meditation of a holy sage or saintly person.",
      "definition_html": "a sacred place of pilgrimage associated with a pastime of an incarnation of God, such as a holy river, a temple of the Lord, or the residence or place of meditation of a holy sage or saintly person."
    },
    {
      "term": "Tṛṇāvarta",
      "definition": "a whirlwind-shaped demon who was sent by Kaṁsa to kill Kṛṣṇa, but whom Kṛṣṇa killed instead.",
      "definition_html": "a whirlwind-shaped demon who was sent by Kaṁsa to kill Kṛṣṇa, but whom Kṛṣṇa killed instead."
    },
    {
      "term": "Uccaiḥśravā",
      "definition": "a horse born from nectar and considered to be a representative of Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a horse born from nectar and considered to be a representative of Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ucchṛṅkhala",
      "definition": "whimsical.",
      "definition_html": "whimsical."
    },
    {
      "term": "Udbhāsvara",
      "definition": "eternal ecstatic symptoms or bodily transformations which indicate ecstatic emotions in the mind.",
      "definition_html": "eternal ecstatic symptoms or bodily transformations which indicate ecstatic emotions in the mind."
    },
    {
      "term": "Uddhava",
      "definition": "a learned disciple of Bṛhaspati and confidential friend of Lord Kṛṣṇa in Dvārakā; In Kṛṣṇa's Mathurā and Dvārakā līlā, Uddhava is Kṛṣṇa's best friend. He visited the residents of Vṛndāvana to console them in their grief due to Kṛṣṇa's absence. In the Eleventh Canto of Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, Kṛṣṇa imparts most important transcendental knowledge to Uddhava.",
      "definition_html": "a learned disciple of Bṛhaspati and confidential friend of Lord Kṛṣṇa in Dvārakā; In Kṛṣṇa's Mathurā and Dvārakā līlā, Uddhava is Kṛṣṇa's best friend. He visited the residents of Vṛndāvana to console them in their grief due to Kṛṣṇa's absence. In the Eleventh Canto of Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, Kṛṣṇa imparts most important transcendental knowledge to Uddhava."
    },
    {
      "term": "Uddīpta",
      "definition": "the manifestation in a devotee of five, six or all eight ecstatic symptoms simultaneously.",
      "definition_html": "the manifestation in a devotee of five, six or all eight ecstatic symptoms simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "term": "Udghātyaka",
      "definition": "a dancing appearance of a player in drama.",
      "definition_html": "a dancing appearance of a player in drama."
    },
    {
      "term": "Udvega",
      "definition": "the ecstatic symptom of mental agitation.",
      "definition_html": "the ecstatic symptom of mental agitation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Udāna-vāyu",
      "definition": "bodily air which moves upwards and which is controlled by the breathing exercises of the aṣṭāṅga-yoga system.",
      "definition_html": "bodily air which moves upwards and which is controlled by the breathing exercises of the aṣṭāṅga-yoga system."
    },
    {
      "term": "Udāra",
      "definition": "magnanimous.",
      "definition_html": "magnanimous."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ugra-karma",
      "definition": "evil activities.",
      "definition_html": "evil activities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ugrasena",
      "definition": "the King of the Yadus, and the father of Kaṁsa.",
      "definition_html": "the King of the Yadus, and the father of Kaṁsa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ujjvala-nīlamaṇi",
      "definition": "a Sanskrit work that describes the complete science of mādhurya-rasa, the conjugal relationship with Lord Kṛṣṇa. It was compiled by Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī in the sixteenth century.",
      "definition_html": "a Sanskrit work that describes the complete science of mādhurya-rasa, the conjugal relationship with Lord Kṛṣṇa. It was compiled by Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī in the sixteenth century."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ulūka",
      "definition": "the son of Śakuni. He was killed by Sahadeva during the battle of Kurukṣetra. (Śalya Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "the son of Śakuni. He was killed by Sahadeva during the battle of Kurukṣetra. (Śalya Parva in Mahābhārata)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Ulūpī",
      "definition": "the wife of Arjuna and the mother of Irāvān.",
      "definition_html": "the wife of Arjuna and the mother of Irāvān."
    },
    {
      "term": "Umā",
      "definition": "wife of Lord Śiva. See also: Durgā",
      "definition_html": "wife of Lord Śiva. See also: Durgā"
    },
    {
      "term": "United Provinces of Agra and Oudh",
      "definition": "the present Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.",
      "definition_html": "the present Indian state of Uttar Pradesh."
    },
    {
      "term": "Unmāda",
      "definition": "craziness, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "craziness, a vyabhicāri-bhāva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Upadeśāmṛta",
      "definition": "a short Sanskrit work by Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī containing important instructions about devotional service to Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a short Sanskrit work by Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī containing important instructions about devotional service to Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Upala-bhoga",
      "definition": "morning refreshments offered to Lord Jagannātha.",
      "definition_html": "morning refreshments offered to Lord Jagannātha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Upaniṣads",
      "definition": "one-hundred and eight Sanskrit treatises that embody the philosophy of the Vedas. Considered the most significant philosophical sections and crest jewels of the Vedas, the Upaniṣads are found in the Āraṇyaka and Brāhmaṇa portions of the Vedas. They are theistic and contain the realizations and teachings of great sages of antiquity; The term upaniṣad literally means that which is learned by sitting close to the teacher. The texts of the Upaniṣads teach the philosophy of the Absolute Truth (Brahman) to those seeking liberation from birth and death, and the study of the Upaniṣads is known as Vedānta, the conclusion of the Veda. The contents of the Upaniṣads are extremely difficult to fathom; they are to be understood only under the close guidance of a spiritual master (guru). Because the Upaniṣads contain many apparently contradictory statements, the great sage Vyāsa systematized the Upaniṣadic teachings in the Vedānta-sūtra. His natural commentary on the Vedānta-sūtra is the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam. See Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, Vedānta-sūtra.",
      "definition_html": "one-hundred and eight Sanskrit treatises that embody the philosophy of the Vedas. Considered the most significant philosophical sections and crest jewels of the Vedas, the Upaniṣads are found in the Āraṇyaka and Brāhmaṇa portions of the Vedas. They are theistic and contain the realizations and teachings of great sages of antiquity; The term upaniṣad literally means that which is learned by sitting close to the teacher. The texts of the Upaniṣads teach the philosophy of the Absolute Truth (Brahman) to those seeking liberation from birth and death, and the study of the Upaniṣads is known as Vedānta, the conclusion of the Veda. The contents of the Upaniṣads are extremely difficult to fathom; they are to be understood only under the close guidance of a spiritual master (guru). Because the Upaniṣads contain many apparently contradictory statements, the great sage Vyāsa systematized the Upaniṣadic teachings in the Vedānta-sūtra. His natural commentary on the Vedānta-sūtra is the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam. See Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, Vedānta-sūtra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Upaplavya",
      "definition": "the capital city of King Virāṭa.",
      "definition_html": "the capital city of King Virāṭa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Uparasa",
      "definition": "the first kind of rasābhāsa, occurring when one tastes one kind of mellow and something extra is imposed.",
      "definition_html": "the first kind of rasābhāsa, occurring when one tastes one kind of mellow and something extra is imposed."
    },
    {
      "term": "Upendra",
      "definition": "Vāmanadeva, who sometimes appears as the younger brother of Indra.",
      "definition_html": "Vāmanadeva, who sometimes appears as the younger brother of Indra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Upādhis",
      "definition": "material designations.",
      "definition_html": "material designations."
    },
    {
      "term": "Upādhyāya",
      "definition": "a teacher who makes a living teaching Sanskrit grammar.",
      "definition_html": "a teacher who makes a living teaching Sanskrit grammar."
    },
    {
      "term": "Upāsanā-kāṇḍa",
      "definition": "portions of the Vedas dealing with ceremonies of worship, especially demigod worship; The path of devotional service. One of the three departments of Vedic knowledge, upāsanā-kāṇḍa is taught by Nārada Muni. See Bhakti, Jñāna-kāṇḍa, Karma-kāṇḍa, Para-vidyā.",
      "definition_html": "portions of the Vedas dealing with ceremonies of worship, especially demigod worship; The path of devotional service. One of the three departments of Vedic knowledge, upāsanā-kāṇḍa is taught by Nārada Muni. See Bhakti, Jñāna-kāṇḍa, Karma-kāṇḍa, Para-vidyā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Upāsya",
      "definition": "worshipable.",
      "definition_html": "worshipable."
    },
    {
      "term": "Urugāya",
      "definition": "the name of the Lord meaning \"He who is glorified with sublime prayers.\"",
      "definition_html": "the name of the Lord meaning \"He who is glorified with sublime prayers.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Urukrama",
      "definition": "the Supreme Lord, who takes wonderful steps (especially as the dwarf brāhmaṇa incarnation, Vāmanadeva).",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Lord, who takes wonderful steps (especially as the dwarf brāhmaṇa incarnation, Vāmanadeva)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Urvaśī",
      "definition": "one of the heavenly Apsarās. She tried to seduce Arjuna when he was in the heavenly kingdom. Arjuna refused to satisfy her because he considered her the mother of the Kuru dynasty having taken Puru for her husband. Because of Arjuna's refusal, Urvaśī cursed Arjuna to become a eunuch for one year. This curse took its effect during last year of exile of the Pāṇḍavas in the kingdom of Virāṭa; a woman from the heavenly planets who became enamored of King Purūravā.",
      "definition_html": "one of the heavenly Apsarās. She tried to seduce Arjuna when he was in the heavenly kingdom. Arjuna refused to satisfy her because he considered her the mother of the Kuru dynasty having taken Puru for her husband. Because of Arjuna's refusal, Urvaśī cursed Arjuna to become a eunuch for one year. This curse took its effect during last year of exile of the Pāṇḍavas in the kingdom of Virāṭa; a woman from the heavenly planets who became enamored of King Purūravā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Utkala",
      "definition": "the eldest son of Dhruva Mahārāja.",
      "definition_html": "the eldest son of Dhruva Mahārāja."
    },
    {
      "term": "Utsāha",
      "definition": "enthusiasm. Uttama-adhikārī—a first-class devotee who is very advanced in devotional service and has attained pure Kṛṣṇa consciousness. Uttamā bhakti—unalloyed devotion unto the Supreme Personality of Godhead.",
      "definition_html": "enthusiasm.<br/> <i>Uttama</i>-<i>adhikārī</i>—a first-class devotee who is very advanced in devotional service and has attained pure Kṛṣṇa consciousness.<br/> <i>Uttamā bhakti</i>—unalloyed devotion unto the Supreme Personality of Godhead."
    },
    {
      "term": "Uttama",
      "definition": "the brother of Dhruva Mahārāja.",
      "definition_html": "the brother of Dhruva Mahārāja."
    },
    {
      "term": "Uttama-adhikārī",
      "definition": "a first-class devotee who is expert in Vedic literature and has full faith in the Supreme Lord; he can deliver the whole world.",
      "definition_html": "a first-class devotee who is expert in Vedic literature and has full faith in the Supreme Lord; he can deliver the whole world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Uttamaujas",
      "definition": "a prince of Pāñcāla, and a valiant warrior during the Kurukṣetra battle. He was killed by Aśvatthāmā while in his bed during the last night of the Kurukṣetra war.",
      "definition_html": "a prince of Pāñcāla, and a valiant warrior during the Kurukṣetra battle. He was killed by Aśvatthāmā while in his bed during the last night of the Kurukṣetra war."
    },
    {
      "term": "Uttamaśloka",
      "definition": "the Supreme Lord, Kṛṣṇa, who is worshiped by select poetry.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Lord, Kṛṣṇa, who is worshiped by select poetry."
    },
    {
      "term": "Uttara",
      "definition": "a son of King Virāṭa. He was afraid to confront the Kurus when they stole the cows from his father's kingdom. Arjuna revealed his disguise to this prince and then single-handedly fought with the Kauravas and defeated them all. Uttara was killed in the first day's fighting at Kurukṣetra by Śalya.",
      "definition_html": "a son of King Virāṭa. He was afraid to confront the Kurus when they stole the cows from his father's kingdom. Arjuna revealed his disguise to this prince and then single-handedly fought with the Kauravas and defeated them all. Uttara was killed in the first day's fighting at Kurukṣetra by Śalya."
    },
    {
      "term": "Uttarā",
      "definition": "the daughter of King Virāṭa and the wife of Abhimanyu. Virāṭa first want Arjuna to marry his daughter, but Arjuna declined and said that his son, Abhimanyu, should marry her. Uttarā became the mother of King Parīkṣit.",
      "definition_html": "the daughter of King Virāṭa and the wife of Abhimanyu. Virāṭa first want Arjuna to marry his daughter, but Arjuna declined and said that his son, Abhimanyu, should marry her. Uttarā became the mother of King Parīkṣit."
    },
    {
      "term": "Uttarāyaṇa",
      "definition": "Period when the sun passes towards the northern side, in which the deities of fire and effulgence control the atmosphere, the opportune time for persons who have realized the transcendence to leave their material bodies and reach the anti-material world.",
      "definition_html": "Period when the sun passes towards the northern side, in which the deities of fire and effulgence control the atmosphere, the opportune time for persons who have realized the transcendence to leave their material bodies and reach the anti-material world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Uttānapāda",
      "definition": "the king who was a son of Svāyambhuva Manu and the father of Dhruva Mahārāja.",
      "definition_html": "the king who was a son of Svāyambhuva Manu and the father of Dhruva Mahārāja."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vahana mandapa",
      "definition": "where the mount of the Deity (vahana) such as Lord Viṣṇu carrier's Garuḍa or Śiva's bull Nandi is located.",
      "definition_html": "where the mount of the Deity <i>(vahana) </i>such<i> </i>as Lord Viṣṇu carrier's Garuḍa or Śiva's bull Nandi is located."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaibhāṣikas",
      "definition": "a class of philosophers, akin to the Buddhists, who existed when Lord Kṛṣṇa spoke Bhagavad-gītā and who accept that life is a product of a mature combination of material elements.",
      "definition_html": "a class of philosophers, akin to the Buddhists, who existed when Lord Kṛṣṇa spoke <i>Bhagavad-gītā </i>and who accept that life is a product of a mature combination of material elements."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaidarbhī",
      "definition": "the woman who was formerly a man but took birth as a woman in his next life because of too much attachment to woman. Darbha means kuśa grass. In fruitive activities, or karma-kāṇḍīya ceremonies, one requires kuśa grass. Thus vaidarbhī refers to one who takes birth in a family of karma-kāṇḍīya understanding. However, if by karma-kāṇḍa activities one by chance comes in contact with a devotee, as Vaidarbhī did when she married Malayadhvaja, his life becomes successful. He then pursues the devotional service of the Lord. The conditioned soul becomes liberated simply by following the instructions of the bona fide spiritual master.",
      "definition_html": "the woman who was formerly a man but took birth as a woman in his next life because of too much attachment to woman. <i>Darbha</i> means <i>kuśa</i> grass. In fruitive activities, or <i>karma-kāṇḍīya</i> ceremonies, one requires <i>kuśa</i> grass. Thus <i>vaidarbhī</i> refers to one who takes birth in a family of <i>karma-kāṇḍīya</i> understanding. However, if by <i>karma-kāṇḍa</i> activities one by chance comes in contact with a devotee, as Vaidarbhī did when she married Malayadhvaja, his life becomes successful. He then pursues the devotional service of the Lord. The conditioned soul becomes liberated simply by following the instructions of the bona fide spiritual master."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaidhi-bhakti",
      "definition": "see: Vidhi-bhakti.",
      "definition_html": "<i>see: Vidhi-bhakti</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaidī bhakti",
      "definition": "following the principles of regulated devotional service by the order of the spiritual master or according to the injunctions of revealed scriptures. Vaiṣṇava aparādha—an offense against a devotee of the Lord. Vātsalya-rasa—parental relationship with the Supreme Lord. Vikarmīs—fruitive actors who don't follow the Vedic directions. Vipralambha-sevā—thinking of Kṛṣṇa in separation. Viśuddha-sattva—the platform of pure goodness.",
      "definition_html": "following the principles of regulated devotional service by the order of the spiritual master or according to the injunctions of revealed scriptures.<br/> <i>Vaiṣṇava</i> <i>aparādha</i>—an offense against a devotee of the Lord.<br/> <i>Vātsalya-rasa</i>—parental relationship with the Supreme Lord.<br/> <i>Vikarmīs</i>—fruitive actors who don't follow the Vedic directions.<br/> <i>Vipralambha-sevā</i>—thinking of Kṛṣṇa in separation.<br/> <i>Viśuddha-sattva</i>—the platform of pure goodness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaidūrya-maṇi",
      "definition": "a spiritual gem that can display different colors.",
      "definition_html": "a spiritual gem that can display different colors."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaijayantī",
      "definition": "a garland containing flowers of five colors and reaching down to the knees. It is worn by Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a garland containing flowers of five colors and reaching down to the knees. It is worn by Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaikuṇṭha",
      "definition": "the spiritual world, where there is no anxiety. Vaiṣṇava—a devotee of Lord Viṣṇu, or Kṛṣṇa. Vaiśyas—farmers and merchants; the third Vedic social order. Vānaprastha—one who has retired from family life; the third order of Vedic spiritual life. Varṇāśrama—the Vedic social system of four social and four spiritual orders. Vedas—the original revealed scriptures, first spoken by the Lord Himself. Viṣṇu, Lord—Kṛṣṇa's first expansion for the creation and maintenance of the material universes. Vṛndāvana—Kṛṣṇa's personal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness. Vyāsadeva—Kṛṣṇa's incarnation, at the end of Dvāpara-yuga, for compiling the Vedas.",
      "definition_html": "the spiritual world, where there is no anxiety.<br/> Vaiṣṇava—a devotee of Lord Viṣṇu, or Kṛṣṇa.<br/> <i>Vaiśyas</i>—farmers and merchants; the third Vedic social order.<br/> <i>Vānaprastha</i>—one who has retired from family life; the third order of Vedic spiritual life.<br/> <i>Varṇāśrama</i>—the Vedic social system of four social and four spiritual orders.<br/> <i>Vedas</i>—the original revealed scriptures, first spoken by the Lord Himself.<br/> Viṣṇu, Lord—Kṛṣṇa's first expansion for the creation and maintenance of the material universes.<br/> Vṛndāvana—Kṛṣṇa's personal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness.<br/> Vyāsadeva—Kṛṣṇa's incarnation, at the end of Dvāpara-yuga, for compiling the <i>Vedas</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaikuṇṭha lokas",
      "definition": "variegated spiritual planets situated in the brahma-jyotir.",
      "definition_html": "variegated spiritual planets situated in the <i>brahma-jyotir</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaikuṇṭha-jagat",
      "definition": "see: Vaikuṇṭha lokas above.",
      "definition_html": "<i>see: Vaikuṇṭha lokas above.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaikuṇṭha-lokas",
      "definition": "Spiritual planets situated in the spiritual sky; planetary Abodes of the Supreme Personality of Godhead. The only places of permanence, without any anxieties.",
      "definition_html": "</i>Spiritual planets situated in the spiritual sky; planetary Abodes of the Supreme Personality of Godhead. The only places of permanence, without any anxieties."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaikuṇṭha-nātha",
      "definition": "the Lord of Vaikuṇṭha.",
      "definition_html": "the Lord of Vaikuṇṭha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaikuṇṭhaloka",
      "definition": "See Para-vyoma.",
      "definition_html": "See <i>Para-vyoma</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaikuṇṭhas",
      "definition": "(lit., without anxiety) the eternal planets of the spiritual sky.",
      "definition_html": "(lit., without anxiety) the eternal planets of the spiritual sky."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaikāli-bhoga",
      "definition": "food offered to the Deity at the end of the day.",
      "definition_html": "food offered to the Deity at the end of the day."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vairāgya",
      "definition": "renunciation; detachment from matter and engagement of the mind in spirit.",
      "definition_html": "renunciation; detachment from matter and engagement of the mind in spirit."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vairāgī",
      "definition": "a person in the renounced order of life.",
      "definition_html": "a person in the renounced order of life."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaivasvata Manu",
      "definition": "the current Manu, the seventh of fourteen.",
      "definition_html": "the current Manu, the seventh of fourteen."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaiyāsaki",
      "definition": "Sukadeva Gosvāmī-great devotee who recited the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam to King Parīkṣit during the last seven days of the King's life.",
      "definition_html": "Sukadeva Gosvāmī-great devotee who recited the <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam </i>to King Parīkṣit during the last seven days of the King's life."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaiśeṣikā",
      "definition": "Kaṇāda-the propounder of Vaiśeṣika philosophy, which states that atoms are the original cause of the creation; One of the six systems of Vedic philosophy. See Six systems.",
      "definition_html": "Kaṇāda-the propounder of Vaiśeṣika philosophy, which states that atoms are the original cause of the creation; One of the six systems of Vedic philosophy. See Six systems."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaiśya",
      "definition": "the class of men involved in business and farming, according to the system of four social orders and four spiritual orders.",
      "definition_html": "the class of men involved in business and farming, according to the system of four social orders and four spiritual orders."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaiśya (Vaishyas)",
      "definition": "member of the mercantile or agricultural class, according to the system of four social orders and four spiritual orders.",
      "definition_html": "member of the mercantile or agricultural class, according to the system of four social orders and four spiritual orders."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaiśyas",
      "definition": "the mercantile and agricultural class in human society.",
      "definition_html": "the mercantile and agricultural class in human society."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaiṣṇava",
      "definition": "a devotee of KṚṢṆA, or of any other form of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.",
      "definition_html": "a devotee of KṚṢṆA, or of any other form of the Supreme Personality of Godhead."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaiṣṇava-aparādha",
      "definition": "an offense to the devotee of Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "an offense to the devotee of Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaiṣṇava-dharma",
      "definition": "the eternal principle of service to the Supreme Lord, Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "the eternal principle of service to the Supreme Lord, Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaiṣṇavism",
      "definition": "the science of bhakti-yoga, devotional service to Viṣṇu, or Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the science of <i>bhakti-yoga, </i>devotional service to Viṣṇu, or Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vajra",
      "definition": "the great grandson of Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa. He became the king of Mathurā when Lord Kṛṣṇa left this world.",
      "definition_html": "the great grandson of Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa. He became the king of Mathurā when Lord Kṛṣṇa left this world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vajradatta",
      "definition": "the son of King Bhagadatta. He fought with Arjuna for the sacrificial horse.",
      "definition_html": "the son of King Bhagadatta. He fought with Arjuna for the sacrificial horse."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vana",
      "definition": "forest.",
      "definition_html": "forest."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vandana",
      "definition": "the devotional process of offering prayers to the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the devotional process of offering prayers to the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vapu",
      "definition": "the physical presence of the spiritual master.",
      "definition_html": "the physical presence of the spiritual master."
    },
    {
      "term": "Varadarāja",
      "definition": "Deity of Lord Viṣṇu worshiped Kāñcīpuram.",
      "definition_html": "Deity of Lord Viṣṇu worshiped Kāñcīpuram."
    },
    {
      "term": "varnāśrama-dharma",
      "definition": "the ancient Vedic system of arranging society into four social-occupational divisions (VARṆAS) and four spiritual divisions (ASHRAMS) to promote social, economic, and political wellbeing and the spiritual advancement of all members of society.",
      "definition_html": "the ancient Vedic system of arranging society into four social-occupational divisions (VARṆAS) and four spiritual divisions (ASHRAMS) to promote social, economic, and political wellbeing and the spiritual advancement of all members of society."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vartma-pradarśaka-guru",
      "definition": "the one who first gives information about spiritual life.",
      "definition_html": "the one who first gives information about spiritual life."
    },
    {
      "term": "Varuṇa",
      "definition": "the demigod in charge of the oceans.",
      "definition_html": "the demigod in charge of the oceans."
    },
    {
      "term": "Varāha",
      "definition": "the incarnation of Lord Kṛṣṇa as a gigantic boar.",
      "definition_html": "the incarnation of Lord Kṛṣṇa as a gigantic boar."
    },
    {
      "term": "Varāha Purāṇa",
      "definition": "one of the eighteen Purāṇas. It deals with the transcendental pastimes of the Lord's boar incarnation.",
      "definition_html": "one of the eighteen <i>Purāṇas. </i>It deals with the transcendental pastimes of the Lord's boar incarnation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Varṇa",
      "definition": "one of the four Vedic social-occupational divisions of society, distinguished by quality of work and situation with regard to the modes of nature (guṇas); Brāhmaṇa-a member of the intellectual, priestly class; a person wise in Vedic knowledge, fixed in goodness and knowledgeable of Brahman, the Absolute Truth; One of the four orders of occupational life, brāhmaṇa, kṣatriya, vaiśya and śūdra. The brāhmaṇas are the intellectual class and their occupation is hearing Vedic literature, teaching Vedic literature, learning deity worship and teaching deity worship, receiving charity and giving charity. Brāhmaṇa; Kṣatriya-third of the four orders of the varṇāśrama system. A warrior who is inclined to fight and lead others. The administrative or protective occupation according to the system of four social and spiritual orders. Kṣatriya; Vaiśya (Vaishyas)-member of the mercantile or agricultural class, according to the system of four social orders and four spiritual orders. Vaiśya; Śūdra-a member of the fourth social order, laborer class, in the traditional Vedic social system. He is meant to render service to the three higher classes, namely the brāhmaṇas, the kṣatriyas, and the vaiśyas.",
      "definition_html": "one of the four Vedic social-occupational divisions of society, distinguished by quality of work and situation with regard to the modes of nature (<i>guṇas</i>); Brāhmaṇa-a member of the intellectual, priestly class; a person wise in Vedic knowledge, fixed in goodness and knowledgeable of Brahman, the Absolute Truth; One of the four orders of occupational life, <i>brāhmaṇa</i>, <i>kṣatriya</i>,<i> vaiśya</i> and <i>śūdra</i>. The <i>brāhmaṇas</i> are the intellectual class and their occupation is hearing Vedic literature, teaching Vedic literature, learning deity worship and teaching deity worship, receiving charity and giving charity. Brāhmaṇa; Kṣatriya-third of the four orders of the <i>varṇāśrama</i> system. A warrior who is inclined to fight and lead others. The administrative or protective occupation according to the system of four social and spiritual orders. Kṣatriya; Vaiśya (Vaishyas)-member of the mercantile or agricultural class, according to the system of four social orders and four spiritual orders. Vaiśya; Śūdra-a member of the fourth social order, laborer class, in the traditional Vedic social system. He is meant to render service to the three higher classes, namely the <i>brāhmaṇas, </i>the <i>kṣatriyas, </i>and the <i>vaiśyas.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Varṇa-saṅkara",
      "definition": "children conceived without regard for Vedic religious principles; thus, unwanted population.",
      "definition_html": "children conceived without regard for Vedic religious principles; thus, unwanted population."
    },
    {
      "term": "varṇas",
      "definition": "the four social-occupational divisions of Vedic society: brāhmaṇas (priests, teachers, and intellectuals), kṣatriyas (military men and public administrators), vaiśyas (farmers and businessmen), and śūdras (laborers and craftsmen). See also VARNĀŚRAMA DHARMA.",
      "definition_html": "the four social-occupational divisions of Vedic society: <i>brāhmaṇas</i> (priests, teachers, and intellectuals), <i>kṣatriyas</i> (military men and public administrators), <i>vaiśyas</i> (farmers and businessmen), and <i>śūdras</i> (laborers and craftsmen). See also VARNĀŚRAMA DHARMA."
    },
    {
      "term": "Varṇāśrama-dharma",
      "definition": "the system of four social and four spiritual orders established in the Vedic scriptures and discussed by Śrī Kṛṣṇa in the Bhagavad-gītā.",
      "definition_html": "the system of four social and four spiritual orders established in the Vedic scriptures and discussed by Śrī Kṛṣṇa in the Bhagavad-gītā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vasiṣṭha",
      "definition": "a great sage who was a rival of Viśvāmitra Muni's. He was the family priest of Mahārāja Daśaratha, the father of Lord Rāmacandra.",
      "definition_html": "a great sage who was a rival of Viśvāmitra Muni's. He was the family priest of Mahārāja Daśaratha, the father of Lord Rāmacandra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vastra-haraṇa-līlā",
      "definition": "Kṛṣṇa's pastime of stealing the gopīs' clothes.",
      "definition_html": "Kṛṣṇa's pastime of stealing the <i>gopīs' </i>clothes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vastu",
      "definition": "See Substance.",
      "definition_html": "See Substance."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vastu-gata",
      "definition": "the stage of being completely uncontaminated by the material body and mind.",
      "definition_html": "the stage of being completely uncontaminated by the material body and mind."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vasudeva",
      "definition": "the father of Kṛṣṇa, and the half-brother of Nanda Mahārāja; the state of pure goodness, which transcends the material modes of nature and in which one can understand the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the father of Kṛṣṇa, and the half-brother of Nanda Mahārāja; the state of pure goodness, which transcends the material modes of nature and in which one can understand the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vasundharā",
      "definition": "a name for mother earth meaning \"she who has very fertile soil and unlimited wealth.",
      "definition_html": "a name for mother earth meaning \"she who has very fertile soil and unlimited wealth."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vasuṣeṇa",
      "definition": "a name for Karṇa during his younger years.",
      "definition_html": "a name for Karṇa during his younger years."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vatsāsura",
      "definition": "a demon who came to Vṛndāvana in the form of a calf to kill Kṛṣṇa but who was instead killed by Him.",
      "definition_html": "a demon who came to Vṛndāvana in the form of a calf to kill Kṛṣṇa but who was instead killed by Him."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vaṇik",
      "definition": "a merchant.",
      "definition_html": "a merchant."
    },
    {
      "term": "Veda",
      "definition": "see: Vedas above.",
      "definition_html": "<i>see: Vedas above.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Veda-cakṣuḥ",
      "definition": "literally, seeing through the eyes of the Vedas.",
      "definition_html": "literally, seeing through the eyes of the <i>Vedas.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Veda-vāda-rata",
      "definition": "one who gives his own explanation of the Vedas a smārta; fruitive workers who become entangled in material activities disguised as spiritual activities.",
      "definition_html": "one who gives his own explanation of the <i>Vedas </i>a <i>smārta; </i>fruitive workers<i> </i>who become entangled in material activities disguised as spiritual activities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vedabādaratā",
      "definition": "Those who study the Vedas for attaining results such as heaven. Also called Vidyārata they are condemned by Īśopaniṣad for studying the Vedas in an unauthorized way, without knowing the goal of the Vedas, the Personality of Godhead.",
      "definition_html": "</i>Those who study the <i>Vedas</i> for attaining results such as heaven. Also called <i>Vidyārata</i> they are condemned by <i>Īśopaniṣad</i> for studying the <i>Vedas</i> in an unauthorized way, without knowing the goal of the <i>Vedas</i>, the Personality of Godhead."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vedas",
      "definition": "the original Veda was divided into four by Śrīla Vyāsadeva. The four original Vedic scriptures, Saṁhitās (Ṛg, Sāma, Atharva and Yajur) and the 108 Upaniṣads, Mahābhārata, Vedānta-sūtra, etc. The system of eternal wisdom compiled by Śrīla Vyāsadeva, the literary incarnation of the Supreme Lord, for the gradual upliftment of all mankind from the state of bondage to the state of liberation. The word veda literally means \"knowledge\", and thus in a wider sense it refers to the whole body of Indian Sanskrit religious literature that is in harmony with the philosophical conclusions found in the original four Vedic Saṁhitās and Upaniṣads. The message of the transcendental realm that has come down to this phenomenal world through the medium of sound is known as the Veda. Being the very words of Godhead Himself, the Vedas have existed from eternity. Lord Kṛṣṇa originally revealed the Vedas to Brahmā, the first soul to appear in the realm of physical nature, and by him they were subsequently made available to other souls through the channel of spiritual disciplic succession; Veda, Vedas, Vedic knowledge. The Sanskrit root of the word Veda is vid, knowledge. This root is widespread even in modern Western language: e.g. video (from the Latin word to see) and idea (Gr. ida). The term Vedic refers to the teachings of the Vedic literatures. From these literatures we learn that this universe, along with countless others, was produced from the breath of Mahā-Viṣṇu some 155,250,000,000,000 years ago. The Lord's divine breath simultaneously transmitted all the knowledge mankind requires to meet his material needs and revive his dormant God consciousness. This knowledge is called Veda. Caturmukha (four-faced) Brahmā, the first created being within this universe, received Veda from Viṣṇu. Brahmā, acting as an obedient servant of the Supreme Lord, populated the planetary systems with all species of life. He spoke four Vedas, one from each of his mouths, to guide human beings in their spiritual and material progress. The Vedas are thus traced to the very beginning of the cosmos. Some of the most basic Vedic teachings are: 1) every living creature is an eternal soul covered by a material body; 2) as long as the souls are bewildered by māyā (the illusion of identifying the self with the body) they must reincarnate from body to body, life after life; 3) to accept a material body means to suffer the four-fold pangs of birth, old age, disease and death; 4) depending upon the quality of work (karma) in the human form, a soul may take its next birth in a subhuman species, or the human species, or a superhuman species, or it may be freed from birth and death altogether; 5) karma dedicated in sacrifice to Viṣṇu as directed by Vedic injunctions elevates and liberates the soul.",
      "definition_html": "the original <i>Veda</i> was divided into four by Śrīla Vyāsadeva. The four original Vedic scriptures, <i>Saṁhitās (Ṛg, Sāma, Atharva</i> and <i>Yajur) </i>and the 108 <i>Upaniṣads, Mahābhārata, Vedānta</i>-<i>sūtra</i>, etc<i>. </i>The system of eternal wisdom compiled by Śrīla Vyāsadeva, the literary incarnation of the Supreme Lord, for the gradual upliftment of all mankind from the state of bondage to the state of liberation. The word <i>veda</i> literally means \"knowledge\", and thus in a wider sense it refers to the whole body of Indian Sanskrit religious literature that is in harmony with the philosophical conclusions found in the original four Vedic <i>Saṁhitās </i>and <i>Upaniṣads. </i>The message of the transcendental realm that has come down to this phenomenal world through the medium of sound is known as the <i>Veda</i>. Being the very words of Godhead Himself, the <i>Vedas </i>have existed from eternity. Lord Kṛṣṇa originally revealed the <i>Vedas </i>to Brahmā, the first soul to appear in the realm of physical nature, and by him they were subsequently made available to other souls through the channel of spiritual disciplic succession; Veda, Vedas, Vedic knowledge. The Sanskrit root of the word Veda is <i>vid,</i> knowledge. This root is widespread even in modern Western language: e.g. video (from the Latin word to see) and idea (Gr. <i>ida</i>). The term <i>Vedic</i> refers to the teachings of the Vedic literatures. From these literatures we learn that this universe, along with countless others, was produced from the breath of Mahā-Viṣṇu some 155,250,000,000,000 years ago. The Lord's divine breath simultaneously transmitted all the knowledge mankind requires to meet his material needs and revive his dormant God consciousness. This knowledge is called <i>Veda. </i>Caturmukha (four-faced) Brahmā, the first created being within this universe, received Veda from Viṣṇu. Brahmā, acting as an obedient servant of the Supreme Lord, populated the planetary systems with all species of life. He spoke four Vedas, one from each of his mouths, to guide human beings in their spiritual and material progress. The Vedas are thus traced to the very beginning of the cosmos. Some of the most basic Vedic teachings are: 1) every living creature is an eternal soul covered by a material body; 2) as long as the souls are bewildered by <i>māyā</i> (the illusion of identifying the self with the body) they must reincarnate from body to body, life after life; 3) to accept a material body means to suffer the four-fold pangs of birth, old age, disease and death; 4) depending upon the quality of work <i>(karma)</i> in the human form, a soul may take its next birth in a subhuman species, or the human species, or a superhuman species, or it may be freed from birth and death altogether; 5) <i>karma</i> dedicated in sacrifice to Viṣṇu as directed by Vedic injunctions elevates and liberates the soul."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vedic",
      "definition": "pertaining to a culture in which all aspects of human life are under the guidance of the Vedas.",
      "definition_html": "pertaining to a culture in which all aspects of human life are under the guidance of the <i>Vedas.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Vedic culture",
      "definition": "life-style based on the tenets of the four original scriptures of India, the Vedas.",
      "definition_html": "life-style based on the tenets of the four original scriptures of India, the Vedas."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vedic knowledge",
      "definition": "Transcendental knowledge spoken by the Supreme Lord and compiled in scripture; perfect knowledge coming down through unbroken disciplic succession.",
      "definition_html": "</i>Transcendental knowledge spoken by the Supreme Lord and compiled in scripture; perfect knowledge coming down through unbroken disciplic succession."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vedic literature",
      "definition": "the four VEDAS, the UPANĪSADS, VEDĀNTA-SŪTRA, PURĀṆAS, MAHĀBHĀRATA, other histories and supplements, and also more recent works written in pursuance of the Vedic conclusion.",
      "definition_html": "the four VEDAS, the UPANĪSADS, VEDĀNTA-SŪTRA, PURĀṆAS, MAHĀBHĀRATA, other histories and supplements, and also more recent works written in pursuance of the Vedic conclusion."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vedānta",
      "definition": "the conclusion of Vedic philosophy; the philosophy of the Vedānta-sūtra of Śrīla Vyāsadeva, containing a conclusive summary of Vedic philosophical knowledge and showing Kṛṣṇa as the goal; One of the six systems of Vedic philosophy; taught by the great sage Vyāsadeva. Vedānta (literally the end of all knowledge or the conclusion of the Veda) is the highest degree of Vedic education, traditionally reserved for the sannyāsīs (renunciates). Vedānta is mastery of the texts known as the Upaniṣads. See Six systems, Vyāsa.",
      "definition_html": "the conclusion of Vedic philosophy; the philosophy of the <i>Vedānta-sūtra </i>of Śrīla Vyāsadeva, containing a conclusive summary of Vedic philosophical knowledge and showing Kṛṣṇa as the goal; One of the six systems of Vedic philosophy; taught by the great sage Vyāsadeva. Vedānta (literally the end of all knowledge or the conclusion of the Veda) is the highest degree of Vedic education, traditionally reserved for the <i>sannyāsīs</i> (renunciates). Vedānta is mastery of the texts known as the <i>Upaniṣads.</i> See Six systems, Vyāsa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vedānta-darśana",
      "definition": "the philosophy of Śrīla Vyāsadeva, which culminates in bhakti-yoga.",
      "definition_html": "the philosophy of Śrīla Vyāsadeva, which culminates in <i>bhakti-yoga.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Vedānta-sūtra (Brahma-sūtra)",
      "definition": "Śrīla Vyāsadeva's conclusive summary of Vedic philosophical knowledge, written in brief codes. The philosophy of the Absolute Truth, which finds implicit expression in the Vedas and the Upaniṣads, was put into a systematic and more explicit form in the Vedānta-sūtra. All apparent contradictory statements of the vast literature of the Vedas are resolved by the great Vyāsa in this work. In this work there are four divisions 1) reconciliation of all scriptures; 2) the consistent reconciliation of apparently conflicting hymns; 3) the means or process of attaining the goal (spiritual realization); and 4) the object (or desired fruit) achieved by the spiritual process. The Vedānta-sūtra establishes that Godhead exists, that devotion is the means of realizing transcendental love for Godhead, and that this love is the final object of man's endeavors. This book is the textbook of all theistic philosophy, and, as such, many commentators have elaborated on the significance of its conclusions; This most important work of nyāya-prasthāna (Vedic logic), which is also known as Brahma-sūtra, Śārīraka, Vyāsa-sūtra, Bādarāyaṇa-sūtra, Uttara-mīmāṁsā and Vedānta-darśana, was composed by the great sage Vyāsa 5000 years ago. Sūtra means code. The Vedānta-sūtra is a book of codes that present, in concise form, brahma-jñāna, i.e. conclusive Vedic knowledge. These codes are very terse, and without a fuller explanation, their meaning is difficult to grasp. In India there are five main schools of Vedānta, each established by an ācārya (founder) who explained the sūtras in a bhāṣya (commentary). The natural commentary on the Vedānta-sūtra is the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam. See Advaita, Dvaita, Brahmajyoti, Brahman, Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas, Śaṅkarācārya, Six systems, Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, Upaniṣads, Vedānta, Vyāsa.",
      "definition_html": "Śrīla Vyāsadeva's conclusive summary of Vedic philosophical knowledge, written in brief codes. The philosophy of the Absolute Truth, which finds implicit expression in the <i>Vedas </i>and the <i>Upaniṣads, </i>was put into a systematic and more explicit form in the <i>Vedānta-sūtra.</i> All apparent contradictory statements of the vast literature of the <i>Vedas</i> are resolved by the great Vyāsa in this work. In this work there are four divisions 1) reconciliation of all scriptures; 2) the consistent reconciliation of apparently conflicting hymns; 3) the means or process of attaining the goal (spiritual realization); and 4) the object (or desired fruit) achieved by the spiritual process. The <i>Vedānta-sūtra </i>establishes that Godhead exists, that devotion is the means of realizing transcendental love for Godhead, and that this love is the final object of man's endeavors. This book is the textbook of all theistic philosophy, and, as such, many commentators have elaborated on the significance of its conclusions; This most important work of <i>nyāya-prasthāna</i> (Vedic logic), which is also known as <i>Brahma-sūtra, Śārīraka, Vyāsa-sūtra, Bādarāyaṇa-sūtra, Uttara-mīmāṁsā</i> and <i>Vedānta-darśana,</i> was composed by the great sage Vyāsa 5000 years ago. <i>Sūtra</i> means code. The <i>Vedānta-sūtra</i> is a book of codes that present, in concise form, <i>brahma-jñāna,</i> i.e. conclusive Vedic knowledge. These codes are very terse, and without a fuller explanation, their meaning is difficult to grasp. In India there are five main schools of Vedānta, each established by an <i>ācārya</i> (founder) who explained the <i>sūtras</i> in a <i>bhāṣya</i> (commentary). The natural commentary on the <i>Vedānta-sūtra</i> is the <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam.</i> See Advaita, Dvaita, Brahmajyoti, Brahman, Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas, Śaṅkarācārya, Six systems, Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, Upaniṣads, Vedānta, Vyāsa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vedānta-sūtra (Brahmā-sūtra)",
      "definition": "the philosophical treatise written by Vyāsadeva to give the conclusion of all the Vedas.",
      "definition_html": "the philosophical treatise written by Vyāsadeva to give the conclusion of all the <i>Vedas</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vedānta-sūtra (Vedānta)",
      "definition": "VYĀSADEVA’s summary of the theistic philosophy of the VEDIC LITERATURE, written in the form of concise codes.",
      "definition_html": "VYĀSADEVA’s summary of the theistic philosophy of the VEDIC LITERATURE, written in the form of concise codes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vedāntī",
      "definition": "a person who knows Vedānta, that is, who perfectly knows Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a person who knows <i>Vedānta, </i>that is, who perfectly knows Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vedāśraya-nāstikya-vāda",
      "definition": "agnosticism under the shelter of Vedic culture.",
      "definition_html": "agnosticism under the shelter of Vedic culture."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vena",
      "definition": "the demoniac son of King Aṅga and father of King Pṛthu.",
      "definition_html": "the demoniac son of King Aṅga and father of King Pṛthu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Veṅkateśvara",
      "definition": "Deity of Lord Viṣṇu worshiped at Tirupati.",
      "definition_html": "Deity of Lord Viṣṇu worshiped at Tirupati."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vibhinnāṁśa",
      "definition": "the separated expansions of the Supreme Lord, the minute living entities, who are part and parcel of Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the separated expansions of the Supreme Lord, the minute living entities, who are part and parcel of Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vibhu-ātmā",
      "definition": "the Supersoul.",
      "definition_html": "the Supersoul."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vibhāva",
      "definition": "the causes or bases for relishing transcendental mellows.",
      "definition_html": "the causes or bases for relishing transcendental mellows."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vibhīṣaṇa",
      "definition": "a grandson of Pulastya Muni and the pious brother of Rāvaṇa. He was a staunch devotee of Lord Rāma, who offered him the kingdom of Śrī Lankā for four yugas. He is one of eight personalities who lives for more than one cycle of four yugas.",
      "definition_html": "a grandson of Pulastya Muni and the pious brother of Rāvaṇa. He was a staunch devotee of Lord Rāma, who offered him the kingdom of Śrī Lankā for four <i>yugas. </i>He is one of eight personalities who lives for more than one cycle of four <i>yugas.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Vibhūti",
      "definition": "a secondary incarnation indirectly empowered by the Supreme Lord; opulence by which Kṛṣṇa controls the entire material manifestation.",
      "definition_html": "a secondary incarnation indirectly empowered by the Supreme Lord; opulence by which Kṛṣṇa controls the entire material manifestation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vibhūti-bhinnam",
      "definition": "Specific variegated endowment by which each planet has its own atmosphere, making bodily or psychological change necessary for the organism of one planet to adapt to life on another planet.",
      "definition_html": "Specific variegated endowment by which each planet has its own atmosphere, making bodily or psychological change necessary for the organism of one planet to adapt to life on another planet."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vicāra",
      "definition": "Consideration, philosophical speculation, as opposed to mental speculation.",
      "definition_html": "Consideration, philosophical speculation, as opposed to mental speculation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vidagdha",
      "definition": "one who is expert in the art of attracting women.",
      "definition_html": "one who is expert in the art of attracting women."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vidagdha-mādhava",
      "definition": "a seven-act play written by Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī describing the pastimes of Śrī Kṛṣṇa in Vṛndāvana.",
      "definition_html": "a seven-act play written by Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī describing the pastimes of Śrī Kṛṣṇa in Vṛndāvana."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vidarbha",
      "definition": "an ancient province of old India. Rukmiṇī, the wife of Lord Kṛṣṇa, was the daughter of the King of this province.",
      "definition_html": "an ancient province of old India. Rukmiṇī, the wife of Lord Kṛṣṇa, was the daughter of the King of this province."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vidarbha-rājasiṁha",
      "definition": "the best of persons who are expert in fruitive activities.",
      "definition_html": "the best of persons who are expert in fruitive activities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viddha-bhakti",
      "definition": "mixed devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "mixed devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Videha",
      "definition": "the kingdom of Mithilā in India ruled by King Nimi.",
      "definition_html": "the kingdom of Mithilā in India ruled by King Nimi."
    },
    {
      "term": "Videharāja Nimi",
      "definition": "a devotee king, ruler of Videha.",
      "definition_html": "a devotee king, ruler of Videha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vidhi-bhakti",
      "definition": "devotional service under scheduled regulations.",
      "definition_html": "devotional service under scheduled regulations."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vidhi-mārga",
      "definition": "see vidhi-bhakti above",
      "definition_html": "<i>see vidhi-bhakti </i>above"
    },
    {
      "term": "Vidura",
      "definition": "the son of Vyāsadeva by a maidservant of Ambalikā and the half brother of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was an incarnation of the great devotee mahājana, Yamarāja, and an uncle of the Pāṇḍavas. A great devotee of Kṛṣṇa who inquired and heard  from Maitreya Muni, as narrated in Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam. He was cursed to become a Śūdra by Māṇḍavya Muni. He was constantly trying to restrain Dhṛtarāṣṭra from mistreating the Pāṇḍavas. In the end when Dhṛtarāṣṭra lost everything Vidura was able to deliver his brother to the path of self-realization.",
      "definition_html": "the son of Vyāsadeva by a maidservant of Ambalikā and the half brother of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was an incarnation of the great devotee mahājana, Yamarāja, and an uncle of the Pāṇḍavas. A great devotee of Kṛṣṇa who inquired and heard <i> </i>from Maitreya Muni, as narrated in Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam. He was cursed to become a Śūdra by Māṇḍavya Muni. He was constantly trying to restrain Dhṛtarāṣṭra from mistreating the Pāṇḍavas. In the end when Dhṛtarāṣṭra lost everything Vidura was able to deliver his brother to the path of self-realization."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vidyanagara",
      "definition": "at the time of cosmic desolution, Lord Matsya preserves the Vedic wisdom.",
      "definition_html": "at the time of cosmic desolution, Lord Matsya preserves the Vedic wisdom."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vidyā",
      "definition": "knowledge.",
      "definition_html": "knowledge."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vidyādharas",
      "definition": "a race of celestial beings who are attendants of Lord Śiva and who possess material mystic knowledge.",
      "definition_html": "a race of celestial beings who are attendants of Lord Śiva and who possess material mystic knowledge."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vidyāpati",
      "definition": "an author of Vaiṣṇava poetry who was particularly admired by Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu.",
      "definition_html": "an author of Vaiṣṇava poetry who was particularly admired by Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vidūra-vigata",
      "definition": "Caṇḍāla-an outcaste or untouchable; dog-eaters, the lowest class of human beings.",
      "definition_html": "Caṇḍāla-an outcaste or untouchable; dog-eaters, the lowest class of human beings."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vihara",
      "definition": "Buddhist monastery",
      "definition_html": "Buddhist monastery"
    },
    {
      "term": "Vijara",
      "definition": "not subjected to the miseries of old age.",
      "definition_html": "not subjected to the miseries of old age."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vijayadhvaja Tīrtha",
      "definition": "a Vaiṣṇava spiritual master in the line of Madhvācārya. He was a commentator on Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam.",
      "definition_html": "a Vaiṣṇava spiritual master in the line of Madhvācārya. He was a commentator on <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Vijayā-daśamī",
      "definition": "the celebration of the conquest of Laṅkā by Lord Rāmacandra.",
      "definition_html": "the celebration of the conquest of Laṅkā by Lord Rāmacandra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vijighatsa",
      "definition": "free from desire for material enjoyment.",
      "definition_html": "free from desire for material enjoyment."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vijita-ṣaḍ-guṇa",
      "definition": "one who has conquered the six material qualities.",
      "definition_html": "one who has conquered the six material qualities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vijitāśva",
      "definition": "the eldest son of King Pṛthu (also known as Antardhāna).",
      "definition_html": "the eldest son of King Pṛthu (also known as Antardhāna)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vijñāna",
      "definition": "the practical realization of spiritual knowledge; Transcendental knowledge of the self's relationship to the Supreme Self. See Jñāna.",
      "definition_html": "the practical realization of spiritual knowledge; Transcendental knowledge of the self's relationship to the Supreme Self. See Jñāna."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vijñānam",
      "definition": "specific knowledge of spirit soul, his constitutional position and his relationship with the Supreme Soul.",
      "definition_html": "specific knowledge of spirit soul, his constitutional position and his relationship with the Supreme Soul."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vijñānamaya",
      "definition": "with full knowledge, that is, conscious of the self as different from matter.",
      "definition_html": "with full knowledge, that is, conscious of the self as different from matter."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vijātīya",
      "definition": "one who is outside devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "one who is outside devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vikarma",
      "definition": "Actions done in misuse of one's freedom, or prohibitive acts, which direct oneself to the lower regions of life.",
      "definition_html": "</i>Actions done in misuse of one's freedom, or prohibitive acts, which direct oneself to the lower regions of life."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vikarṇa",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was the only one to stand up in defense of Draupadī during the gambling match. He was killed by Bhīma during the battle of Kurukṣetra. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was the only one to stand up in defense of Draupadī during the gambling match. He was killed by Bhīma during the battle of Kurukṣetra. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Vilāsa",
      "definition": "symptoms manifested in a woman's body when she meets her lover.",
      "definition_html": "symptoms manifested in a woman's body when she meets her lover."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vilāsa-vigrahas",
      "definition": "expansions of the Lord who manifest bodily differences.",
      "definition_html": "expansions of the Lord who manifest bodily differences."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vimānam",
      "definition": "the tower over the sanctum of the deity; an airplane.",
      "definition_html": "the tower over the sanctum of the deity; an airplane."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vimūḍhas",
      "definition": "materialistic persons who have unnecessarily burdened themselves for temporary happiness.",
      "definition_html": "materialistic persons who have unnecessarily burdened themselves for temporary happiness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vinda",
      "definition": "a prince of Avanti. He was the bother of Mitravindā, a queen of Lord Kṛṣṇa. He was very envious of Lord Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna. He was killed along with his brother Anuvinda during the Kurukṣetra war. Both brothers were killed by Arjuna.",
      "definition_html": "a prince of Avanti. He was the bother of Mitravindā, a queen of Lord Kṛṣṇa. He was very envious of Lord Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna. He was killed along with his brother Anuvinda during the Kurukṣetra war. Both brothers were killed by Arjuna."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vindhyācala",
      "definition": "a range of mountains west of the Himālayas; Agastya Muni-a great sage who authored many Vedic hymns and writings on Āyurvedic medicine. The son of Mitra and Varuṇa, he was born from a water jar. Once he swallowed the ocean and forced the Vindhya mountain range to prostrate itself before him.",
      "definition_html": "a range of mountains west of the Himālayas; Agastya Muni-a great sage who authored many Vedic hymns and writings on Āyurvedic<i> </i>medicine. The son of Mitra and Varuṇa, he was born from a water jar. Once he swallowed the ocean and forced the Vindhya mountain range to prostrate itself before him."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vināśa",
      "definition": "Temporary material manifestation.",
      "definition_html": "</i>Temporary material manifestation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viparyāsa",
      "definition": "Misapprehension. One of the five functions of bu-ddhi. See Buddhi.",
      "definition_html": "Misapprehension. One of the five functions of <i>bu-ddhi.</i> See Buddhi."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vipra",
      "definition": "Brāhmaṇa-a member of the intellectual, priestly class; a person wise in Vedic knowledge, fixed in goodness and knowledgeable of Brahman, the Absolute Truth; One of the four orders of occupational life, brāhmaṇa, kṣatriya, vaiśya and śūdra. The brāhmaṇas are the intellectual class and their occupation is hearing Vedic literature, teaching Vedic literature, learning deity worship and teaching deity worship, receiving charity and giving charity.",
      "definition_html": "Brāhmaṇa-a member of the intellectual, priestly class; a person wise in Vedic knowledge, fixed in goodness and knowledgeable of Brahman, the Absolute Truth; One of the four orders of occupational life, <i>brāhmaṇa</i>, <i>kṣatriya</i>,<i> vaiśya</i> and <i>śūdra</i>. The <i>brāhmaṇas</i> are the intellectual class and their occupation is hearing Vedic literature, teaching Vedic literature, learning deity worship and teaching deity worship, receiving charity and giving charity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vipralambha",
      "definition": "ecstasy in separation.",
      "definition_html": "ecstasy in separation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vipralipsā",
      "definition": "the cheating propensity.",
      "definition_html": "the cheating propensity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viraha",
      "definition": "transcendental bliss in separation from the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "transcendental bliss in separation from the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Virajā River",
      "definition": "the river that divides the material world from the spiritual world.",
      "definition_html": "the river that divides the material world from the spiritual world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Virakti",
      "definition": "detachment.",
      "definition_html": "detachment."
    },
    {
      "term": "Virāṭ-puruṣa",
      "definition": "the universal form of the Supreme Lord as the totality of all material manifestations.",
      "definition_html": "the universal form of the Supreme Lord as the totality of all material manifestations."
    },
    {
      "term": "Virāṭ-rupa",
      "definition": "the universal form of the Supreme Lord. See also: Viśva-rūpa",
      "definition_html": "the universal form of the Supreme Lord. <i>See also: Viśva-rūpa</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Virāṭ-rūpa",
      "definition": "see Visva-rūpa.",
      "definition_html": "see <i>Visva-rūpa</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Virāṭa",
      "definition": "the King of the Matsyas. He unknowingly sheltered the Pāṇḍavas during their last year of exile. He took the side of the Pāṇḍavas and was killed by Droṇa during the Kurukṣetra war.",
      "definition_html": "the King of the Matsyas. He unknowingly sheltered the Pāṇḍavas during their last year of exile. He took the side of the Pāṇḍavas and was killed by Droṇa during the Kurukṣetra war."
    },
    {
      "term": "Virāṭa Form",
      "definition": "The Universal Form of God. This Form is mainly for the neophyte who cannot understand Kṛṣṇa as the Supreme Spiritual Entity. The Virāṭa Form is composed of the entire material ingredients of the Universe, seen as the body of the Lord-but it is not His eternal Form.",
      "definition_html": "</i>The Universal Form of God. This Form is mainly for the neophyte who cannot understand Kṛṣṇa as the Supreme Spiritual Entity. The <i>Virāṭa</i> Form is composed of the entire material ingredients of the Universe, seen as the body of the Lord-but it is not His eternal Form."
    },
    {
      "term": "Visarga",
      "definition": "the secondary creation by Brahmā.",
      "definition_html": "the secondary creation by Brahmā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Visrama-ghata",
      "definition": "After Varaha killed Hiranyaksa, He spoke the Ādi-varaha-Purana to mother Bhumi (Earth) while relaxing at Visrama-ghata. Thousands of years He rested here after killing Kamsa and dragging his body to shores of the Yamuna.",
      "definition_html": "After Varaha killed Hiranyaksa, He spoke the <i>Ādi-varaha-Purana</i> to mother Bhumi (Earth) while relaxing at Visrama-ghata. Thousands of years He rested here after killing Kamsa and dragging his body to shores of the Yamuna."
    },
    {
      "term": "Visva-rūpa (virata-rūpa)",
      "definition": "the universal form of Lord Kṛṣṇa, as described in the Eleventh Chapter of Bhagavad-gītā.",
      "definition_html": "the universal form of Lord Kṛṣṇa, as described in the Eleventh Chapter of <i>Bhagavad-gītā</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Visvarupa",
      "definition": "brother of Lord Caitanya, he took sanyassa at an early age; the life-breath of Nimai.",
      "definition_html": "brother of Lord Caitanya, he took sanyassa at an early age; the life-breath of Nimai."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vitarka",
      "definition": "argument, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "argument, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vivarta",
      "definition": "illusion; also, sorrow and confusion due to nonfulfillment of material desires.",
      "definition_html": "illusion; also, sorrow and confusion due to nonfulfillment of material desires."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vivarta-vāda",
      "definition": "the erroneous concept; propounded by Śaṅkarācārya, that God is no longer complete after He expands His energies for creation; the Māyāvādī interpretation of the Vedānta-sūtra that the Supreme Lord becomes changed when He expands and that all manifest varieties are unreal.",
      "definition_html": "the erroneous concept; propounded by Śaṅkarācārya, that God is no longer complete after He expands His energies for creation; the Māyāvādī interpretation of the <i>Vedānta-sūtra</i> that the Supreme Lord becomes changed when He expands and that all manifest varieties are unreal."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vivasvān",
      "definition": "the name of the present sun-god, to whom Bhagavad-gītā was instructed at least 120,400,000 years ago.",
      "definition_html": "the name of the present sun-god, to whom <i>Bhagavad-gītā </i>was instructed at least 120,400,000 years ago."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viveka-cuḍāmaṇi",
      "definition": "the best-known work of ŚAÌKARĀCĀRYA, in which he presents his philosophy of monism.",
      "definition_html": "the best-known work of ŚAÌKARĀCĀRYA, in which he presents his philosophy of monism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viviṁśati",
      "definition": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "one of the one hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed by Bhīma. (Droṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Vivāha-yajña",
      "definition": "the sacrifice of marriage.",
      "definition_html": "the sacrifice of marriage."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viyoga",
      "definition": "the stage of separation when the mind is fully absorbed in thoughts of Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the stage of separation when the mind is fully absorbed in thoughts of Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viśiṣṭādvaita-vāda",
      "definition": "the Vaiṣṇava philosophy established by Rāmānujācārya's Śrī-bhāṣya commentary on the Vedānta-sūtra.",
      "definition_html": "the Vaiṣṇava philosophy established by Rāmānujācārya's <i>Śrī-bhāṣya </i>commentary on the <i>Vedānta-sūtra</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viśoka",
      "definition": "callous to material distress and happiness.",
      "definition_html": "callous to material distress and happiness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viśrambha",
      "definition": "devotional service devoid of a respectful attitude toward the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "devotional service devoid of a respectful attitude toward the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viśruta",
      "definition": "the son begotten by the Pracetās through Māriṣā.",
      "definition_html": "the son begotten by the Pracetās through Māriṣā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viśuddha-sattva",
      "definition": "the spiritual platform of pure goodness.",
      "definition_html": "the spiritual platform of pure goodness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viśva-dharma",
      "definition": "universal religion.",
      "definition_html": "universal religion."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viśva-rūpa (viraṭ-rūpa)",
      "definition": "the universal form of Lord Kṛṣṇa, as described in the Eleventh Chapter of Bhagavad-gītā.",
      "definition_html": "the universal form of Lord Kṛṣṇa, as described in the Eleventh Chapter of <i>Bhagavad-gītā.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Viśvakarmā",
      "definition": "the architect of the devas or demigods. He built the city of Indraprastha for the Pāṇḍavas at the request of Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the architect of the <i>devas</i> or demigods. He built the city of Indraprastha for the Pāṇḍavas at the request of Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viśvakośa",
      "definition": "an ancient Sanskrit dictionary.",
      "definition_html": "an ancient Sanskrit dictionary."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viśvambhara",
      "definition": "one who maintains the entire universe and who leads all living beings; the name of Lord Caitanya before He entered the renounced order.",
      "definition_html": "one who maintains the entire universe and who leads all living beings; the name of Lord Caitanya before He entered the renounced order."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viśvanātha Cakravartī Ṭhākura",
      "definition": "a great ācārya in the Caitanya school of Vaiṣṇavism and the most prominent ācārya after Narottama dāsa Ṭhākura. On the order of his guru he went to Vṛndāvana and by his life's end he had composed twenty-four valuable books on the science of bhakti. He established the Gokulānanda Temple. In his final years he lived at Rādhā-kuṇḍa; he has written commentaries on Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam and Śrīmad Bhagavad-gītā.",
      "definition_html": "a great <i>ācārya </i>in the Caitanya school of Vaiṣṇavism and the most prominent <i>ācārya </i>after Narottama dāsa Ṭhākura. On the order of his guru he went to Vṛndāvana and by his life's end he had composed twenty-four valuable books on the science of <i>bhakti</i>. He established the Gokulānanda Temple. In his final years he lived at Rādhā-kuṇḍa; he has written commentaries on <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam and Śrīmad Bhagavad-gītā.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Viśvāmitra",
      "definition": "a prominent sage and rival of Vasiṣṭha Muni.",
      "definition_html": "a prominent sage and rival of Vasiṣṭha Muni."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viśvāsa",
      "definition": "a government secretary; confidence.",
      "definition_html": "a government secretary; confidence."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viśvāvasu",
      "definition": "a leader of the Gandharvas, singers in the heavenly planets.",
      "definition_html": "a leader of the Gandharvas, singers in the heavenly planets."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viṣaya",
      "definition": "the object of worship; an object of material sense gratification.",
      "definition_html": "the object of worship; an object of material sense gratification."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viṣaya-taraṅga",
      "definition": "the waves of material existence.",
      "definition_html": "the waves of material existence."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viṣayī",
      "definition": "one who is interested only in material sense gratification.",
      "definition_html": "one who is interested only in material sense gratification."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viṣāda",
      "definition": "moroseness, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "moroseness, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viṣṇoḥ smaraṇa",
      "definition": "the devotional process of remembering.",
      "definition_html": "the devotional process of remembering."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viṣṇu",
      "definition": "the Supreme Personality of Godhead in His four-armed expansion in Vaikuṇṭha; A plenary expansion of the original Supreme Personality of Godhead, Śrī Kṛṣṇa. Viṣṇu supervises the maintenance of the created universe, and enters into the material universe before creation. He is worshiped by all the demigods and sages, and described throughout the Vedas as the summum bonum of all knowledge-the Absolute Truth; Literally, the all-pervading God; a prominent Sanskrit name of the Personality of Godhead. See Kṛṣṇa, Supersoul, Vaiṣṇava.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Personality of Godhead in His four-armed expansion in Vaikuṇṭha; A plenary expansion of the original Supreme Personality of Godhead, Śrī Kṛṣṇa. Viṣṇu supervises the maintenance of the created universe, and enters into the material universe before creation. He is worshiped by all the demigods and sages, and described throughout the <i>Vedas </i>as the summum <i>bonum </i>of all knowledge-the Absolute Truth; Literally, the all-pervading God; a prominent Sanskrit name of the Personality of Godhead. See Kṛṣṇa, Supersoul, Vaiṣṇava."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viṣṇu Purāṇa",
      "definition": "See PURĀṆAS.",
      "definition_html": "See PURĀṆAS."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viṣṇu-bhaktas",
      "definition": "devotees in Kṛṣṇa consciousness.",
      "definition_html": "devotees in Kṛṣṇa consciousness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viṣṇu-bhakti",
      "definition": "devotional service to Lord Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "devotional service to Lord Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viṣṇu-dharma",
      "definition": "one of the eighteen Purāṇas, or Vedic historical scriptures.",
      "definition_html": "one of the eighteen <i>Purāṇas, </i>or Vedic historical scriptures."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viṣṇu-mūrtī",
      "definition": "the Deity form of the Lord worshiped in the temple.",
      "definition_html": "the Deity form of the Lord worshiped in the temple."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viṣṇu-purana",
      "definition": "scripture describing the glories of Lord Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "scripture describing the glories of Lord Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viṣṇu-tattva",
      "definition": "A plenary portion of the Supreme Lord, Śrī Kṛṣṇa. These expansions are the same in potency, but Kṛṣṇa is the original Personality of Godhead. For example, many candles may be lit from one candle and the candles are equal in illumination to the original, but they are still not the original. The Original Personality of Godhead, the Source of all Viṣṇu-tattvas is Śrī Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "</i>A plenary portion of the Supreme Lord, Śrī Kṛṣṇa. These expansions are the same in potency, but Kṛṣṇa is the original Personality of Godhead. For example, many candles may be lit from one candle and the candles are equal in illumination to the original, but they are still not the original. The Original Personality of Godhead, the Source of all <i>Viṣṇu-tattvas</i> is Śrī Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viṣṇu-yajña",
      "definition": "a sacrifice performed for the satisfaction of Lord Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "a sacrifice performed for the satisfaction of Lord Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viṣṇudūtas",
      "definition": "the messengers of Lord Viṣṇu who come to take perfected devotees back to the spiritual world at the time of death, the personal servants of Lord Viṣṇu, they closely resemble If Him in appearance.",
      "definition_html": "the messengers of Lord Viṣṇu who come to take perfected devotees back to the spiritual world at the time of death, the personal servants of Lord Viṣṇu, they closely resemble If Him in appearance."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viṣṇuloka",
      "definition": "the abode of Lord Viṣṇu, the Supreme Personality of Godhead. See also: Vaikuntha",
      "definition_html": "the abode of Lord Viṣṇu, the Supreme Personality of Godhead. <i>See also: Vaikuntha</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Viṣṇumūrti",
      "definition": "The form of Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "The form of Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Viṣṇupriyā-devī",
      "definition": "the second wife of Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu, whom He left to accept sannyāsa, the renounced order of life.",
      "definition_html": "the second wife of Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu, whom He left to accept <i>sannyāsa,</i> the renounced order of life."
    },
    {
      "term": "Voidism",
      "definition": "The mind has two functions, accepting and rejecting. Voidism is the result of total frustration, when the mind negates and rejects everything as just too troublesome. Voidism in Sanskrit is śūnyavāda, a doctrine associated with Buddhism. As the Bodhicaryāvatāra-panjikā, a Buddhist scripture, puts it, niḥsvabhāvavatā śūnyatā the absence of the self-existence of all things, voidness is the paramārtha (supreme goal) of Buddhism. In ancient Greece, Democritus and other atomists reduced reality down to atoms and the void. Modern physicists propose scenarios of the universe popping out of a primordial void. Śrīla Prabhupāda writes: The Śaṅkarites and Buddhists claim that the world beyond is void, but Bhagavad-gītā does not disappoint us like this. The philosophy of voidness has simply created atheists. We are spiritual beings, and we want enjoyment, but as soon as our future is void, we will become inclined to enjoy this material life. In this way, the impersonalists discuss the philosophy of voidism while trying as much as possible to enjoy this material life. One may enjoy speculation in this way, but there is no spiritual benefit. (Beyond Birth and Death, Chap. Four) The ultimate paradox of voidism is that if everything is void, then there is nothing to philosophize about. Consequently, those professing voidism logically ought to behave as Cratylus did. See Buddhism, Cratylus, Impersonalism, Māyāvāda philosophy, Mind, Śaṅkarācārya, Scepticism.",
      "definition_html": "The mind has two functions, accepting and rejecting. Voidism is the result of total frustration, when the mind negates and rejects everything as just too troublesome. Voidism in Sanskrit is <i>śūnyavāda,</i> a doctrine associated with Buddhism. As the <i>Bodhicaryāvatāra-panjikā,</i> a Buddhist scripture, puts it, <i>niḥsvabhāvavatā śūnyatā </i>the absence of the self-existence of all things, voidness is the <i>paramārtha</i> (supreme goal) of Buddhism. In ancient Greece, Democritus and other atomists reduced reality down to atoms and the void. Modern physicists propose scenarios of the universe popping out of a primordial void. Śrīla Prabhupāda writes: The Śaṅkarites and Buddhists claim that the world beyond is void, but <i>Bhagavad-gītā</i> does not disappoint us like this. The philosophy of voidness has simply created atheists. We are spiritual beings, and we want enjoyment, but as soon as our future is void, we will become inclined to enjoy this material life. In this way, the impersonalists discuss the philosophy of voidism while trying as much as possible to enjoy this material life. One may enjoy speculation in this way, but there is no spiritual benefit. (<i>Beyond Birth and Death,</i> Chap. Four) The ultimate paradox of voidism is that if everything is void, then there is nothing to philosophize about. Consequently, those professing voidism logically ought to behave as Cratylus did. See Buddhism, Cratylus, Impersonalism, Māyāvāda philosophy, Mind, Śaṅkarācārya, Scepticism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vraja",
      "definition": "the 168-square-mile (84 krośa) area in the district of Mathurā where five thousand years ago Lord Krṣṇa displayed His pastimes. It is the principal holy place of pilgrimage for all Vaiṣṇavas. It is said in the śāstras that Vraja is the essence and sum total of all holy places. See also: Vṛndāvana.",
      "definition_html": "the 168-square-mile (84 <i>krośa</i>) area in the district of Mathurā where five thousand years ago Lord Krṣṇa displayed His pastimes. It is the principal holy place of pilgrimage for all Vaiṣṇavas. It is said in the <i>śāstras </i>that Vraja is the essence and sum total of all holy places. <i>See also: Vṛndāvana.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Vraja (Vrajabhūmi)",
      "definition": "See VṚNDĀVANA.",
      "definition_html": "See VṚNDĀVANA."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vrajabhūmi",
      "definition": "Vṛndāvana-Kṛṣṇa's eternal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness; the village on this earth in which He enacted His childhood pastimes five thousand years ago; the topmost transcendental abode of the Supreme Lord. It is His personal spiritual abode descended to the earthly plane. It is situated on the Western bank of the river Yamunā. He was present on earth about 5,000 years ago. Also see Vraja-the 168-square-mile (84 krośa) area in the district of Mathurā where five thousand years ago Lord Krṣṇa displayed His pastimes. It is the principal holy place of pilgrimage for all Vaiṣṇavas. It is said in the śāstras that Vraja is the essence and sum total of all holy places.",
      "definition_html": "Vṛndāvana-Kṛṣṇa's eternal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness; the village on this earth in which He enacted His childhood pastimes five thousand years ago; the topmost transcendental abode of the Supreme Lord. It is His personal spiritual abode descended to the earthly plane. It is situated on the Western bank of the river Yamunā. He was present on earth about 5,000 years ago. Also see Vraja-the 168-square-mile (84 <i>krośa</i>) area in the district of Mathurā where five thousand years ago Lord Krṣṇa displayed His pastimes. It is the principal holy place of pilgrimage for all Vaiṣṇavas. It is said in the <i>śāstras </i>that Vraja is the essence and sum total of all holy places."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vrajendra",
      "definition": "Nanda Mahārāja, the foster father of Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "Nanda Mahārāja, the foster father of Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vrajendra-kumāra",
      "definition": "Kṛṣṇa, the child of King Nanda.",
      "definition_html": "Kṛṣṇa, the child of King Nanda."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vrajendra-nandana",
      "definition": "Kṛṣṇa, the son of Nanda Mahārāja.",
      "definition_html": "Kṛṣṇa, the son of Nanda Mahārāja."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vrīḍā",
      "definition": "shame, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "shame, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vyabhicārī-bhāvas",
      "definition": "the thirty-three transitory bodily symptoms manifest in ecstatic love.",
      "definition_html": "the thirty-three transitory bodily symptoms manifest in ecstatic love."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vyakta",
      "definition": "material creation when it is manifested from the total energy of mahat-tattva.",
      "definition_html": "material creation when it is manifested from the total energy of <i>mahat-tattva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vyādhi",
      "definition": "disease, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "disease, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vyāna-vāyu",
      "definition": "one of the internal bodily airs which is controlled by the aṣṭāṅga-yoga system. The vyāna-vāyu acts to shrink and expand.",
      "definition_html": "one of the internal bodily airs which is controlled by the <i>aṣṭāṅga-yoga </i>system. The <i>vyāna-vāyu </i>acts to shrink and expand."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vyāsa",
      "definition": "Vyāsadeva (Vyāsa)-the literary incarnation of God, and the greatest philosopher of ancient times. The son of Parāśara, and the compiler of the original Vedic scriptures, including the eighteen Purāṇas, Vedānta-sūtra, the Mahābhārata, and the Upaniṣads. He played a very important part in guiding the Pāṇḍavas during crucial times. He gave the vision of the battle of Kurukṣetra to Sañjaya so that he could relate it to Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He is still living in this world; The son of Parāśara Muni and Satyavatī-devī, Vyāsa is the empowered (śaktyāveśa-)avatāra of God who rendered the Vedic śabda into written texts some 5000 years ago. He is also known as Vedavyāsa, Bādarāyaṇa and Dvaipāyana. See Avatāra (Śaktya-aveśa), Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, Veda, Vedānta-sūtra.",
      "definition_html": "Vyāsadeva (Vyāsa)-the literary incarnation of God, and the greatest philosopher of ancient times. The son of Parāśara, and the compiler of the original Vedic scriptures, including the eighteen <i>Purāṇas, Vedānta-sūtra, </i>the <i>Mahābhārata, </i>and the <i>Upaniṣads.</i> He played a very important part in guiding the Pāṇḍavas during crucial times. He gave the vision of the battle of Kurukṣetra to Sañjaya so that he could relate it to Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He is still living in this world; The son of Parāśara Muni and Satyavatī-devī, Vyāsa is the empowered <i>(śaktyāveśa-)avatāra</i> of God who rendered the Vedic <i>śabda</i> into written texts some 5000 years ago. He is also known as Vedavyāsa, Bādarāyaṇa and Dvaipāyana. See Avatāra (Śaktya-aveśa), Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, Veda, Vedānta-sūtra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vyāsa-pūjā",
      "definition": "the appearance day of the spiritual master, on which he is honored as the representative of VYĀSADEVA and the direct representative of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the appearance day of the spiritual master, on which he is honored as the representative of VYĀSADEVA and the direct representative of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vyāsadeva",
      "definition": "the greatest philosopher of ancient times. He was an incarnation of Viṣṇu empowered for literary activities, and he compiled the Vedas, Purāṇas, Mahābharata, Vedānta-sūtra, etc.",
      "definition_html": "the greatest philosopher of ancient times. He was an incarnation of Viṣṇu empowered for literary activities, and he compiled the <i>Vedas, Purāṇas, Mahābharata, Vedānta-sūtra</i>, etc."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vyāsadeva (Vyāsa)",
      "definition": "the literary incarnation of God, and the greatest philosopher of ancient times. The son of Parāśara, and the compiler of the original Vedic scriptures, including the eighteen Purāṇas, Vedānta-sūtra, the Mahābhārata, and the Upaniṣads. He played a very important part in guiding the Pāṇḍavas during crucial times. He gave the vision of the battle of Kurukṣetra to Sañjaya so that he could relate it to Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He is still living in this world.",
      "definition_html": "the literary incarnation of God, and the greatest philosopher of ancient times. The son of Parāśara, and the compiler of the original Vedic scriptures, including the eighteen <i>Purāṇas, Vedānta-sūtra, </i>the <i>Mahābhārata, </i>and the <i>Upaniṣads.</i> He played a very important part in guiding the Pāṇḍavas during crucial times. He gave the vision of the battle of Kurukṣetra to Sañjaya so that he could relate it to Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He is still living in this world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vyāsāsana",
      "definition": "the seat of Vyāsa, on which the representative of Vyāsadeva sits.",
      "definition_html": "the seat of Vyāsa, on which the representative of Vyāsadeva sits."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vācāla",
      "definition": "a person who can speak according to Vedic authority.",
      "definition_html": "a person who can speak according to Vedic authority."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vāli",
      "definition": "name of a monkey who was the son of Indra, the King of heaven, and elder brother of Sugrīva, the monkey king in the epic Rāmāyaṇa.",
      "definition_html": "name of a monkey who was the son of Indra, the King of heaven, and elder brother of Sugrīva, the monkey king in the epic <i>Rāmāyaṇa</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vālmīki",
      "definition": "the author of the original Rāmāyaṇa-the original epic history about Lord Rāmacandra and Sītā, written by Vālmīki Muni.",
      "definition_html": "the author of the original Rāmāyaṇa-the original epic history about Lord Rāmacandra and Sītā, written by Vālmīki Muni."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vālmīki Muni",
      "definition": "the author of the original Rāmāyana, the epic of Lord RĀMACANDRA’s pastimes.",
      "definition_html": "the author of the original Rāmāyana, the epic of Lord RĀMACANDRA’s pastimes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vāma",
      "definition": "left-wing group of gopīs, who are eager to be jealously angered.",
      "definition_html": "left-wing group of <i>gopīs, </i>who are eager to be jealously angered."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vāmadeva",
      "definition": "a great sage who was a competitor of Gautama Ṛṣi's. He was the secretary of Daśaratha Mahārāja, the father of Lord Rāma.",
      "definition_html": "a great sage who was a competitor of Gautama Ṛṣi's. He was the secretary of Daśaratha Mahārāja, the father of Lord Rāma."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vāmanadeva",
      "definition": "the Supreme Lord's fifth incarnation as a dwarf brāhmaṇa, to whom Bali Mahārāja surrendered everything; Trivikrama-a name for the Supreme Lord indicating His incarnation as the dwarf brāhmaṇa Vāmanadeva. Meaning literally \"He who took three big steps,\" this name recalls the Lord's pastime of extending His foot through the coverings of the material universe and into the Causal Ocean.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Lord's fifth incarnation as a dwarf <i>brāhmaṇa,</i> to whom Bali Mahārāja surrendered everything<i>; </i>Trivikrama-a name for the Supreme Lord indicating His incarnation as the dwarf <i>brāhmaṇa </i>Vāmanadeva. Meaning literally \"He who took three big steps,\" this name recalls the Lord's pastime of extending His foot through the coverings of the material universe and into the Causal Ocean."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vānaprastha",
      "definition": "retired family life, in which one quits home to cultivate renunciation and travels from holy place to holy place in preparation for the renounced order of life; the third order of Vedic spiritual life; A retired householder. A member of the third spiritual devision of life, according to the Vedic social system of four āśramas. See Brahmacārī, Gṛhastha, Sannyāsī.",
      "definition_html": "retired family life, in which one quits home to cultivate renunciation and travels from holy place to holy place in preparation for the renounced order of life; the third order of Vedic spiritual life; A retired householder. A member of the third spiritual devision of life, according to the Vedic social system of four <i>āśramas.</i> See Brahmacārī, Gṛhastha, Sannyāsī."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vāraṇāvata",
      "definition": "the place where Duryodhana built the palace of lac. (Ādi Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "the place where Duryodhana built the palace of lac. (Ādi Parva in Mahābhārata)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Vārāṇasī",
      "definition": "one of the oldest and most famous places of pilgrimage in India; also known as Kāśī and Benares. It is a center of impersonalistic, or Māyāvāda, philosophy. Here is where Lord Caitanya defeated Prakāśānanda Sarasvati, the leading Māyāvādī of his day.",
      "definition_html": "one of the oldest and most famous places of pilgrimage in India; also known as Kāśī and Benares. It is a center of impersonalistic, or Māyāvāda, philosophy. Here is where Lord Caitanya defeated Prakāśānanda Sarasvati, the leading Māyāvādī of his day."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vāsanā",
      "definition": "a wish or desire.",
      "definition_html": "a wish or desire."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vāsudeva",
      "definition": "(l) Lord Kṛṣṇa, “the son of Vasudeva”; (2) the state of pure goodness, which transcends the material modes of nature and in which one can understand the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "(l) Lord Kṛṣṇa, “the son of Vasudeva”; (2) the state of pure goodness, which transcends the material modes of nature and in which one can understand the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vāsudeva-parāyaṇa",
      "definition": "one whose desire is fixed on the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "one whose desire is fixed on the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vāsudeva-parāyaṇāḥ",
      "definition": "those who are devoted to Lord Kṛṣṇa (Vāsudeva).",
      "definition_html": "those who are devoted to Lord Kṛṣṇa (Vāsudeva)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vātsalya",
      "definition": "Relationship of paternal affection with the Supreme Lord, as had by Nanda and Yaśodā, who enjoyed the Childhood Pastimes of Kṛṣṇa as His father and mother in Vṛndāvan.",
      "definition_html": "</i>Relationship of paternal affection with the Supreme Lord, as had by Nanda and Yaśodā, who enjoyed the Childhood Pastimes of Kṛṣṇa as His father and mother in Vṛndāvan."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vātsalya-rasa",
      "definition": "the relationship with Kṛṣṇa as His parent.",
      "definition_html": "the relationship with Kṛṣṇa as His parent."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vātsalya-rati",
      "definition": "see: Vātsalya-rasa above.",
      "definition_html": "<i>see: Vātsalya-rasa above.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Vāyu",
      "definition": "air, one of the three major elements of the gross body; the demigod in charge of the wind. He was the father of Bhīma and Hanumān.",
      "definition_html": "air, one of the three major elements of the gross body; the demigod in charge of the wind. He was the father of Bhīma and Hanumān."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vāṇī",
      "definition": "the words of the spiritual master, which exist eternally.",
      "definition_html": "the words of the spiritual master, which exist eternally."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vībhatsu",
      "definition": "one of the ten names of Arjuna.",
      "definition_html": "one of the ten names of Arjuna."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vīra-rasa",
      "definition": "chivalry, one of the indirect relationships with Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "chivalry, one of the indirect relationships with Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vīra-vrata",
      "definition": "fully determined.",
      "definition_html": "fully determined."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vīrabhadra",
      "definition": "the demon created by Lord Śiva to destroy the sacrifice of Mahārāja Dakṣa.",
      "definition_html": "the demon created by Lord Śiva to destroy the sacrifice of Mahārāja Dakṣa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vīrarāghava Ācārya",
      "definition": "a Vaiṣṇava spiritual master in the line of Rāmānujācārya, and commentator on Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam.",
      "definition_html": "a Vaiṣṇava spiritual master in the line of Rāmānujācārya, and commentator on <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Vīrya",
      "definition": "one who has mercy.",
      "definition_html": "one who has mercy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vīthī",
      "definition": "beginning of a drama consisting of only one scene.",
      "definition_html": "beginning of a drama consisting of only one scene."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vīṇā",
      "definition": "a stringed musical instrument.",
      "definition_html": "a stringed musical instrument."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vṛddhakṣatra",
      "definition": "the father of Jayadratha.",
      "definition_html": "the father of Jayadratha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vṛkodara",
      "definition": "a name for Bhīmasena meaning \"he of the voracious appetite.\"",
      "definition_html": "a name for Bhīmasena meaning \"he of the voracious appetite.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Vṛndāvana",
      "definition": "Kṛṣṇa's eternal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness; the village on this earth in which He enacted His childhood pastimes five thousand years ago; the topmost transcendental abode of the Supreme Lord. It is His personal spiritual abode descended to the earthly plane. It is situated on the Western bank of the river Yamunā. He was present on earth about 5,000 years ago. Also see Vraja.",
      "definition_html": "Kṛṣṇa's eternal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness; the village on this earth in which He enacted His childhood pastimes five thousand years ago; the topmost transcendental abode of the Supreme Lord. It is His personal spiritual abode descended to the earthly plane. It is situated on the Western bank of the river Yamunā. He was present on earth about 5,000 years ago. Also see Vraja."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vṛndāvana dāsa Ṭhākura",
      "definition": "the incarnation of Vedavyāsa in Lord Caitanya's pastimes and the author of Caitanya-bhagavata, one of the earliest biographies of Lord Caitanya, in which he especially describes Caitanya Mahāprabhu's early pastimes.",
      "definition_html": "the incarnation of Vedavyāsa in Lord Caitanya's pastimes and the author of <i>Caitanya-bhagavata, </i>one of the earliest biographies of Lord Caitanya, in which he especially describes Caitanya Mahāprabhu's early pastimes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vṛndāvana-vihāra",
      "definition": "the pastimes of Vṛndāvana.",
      "definition_html": "the pastimes of Vṛndāvana."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vṛtra",
      "definition": "Vṛtrāsura, a great demon killed by Indra. He was actually the devotee Citraketu, who had been cursed to take a low birth.",
      "definition_html": "Vṛtrāsura, a great demon killed by Indra. He was actually the devotee Citraketu, who had been cursed to take a low birth."
    },
    {
      "term": "Vṛṣasena",
      "definition": "the son of Karṇa. He was considered a Mahārathi. He was killed by Arjuna in the presence of his father Karṇa. (Karṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "the son of Karṇa. He was considered a Mahārathi. He was killed by Arjuna in the presence of his father Karṇa. (Karṇa Parva in Mahābhārata)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Vṛṣṇi",
      "definition": "a famous king of the Yadu dynasty. Lord Kṛṣṇa took birth in his dynasty.",
      "definition_html": "a famous king of the Yadu dynasty. Lord Kṛṣṇa took birth in his dynasty."
    },
    {
      "term": "Wittgenstein, Ludwig",
      "definition": "Austrian-born logician and philosopher (1889-1951) who taught at Cambridge University. He is probably the most influential theorist of language in the twentieth century. In Tractatus Logico-philosophicus he wrote, My propositions serve as elucidations in the following way: anyone who understands me eventually recognizes them as nonsensical. ... He must transcend these propositions, and then he will see the world aright.",
      "definition_html": "Austrian-born logician and philosopher (1889-1951) who taught at Cambridge University. He is probably the most influential theorist of language in the twentieth century. In <i>Tractatus Logico-philosophicus</i> he wrote, My propositions serve as elucidations in the following way: anyone who understands me eventually recognizes them as nonsensical. ... He must transcend these propositions, and then he will see the world aright."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yadavadri",
      "definition": "town of Melkot in South India.",
      "definition_html": "town of Melkot in South India."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yadu",
      "definition": "one of the sons of King Yayāti. He was the founder of the Yadu dynasty.",
      "definition_html": "one of the sons of King Yayāti. He was the founder of the Yadu dynasty."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yadu (Yādava) dynasty",
      "definition": "the dynasty in which Lord Kṛṣṇa appeared.",
      "definition_html": "the dynasty in which Lord Kṛṣṇa appeared."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yadu-kumāra",
      "definition": "Kṛṣṇa as the young darling of the Yadus in Mathurā and Dvārakā.",
      "definition_html": "Kṛṣṇa as the young darling of the Yadus in Mathurā and Dvārakā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yadupati",
      "definition": "the name of Kṛṣṇa meaning \"King of the Yadu dynasty.\"",
      "definition_html": "the name of Kṛṣṇa meaning \"King of the Yadu dynasty.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Yadus",
      "definition": "the descendants of Yadu.",
      "definition_html": "the descendants of Yadu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yadvā-tadvā kavi",
      "definition": "one who writes poetry without proper knowledge.",
      "definition_html": "one who writes poetry without proper knowledge."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yajamānas",
      "definition": "those for whom a priest executes sacrifices.",
      "definition_html": "those for whom a priest executes sacrifices."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yajana",
      "definition": "the duty of a brāhmaṇa to perform Vedic rituals.",
      "definition_html": "the duty of a <i>brāhmaṇa </i>to perform Vedic rituals."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yajña",
      "definition": "sacrifice, work done for the satisfaction of Lord Viṣṇu. Yogi—a transcendentalist who, in one way or another, is striving for union with the Supreme. Yuga—ages in the life of a universe, occurring in a repeated cycle of four.",
      "definition_html": "sacrifice, work done for the satisfaction of Lord Viṣṇu.<br/> <i>Yogi</i>—a transcendentalist who, in one way or another, is striving for union with the Supreme.<br/> <i>Yuga</i>—ages in the life of a universe, occurring in a repeated cycle of four."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yajña-puruṣa",
      "definition": "the supreme enjoyer of all sacrifices.",
      "definition_html": "the supreme enjoyer of all sacrifices."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yajñeśvara",
      "definition": "an epithet of Kṛṣṇa, \"Lord of sacrifice.\"",
      "definition_html": "an epithet of Kṛṣṇa, \"Lord of sacrifice.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Yakṣa",
      "definition": "ghostly followers of the demigod Kuvera, the treasurer of the demigods. They were born from the feet of Lord Brahmā.",
      "definition_html": "ghostly followers of the demigod Kuvera, the treasurer of the demigods. They were born from the feet of Lord Brahmā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yama",
      "definition": "the process of controlling the senses.",
      "definition_html": "the process of controlling the senses."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yamadūtas",
      "definition": "the messengers of Yamarāja, the lord of death.",
      "definition_html": "the messengers of Yamarāja, the lord of death."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yamarāja",
      "definition": "the demigod in charge of punishing the sinful after death, and who is also recognized as one of the chief authorities on devotional service to Lord KṚṢṆA.",
      "definition_html": "the demigod in charge of punishing the sinful after death, and who is also recognized as one of the chief authorities on devotional service to Lord KṚṢṆA."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yamunā",
      "definition": "the sacred river where Kṛṣṇa performed many pastimes. One of the holy rivers of India, flowing through Vṛndāvana. It was here that Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa sported when He was a young child. The personification of the Yamunā River, known as Kālindī, is the daughter of the sun god and the sister of Yamarāja, the god of death. She is also called Yamī. In Krṣṇa-līlā she became one of Krṣṇa's queens at Dvārakā.",
      "definition_html": "the sacred river where Kṛṣṇa performed many pastimes. One of the holy rivers of India, flowing through Vṛndāvana. It was here that Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa sported when He was a young child. The personification of the Yamunā River, known as Kālindī, is the daughter of the sun god and the sister of Yamarāja, the god of death. She is also called Yamī. In Krṣṇa-līlā she became one of Krṣṇa's queens at Dvārakā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yavana",
      "definition": "a class of humans fallen from the Vedic culture; a low-class person, generally a meat-eater; a barbarian.",
      "definition_html": "a class of humans fallen from the Vedic culture; a low-class person, generally a meat-eater; a barbarian."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yayāti",
      "definition": "the king who, because of his lust, was cursed by Śukrācārya to prematurely accept old age.",
      "definition_html": "the king who, because of his lust, was cursed by Śukrācārya to prematurely accept old age."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yaśodā",
      "definition": "the foster mother of Kṛṣṇa, who was the Queen of Vraja and wife of Mahārāja Nanda.",
      "definition_html": "the foster mother of Kṛṣṇa, who was the Queen of Vraja and wife of Mahārāja Nanda."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yaśodā-nandana",
      "definition": "the Supreme Lord, Kṛṣṇa, who played as the son of Yaśodā.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Lord, Kṛṣṇa, who played as the son of Yaśodā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yoga",
      "definition": "a spiritual discipline meant for linking one's consciousness with the Supreme Lord, Kṛṣṇa; Literally, connection; the discipline of self-realization. One of the six systems of Vedic philosophy, taught by Patañjali. According to Bhagavad-gītā, the most sublime form of yoga is bhakti-yoga (the yoga of pure devotion). Through the process of bhakti-yoga, the consciousness of the individual soul connects with its source, Kṛṣṇa. This is called Kṛṣṇa consciousness. By Kṛṣṇa consciousness, the soul rids itself of the bondage of the three modes of material nature and returns back home, Back to Godhead. See Bhakti-yoga, Six systems.",
      "definition_html": "a spiritual discipline meant for linking one's consciousness with the Supreme Lord, Kṛṣṇa; Literally, connection; the discipline of self-realization. One of the six systems of Vedic philosophy, taught by Patañjali. According to <i>Bhagavad-gītā,</i> the most sublime form of <i>yoga</i> is <i>bhakti-yoga</i> (the <i>yoga</i> of pure devotion). Through the process of <i>bhakti-yoga,</i> the consciousness of the individual soul connects with its source, Kṛṣṇa. This is called Kṛṣṇa consciousness. By Kṛṣṇa consciousness, the soul rids itself of the bondage of the three modes of material nature and returns back home, Back to Godhead. See Bhakti-yoga, Six systems."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yoga-bhraṣṭas",
      "definition": "Souls fallen from the path of self realization.",
      "definition_html": "</i>Souls fallen from the path of self realization."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yoga-mārga",
      "definition": "the path of developing mystic powers.",
      "definition_html": "the path of developing mystic powers."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yoga-māyā",
      "definition": "the internal, spiritual energy of the Supreme Lord, to which the external energy, mahā-mayā, is subordinate, and which hides Him from non devotees..",
      "definition_html": "the internal, spiritual energy of the Supreme Lord, to which the external energy, <i>mahā-mayā, </i>is subordinate, and which hides Him from non devotees.."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yoga-nidrā",
      "definition": "mystic slumber in which Mahā-Viṣṇu creates universes.",
      "definition_html": "mystic slumber in which Mahā-Viṣṇu creates universes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yoga-siddhi",
      "definition": "mystic perfection.",
      "definition_html": "mystic perfection."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yoga-siddhis",
      "definition": "mystic perfections; mystic powers.",
      "definition_html": "mystic perfections; mystic powers."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yogamāyā",
      "definition": "the eternal creative potency of Kṛṣṇa which obscures Him to the unintelligent.",
      "definition_html": "the eternal creative potency of Kṛṣṇa which obscures Him to the unintelligent."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yogarudha",
      "definition": "the highest stage of yoga.",
      "definition_html": "the highest stage of <i>yoga.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Yogarurukṣa",
      "definition": "the beginning stage of yoga.",
      "definition_html": "the beginning stage of <i>yoga.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Yogendras",
      "definition": "nine devotee sons of Ṛṣabhadeva.",
      "definition_html": "nine devotee sons of Ṛṣabhadeva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yogeśvara",
      "definition": "name of Kṛṣṇa, “the master of all mystic power.”",
      "definition_html": "name of Kṛṣṇa, “the master of all mystic power.”"
    },
    {
      "term": "Yogis",
      "definition": "Those who practice the yoga process (linking with the Supreme). The purpose of the Haṭha and Aṣṭānga-yoga systems, i.e., sitting postures, breath control, meditation, is to control the senses and see the Form of the Personality of Godhead within the heart.",
      "definition_html": "</i>Those who practice the yoga process (linking with the Supreme). The purpose of the <i>Haṭha</i> and <i>Aṣṭānga-yoga</i> systems, i.e., sitting postures, breath control, meditation, is to control the senses and see the Form of the Personality of Godhead within the heart."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yogārurukṣa",
      "definition": "the beginning stage of yoga.",
      "definition_html": "the beginning stage of <i>yoga</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yogārūḍha",
      "definition": "the highest stage of yoga.",
      "definition_html": "the highest stage of <i>yoga</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yogī",
      "definition": "a transcendentalist who practices one of the many authorized forms of yoga, or processes of spiritual purification; those who practice the eight-fold mystic yoga process to gain mystic siddhis or Paramātmā realization.",
      "definition_html": "a transcendentalist who practices one of the many authorized forms of <i>yoga, </i>or processes of spiritual purification; those who practice the eight-fold mystic <i>yoga </i>process to gain mystic <i>siddhis </i>or Paramātmā realization."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yojana",
      "definition": "a standard Vedic measurement equal to eight miles.",
      "definition_html": "a standard Vedic measurement equal to eight miles."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yuddha",
      "definition": "the Sanskrit word for war.",
      "definition_html": "the Sanskrit word for war."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yudhiṣṭhira",
      "definition": "the eldest of the Pāṇḍavas in the Mahābhārata, and the son of Dharmarāja or Yamarāja, the god of death. It was the dispute over his succession to the throne in India that led to the Battle of Kurukṣetra; he ruled the earth after the Kurukṣetra war.",
      "definition_html": "the eldest of the Pāṇḍavas in the Mahābhārata, and the son of Dharmarāja or Yamarāja, the god of death. It was the dispute over his succession to the throne in India that led to the Battle of Kurukṣetra; he ruled the earth after the Kurukṣetra war."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yudhāmanyu",
      "definition": "a prince of Pāñcāla. He fought on the side of the Pāṇḍavas and was killed on the last night of the battle when Aśvatthāmā entered his tent severed his head.",
      "definition_html": "a prince of Pāñcāla. He fought on the side of the Pāṇḍavas and was killed on the last night of the battle when Aśvatthāmā entered his tent severed his head."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yuga",
      "definition": "one of the four ages of the universe, which differ in length and which rotate like calendar months. See also: Satya-yuga, Treta-yuga, Dvāpara-yuga and Kali-yuga.",
      "definition_html": "one of the four ages of the universe, which differ in length and which rotate like calendar months. <i>See also: Satya-yuga, Treta-yuga, Dvāpara-yuga and Kali-yuga.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Yuga-avatāra",
      "definition": "an incarnation of the Lord in each millennium who prescribes the appropriate process of self-realization for that age.",
      "definition_html": "an incarnation of the Lord in each millennium who prescribes the appropriate process of self-realization for that age."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yuga-dharma",
      "definition": "the religion for the age.",
      "definition_html": "the religion for the age."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yugala-pirīti",
      "definition": "the conjugal love between Rādhā and Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the conjugal love between Rādhā and Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yugāvatāras",
      "definition": "the incarnations of the Lord who appear for each of the four different millenniums to prescribe the appropriate form of spiritual realization for that age.",
      "definition_html": "the incarnations of the Lord who appear for each of the four different millenniums to prescribe the appropriate form of spiritual realization for that age."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yukta-vairāgya",
      "definition": "befitting, real renunciation, in which one utilizes everything in the service of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "befitting, real renunciation, in which one utilizes everything in the service of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yuyutsu",
      "definition": "a son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra by a Vaiśya wife. He took the side of the Pāṇḍavas during the Kurukṣetra war. He lived through the battle and performed the last funeral rites for the slain warriors on the side of Kurus.",
      "definition_html": "a son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra by a Vaiśya wife. He took the side of the Pāṇḍavas during the Kurukṣetra war. He lived through the battle and performed the last funeral rites for the slain warriors on the side of Kurus."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yādava",
      "definition": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning \"He who appears in the Yadu dynasty.\"",
      "definition_html": "a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning \"He who appears in the Yadu dynasty.\""
    },
    {
      "term": "Yādava dynasty",
      "definition": "see: Yadu dynasty below.",
      "definition_html": "<i>see: Yadu dynasty </i>below."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yāmunācārya",
      "definition": "a great Vaiṣṇava spiritual master and author in the Śrī-sampradāya, one of the important disciplic lines.",
      "definition_html": "a great Vaiṣṇava spiritual master and author in the Śrī-sampradāya<i>, </i>one of the important disciplic lines."
    },
    {
      "term": "Yātrā",
      "definition": "a journey.",
      "definition_html": "a journey."
    },
    {
      "term": "Zamindar",
      "definition": "a landlord.",
      "definition_html": "a landlord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Zamindār",
      "definition": "a wealthy landowner.",
      "definition_html": "</b><b>a wealthy landowner.</b>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Ābhāsa",
      "definition": "a shadow.",
      "definition_html": "a shadow."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ācamana",
      "definition": "a ritual of purification in which one sips water and simultaneously chants names of the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "a ritual of purification in which one sips water and simultaneously chants names of the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ācārya",
      "definition": "a spiritual master who teaches by example. Adhibhautika-kleśa—sufferings caused by other living entities. Adhidaivika-kleśa—sufferings caused by supernatural occurrences. Adhyātmika-kleśa—sufferings caused by one's own body and mind. Ahaṅkāra—false ego, the meeting point of matter and spirit. Antaraṅga-śakti—the spiritual, internal potency of the Supreme Lord. Āśrama—a spiritual order of life. Aṣṭakālīya-līlā—the eternal, eightfold daily pastimes of Rādhā-Govinda. Ātma-tattva—the science of the soul. Atyāhāra—collecting more than necessary. Avidyā—ignorance.",
      "definition_html": "a spiritual master who teaches by example.<br/> <i>Adhibhautika-kleśa</i>—sufferings caused by other living entities.<br/> <i>Adhidaivika-kleśa</i>—sufferings caused by supernatural occurrences.<br/> <i>Adhyātmika-kleśa</i>—sufferings caused by one's own body and mind.<br/> <i>Ahaṅkāra</i>—false ego, the meeting point of matter and spirit.<br/> <i>Antaraṅga-śakti</i>—the spiritual, internal potency of the Supreme Lord.<br/> <i>Āśrama</i>—a spiritual order of life.<br/> <i>Aṣṭakālīya-līlā</i>—the eternal, eightfold daily pastimes of Rādhā-Govinda.<br/> <i>Ātma-tattva</i>—the science of the soul.<br/> <i>Atyāhāra</i>—collecting more than necessary.<br/> <i>Avidyā</i>—ignorance."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ādeśa-kārī",
      "definition": "the actions resulting from sinful activities.",
      "definition_html": "the actions resulting from sinful activities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ādhibhautika-kleśa",
      "definition": "miseries inflicted by other living entities.",
      "definition_html": "miseries inflicted by other living entities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ādhidaivika-kleśa",
      "definition": "natural disturbances caused by the demigods.",
      "definition_html": "natural disturbances caused by the demigods."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ādhyātmika",
      "definition": "miseries arising from one's own body and mind.",
      "definition_html": "miseries arising from one's own body and mind."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ādi-līlā",
      "definition": "the first twenty-four years of Lord Caitanya's pastimes.",
      "definition_html": "the first twenty-four years of Lord Caitanya's pastimes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ādi-puruṣa",
      "definition": "the Supreme Lord, Kṛṣṇa, the original person.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Lord, Kṛṣṇa, the original person."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ādityas",
      "definition": "the demigods who are descendants of Kaśyapa Muni's wife, Aditi.",
      "definition_html": "the demigods who are descendants of Kaśyapa Muni's wife, Aditi."
    },
    {
      "term": "Āgamas",
      "definition": "authorized Vedic literatures; also, specifically the Pañcarātras.",
      "definition_html": "authorized Vedic literatures; also, specifically the <i>Pañcarātras</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Āgneyāstra",
      "definition": "a powerful weapon belonging to the demigod Agni. Arjuna received this weapon from his preceptor, Droṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a powerful weapon belonging to the demigod Agni. Arjuna received this weapon from his preceptor, Droṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Āhlāda",
      "definition": "transcendental bliss.",
      "definition_html": "transcendental bliss."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ājagara-vṛtti",
      "definition": "the occupation of a python.",
      "definition_html": "the occupation of a python."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ākāśa",
      "definition": "sky.",
      "definition_html": "sky."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ākūti",
      "definition": "one of Svāyambhuva Manu's three daughters and the wife of Ruci.",
      "definition_html": "one of Svāyambhuva Manu's three daughters and the wife of Ruci."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ālasya",
      "definition": "laziness, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "laziness, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Āmalakī",
      "definition": "a tree that Nārada Muni brought from the spiritual world to the material realm to please the Supreme Lord. Its fruits are very rich in vitamin C.",
      "definition_html": "a tree that Nārada Muni brought from the spiritual world to the material realm to please the Supreme Lord. Its fruits are very rich in vitamin C."
    },
    {
      "term": "Āmukha",
      "definition": "technical term for a drama's introduction, further classified into five kinds.",
      "definition_html": "technical term for a drama's introduction, further classified into five kinds."
    },
    {
      "term": "Āmānī",
      "definition": "food that is not offered to Lord Jagannātha.",
      "definition_html": "food that is not offered to Lord Jagannātha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ānanda",
      "definition": "spiritual, transcendental bliss.",
      "definition_html": "spiritual, transcendental bliss."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ānandagiri",
      "definition": "a prominent follower of ŚAÌKARĀCĀRYA.",
      "definition_html": "a prominent follower of ŚAÌKARĀCĀRYA."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ānandamaya",
      "definition": "full of bliss in spiritual realization; Kṛṣṇa consciousness.",
      "definition_html": "full of bliss in spiritual realization; Kṛṣṇa consciousness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ārati",
      "definition": "a ceremony in which one greets and worships the Lord in the Deity form of the Supreme Personality of Godhead by offering Him incense, a flame in a lamp with ghee-soaked wicks, a flame in a lamp containing camphor, water in a conchshell, a fine cloth, a fragrant flower, a peacock-feather, and yak-tail wisk, accompanied by bell-ringing and chanting.",
      "definition_html": "a ceremony in which one greets and worships the Lord in the Deity form of the Supreme Personality of Godhead by offering Him incense, a flame in a lamp with ghee-soaked wicks, a flame in a lamp containing camphor, water in a conchshell, a fine cloth, a fragrant flower, a peacock-feather, and yak-tail wisk, accompanied by bell-ringing and chanting."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ārjava",
      "definition": "a brother of Śakuni who was killed by Irāvān. (Bhīṣma Parva in Mahābhārata)",
      "definition_html": "a brother of Śakuni who was killed by Irāvān. (Bhīṣma Parva in <b><i>Mahābhārata</i></b>)"
    },
    {
      "term": "Āsana",
      "definition": "seat, or throne; a sitting posture in yoga practice.",
      "definition_html": "seat, or throne; a sitting posture in <i>yoga</i> practice."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ātma-bhūta",
      "definition": "or Brahma-bhūta—Joyful transcendental realization that one's self is not the body but spirit soul; after ātma-bhūta or Brahma-bhūta, the next, step is realizing one's loving service relationship unto the Supreme Ātman or Supreme Brahman, the Personality of Godhead.",
      "definition_html": "or <i>Brahma-bhūta</i>—Joyful transcendental realization that one's self is not the body but spirit soul; after <i>ātma-bhūta</i> or <i>Brahma-bhūta</i>, the next, step is realizing one's loving service relationship unto the Supreme <i>Ātman</i> or Supreme Brahman, the Personality of Godhead."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ātma-hana",
      "definition": "The killer of the soul, who, for failing to use the human form of life for self-realization, must enter into the planets of darkness and ignorance.",
      "definition_html": "The killer of the soul, who, for failing to use the human form of life for self-realization, must enter into the planets of darkness and ignorance."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ātma-nivedana",
      "definition": "the devotional process of surrendering everything to the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the devotional process of surrendering everything to the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ātma-samarpaṇa",
      "definition": "full surrender to Kṛṣṇa without reservation.",
      "definition_html": "full surrender to Kṛṣṇa without reservation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ātma-tattva",
      "definition": "spiritual science.",
      "definition_html": "spiritual science."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ātmā",
      "definition": "the self (refers sometimes to the body, sometimes to the soul, and sometimes to the senses).",
      "definition_html": "the self (refers sometimes to the body, sometimes to the soul, and sometimes to the senses)."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ātmārāma",
      "definition": "one who is self-satisfied, free from external, material desires.",
      "definition_html": "one who is self-satisfied, free from external, material desires."
    },
    {
      "term": "Āvaraṇātmikā",
      "definition": "māyā's \"covering\" power, by which a conditioned soul feels satisfied in any condition of life.",
      "definition_html": "<i>māyā's</i> \"covering\" power, by which a conditioned soul feels satisfied in any condition of life."
    },
    {
      "term": "Āvega",
      "definition": "intense emotion, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "intense emotion, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Āveśa",
      "definition": "See: Śakty-āveśa.",
      "definition_html": "<i>See: Śakty-āveśa.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Āveśa-avatāra",
      "definition": "a living being empowered as an incarnation of the Lord's qualities.",
      "definition_html": "a living being empowered as an incarnation of the Lord's qualities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Āyurveda",
      "definition": "the section of the Vedas which expounds the Vedic science of medicine delivered by Lord Dhanvantari, the incarnation of the Supreme Lord as a physician. He was born out of the ocean of milk when it was churned by the demons and demigods in the Satya-yuga. He expounded on the three categories of medicine.",
      "definition_html": "the section of the Vedas which expounds the Vedic science of medicine delivered by Lord Dhanvantari, the incarnation of the Supreme Lord as a physician. He was born out of the ocean of milk when it was churned by the demons and demigods in the Satya-yuga. He expounded on the three categories of medicine."
    },
    {
      "term": "Āśrama",
      "definition": "one of the four spiritual orders of life-brahmacārī-āśrama, or student life; Gṛhastha-āśrama, or married life; vānaprastha, or retired life; and sannyāsa-āśrama, or the renounced order of life; the home of the spiritual master, a place where spiritual practices are executed.",
      "definition_html": "one of the four spiritual orders of life-<i>brahmacārī</i>-<i>āśrama</i>, or student life; <i>Gṛhastha</i>-<i>ā</i>ś<i>rama</i>, or married life; <i>vānaprastha, </i>or retired life; and <i>sannyāsa</i>-<i>āśrama</i>, or the renounced order of life; the home of the spiritual master, a place where spiritual practices are executed."
    },
    {
      "term": "Āśraya",
      "definition": "the Transcendence, who is the source and support of all; the worshiper.",
      "definition_html": "the Transcendence, who is the source and support of all; the worshiper."
    },
    {
      "term": "Āśraya-vigraha",
      "definition": "the manifestation of the Lord of whom one must take shelter.",
      "definition_html": "the manifestation of the Lord of whom one must take shelter."
    },
    {
      "term": "Āśutoṣa",
      "definition": "Lord Śiva, who is very easily satisfied when one worships him. Śiva-the guṇa-avatāra who is the superintendent of the mode of ignorance (tamoguṇa) and who takes charge of destroying the universe at the time of annihilation. He disguised himself as a Kirāta and fought with Arjuna over a boar. Lord Śiva was pleased with Arjuna and gave him a benediction of the Paśupati astra by which he could kill Jayadratha. He also gave a benediction to Aśvatthāmā that he could kill the remaining soldiers on the side of the Pāṇḍavas while they were sleeping in their tents. He is also considered the greatest Vaiṣṇava, or devotee, of Lord Kṛṣṇa. He is confused by some with the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Śiva, who is very easily satisfied when one worships him. Śiva-the <i>guṇa-avatāra</i> who is the superintendent of the mode of ignorance <i>(tamoguṇa) </i>and who takes charge of destroying the universe at the time of annihilation. He disguised himself as a Kirāta and fought with Arjuna over a boar. Lord Śiva was pleased with Arjuna and gave him a benediction of the <i>Paśupati</i> <i>astra</i> by which he could kill Jayadratha. He also gave a benediction to Aśvatthāmā that he could kill the remaining soldiers on the side of the Pāṇḍavas while they were sleeping in their tents. He is also considered the <b>greatest</b> Vaiṣṇava, or devotee, of Lord Kṛṣṇa. He is confused by some with the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Āśvina",
      "definition": "the third month of the four-month Cāturmāsya fast.",
      "definition_html": "the third month of the four-month Cāturmāsya fast."
    },
    {
      "term": "Āṇdal",
      "definition": "one of the famous devotees, or Ālvārs, who lived in South India before Rāmānuja.",
      "definition_html": "one of the famous devotees, or Ālvārs, who lived in South India before Rāmānuja."
    },
    {
      "term": "Īśa",
      "definition": "the Supreme Personality of Godhead.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Personality of Godhead."
    },
    {
      "term": "Īśa-tattva",
      "definition": "the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Īśopaniṣad",
      "definition": "one of the 108 principal Vedic scriptures known as the Upaniṣads.",
      "definition_html": "one of the 108 principal Vedic scriptures known as the <i>Upaniṣads.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Īśvara",
      "definition": "a controller. Kṛṣṇa is parameśvara, the supreme controller; One of the five tattvas, or Vedic ontological truths: the supreme controller of all living and nonliving energy. In Bg. 18.61-62, Lord Kṛṣṇa tells Arjuna: īśvaraḥ sarva-bhūtānāṁ hṛd-deśe 'rjuna tiṣṭhati bhrāmayan sarva-bhūtāni yantrārūḍhāni māyayā tam eva śaraṇaṁ gaccha sarva-bhāvena bhārata tat-prasādāt parāṁ śāntiṁ sthānaṁ prāpsyasi śāśvatam. The Supreme Lord (īśvara) is situated in everyone's heart, O Arjuna, and is directing the wanderings of all living entities, who are seated as on a machine, made of the material energy. O scion of Bharata, surrender unto Him utterly. By His grace you will attain transcendental peace and the supreme and eternal abode. And Cc., Ādi-līlā 5.142 states: ekale īśvara kṛṣṇa, āra saba bhṛtya yāre yaiche nācāya, se taiche kare nṛtya. Lord Kṛṣṇa alone is the supreme controller, and all others are His servants. They dance as He makes them do so. The īśvara has full control over the jīva, prakṛti, kāla and karma. The jīva has the power to choose whether to surrender to the īśvara or not. If he does surrender, he is freed from bondage within prakṛti, kāla and karma. If he does not, he is bound by them in the cycle of birth and death (saṁsāra). See Avatāra, Caitanya Mahāprabhu, Kṛṣṇa, Modes of nature, Supersoul, Tattva.",
      "definition_html": "a controller. Kṛṣṇa is <i>parameśvara</i>, the supreme controller; One of the five <i>tattvas,</i> or Vedic ontological truths: the supreme controller of all living and nonliving energy. In <i>Bg.</i> <b>18.61-62</b>, Lord Kṛṣṇa tells Arjuna: ī<b><i>śvaraḥ sarva-bhūtānāṁ hṛd-deśe 'rjuna tiṣṭhati bhrāmayan sarva-bhūtāni yantrārūḍhāni māyayā tam eva śaraṇaṁ gaccha sarva-bhāvena bhārata tat-prasādāt parāṁ śāntiṁ sthānaṁ prāpsyasi śāśvatam</i></b>. The Supreme Lord <i>(īśvara)</i> is situated in everyone's heart, O Arjuna, and is directing the wanderings of all living entities, who are seated as on a machine, made of the material energy. O scion of Bharata, surrender unto Him utterly. By His grace you will attain transcendental peace and the supreme and eternal abode. And <i>Cc., Ādi-līlā</i> <b>5.142</b> states: <b><i>ekale īśvara kṛṣṇa, āra saba bhṛtya yāre yaiche nācāya, se taiche kare nṛtya.</i></b> Lord Kṛṣṇa alone is the supreme controller, and all others are His servants. They dance as He makes them do so. The <i>īśvara</i> has full control over the <i>jīva, prakṛti, kāla</i> and <i>karma.</i> The <i>jīva</i> has the power to choose whether to surrender to the <i>īśvara</i> or not. If he does surrender, he is freed from bondage within <i>prakṛti, kāla</i> and <i>karma.</i> If he does not, he is bound by them in the cycle of birth and death <i>(saṁsāra).</i> See Avatāra, Caitanya Mahāprabhu, Kṛṣṇa, Modes of nature, Supersoul, Tattva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Īśānukathā",
      "definition": "scriptural information about the Lord and His devotees.",
      "definition_html": "scriptural information about the Lord and His devotees."
    },
    {
      "term": "Īśāvasya",
      "definition": "(īśa-the Lord + vasya-control) the concept that everything is owned and controlled by the Lord and should be used in His service.",
      "definition_html": "<i>(īśa</i>-the Lord + <i>vasya</i>-control) the concept that everything is owned and controlled by the Lord and should be used in His service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śabda",
      "definition": "transcendental sound; Sound, especially the Vedic sound, which is the self-evident proof of knowledge. As an authoritative testimony, the third of the three Vaiṣṇava pramāṇas. See Anumāna, Pramāṇa, Pratyakṣa.",
      "definition_html": "transcendental sound; Sound, especially the Vedic sound, which is the self-evident proof of knowledge. As an authoritative testimony, the third of the three Vaiṣṇava <i>pramāṇas</i>. See Anumāna, Pramāṇa, Pratyakṣa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śabda-brahma",
      "definition": "transcendental sound vibration; the injunctions of the Vedas and Upaniṣads.",
      "definition_html": "transcendental sound vibration; the injunctions of the <i>Vedas </i>and <i>Upaniṣads.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Śabda-pramāṇa",
      "definition": "the evidence of transcendental sound, especially of the Vedas.",
      "definition_html": "the evidence of transcendental sound, especially of the <i>Vedas</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śabda-tanmātra",
      "definition": "the material element of sound vibration.",
      "definition_html": "the material element of sound vibration."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śacī-devī",
      "definition": "the mother of Śri Caitanya Mahāprabhu.",
      "definition_html": "the mother of Śri Caitanya Mahāprabhu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śacīpati",
      "definition": "Indra-the chief demigod of heaven and presiding deity of rain, and the father of Arjuna. He is the son of Aditi.",
      "definition_html": "Indra-the chief demigod of heaven and presiding deity of rain, and the father of Arjuna. He is the son of Aditi."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śaibyā",
      "definition": "one of the great archers on the side of the Pāṇḍavas during the Kurukṣetra war; one of the four horses that drove Lord Kṛṣṇa's chariot; one of the wives of Lord Kṛṣṇa, after the Lord's disappearance she entered fire and attained the spiritual world.",
      "definition_html": "one of the great archers on the side of the Pāṇḍavas during the Kurukṣetra war; one of the four horses that drove Lord Kṛṣṇa's chariot; one of the wives of Lord Kṛṣṇa, after the Lord's disappearance she entered fire and attained the spiritual world."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śaivism",
      "definition": "the philosophy of the Śiva-sampradaya, the disciplic succession descending from Lord Śiva",
      "definition_html": "the philosophy of the <i>Śiva-sampradaya, </i>the disciplic succession descending from Lord Śiva"
    },
    {
      "term": "Śaivite",
      "definition": "devotee of Lord Śiva; one who worships Śiva as the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "devotee of Lord Śiva; one who worships Śiva as the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śakti-tattva",
      "definition": "persons who are plenary expansions of the Lord's internal potency; the various energies of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "persons who are plenary expansions of the Lord's internal potency; the various energies of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śaktyāveśa-avatāra",
      "definition": "an empowered living entity who serves as an incarnation of the Lord; empowered by the Supreme Lord with one or more of the Lord's opulences.",
      "definition_html": "an empowered living entity who serves as an incarnation of the Lord; empowered by the Supreme Lord with one or more of the Lord's opulences."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śaktyāveśa-jīvas",
      "definition": "see: Śaktyāveśa-avatāra above.",
      "definition_html": "<i>see: Śaktyāveśa-avatāra </i>above."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śakuni",
      "definition": "the evil brother of Gāndhārī and notorious friend of Duryodhana. He master-minded the great gambling match that sent the Pāṇḍavas into exile for 13 years. In the great Kurukṣetra war he was killed by Sahadeva.",
      "definition_html": "the evil brother of Gāndhārī and notorious friend of Duryodhana. He master-minded the great gambling match that sent the Pāṇḍavas into exile for 13 years. In the great Kurukṣetra war he was killed by Sahadeva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śala",
      "definition": "he was one of the sons of Somadatta, a Kuru King. His brothers were Bhūri and Bhūriśravas. He was killed by Sātyaki during the Kurukṣetra war.",
      "definition_html": "he was one of the sons of Somadatta, a Kuru King. His brothers were Bhūri and Bhūriśravas. He was killed by Sātyaki during the Kurukṣetra war."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śalya",
      "definition": "the King of Madras. His sister was Mādrī who was married to Pāṇḍu. He wanted to join the side of the Pāṇḍavas during the Kurukṣetra war, but was tricked by Duryodhana into offering him his services. He was killed by Yudhiṣṭhira during the Kurukṣetra war.",
      "definition_html": "the King of Madras. His sister was Mādrī who was married to Pāṇḍu. He wanted to join the side of the Pāṇḍavas during the Kurukṣetra war, but was tricked by Duryodhana into offering him his services. He was killed by Yudhiṣṭhira during the Kurukṣetra war."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śambhu-tattva",
      "definition": "the principle of Lord Śiva.",
      "definition_html": "the principle of Lord Śiva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śantanu",
      "definition": "the father of Bhīṣma by Gaṅgā. He gave Bhīṣma the benediction that he could die only when he wanted to. It was said that anything he touched with his two hands would become youthful.",
      "definition_html": "the father of Bhīṣma by Gaṅgā. He gave Bhīṣma the benediction that he could die only when he wanted to. It was said that anything he touched with his two hands would become youthful."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śaradvān",
      "definition": "the son of Gautama, and the father of Kṛpācārya.",
      "definition_html": "the son of Gautama, and the father of Kṛpācārya."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śarīrī",
      "definition": "the soul, owner of the body.",
      "definition_html": "the soul, owner of the body."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śatarūpā",
      "definition": "the wife of Svāyambhuva Manu and mother of Devahūti.",
      "definition_html": "the wife of Svāyambhuva Manu and mother of Devahūti."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śatānīka",
      "definition": "the son of Nakula who was killed by Aśvatthāmā while awaking from sleep in his tent; the brother of King Virāṭa. He was killed by Droṇa during the Kurukṣetra war.",
      "definition_html": "the son of Nakula who was killed by Aśvatthāmā while awaking from sleep in his tent; the brother of King Virāṭa. He was killed by Droṇa during the Kurukṣetra war."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śaunaka Ṛṣi",
      "definition": "one of the chief sages at the conclave of sages gathered at the forest of Naimiṣāraṇya when Sūta Gosvāmī spoke Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam.",
      "definition_html": "one of the chief sages at the conclave of sages gathered at the forest of Naimiṣāraṇya when Sūta Gosvāmī spoke <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Śaḍ-darśana",
      "definition": "Six views or systems of Vedic philosophy. See Six systems.",
      "definition_html": "Six views or systems of Vedic philosophy. See Six systems."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śaṅkarācārya",
      "definition": "an incarnation of Lord Śiva who appeared in South India at the end of the 7th century A.D. to re-establish the authority of the Vedic scriptures. He was a philosopher and lived about three hundred years before Rāmānuja. He did this at a time when India was under the sway of Buddhism, whose tenets deny the authority of the Vedas. He took sannyāsa at a very tender age and wrote commentaries establishing an impersonal philosophy similar to Buddhism, substituting Brahman (Spirit) for the void. He traveled all over India defeating the great scholars of the day and converting them to his doctrine of Māyāvāda, the advaita (non-dualism) interpretation of the Upaniṣads and Vedānta. He left the world at the age of 33; The incarnation of Śiva who appeared about 1400 years ago in South India to propagate Advaita Vedānta. He taught that Brahman is impersonal, there is no individuality apart from Brahman (all souls are really one soul), the cosmic manifestation does not emanate from Brahman, and the cosmic manifestation is without reality, like a hallucination. Though his philosophy is a distortion of the Vedic teachings, his mission was very important. He turned the Indian people away from Buddhism, back to the Vedas. See Advaita, Brahmajyoti, Brahman, Buddhism, Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas, Māyāvāda philosophy, Six systems, Vedānta.",
      "definition_html": "an incarnation of Lord Śiva who appeared in South India at the end of the 7th century A.D. to re-establish the authority of the Vedic scriptures. He was a philosopher and lived about three hundred years before Rāmānuja. He did this at a time when India was under the sway of Buddhism, whose tenets deny the authority of the <i>Vedas. </i>He took <i>sannyāsa </i>at a very tender age and wrote commentaries establishing an impersonal philosophy similar to Buddhism, substituting Brahman (Spirit) for the void. He traveled all over India defeating the great scholars of the day and converting them to his doctrine of Māyāvāda, the <i>advaita</i> (non-dualism) interpretation of the <i>Upaniṣads </i>and <i>Vedānta. </i>He left the world at the age of 33; The incarnation of Śiva who appeared about 1400 years ago in South India to propagate Advaita Vedānta. He taught that Brahman is impersonal, there is no individuality apart from Brahman (all souls are really one soul), the cosmic manifestation does not emanate from Brahman, and the cosmic manifestation is without reality, like a hallucination. Though his philosophy is a distortion of the Vedic teachings, his mission was very important. He turned the Indian people away from Buddhism, back to the Vedas. See Advaita, Brahmajyoti, Brahman, Buddhism, Four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas and Siddhāntas, Māyāvāda philosophy, Six systems, Vedānta."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śaṅkha",
      "definition": "a son of King Viraṭa. He was killed Droṇa during the Kurukṣetra war; the conchshell held by Lord Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "a son of King Viraṭa. He was killed Droṇa during the Kurukṣetra war; the conchshell held by Lord Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śaṅkā",
      "definition": "doubt, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "doubt, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śeṣa Nāga",
      "definition": "an expansion of Lord Balarāma or Saṅkarṣaṇa who takes the form of a many-hooded serpent and serves as Lord Viṣṇu's couch and other paraphernalia. He also holds the millions of universes on His hoods.",
      "definition_html": "an expansion of Lord Balarāma or Saṅkarṣaṇa who takes the form of a many-hooded serpent and serves as Lord Viṣṇu's couch and other paraphernalia. He also holds the millions of universes on His hoods."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śeṣa-līlā",
      "definition": "the last twenty-four years of Lord Caitanya's pastimes.",
      "definition_html": "the last twenty-four years of Lord Caitanya's pastimes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śikhara",
      "definition": "curved temple tower or spire The roof of the sanctum sanctorum It is crowned by a cakra in a Lord Viṣṇu temple and a trident in a Lord Śiva temple",
      "definition_html": "curved temple tower or spire The roof of the <i>sanctum sanctorum</i> It is crowned by a <i>cakra</i> in a Lord Viṣṇu temple and a trident in a Lord Śiva temple"
    },
    {
      "term": "Śikhariṇī",
      "definition": "a blend of yogurt and sugar candy.",
      "definition_html": "a blend of yogurt and sugar candy."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śiksāṣṭaka",
      "definition": "eight instructive prayers written by Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU.",
      "definition_html": "eight instructive prayers written by Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śikṣā-guru",
      "definition": "an instructing spiritual master.",
      "definition_html": "an instructing spiritual master."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śikṣāṣṭaka",
      "definition": "eight verses by Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu glorifying the chanting of the Lord's holy name.",
      "definition_html": "eight verses by Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu glorifying the chanting of the Lord's holy name."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śimulī",
      "definition": "silk cotton tree.",
      "definition_html": "silk cotton tree."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śini",
      "definition": "the father of Sātyaki, and a king of the Yadu dynasty.",
      "definition_html": "the father of Sātyaki, and a king of the Yadu dynasty."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śiva",
      "definition": "the guṇa-avatāra who is the superintendent of the mode of ignorance (tamoguṇa) and who takes charge of destroying the universe at the time of annihilation. He disguised himself as a Kirāta and fought with Arjuna over a boar. Lord Śiva was pleased with Arjuna and gave him a benediction of the Paśupati astra by which he could kill Jayadratha. He also gave a benediction to Aśvatthāmā that he could kill the remaining soldiers on the side of the Pāṇḍavas while they were sleeping in their tents. He is also considered the greatest Vaiṣṇava, or devotee, of Lord Kṛṣṇa. He is confused by some with the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "the <i>guṇa-avatāra</i> who is the superintendent of the mode of ignorance <i>(tamoguṇa) </i>and who takes charge of destroying the universe at the time of annihilation. He disguised himself as a Kirāta and fought with Arjuna over a boar. Lord Śiva was pleased with Arjuna and gave him a benediction of the <i>Paśupati</i> <i>astra</i> by which he could kill Jayadratha. He also gave a benediction to Aśvatthāmā that he could kill the remaining soldiers on the side of the Pāṇḍavas while they were sleeping in their tents. He is also considered the <b>greatest</b> Vaiṣṇava, or devotee, of Lord Kṛṣṇa. He is confused by some with the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śiva-liṅga",
      "definition": "a rounded stone representation of Lord Śiva's genitals often worshiped as a Deity by Śaivites.",
      "definition_html": "a rounded stone representation of Lord Śiva's genitals often worshiped as a Deity by Śaivites."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śiva-pūjā",
      "definition": "worship of Lord Śiva's linga. See above.",
      "definition_html": "worship of Lord Śiva's <i>linga. See above.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Śiva-rātrī",
      "definition": "Lord Śiva's appearance day, celebrating his advent from between Lord Brahmā's eyebrows.",
      "definition_html": "Lord Śiva's appearance day, celebrating his advent from between Lord Brahmā's eyebrows."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śivatama",
      "definition": "the most auspicious.",
      "definition_html": "the most auspicious."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śiśumāra-cakra",
      "definition": "the orbit of the polestar.",
      "definition_html": "the orbit of the polestar."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śiśupāla",
      "definition": "a king who was an enemy of Kṛṣṇa. The son of Damaghoṣa and King of Cedi. He was an incarnation of Jaya, a gatekeeper of Vaikuṇṭha. He was killed by Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa during the Rājasūya sacrifice.",
      "definition_html": "a king who was an enemy of Kṛṣṇa. The son of Damaghoṣa and King of Cedi. He was an incarnation of Jaya, a gatekeeper of Vaikuṇṭha. He was killed by Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa during the Rājasūya sacrifice."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śleṣokti",
      "definition": "a statement having two meanings.",
      "definition_html": "a statement having two meanings."
    },
    {
      "term": "śloka",
      "definition": "a unit of Sanskrit verse.",
      "definition_html": "a unit of Sanskrit verse."
    },
    {
      "term": "śraddhā",
      "definition": "the faith necessary to hear submissively from a proper authority.",
      "definition_html": "the faith necessary to hear submissively from a proper authority."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrama",
      "definition": "fatigue, a vyabhicāri-bhāva.",
      "definition_html": "fatigue, a <i>vyabhicāri-bhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrauta-panthā",
      "definition": "the acquirement of knowledge by hearing from scriptural authorities.",
      "definition_html": "the acquirement of knowledge by hearing from scriptural authorities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrauta-vākya",
      "definition": "acceptance of the words of the revealed scripture and of the spiritual master.",
      "definition_html": "acceptance of the words of the revealed scripture and of the spiritual master."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śravaṇam",
      "definition": "hearing from an authorized source.",
      "definition_html": "hearing from an authorized source."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śreyas",
      "definition": "activities that are ultimately beneficial and auspicious.",
      "definition_html": "activities that are ultimately beneficial and auspicious."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śruti",
      "definition": "knowledge via hearing; the original Vedic scriptures (the Vedas and Upaniṣads), given directly by the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "knowledge via hearing; the original Vedic scriptures (the <i>Vedas</i> and <i>Upaniṣads</i>), given directly by the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śruti-gaṇa",
      "definition": "the personified Vedas.",
      "definition_html": "the personified <i>Vedas</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śruti-mantras",
      "definition": "the hymns of the Vedas.",
      "definition_html": "the hymns of the <i>Vedas.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Śruti-śāstra",
      "definition": "Literally, hearing. The core Vedic literature including the four Vedas (Ṛg, Sāma, Yajur and Atharva) and the Upaniṣads. See Śāstra, Smṛti-śāstra.",
      "definition_html": "Literally, hearing. The core Vedic literature including the four Vedas <i>(Ṛg, Sāma, Yajur</i> and <i>Atharva)</i> and the <i>Upaniṣads.</i> See Śāstra, Smṛti-śāstra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śruti-śāstra-nindana",
      "definition": "offense of blaspheming the Vedic literature.",
      "definition_html": "offense of blaspheming the Vedic literature."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrutāyudha",
      "definition": "a king of Kaliṅga. He was the son of Varuṇa by Parṇāśā. He died on the battlefield of Kurukṣetra when he released his mace at Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa. His mace could not be thrown at one who was not engaged in combat or it would come back and kill the one who threw it. Since Lord Kṛṣṇa was not engaged in combat, the mace came back and killed Śrutāyudha.",
      "definition_html": "a king of Kaliṅga. He was the son of Varuṇa by Parṇāśā. He died on the battlefield of Kurukṣetra when he released his mace at Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa. His mace could not be thrown at one who was not engaged in combat or it would come back and kill the one who threw it. Since Lord Kṛṣṇa was not engaged in combat, the mace came back and killed Śrutāyudha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrāddha",
      "definition": "the ceremony of making offerings to one's ancestors to free them from suffering; firm faith and confidence.",
      "definition_html": "the ceremony of making offerings to one's ancestors to free them from suffering; firm faith and confidence."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrāddha-pātra",
      "definition": "a plate (containing remnants of prasādam) offered to the forefathers and then to the best of the brāhmaṇas.",
      "definition_html": "a plate (containing remnants of <i>prasādam</i>) offered to the forefathers and then to the best of the <i>brāhmaṇas</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrī",
      "definition": "the energy of Godhead that maintains the cosmic manifestation; Śrīla-a title indicating possession of exceptional spiritual qualities. The most beautiful (spiritual) person.",
      "definition_html": "the energy of Godhead that maintains the cosmic manifestation; Śrīla-a title indicating possession of exceptional spiritual qualities. The most beautiful (spiritual) person."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrī Kṛṣṇa-vijaya",
      "definition": "a book of poems by Guṇarāja Khān, considered to be the first poetry book written in Bengal.",
      "definition_html": "a book of poems by Guṇarāja Khān, considered to be the first poetry book written in Bengal."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrī Saila",
      "definition": "sacred hill near Tirupati.",
      "definition_html": "sacred hill near Tirupati."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrī, Śrīla, Śrīmatī, Śrīpāda",
      "definition": "titles. See specific names following title.",
      "definition_html": "titles. See specific names following title."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrī-bhāṣya",
      "definition": "the commentary on the Vedānta-sūtra by Rāmānujācārya.",
      "definition_html": "the commentary on the <i>Vedānta-sūtra</i> by Rāmānujācārya."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrī-kṣetra",
      "definition": "See JAGANNĀTHA PURĪ.",
      "definition_html": "See JAGANNĀTHA PURĪ."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrīdhara Svāmī",
      "definition": "the author of the earliest extant Vaiṣṇava commentaries on Bhagavad-gītā and Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam. Though a resident of Benares and a sannyāsī of Śaṅkara's Māyāvāda school of philosophy, he taught pure Vaiṣṇava philosophy. He was a devotee of Lord Nṛsiṁha-deva, and his works were highly regarded by Lord Caitanya, especially his Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam gloss, Bhāvārtha-dīpikā. The Lord commented that anyone who wanted to write a commentary on Srīmad-Bhagavatam must follow the commentary of Srīdhara Svāmī.",
      "definition_html": "the author of the earliest extant Vaiṣṇava commentaries on <i>Bhagavad-gītā</i> and <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam. </i>Though a resident of Benares and a <i>sannyāsī </i>of Śaṅkara's Māyāvāda school of philosophy, he taught pure Vaiṣṇava philosophy. He was a devotee of Lord Nṛsiṁha-deva, and his works were highly regarded by Lord Caitanya, especially his <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam </i>gloss,<i> Bhāvārtha-dīpikā. </i>The Lord commented that anyone who wanted to write a commentary on <i>Srīmad-Bhagavatam </i>must follow the commentary of Srīdhara Svāmī."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrīla",
      "definition": "a title indicating possession of exceptional spiritual qualities. The most beautiful (spiritual) person.",
      "definition_html": "a title indicating possession of exceptional spiritual qualities. The most beautiful (spiritual) person."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrīla Bhaktivinode Ṭhākur",
      "definition": "Great Ācarya in disciplic succession from Lord Caitanya, pioneer of Kṛṣṇa Consciousness in the modern age. Father of Bhakti Siddhānta Sarasvatī, the spiritual master of A.C. Bhaktivedānta Swāmī.",
      "definition_html": "Great <i>Ācarya</i> in disciplic succession from Lord Caitanya, pioneer of Kṛṣṇa Consciousness in the modern age. Father of Bhakti Siddhānta Sarasvatī, the spiritual master of A.C. Bhaktivedānta Swāmī."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrīla Prabhupāda",
      "definition": "(1896-1977) His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda. He is the tenth generation from Caitanya Mahāprabhu. The founder-ācārya, spiritual master of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON). Śrīla Prabhupāda was the widely-acclaimed author of more than seventy books on the science of pure bhakti-yoga, unalloyed Kṛṣṇa consciousness. His major works are annotated English translations of the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, the Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta, and the Bhagavad-gītā As It Is. He was the world's most distinguished teacher of Vedic religion and thought. Śrīla Prabhupāda was a fully God conscious saint who had perfect realization of the Vedic scriptures. He worked incessantly to spread Kṛṣṇa consciousness all over the world. He guided his society and saw it grow to a worldwide confederation of hundreds of ashrams, schools, temples, institutes, and farm communities. See Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda.",
      "definition_html": "(1896-1977) His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda. He is the tenth generation from Caitanya Mahāprabhu. The founder-<i>ācārya</i>, spiritual master of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON). Śrīla Prabhupāda was the widely-acclaimed author of more than seventy books on the science of pure <i>bhakti-yoga, </i>unalloyed Kṛṣṇa consciousness. His major works are annotated English translations of the <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, </i>the <i>Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta, </i>and the <i>Bhagavad-gītā As It Is. </i>He was the world's most distinguished teacher of Vedic religion and thought. Śrīla Prabhupāda was a fully God conscious saint who had perfect realization of the Vedic scriptures. He worked incessantly to spread Kṛṣṇa consciousness all over the world. He guided his society and saw it grow to a worldwide confederation of hundreds of ashrams, schools, temples, institutes, and farm communities. See Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam",
      "definition": "the foremost of the eighteen Purāṇas, the complete science of God that establishes the supreme position of Lord Kṛṣṇa. It was glorified by Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu as the amalam purāṇam, \"the purest Purāṇa.\" It was written by Śrīla Vyāsadeva as his commentary on the Vedānta-sūtra, and it deals exclusively with topics concerning the Supreme Personality of Godhead (Lord Kṛṣṇa) and His devotees. Śrīla Prabhupāda has given Bhaktivedanta purports in English and wonderfully presented it to the modern world, specifically to give a deep understanding of Lord Kṛṣṇa; Also known as the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, this is a work of eighteen thousand verses compiled by sage Vyāsa as his natural commentary on the Vedānta-sūtra. It takes up where the Bhagavad-gītā leaves off. In Bg. 4.9, Lord Kṛṣṇa says that by knowing His transcendental appearance and activities in this world, one becomes free of the cycle of repeated birth and death. Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam recounts with great relish the details of the Lord's appearance and activities, beginning with His puruṣa incarnations and their līlā of cosmic manifestation, and culminating with Kṛṣṇa's own appearance in Vṛndāvana 5000 years ago, and His most sweet rasa-līlā with the His cowherd girlfriends, the gopīs headed by Rādhārāṇī. See Bhagavad-gītā, Caitanya-caritāmṛta, Vedānta-sūtra.",
      "definition_html": "the foremost of the eighteen <i>Purāṇas,</i> the complete science of God that establishes the supreme position of Lord Kṛṣṇa.<i> </i>It was glorified by Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu as the <i>amalam purāṇam, </i>\"the purest <i>Purāṇa.\" </i>It was written by Śrīla Vyāsadeva as his commentary on the <i>Vedānta-sūtra, </i>and it deals exclusively with topics concerning the Supreme Personality of Godhead (Lord Kṛṣṇa) and His devotees. Śrīla Prabhupāda has given Bhaktivedanta purports in English and wonderfully presented it to the modern world, specifically to give a deep understanding of Lord Kṛṣṇa; Also known as the <i>Bhāgavata Purāṇa,</i> this is a work of eighteen thousand verses compiled by sage Vyāsa as his natural commentary on the <i>Vedānta-sūtra.</i> It takes up where the <i>Bhagavad-gītā</i> leaves off. In <i>Bg.</i> <b>4.9</b>, Lord Kṛṣṇa says that by knowing His transcendental appearance and activities in this world, one becomes free of the cycle of repeated birth and death. <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam</i> recounts with great relish the details of the Lord's appearance and activities, beginning with His <i>puruṣa</i> incarnations and their <i>līlā</i> of cosmic manifestation, and culminating with Kṛṣṇa's own appearance in Vṛndāvana 5000 years ago, and His most sweet <i>rasa-līlā</i> with the His cowherd girlfriends, the <i>gopīs</i> headed by Rādhārāṇī. See Bhagavad-gītā, Caitanya-caritāmṛta, Vedānta-sūtra."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (Bhāgavata Purāṇa)",
      "definition": "VYĀSADEVA’S “spotless PURĀṆA,” which deals exclusively with pure devotional service to the Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "VYĀSADEVA’S “spotless PURĀṆA,” which deals exclusively with pure devotional service to the Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrīmatam",
      "definition": "A Vaiśya, member of mercantile community.",
      "definition_html": "A Vaiśya, member of mercantile community."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrīnivāsa",
      "definition": "a name of Viṣnu.",
      "definition_html": "a name of Viṣnu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrīnivāsa Ācārya",
      "definition": "a great Vaiṣṇava spiritual master and a direct follower of RŪPA, SANĀTANA, and JĪVA GOSWAMIS.",
      "definition_html": "a great Vaiṣṇava spiritual master and a direct follower of RŪPA, SANĀTANA, and JĪVA GOSWAMIS."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrīnivāsācārya",
      "definition": "a chief follower of the Six Gosvāmīs of Vṛndāvana.",
      "definition_html": "a chief follower of the Six Gosvāmīs of Vṛndāvana."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrīvatsa",
      "definition": "the sign of the goddess of fortune, Lakṣmī, on the chest of Lord Viṣṇu, or Nārāyaṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the sign of the goddess of fortune, Lakṣmī, on the chest of Lord Viṣṇu, or Nārāyaṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śrīvāsa Ṭhākura",
      "definition": "a principal associate of Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU.",
      "definition_html": "a principal associate of Lord CAITANYA MAHĀPRABHU."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śubha-dā",
      "definition": "description of pure devotional service indicating that it bestows all good fortune.",
      "definition_html": "description of pure devotional service indicating that it bestows all good fortune."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śuci",
      "definition": "A spiritually advanced Brāhmaṇa.",
      "definition_html": "A spiritually advanced <i>Brāhmaṇa</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śuddha-bhakti",
      "definition": "pure devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "pure devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śuddha-bhāva",
      "definition": "pure consciousness.",
      "definition_html": "pure consciousness."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śuddha-sattva",
      "definition": "the spiritual platform of pure goodness; The transcendental mode of purified goodness. See Kṛṣṇa, Modes of nature.",
      "definition_html": "the spiritual platform of pure goodness; The transcendental mode of purified goodness. See Kṛṣṇa, Modes of nature."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śuddham",
      "definition": "Most purified. Descriptive Name of Supreme Lord.",
      "definition_html": "Most purified. Descriptive Name of Supreme Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śuka",
      "definition": "parrot.",
      "definition_html": "parrot."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śukadeva Gosvāmī",
      "definition": "The great spiritual master who related the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam for the first time to Mahārāj Parīkṣit. He is the son of Vyāsadeva.",
      "definition_html": "</i>The great spiritual master who related the <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam</i> for the first time to Mahārāj Parīkṣit. He is the son of Vyāsadeva."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śukadeva Goswami",
      "definition": "the sage who spoke SRĪMAD-BHĀGAVATAM to King PARĪKṢIT just prior to the king’s death.",
      "definition_html": "the sage who spoke SRĪMAD-BHĀGAVATAM to King PARĪKṢIT just prior to the king’s death."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śukla",
      "definition": "a person in the mode of goodness; also, a name for Lord Viṣṇu.",
      "definition_html": "a person in the mode of goodness; also, a name for Lord Viṣṇu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śukla-yajur Veda",
      "definition": "a version of the Yajur Veda.",
      "definition_html": "a version of the <i>Yajur Veda</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śukra",
      "definition": "see: above",
      "definition_html": "<i>see: above</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Śukrācārya",
      "definition": "the spiritual master of the demons.",
      "definition_html": "the spiritual master of the demons."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śva-paca",
      "definition": "dog-eater.",
      "definition_html": "dog-eater."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad",
      "definition": "See UPANĪSADS.",
      "definition_html": "See UPANĪSADS."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śyāmasundara",
      "definition": "(śyāma—black + sundara—very beautiful) a name of the original form of Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "(<i>śyāma</i>—black + <i>sundara</i>—very beautiful) a name of the original form of Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śāka",
      "definition": "a leafy vegetable that was a favorite of Lord Caitanya's.",
      "definition_html": "a leafy vegetable that was a favorite of Lord Caitanya's."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śāla",
      "definition": "a hardwood tree found in northern India.",
      "definition_html": "a hardwood tree found in northern India."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śālagrāma-śilā",
      "definition": "the worshipable Deity of Lord Nārāyaṇa in the form of a round stone. It is described in detail in the final canto of the Padma Purāṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the worshipable Deity of Lord Nārāyaṇa in the form of a round stone. It is described in detail in the final canto of the <i>Padma Purāṇa.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Śālva",
      "definition": "a demon who desired Ambā for his wife. He was defeated by Bhīṣma in his attempt to win Ambā. He attacked Dvārakā with an airship made by the demon Maya. He was killed by Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "a demon who desired Ambā for his wife. He was defeated by Bhīṣma in his attempt to win Ambā. He attacked Dvārakā with an airship made by the demon Maya. He was killed by Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śānkara",
      "definition": "Impersonalist ācārya who taught supremacy of Brahmajyoti, the effulgence emanating from the Body of the Supreme Lord. Although he does not belong to the personalist cult, Śānkara has admitted that Nārāyaṇa and Kṛṣṇa are one and that Nārāyaṇa is the Supreme Personality of Godhead, transcendental to the material modes.",
      "definition_html": "Impersonalist <i>ācārya</i> who taught supremacy of <i>Brahmajyoti</i>, the effulgence emanating from the Body of the Supreme Lord. Although he does not belong to the personalist cult, <i>Śānkara</i> has admitted that Nārāyaṇa and Kṛṣṇa are one and that Nārāyaṇa is the Supreme Personality of Godhead, transcendental to the material modes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śānta",
      "definition": "The spiritual relationship of calmness or the neutral relationship between the Supreme Lord and His loving associates, as had by the four Kumāra sages who were always in meditation on the greatness of God.",
      "definition_html": "The spiritual relationship of calmness or the neutral relationship between the Supreme Lord and His loving associates, as had by the four Kumāra sages who were always in meditation on the greatness of God."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śānta-bhaktas",
      "definition": "devotees in the neutral stage of devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "devotees in the neutral stage of devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śānta-rasa",
      "definition": "the marginal stage of devotional service, passive love of God; the relationship with the Supreme Lord in neutrality.",
      "definition_html": "the marginal stage of devotional service, passive love of God; the relationship with the Supreme Lord in neutrality."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śānta-rati",
      "definition": "see: Śānta-rasa above.",
      "definition_html": "<i>see: Śānta-rasa </i>above.<i> </i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Śāntipur",
      "definition": "a village in the Ranaghat subdivision of the West Bengal district of Nadia. It is famous as the home of Śrī Advaita Ācārya, the associate of Lord Caitanya and incarnation of Mahā-Visṇu. It is close to Māyāpura.",
      "definition_html": "a village in the Ranaghat subdivision of the West Bengal district of Nadia. It is famous as the home of Śrī Advaita Ācārya, the associate of Lord Caitanya and incarnation of Mahā-Visṇu. It is close to Māyāpura."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śāpa",
      "definition": "a brāhmaṇa's curse.",
      "definition_html": "a <i>brāhmaṇa's </i>curse."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śārkarākṣa",
      "definition": "lit. \"those who have sand in their eyes\"; those situated in the gross bodily conception of life.",
      "definition_html": "lit. \"those who have sand in their eyes\"; those situated in the gross bodily conception of life."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śārīraka-bhāṣya",
      "definition": "the_famous commentary on VEDĀNTA-SŪTRA by ŚAÌKARĀCĀRYA, in which he presents his philosophy of monism.",
      "definition_html": "the_famous commentary on VEDĀNTA-SŪTRA by ŚAÌKARĀCĀRYA, in which he presents his philosophy of monism."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śārṅga",
      "definition": "the bow of Lord Kṛṣṇa.",
      "definition_html": "the bow of Lord Kṛṣṇa."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śāstra",
      "definition": "the revealed scriptures, obeyed by all those who follow the Vedic teachings. Śās means \"to regulate and direct\" and tra means \"an instrument\"; Vedic literature; The Vedic scriptures; one of the three authorities for a Vaiṣṇava. In his purport to Cc., Ādi-līlā 17.157, Śrīla Prabhupāda writes: The word śāstra is derived from the dhātu, or verbal root, śas. Sas-dhātu pertains to controlling or ruling. A government's ruling through force or weapons is called śastra. Thus whenever there is ruling, either by weapons or by injunctions, the śas-dhātu is the basic principle. Between śastra (ruling through weapons) and śāstra (ruling through the injunctions of the scriptures), the better is śāstra. Our Vedic scriptures are not ordinary law books of human common sense; they are the statements of factually liberated persons unaffected by the imperfectness of the senses. Śāstra must be correct always, not sometimes correct and sometimes incorrect. In the Vedic scriptures, the cow is described as a mother. Therefore she is a mother for all time; it is not, as some rascals say, that in the Vedic age she was a mother but she is not in this age. If śāstra is an authority, the cow is a mother always; she was a mother in the Vedic age, and she is a mother in this age also. If one acts according to the injunctions of śāstra, he is freed from the reactions of sinful activity. For example, the propensities for eating flesh, drinking wine and enjoying sex life are all natural to the conditioned soul. The path of such enjoyment is called pravṛtti-mārga. The śāstra says, pravṛttir eṣāṁ bhūtānāṁ nivṛttis tu mahā-phalā: [Manu-smṛti 5.56] one should not be carried away by the propensities of defective conditioned life; one should be guided by the principles of the śāstras. A child's propensity is to play all day long, but it is the injunction of the śāstras that the parents should take care to educate him. The śāstras are there just to guide the activities of human society. But because people do not refer to the instructions of śāstras, which are free from defects and imperfections, they are therefore misguided by so-called educated teachers and leaders who are full of the deficiencies of conditioned life.",
      "definition_html": "the revealed scriptures, obeyed by all those who follow the Vedic teachings. <i>Śās </i>means \"to regulate and direct\" and <i>tra</i> means \"an instrument\"; Vedic literature; The Vedic scriptures; one of the three authorities for a Vaiṣṇava. In his purport to <i>Cc., Ādi-līlā</i> <b>17.157</b>, Śrīla Prabhupāda writes: The word <i>śāstra</i> is derived from the <i>dhātu,</i> or verbal root, <i>śas.</i> <i>Sas-dhātu</i> pertains to controlling or ruling. A government's ruling through force or weapons is called <i>śastra.</i> Thus whenever there is ruling, either by weapons or by injunctions, the <i>śas-dhātu</i> is the basic principle. Between <i>śastra</i> (ruling through weapons) and <i>śāstra</i> (ruling through the injunctions of the scriptures), the better is <i>śāstra.</i> Our Vedic scriptures are not ordinary law books of human common sense; they are the statements of factually liberated persons unaffected by the imperfectness of the senses. <i>Śāstra</i> must be correct always, not sometimes correct and sometimes incorrect. In the Vedic scriptures, the cow is described as a mother. Therefore she is a mother for all time; it is not, as some rascals say, that in the Vedic age she was a mother but she is not in this age. If <i>śāstra</i> is an authority, the cow is a mother always; she was a mother in the Vedic age, and she is a mother in this age also. If one acts according to the injunctions of <i>śāstra,</i> he is freed from the reactions of sinful activity. For example, the propensities for eating flesh, drinking wine and enjoying sex life are all natural to the conditioned soul. The path of such enjoyment is called <i>pravṛtti-mārga.</i> The <i>śāstra</i> says, <i>pravṛttir eṣāṁ bhūtānāṁ nivṛttis tu mahā-phalā:</i> [<i>Manu-smṛti</i> <b>5.56</b>]<b> </b>one should not be carried away by the propensities of defective conditioned life; one should be guided by the principles of the <i>śāstras.</i> A child's propensity is to play all day long, but it is the injunction of the <i>śāstras</i> that the parents should take care to educate him. The <i>śāstras</i> are there just to guide the activities of human society. But because people do not refer to the instructions of <i>śāstras,</i> which are free from defects and imperfections, they are therefore misguided by so-called educated teachers and leaders who are full of the deficiencies of conditioned life."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śāstra-cakṣuḥ",
      "definition": "seeing everything through the medium of the Vedic literature; Cakṣuṣa means eyes; śāstra-cakṣuṣa means seeing through the eyes of scripture, as opposed to gross sense perception or mental speculation.",
      "definition_html": "seeing everything through the medium of the Vedic literature; <i>Cakṣuṣa</i> means eyes; <i>śāstra-cakṣuṣa</i> means seeing through the eyes of scripture, as opposed to gross sense perception or mental speculation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śāstramūlaka",
      "definition": "Mūla means root; śāstramūlaka means rooted in scripture, as opposed to laukika. See Laukika.",
      "definition_html": "<i>Mūla</i> means root; <i>śāstramūlaka</i> means rooted in scripture, as opposed to <i>laukika.</i> See Laukika."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śāstras",
      "definition": "revealed scriptures.",
      "definition_html": "revealed scriptures."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śītā",
      "definition": "subordinate ecstatic symptoms including singing, yawning, etc.; a division of anubhāva.",
      "definition_html": "subordinate ecstatic symptoms including singing, yawning, etc.; a division of <i>anubhāva</i>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śūdra",
      "definition": "a member of the fourth social order, laborer class, in the traditional Vedic social system. He is meant to render service to the three higher classes, namely the brāhmaṇas, the kṣatriyas, and the vaiśyas.",
      "definition_html": "a member of the fourth social order, laborer class, in the traditional Vedic social system. He is meant to render service to the three higher classes, namely the <i>brāhmaṇas, </i>the <i>kṣatriyas, </i>and the <i>vaiśyas.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Śūdra-mahājana",
      "definition": "a person born in a low family but raised to the platform of brāhmaṇa by initiation.",
      "definition_html": "a person born in a low family but raised to the platform of <i>brāhmaṇa</i> by initiation."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śūdras",
      "definition": "the common laborer class in human society.",
      "definition_html": "the common laborer class in human society."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śūdrāṇī",
      "definition": "the wife of a śūdra.",
      "definition_html": "the wife of a <i>śūdra.</i>"
    },
    {
      "term": "Śūrasena",
      "definition": "the father of Vasudeva and Pāthā.",
      "definition_html": "the father of Vasudeva and Pāthā."
    },
    {
      "term": "Śṛṅgāra",
      "definition": "conjugal love of God; an array of garments worn for amorous purposes.",
      "definition_html": "conjugal love of God; an array of garments worn for amorous purposes."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ūti",
      "definition": "the urge for creation that is the cause of all inventions.",
      "definition_html": "the urge for creation that is the cause of all inventions."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ṛg Veda",
      "definition": "one of the four Vedas, the original scriptures spoken by the Lord Himself.",
      "definition_html": "one of the four Vedas, the original scriptures spoken by the Lord Himself."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ṛk-saṁhitā",
      "definition": "the mantra text of the Ṛg Veda.",
      "definition_html": "the mantra text of the <b><i>Ṛg Veda</i></b>."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ṛtvik",
      "definition": "one who acts on behalf of his preceptor.",
      "definition_html": "one who acts on behalf of his preceptor."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ṛṣabhadeva",
      "definition": "an incarnation of the Supreme Lord as a devotee king who, after instructing his sons in spiritual life, renounced His kingdom for a life of austerity.",
      "definition_html": "an incarnation of the Supreme Lord as a devotee king who, after instructing his sons in spiritual life, renounced His kingdom for a life of austerity."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ṛṣi",
      "definition": "a synonym for a sage who performs austerities.",
      "definition_html": "a synonym for a sage who performs austerities."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ṛṣis",
      "definition": "Philosophers, mystics. Used generally for those thinkers who try to reach the Absolute by their tiny brain power. They can reach only negative definitions of the Absolute. The Absolute Truth, Personality of Godhead, is revealed only to the devotee engaged in transcendental devotional service.",
      "definition_html": "Philosophers, mystics. Used generally for those thinkers who try to reach the Absolute by their tiny brain power. They can reach only negative definitions of the Absolute. The Absolute Truth, Personality of Godhead, is revealed only to the devotee engaged in transcendental devotional service."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ṣaḍ-aiśvarya-pūrṇa",
      "definition": "the Supreme Lord who is complete with six opulences.",
      "definition_html": "the Supreme Lord who is complete with six opulences."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ṣaḍ-bhūja",
      "definition": "the form of the Lord with six arms-two arms of Rāmacandra, two arms of Kṛṣṇa and two arms of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu.",
      "definition_html": "the form of the Lord with six arms-two arms of Rāmacandra, two arms of Kṛṣṇa and two arms of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ṣaṭ-sandarbha",
      "definition": "six Sanskrit works on the science of devotional service or Vaiṣṇava philosophy by Śrīla Jīva Gosvāmī. These works present the entire philosophy and theology of Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism in a systematic form. The six Sandarbhas are as follows: Tattva-sandarbha, Bhāgavat-sandarbha, Paramātma-sandarbha, Kṛṣṇa-sandarbha, Bhakti-sandarbha and Prīti-sandarbha. The Ṣaṭ-sandarbha is also called Bhāgavata-sandarbha, as it is an exposition on the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam The first four Sandarbhas are devoted to sambandha-tattva, which establishes Krṣṇa as the highest Deity and the most exclusive object of worship. The Bhakti-sandarbha deals with abhidheya-tattva, which is bhakti (devotion to Krṣna), and the Prīti-sandarbha is concerned with prayojana-tattva, pure love of Godhead.",
      "definition_html": "six Sanskrit works on the science of devotional service or Vaiṣṇava philosophy by Śrīla Jīva Gosvāmī. These works present the entire philosophy and theology of Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism in a systematic form. The six <i>Sandarbhas </i>are as follows: <i>Tattva-sandarbha, Bhāgavat-sandarbha, Paramātma-sandarbha, Kṛṣṇa-sandarbha, Bhakti-sandarbha </i>and <i>Prīti-sandarbha. </i>The <i>Ṣaṭ-sandarbha </i>is also called <i>Bhāgavata-sandarbha, </i>as it is an exposition on the <i>Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam </i>The first four <i>Sandarbhas </i>are devoted to <i>sambandha-tattva, </i>which establishes Krṣṇa as the highest Deity and the most exclusive object of worship. The <i>Bhakti-sandarbha </i>deals with <i>abhidheya-tattva, </i>which is <i>bhakti </i>(devotion to Krṣna), and the <i>Prīti-sandarbha </i>is concerned with <i>prayojana-tattva</i>, pure love of Godhead."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ṭhākura Bhaktivinoda",
      "definition": "See BHAKTIVINODA ṬHĀKURA.",
      "definition_html": "See BHAKTIVINODA ṬHĀKURA."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ṭhākura Haridāsa",
      "definition": "Haridāsa Ṭhākura-although born in a Muslim family, he was a confidential associate of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu. He was so absorbed in the nectar of the Holy Name that he chanted day and night, and it was his regular practice to chant 300,000 names of the Lord daily. Lord Caitanya made him the nāmācārya (teacher of chanting of the holy name).The Muslim government and caste-conscious Hindus attempted to persecute him, but all of their efforts failed, as he was under the direct protection of the Lord.",
      "definition_html": "Haridāsa Ṭhākura-although born in a Muslim family, he was a confidential associate of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu. He was so absorbed in the nectar of the Holy Name that he chanted day and night, and it was his regular practice to chant 300,000 names of the Lord daily. Lord Caitanya made him the <i>nāmācārya </i>(teacher of chanting of the holy name).The Muslim government and caste-conscious Hindus attempted to persecute him, but all of their efforts failed, as he was under the direct protection of the Lord."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ṭhākurāṇīs",
      "definition": "the wives of devotees.",
      "definition_html": "the wives of devotees."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ṭoṭā-gopīnātha temple",
      "definition": "a temple in Jagannātha Purī housing a Deity which was found by Lord Caitanya and given to Gadādhara Prabhu to worship. He also gave Gadādhara a place to live in the garden of Yameśvara, where the temple was later built. Gadādhara Prabhu stayed there for the duration of his life, absorbing himself in the service of Lord Caitanya and Gopīnātha.",
      "definition_html": "a temple in Jagannātha Purī housing a Deity which was found by Lord Caitanya and given to Gadādhara Prabhu to worship. He also gave Gadādhara a place to live in the garden of Yameśvara, where the temple was later built. Gadādhara Prabhu stayed there for the duration of his life, absorbing himself in the service of Lord Caitanya and Gopīnātha."
    },
    {
      "term": "Ṭīkā",
      "definition": "a commentary.",
      "definition_html": "a commentary."
    }
  ]
}