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<p class="p1"><b> 14. Glossary &amp; Sanskrit Pronunciation</b></p>
<p class="p2"><b>-A-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Abduction—</span>Also called retroduction. It is the acceptance of a philosophical premise on the basis of its power to account for causation with logic and evidence. Abduction is the rational justification of a deduction. Deduction per se is the acceptance of a premise on authority. The term abduction was put forward by C.S. Peirce (1839-1914). Çréla Prabhupäda termed a similar method of Vedic thought philosophical speculation. See Deduction, Induction, Logic.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Absolute—</span>The root comes from the Latin <i>absolutus,</i> the perfect or the completed (derived from the verbum <i>absolvere</i>, to detach, to free, to acquit). The term was introduced into Western philosophy in the fifteenth century by Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464). The absolute is the ultimate, underlying and all-inclusive reality that depends upon nothing else for its existence. All other things depend upon it. The absolute is substance as it is, rather than as we perceive it. See Brahman, Reality, Relativism, Substance.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda—</span>Çréla Prabhupäda-(1896-1977) His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda. He is the tenth generation from Caitanya Mahäprabhu. The founder-<i>äcärya</i>, spiritual master of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON). Çréla Prabhupäda was the widely-acclaimed author of more than seventy books on the science of pure <i>bhakti-yoga, </i>unalloyed Kåñëa consciousness. His major works are annotated English translations of the <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam, </i>the <i>Çré Caitanya-caritämåta, </i>and the <i>Bhagavad-gétä As It Is. </i>He was the world's most distinguished teacher of Vedic religion and thought. Çréla Prabhupäda is a fully God conscious saint who has perfect realization of the Vedic scriptures. He worked incessantly to spread Kåñëa consciousness all over the world. He guided his society and saw it grow to a worldwide confederation of hundreds of <i>äçramas</i>, schools, temples, institutes, and farm communities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Äbhäsa—</span>a shadow.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Abhaya—</span>one of the sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Abhidheya—</span>the regulated activities of the soul for reviving his relationship with the Lord; devotional service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Abhimanyu—</span>the heroic son Arjuna and Subhadrä. He was killed by the Son of Duùçäsana. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Abhiñeka—</span>a bathing ceremony, particularly for the coronation of a king or the installation of the Lord's Deity form.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Absolute Truth—</span>the ultimate source of all energies.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Acala—</span>a brother of Çakuni. He was killed by Arjuna. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Äcamana—</span>a ritual of purification in which one sips water and simultaneously chants names of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Äcärya—</span>a spiritual master who teaches by his own example, and who sets the proper religious example for all human beings.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Acchha—</span>good, ok, all right.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Acintya-bhedäbheda-</span><span class="s2"><b>tattva</b></span><span class="s1">—</span>Lord Caitanya's "simultaneously one and different" doctrine, which establishes the inconceivable, simultaneous oneness and difference of the Lord and His expansions.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Acintya-çakti—</span>the inconceivable energy of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Acintya—</span>inconceivable.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Acit—</span>the inert material nature; without life or consciousness</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Acyutäyus—</span>he fought on the side of Duryodhana. He and his brother Çrutäyus were killed by Arjuna. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Acyuta—</span>a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who can never fall down from His position.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Adbhuta-rasa—</span>the indirect relationship of wonder or amazement.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ädeça-käré—</span>the actions resulting from sinful activities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Adhama paòuyäs—</span>degraded scholars who consider devotional activities material.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Adhama—</span>the lowest among men.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Adharma—</span>irreligion.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Adhéra—</span>restless ecstasy of love for Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ädhibhautika-kleça—</span>miseries inflicted by other living entities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Adhibhautika—</span>(misery) caused by other living beings.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Adhibhütam—</span>the physical nature<i>.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Adhidaivatam—</span>the<i> </i>universal form of the<i> </i>Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Adhidaivic powers—</span>the administrative functions delegated by the Lord to demigods, such as control over rain, wind and sun.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ädhidaivika-kleça—</span>natural disturbances caused by the demigods.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Adhidaivika—</span>(misery) caused by nature.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Adhikäré—</span>one who knows the science of Kåñëa and is engaged in His service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Adhiratha—</span>foster father of Karëa. He was a charioteer by profession. He one day found the child Karëa floating in Ganges in a basket. His wife was barren and happily he took the child home and gave it to his wife. He was also the father of Sangramajit.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Adhirüòha—</span>an advanced symptom of <i>mahä-bhäva</i> found only in the <i>gopés</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Adhiyajïa<i>—</i></span>the Supersoul, the plenary expansion of the Lord in the heart of every living being.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Adhokñaja—</span>a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is beyond material sense perception, who is not perceivable by impure material senses; Revealed knowledge. The fourth of the five stages of Vedic knowledge.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ädhyätmika—</span>miseries arising from one's own body and mind.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Adhyätma-cetasä<i>—</i></span>one who depends solely on Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Adhyätmika—</span>(misery) caused by one's own body and mind.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ädi-lélä—</span>the first twenty-four years of Lord Caitanya's pastimes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ädi-puruña—</span>the Supreme Lord, Kåñëa, the original person.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aditi—</span>the mother of the demigods.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ädityas—</span>the demigods who are descendants of Kaçyapa Muni's wife, Aditi.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Advaita Prabhu—</span>Advaitäcärya-an incarnation of Lord Mahä-Viñëu, who appeared as one of the four principal associates of Lord Caitanya Mahäprabhu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Advaita-siddhänta—</span>the conclusion of the monists, namely, that the Absolute Truth and the individual living entity are separate in the material state, but that when they are spiritually situated there is no difference between them.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Advaita-väda—</span>the philosophy of absolute oneness taught by Çaìkaräcärya, and whose conclusion is <i>advaita-siddhänta</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Advaita-vädés—</span>atheistic philosophers who say all distinctions are but material illusions. Mayävädé<i>-</i>one<i> </i>who propounds the philosophy of Çaìkaräcärya, which basically holds that God is featureless and impersonal, that devotion to a personal Godhead is false, the material creation of the Lord is also false, and the ultimate goal of life is to become existentially one with the all-pervading, impersonal Absolute.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Advaitäcärya—</span>an incarnation of Lord Mahä-Viñëu who appeared as one of the four principal associates of Lord Caitanya Mahäprabhu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Advaitin—</span>A follower of the teaching.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Advaita—</span>Oneness (from <i>a,</i> not and <i>dvaita,</i> duality). The system of Vedänta philosophy put forward by Çaìkaräcärya is known as Advaita Vedänta. It argues for a monistic, impersonal absolute truth. See Dvaita, Four Vaiñëava Sampradäyas and Siddhäntas, Çaìkaräcärya, Vedänta; nondual; without differentiation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ägamas—</span>authorized Vedic literatures; also, specifically the <i>Païcarätras</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Agastya—</span>the mind.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Agastya Muni—</span>a great sage who authored many Vedic hymns and writings on Äyurvedic<i> </i>medicine. The son of Mitra and Varuëa, he was born from a water jar. Once he swallowed the ocean and forced the Vindhya mountain range to prostrate itself before him. Who helped the demigods defeat the Danavas by drinking up the ocean they were hiding in. He also gave the <b><i>brahmashira</i></b> weapon to Drona.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aghana—</span>transcendental bliss that is incomplete (lit. "not concentrated").</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ägneyästra—</span>a powerful weapon belonging to the demigod Agni. Arjuna received this weapon from his preceptor, Droëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Agnihotra-yajïa—</span>the ceremonial fire sacrifice offered to the demigod Agni performed in Vedic rituals.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Agnistoma—</span>a sacrifice performed by a person who wants go to heaven. A minimum of sixteen priests are required for this sacrifice, which lasts five days.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Agni—</span>the demigod who controls fire. He took the form of a <i>brähmaëa</i> and begged charity from Lord Kåñëa and Arjuna. He then consumed the Khäëòava forest.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Agrahäyaëa—</span>a name for the month of Märgaçirña (November/December). In contemporary Vaiñëavism it is known as the month of Keçava.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ahaituké—</span>without cheating motivation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ahaituké-kåpä—</span>causeless mercy of the Supreme Lord or His bonafide representative.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s2"><b><i>Ahaà brahmäsmi</i></b></span><span class="s1">—</span>the Vedic aphorism "I am spirit."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ahaà mämeti—</span>the false conception of "I" and "mine [<i>Bhäg.</i><b> 5.5.8]</b>."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ahaìgraha-upäsanä—</span>a Mäyävädé's worship of his own body as the Supreme; self-worship in general.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ahaìkära—</span>false ego, by which the soul misidentifies with the material body.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ähläda—</span>transcendental bliss.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ahiàsä—</span>nonviolence.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aiçvarya-jïäna-yukta—</span>emotion with an understanding of the Lord's full opulences.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aiçvarya-lélä—</span>the Lord's pastimes of opulence.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aja—</span>a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is unborn.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Äjagara-våtti—</span>the occupation of a python.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ajämila—</span>a fallen <i>brähmaëa</i> who was saved from hell by unintentionally chanting the Lord's name at the time of death.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ajam<i>—</i></span>unborn.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ajita—</span>the Supreme Lord who is unconquerable.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ajïäta-sukåti—</span>pious or devotional activity performed accidentally, without knowledge of its effect.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ajïa—</span>a description of Kåñëa indicating that nothing is unknown to Him.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Akäma-bhakta—</span>one who serves the Lord without material motive.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Akarma<i> (naiskarma)—</i></span>action for which one suffers no reaction because it is performed in Kåñëa consciousness; free from material desire; one who is desireless.</p>
<p class="p4">Äkäça—<span class="s3">sky.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Akhila-rasämåta-mürti—</span>Kåñëa, the transcendental form of attraction for all kinds of devotees.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Akiïcana-gocara—</span>Lord Kåñëa, who is easily approached by those who are materially exhausted.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Akiïcana—</span>one who possesses nothing in the material world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Akrüra—</span>an uncle of Lord Kåñëa. A hero of the Yadu dynasty.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Akñauhiëé—</span>a military division consisting of 21,870 chariots, 21,870 elephants, 109,350 infantrymen and 65,610 horsemen.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Äküti—</span>one of Sväyambhuva Manu's three daughters and the wife of Ruci.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Alakäpuré—</span>the residence ot Kuvera, the treasurer of the demigods. It sits on a peak in the Himälayas.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Alambuña—</span>a Räkñasa who was killed by Ghaöotkaca. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Älasya—</span>laziness, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aläyudha—</span>a Räkñasa who fought on the side of Duryodhana. He was killed by Ghaöotkaca. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Alolupa—</span>a son of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Alu—</span>potato</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Alwars—</span>Tamil Nadu saints who were devotees of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ämalaké—</span>a tree that Närada Muni brought from the spiritual world to the material realm to please the Supreme Lord. Its fruits are very rich in vitamin C.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ämäné—</span>food that is not offered to Lord Jagannätha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Amarakoça—</span>a Sanskrit dictionary and thesaurus widely used in the teaching of Sanskrit.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Amarävaté—</span>the capital city of Lord Indra's heavenly abode. It has the power of greatly extending the life span of its residents.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Amarña—</span>anger, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Amätya—</span>the governor of the senses, the mind.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Amävasyä—</span>the dark-moon night, or the night of the new moon, when various sacrifices are offered to both demigods and demons.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ambälikä—</span>Youngest of the daughters of the King of Käçi. She was married to Vicitravérya. When Vicitravérya died early, she begot Päëòu by the great sage Vyäsa. (Ädi Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ambaréña Mahäräja—</span>a great devotee-king who perfectly executed all nine devotional practices (hearing, chanting, etc.). A great king glorified by Narada Muni.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ambä—</span>Older sister of Ambikä and Ambälikä and daughter of the King of Käçi. She was abducted by Bhéñma during her <i>svayaàvara</i>, but she wanted to marry Çälva. She did penance to please Lord Çiva and she received a benediction she could take birth in her next life as a son of King Drupada. (Ädi Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ambikä—</span>Second daughter of the King of Käçi. She married Vicitravérya. Later when Vicitravérya died, she begot Dhåtaräñöra by the great sage Vyäsa. (Ädi Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Amåtatva—</span>eternal life.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Amåta—</span>nectar, the food of the gods, which makes the drinker immortal.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aàçäveça—</span>partial incarnations of God.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aàça—</span>an expansion of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ämukha—</span>technical term for a drama's introduction, further classified into five kinds.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Angrezi—</span>English. The term is extended in Vrndavan to mean 'foreigner'.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Atma-hanah—</span>killer of the soul; one who neglects spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Anädi—</span>since time immemorial.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Analysis—</span>A term similar in meaning to the Sanskrit <i>säìkhya.</i> It comes from the Greek <i>an</i> (up) plus <i>lyein</i> (to loosen, to untie), meaning to resolve into its elements. Analysis is the procedure of separating a problem into its component parts in order to 1) study the parts separately, 2) study their interrelationships, or 3) study how they relate to the whole. See Elements, Säìkhya.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Anamra—</span>one who offers obeisances to no one.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Änandamaya—</span>full of bliss in spiritual realization; Kåñëa consciousness.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Änanda—</span>spiritual, transcendental bliss.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ananta-caturdaçé—</span>date of the yearly festival commemorating the passing away of Haridäsa Öhäkura.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ananta-Çeña—</span>an incarnation of the Supreme Lord in the form of His thousand-headed serpent, on which Viñëu rests, and who sustains the planets on His hoods.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Anantavijaya—</span>name of King Yudhiñöhira's conchshell.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ananta—</span>unlimited.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Anapekña—</span>indifference to mundane people.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Anaranya—</span>King of Iksvaku dynasty, killed by Ravana. When dying he cursed Ravana to be killed by Rama</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Anartha-nivåtti—</span>a stage in the progressive development of devotion to Lord Kåñëa in which one is freed from unwanted desires and karmic reactions; cleansing the heart of all unwanted things</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Anavasara—</span>period of a fortnight between bathing ceremony and Ratha-yäträ when the body of the Jagannätha Deity is repainted.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Äëdal—</span>one of the famous devotees, or Älvärs, who lived in South India before Rämänuja.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aìga Mahäräja—</span>the father of King Vena.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aìga-räga—</span>repainting of the body of Lord Jagannätha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aìgirä Åñi—</span>one of the seven sages of the first <i>Manvantara, </i>all of whom were born directly from Lord Brahmä. One of the Prajäpatis, he is the author of the Vedic writings on astronomy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aniläyäma—</span><i>Präëäyäma</i>-breath control used in <i>yoga</i> practice, especially <i>añöäìga-yoga </i>(one of the eight parts of the <i>añöanga-yoga </i>system).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aëimä-siddhi—</span>mystic power by which one can become as small as an atom so that he can enter into stone.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aniruddha—</span>a grandson of Lord Kåñëa; also one of the four original expansions of Lord Kåñëa in the spiritual world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Anna-präçana—</span>the ceremony of offering a child his first food grains; one of the ten purificatory <i>saàskäras.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Annamaya—</span>(consciousness) absorbed only in food.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Annapurna—</span>Durgä manifested in her form of supplier of food.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Anna—</span>food grains.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Antaraìga-sevä—</span>service performed in one's spiritual body.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Antardhäna—</span>Vijitäçva, the eldest son of King Påthu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Antarikña—</span>outer space.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Antaryämé—</span>the expansion of the Supreme Lord situated in everyone's heart as Supersoul, the indwelling controller.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Anthropomorphism—</span>From the Greek nthropos (man) and morph (form, shape, figure), it is an induction of the Supreme Being's form, emotions, interests, etc. drawn from human experience: God in the image of man, instead of man in the image of God. See Induction, Mechanomorphism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Antya-lélä—</span>the last eighteen years of Lord Caitanya's pastimes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Antyajas—</span>an outcaste.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aëu-atma<i>—</i></span>the minute spirit soul, who is part and parcel of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Anubhäva—</span>bodily symptoms manifested by a devotee in ecstatic love for Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Anukara—</span>imitating.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Anumäna—</span>Reason, thought, philosophical speculation. The second of the three Vaiñëava <b><i>pramäëas</i></b>. See Pramäëa, Pratyakña, Rationalism, Reflective thinking, Çabda.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Anuräga—</span>subattachment in ecstatic love of God.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Anurasa—</span>second-class type of <i>rasäbhäsa, </i>occurring when something is derived from the original mellow.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Anusara—</span>trying to follow in the footsteps.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Anusüyä—</span>the wig of Atri Muni, the sage among the demigods. She is the mother of three-headed Lord Dattätreya.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Anuvinda—</span>a King of Avanti. He and his brother, Vinda, were the brothers of<i> </i>Mitravindä, who was married to Lord Çré Kåñëa. Both brothers were inimical to Lord Kåñëa and were killed by Arjuna. (Droëa Parva in Mahäbhärata)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Apäna-väyu<i>—</i></span>one of the internal bodily airs which is controlled by the <i>añöäìga-yoga </i>system. The <i>apäna-väyu </i>travels downwards.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aparä prakåti—</span>the inferior material energy of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Apara-vidyä—</span>Vedic knowledge of mind and matter that includes logic, grammar, astrology, medicine, social organization, martial arts, music, dance and so on (as distinct from <b><i>para-vidyä</i></b>, the science of God). The <b><i>karma-käëòa</i></b> and <b><i>jïäna-käëòa</i></b> scriptures make up the <b><i>apara-vidyä</i></b> of the <b><i>Vedas</i></b>. See <b><i>Avidyä, Jïäna-käëòa, Karma-käëòa</i></b>, Para-vidyä; material knowledge</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aparädha—</span>an offense.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aparäjita—</span>one of the sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhémasena. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aparasa—</span>third-class type of <i>rasäbhäsa, </i>occurring when something is appreciated that is far removed from the original mellow.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aparokña—</span>Direct knowledge. The third of the five stages of Vedic knowledge.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Apasmära—</span>forgetfulness, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Apauruñeya—</span>not made by man (that is, revealed by God); A term to describe the divine origin of the <b><i>Vedas</i></b>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Apavarga—</span>liberation from <i>pavarga, </i>the miseries of material existence.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Apavitra-anna—</span>food that is unacceptable for a Vaiñëava.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aprakaöa-lélä—</span>the unmanifested pastimes of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Apräkåta—</span>spiritual, or anti-material, transcendental to material nature; The fifth of the five stages of Vedic knowledge.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aprameya—</span>immeasurable.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Apratihatä—</span>uninterrupted.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Apsarä—</span>a heavenly courtesan. The most beautiful women in the heavenly planets, who are expert at dancing.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ärati—</span>a ceremony in which one greets and worships the Lord in the Deity form of the Supreme Personality of Godhead by offering Him incense, a flame in a lamp with ghee-soaked wicks, a flame in a lamp containing camphor, water in a conchshell, a fine cloth, a fragrant flower, a peacock-feather, and yak-tail wisk, accompanied by bell-ringing and chanting.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aravindakña—</span>a name of the Lord meaning one whose eyes are as beautiful as lotus petals.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Arcä-mürti—</span><i>See: Arcä-vigraha below</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Arcä-vigraha—</span>an authorized form of God manifested through material elements, as in a painting or statue of Kåñëa worshiped in a temple or home. Actually present in this form, the Lord accepts worship from His devotees.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Arcana—</span>the procedures followed for worshiping the <i>arcä-vigraha,</i> the Deity in the temple; engaging all the senses in the service of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Arcana naturae (Lat.)—</span>The secrets of nature. See New Philosophy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Arci—</span>the wife of King Påthu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Arbuda-arbuda—</span>various types of <i>çravaëa</i> and <i>kértana</i> of the Supreme Lord's name, quality, form and so on.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ardha-bähya—</span>half-external consciousness.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Arghya—</span>a ceremonious offering, in a conchshell, of water and other auspicious items.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ari—</span>impediments like disease.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ariñöäsura—</span>a demon who took the form of a bull and tried to kill Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aristotle—</span>Greek philosopher who taught in the fourth century before Christ (384-322 BC). Aristotle studied under Plato for almost twenty years, then went on to start his own school of thought. He was very interested in what the <b><i>Bhagavad-gétä</i></b> calls the field of knowledge, which he analyzed minutely according to his own system. He was less concerned with the knower of the field, the soul. He defined the soul as What it is to be for a body of the character just assigned (De anima, 412b). In other words, if an axe was a product of nature, then its characteristic body or form would be its soul. (The ax example is Aristotle's own.)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aryama—</span>the demigod in charge of Pitåloka, the planet were qualified departed ancestors reside.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ärjava—</span>a brother of Çakuni who was killed by Irävän. (Bhéñma Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Arjuna—</span>the third son of Päëòu and intimate friend of Lord Kåñëa. After Päëòu was cursed by a sage, Kunté used a special <i>mantra</i> to beget children and called for the demigod Indra. By the union of Indra and Kunté, Arjuna was born. In his previous life he was Nara, the eternal associate of Lord Näräyaëa. Kåñëa became his chariot driver and spoke the <i>Bhagavad-gétä </i>to him on the battlefield of Kurukñetra; An eternal associate of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Artha—</span>economic development.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aruëa gems—</span>rubies decorating Kåñëa's flute.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aryamä—</span>the demigod in charge of Pitåloka, the planet where qualified departed ancestors reside.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Aryan—</span>a follower of Vedic culture. A person whose goal is spiritual advancement. He truly knows the value of life and has a civilization based on spiritual realization.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Asamanya—</span>a king of the solar dynasty, son of Sagara, known for his cruelty.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Asaàskåta—</span>unreformed.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Asäìga<i>—</i></span>detachment from material consciousness.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Äsana—</span>seat, or throne; a sitting posture in <i>yoga</i> practice.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Asat-saìga—</span>the association of nondevotees.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Asat—</span>not eternal, temporary.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ashoka—</span>a king who spread Buddhism in India in the 3rd century BC.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Asita—</span>an ancient authority on the <b><i>Vedas</i></b>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Açoka—</span>a tree with long, pointed leaves. Goddess Sétä was placed under an <i>açoka </i>tree after being kidnapped by Rävaëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Äçrama—</span>one of the four spiritual orders of life-<i>brahmacäré</i>-<i>äçrama</i>, or student life; <i>Gåhastha</i>-<i>ä</i>ç<i>rama</i>, or married life; <i>vänaprastha, </i>or retired life; and <i>sannyäsa</i>-<i>äçrama</i>, or the renounced order of life; the home of the spiritual master, a place where spiritual practices are executed.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Äçraya-vigraha—</span>the manifestation of the Lord of whom one must take shelter.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Äçraya—</span>the Transcendence, who is the source and support of all; the worshiper.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Añtavakra—</span>a boy sage who won a debate in the court of King Janaka.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Añöa-siddhis—</span>the eight mystic perfections acquired through <i>yoga</i> practice.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Añöäìga-yoga—</span>the eightfold system of mystic <i>yoga,</i> propounded by Pataïjali<i>,</i> meant for realizing the presence of Paramätmä, the Lord in the heart.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Añöakä—</span>the eighth day after the full moon.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Añöänga-yoga—</span>(<b><i>añöa</i></b>=eight + <b><i>aìga</i></b>=part) a mystic <b><i>yoga</i></b> system propounded by Pataïjali in his <i>Yoga-sütras </i>and consisting of eight parts-<i>yama, niyama, äsana, präëäyäma</i>, <i>pratyähära, dhäraëä, dhyäna </i>and <i>samädhi</i>, progressing from moral practices to deep meditation on God<i>.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Añöävakra—</span>the founder of Mäyäväda philosophy, which declares that the spiritual effulgence (Brahman) is the cause of all causes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Asuraà bhavam äçrita<i>—</i></span>persons who are openly atheistic.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Asura—</span>demon, one who does not follow the principles of scripture, atheist, gross materialist. One who is envious of God, and is averse to the supremacy and service of the Supreme Lord, Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Äçutoña—</span>Lord Çiva, who is very easily satisfied when one worships him. Çiva-the <i>guëa-avatära</i> who is the superintendent of the mode of ignorance <i>(tamoguëa) </i>and who takes charge of destroying the universe at the time of annihilation. He disguised himself as a Kiräta and fought with Arjuna over a boar. Lord Çiva was pleased with Arjuna and gave him a benediction of the <i>Paçupati</i> <i>astra</i> by which he could kill Jayadratha. He also gave a benediction to Açvatthämä that he could kill the remaining soldiers on the side of the Päëòavas while they were sleeping in their tents. He is also considered the <b>greatest</b> Vaiñëava, or devotee, of Lord Kåñëa. He is confused by some with the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Asüyä—</span>jealousy, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Açvamedha-yajïa—</span>a Vedic horse sacrifice. One of eight recommended in the Vedic scriptures, it is performed by kings.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Añvatthämä—</span>the son of Droëa. He was a friend of Duryodhana and fought on his side during the Kurukñetra battle. He lived through the battle of Kurukñetra, but was cursed by Lord Çré Kåñëa. He killed the five sons of Draupadé when they were awakening from sleep and attempted to kill Parékñit when he was in the womb of Uttarä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Äçvina—</span>the third month of the four-month Cäturmäsya fast.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Açviné deities—</span>demigods in charge of the nostrils and sense of smell.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Açvinékumäras—</span>Demigods who begot Nakula and Sahadeva in the womb of Mädré, the wife of Päëòu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Atattva-jïa—</span>one who has no knowledge of the Absolute Truth.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Atharva Veda—</span>one of the four <i>Vedas,</i> the original revealed scriptures spoken by the Lord Himself, consisting primarily of formulas and chants designed to counteract the effects of disease and calamity.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Atheism—</span>From the Greek theos (<b><i>a</i></b>, not and <b><i>theo</i></b>, God). In it most blatant form, atheism argues that God does not exist. The proof of that claim is that He is not available to our sensory inspection. Also, religious doctrines that oppose theism are not theistic, hence atheistic. As explained in the entry for theism, the Vedic account of Lord Kåñëa's immanence and transcendence is the clearest demonstration of the standard definition of theism. To oppose Vaiñëava philosophy is therefore to court atheism. Much of what passes for religion is actually atheism in pious disguise. Atheism disguised as religion is called Deism, Semi-deism, Dualism, Henotheism, Kathenotheism, Panpsychism, Pantheism, and Polytheism. These entries, together with the entry for Theism, may be consulted for a clearer understanding.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Authoritarianism—</span>The view that knowledge cannot be questioned, as opposed to the free spirit of inquiry.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Atibäri-sampradäya—</span>bogus disciplic succession coming from an Orissan named Jagannätha däsa, who was a contemporary of Lord Caitanya. Initially, he was a follower of Haridäsa Öhäkura, but he later rejected him.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ätma-nivedana—</span>the devotional process of surrendering everything to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ätma-samarpaëa—</span>full surrender to Kåñëa without reservation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ätma-tattva—</span>spiritual science.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ätmäräma—</span>one who is self-satisfied, free from external, material desires.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ätmä<i>—</i></span>the self (refers sometimes to the body, sometimes to the soul, and sometimes to the senses).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Atri Åñi—</span>one of the seven great sages born directly from Brahmä;. He is the husband of Anusüyä and father of the Lord's incarnation Dattätreya. He contributed to the knowledge of astronomy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Augrya—</span>violence, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Autsukya—</span>eagerness, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Avadhüta—</span>a very saintly and renounced person who may live outside regulative principles, having surpassed any need for them.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Avadhüta—</span>one who is above all rules and regulations.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Avahitthä—</span>concealment, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Avaiñëava—</span>one who is not a Vaiñëava.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ävaraëätmikä—</span><i>mäyä's</i> "covering" power, by which a conditioned soul feels satisfied in any condition of life.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Avara—</span>material.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Avaroha-panthä—</span>the descending process of receiving revealed knowledge; inductive and deductive process of knowledge.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Avatära—</span>literally means "one who descends." A partially or fully empowered incarnation of the Lord who descends from the spiritual sky to the material universe with a particular mission described in scriptures; When Kåñëa descends from the world of spirit into the world of matter, His appearance here is called <b><i>avatära</i></b>. The Sanskrit term <b><i>avatära</i></b> (one who descends) is often rendered into English as incarnation. It is wrong, however, to think that Kåñëa incarnates in a body made of physical elements. The Seventh and Eighth Chapters of <b><i>Bhagavad-gétä</i></b> distinguish at length between the material nature (<b><i>apara-prakåti</i></b>), visible as the temporary substances of earth, water, fire, air and ethereal space, and God's own spiritual nature (<b><i>para-prakåti</i></b>), which is invisible (<b><i>avyakta</i></b>), eternal (<b><i>sanätana</i></b>) and infallible (<b><i>akñara</i></b>). When the Lord descends, by His mercy the invisible becomes visible. As He Himself states in <b><i>Bg.</i></b><b> 4.6</b>, I descend by My own nature, appearing in My form of spiritual energy (<b><i>prakåtià sväm adhiñöhäya sambhavämy ätma-mäyayä</i></b>). In Bg. <b>4.9</b> He declares, <b><i>janma karma ca me divyam</i></b>, My appearance and activities are divine. God has many <b><i>avatäras</i></b>. But of all of them, that form described in Bg. <b>11.50</b> as the most beautiful (<b><i>saumya-vapu</i></b>) is His own original form (<b><i>svakaà rüpam</i></b>). This is the eternal form of Çré Kåñëa, the all-charming lotus-eyed youth whose body is the shape of spiritual ecstasy. <b><i>Bhäg.</i></b> <b>1.3.28</b> confirms that Kåñëa is the original form of Viñëu: <b><i>ete cäàça-kaläù puàsaù kåñëas tu bhagavän svayam indräri-vyäkulaà lokaà måòayanti yuge yuge</i></b>, which means, All of the incarnations of Viñëu listed in the scriptures are expansions of the Lord. Lord Çré Kåñëa is the original Personality of Godhead. All avatäras appear in the world whenever there is a disturbance created by the atheists. The Lord incarnates to protect the theists. The <b><i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam </i></b>also provides us with the authorized list of scheduled incarnations of Godhead, of whom the Daçävatära (ten <b><i>avatäras</i></b>) are particularly celebrated. The ten are 1) Matsya (the Lord's form of a gigantic golden fish), 2) Kürma (the turtle), 3) Varäha (the boar), 4) Çré Nåsiàha (the half-man, half-lion form), 5) Paraçuräma (the hermit who wields an axe), 6) Vämana (the small <b><i>brähmaëa</i></b> boy), 7) Çré Rämacandra (the Lord of Ayodhya), 8) Çré Baladeva (Lord Kåñëa's brother), 9) Buddha (the sage who cheated the atheists), and 10) Kalki (who will depopulate the world of all degraded, sinful men at the end of the present age of Kali). There are two broad categories of <b><i>avatäras</i></b>. Some, like Çré Kåñëa, Çré Räma and Çré Nåsiàha, are Viñëu-tattva, i.e. direct forms of God Himself, the source of all power. Others are individual souls (<b><i>jéva-tattva</i></b>) who are empowered by the Lord in one or more of the following seven ways: with knowledge, devotion, creative ability, personal service to God, rulership over the material world, power to support planets, or power to destroy rogues and miscreants. This second category of <b><i>avatära</i></b> is called <b><i>çaktyäveça</i></b>. Included herein are Buddha, Christ and Muhammed. The Mäyävädés think that form necessarily means limitation. God is omnipresent, unlimited and therefore formless, they argue. When He reveals His <b><i>avatära</i></b> form within this world, that form, being limited in presence to a particular place and time, cannot be the real God. It is only an indication of God. But the fact is that it is not God's form that is limited. It is only the Mäyävädés' conception of form that is limited, because that conception is grossly physical. God's form is of the nature of supreme consciousness. Being spiritual, it is called <b><i>sükñma</i></b>, most subtle. There is no contradiction between the omnipresence of something subtle and its having form. The most subtle material phenomena we can perceive is sound. Sound may be formless (as noise) or it may have form (as music). Because sound is subtle, its having form does not affect its ability to pervade a huge building. Similarly, God's having form does not affect His ability to pervade the entire universe. Since God's form is finer than the finest material subtlety, it is completely inappropriate for Mäyävädés to compare His form to gross hunks of matter. Because they believe God's form is grossly physical, Mäyävädés often argue that any and all embodied creatures may be termed avatäras. Any number of living gods are being proclaimed within India and other parts of the world today. Some of these gods are mystics, some are charismatics, some are politicians, and some are sexual athletes. But none of them are authorized by the Vedic scriptures. They represent only the mistaken Mäyävädé idea that the one formless unlimited Truth appears in endless gross, physical human incarnations, and that you and me and I and he are therefore all together God. And since each god has a different idea of what <b><i>dharma</i></b> is, the final truth, according to Mäyäväda philosophy, is that the paths of all gods lead to the same goal. This idea is as unenlightened as it is impractical. When ordinary people proclaim themselves to be God, and that whatever they are doing is Vedic dharma, that is called <b><i>dharmasya gläniù </i></b><b>[</b><b><i>Bg</i></b><b>. 4.7]</b>, a disturbance to eternal religious principles. Therefore Kåñëa came again, 500 years ago, as the Golden Avatära, Caitanya Mahäprabhu. He established the <b><i>yuga-dharma</i></b>, the correct form of <b><i>sanätana-dharma</i></b> for our time (<b><i>saìkértana</i></b>). Lord Caitanya's appearance was predicted in <i>Bhäg.</i><b> 11.5.32</b>: In this Age of Kali, people who are endowed with sufficient intelligence will worship the Lord, who is accompanied by His associates, by congregational chanting of the holy names of God. See Caitanya Mahäprabhu, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ävega—</span>intense emotion, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Äveça-avatära—</span>a living being empowered as an incarnation of the Lord's qualities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Äveça—</span><i>See: Çakty-äveça.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Avidhi-pürvaka—</span>without properly following rules and regulations.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Avidyä-çakti—</span>material energy, or nescience.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Avidyä<i>—</i></span>nescience, ignorance; the illusory energy of the Supreme Lord; Ignorance or non-Vedic knowledge, as opposed to <b><i>apara-vidyä</i></b> and <b><i>para-vidyä</i></b>. See <b><i>Apara-vidyä, Para-vidyä</i></b>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Avyakta—</span>unmanifested; the material creation when it is not yet manifested from the<i> mahat-tattva.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ayer, A.J.—</span>British philosopher (1910-1989), a twentieth century advocate of Hume's scepticism towards religion, and one of the founders of logical positivism. In his younger years he was a phenomenalist, but later he drew back from that position. See Logical positivism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ayodya—</span>a city in North India, capital of the kings of the Ikavaku (solar) dynasty. Today, it is till the chief Holy City of Lord Rama's devotees.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ayoga—</span><i>See: Viyoga.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ayukta—</span>the ecstatic condition of not having yet met one's lover.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Äyurveda—</span>the section of the Vedas which expounds the Vedic science of medicine delivered by Lord Dhanvantari, the incarnation of the Supreme Lord as a physician. He was born out of the ocean of milk when it was churned by the demons and demigods in the Satya-yuga. He expounded on the three categories of medicine.</p>
<p class="p2"><b>-B-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bäbäjé—</span>a person who dwells alone in one place and leads a life of meditation, penance and austerity; renounced order beyond <i>sannyäsa,</i> in which one chants and reads.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Baba—</span>religious master, a term of respect.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bäëäsura—</span>a thousand-armed demon slain by Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Babhruvähana—</span>a son of Arjuna by Citräìgadä, the daughter of the King of Maëipur. Babhruvähana engaged in battle with his father over the sacrificial horse. At that time Babhruvähana killed Arjuna. Arjuna was later brought back to life by Ulüpé, another wife of Arjuna.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Babhru—</span>one of the Yadu warriors and servant of Lord Çré Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Badarikäçrama—</span>a sacred holy place of pilgrimage in the Himälayas. The Päëòavas visited here during their exile in the forest. (Vana Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>) It is the abode of Lord Nara-Näräyaëa, who sat under a <i>badaré </i>(plum) tree to perform austerities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Baddha-jïa—</span>a conditioned soul who distinguishes between the Lord's body and soul.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bagh—</span>garden.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bähadbala—</span>the King of Kosala. He joined the side of the Kauravas and was killed by Abhimanyu. (Droëa Parva in Mahäbhärata)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bähadratha—</span>a king of Magadha, and the father of Jaräsandha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bahirmukha-jana—</span>a person influenced by the external energy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bahüdaka—</span>the second stage of the <i>sannyäsa</i> order, in which one begs from door to door.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bähuka—</span>the personified sins of King Vena.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bakäsura—</span>a demon who was shaped like a huge duck and who tried to kill Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Baksheesh—</span>tip, donation, or bribe.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bakula—</span>a fragrant flower very pleasing to Lord Kåñna.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bäla-gopäla—</span>Deity of Kåñëa as a cowherd boy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Baladeva Vidyäbhüñaëa—</span>Born in the 18th century in the Baleswar district of Orissa, he was initially a learned scholar of the Madhva-sampradäya. He was converted to Gauòéya Vaiñëavism and became the ardent follower of Viçvanätha Cakravarté Thäkura. He is especially renowned for his commentary on <i>Vedänta-sütra </i>called <i>Govinda-bhäñya;</i> Çréla Baladeva Vidyäbhüñaëa was a highly renounced pure devotee. For the spiritual benefit of mankind, he presented many transcendental literatures to the world. The details of his early life are not known for sure, as he never mentioned his birth place or his family background. Historians have estimated that he was born sometime in the eighteenth century, most probably in Orissa (possibly near Remuna). At a very early age, Baladeva finished his studies of grammar, poetry, rhetoric and logic and then went on pilgrimage. During his travels he spent some time with the Tattvavädés in South India and thus became conversant with the teachings of Çré Madhväcärya. He became a powerful exponent of this philosophy throughout India. Later he was initiated into the Gauòéya Vaiñëava sampradäya by Rädhä-Dämodara Deva, and went to Våndävana to study under the great äcärya Viçvanätha Cakravarté Öhäkura. Baladeva's defeat of an assembly of Rämänandé scholars is celebrated in Indian philosophical history. It was on this occasion that he composed the Govinda-bhäñya commentary on the Vedänta-sütra. Actually, it was dictated to him by the Çré Govinda Deva Deity; hence, it is named after the Lord. The commentary so astonished the scholars that they bestowed upon Baladeva the title Vidyäbhüñaëa (ornament of learning).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Balagaëòi festival—</span>the festival during the Ratha-yäträ procession when everyone offers various opulent foods to Lord Jagannätha at Balagaëòi.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Balaräma (Baladeva)—</span>the first plenary expansion of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Lord Kåñëa. He appeared as the son of Rohiëé and elder brother of Lord Kåñëa. Also known as Balabhadra or Baladeva, present as one of the three Jagannätha deities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bälhéka—</span>a son of Pratépa. He had two brothers Deväpi and Çantanu. He was killed by Bhémasena during the Kurukñetra war. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bali Mähäraja—</span>the king of the demons who gave three paces of land to Vamanadeva, the dwarf incarnation of Lord Viñëu, and thereby became a great devotee by surrendering everything to Him.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bäliça—</span>innocent and foolish like a child.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ballal Sen—</span>King of Bengal in the 12th century. He was the son of King Vijaya Sen, the founder of Navadvépa. Ballal Sen's son was Laksman Sen, the sponsor of Jayadeva Gosvämi, the author of <i>Gétä-govinda.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bandhu-ha—</span>the killer of <i>mäyä</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bandi—</span>son of Varuëa who was defeated in debate by Añöavakra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Banyan tree—</span>a sacred tree of the fig family with self-rooting branches.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Barbaras—</span>low caste people born from Sabala, the Surabhi cow.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Barhiñat—</span><i>See: Präcénabarhi</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Barhiñmän—</span><i>See: Präcénabarhi</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Battle of Kurukñetra—</span>a battle between the Kurus and the Päëòavas, which took place five thousand years ago and before which Lord Kåñëa spoke <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> to Arjuna.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bäula community—</span>one of the <i>apa-sampradäyas,</i> or unauthorized devotional groups.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bel-phala—</span>the fruit of the <i>bel </i>tree. It is especially dear to Lord Çiva and has great medicinal value. Its pulp is very soothing.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Benares—</span>Väräëasé, holy city on the Ganges in northern India.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhadrakali—</span>another name of Durgä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhadra—</span>one of the wives of Väsudeva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhagadatta—</span>the King of Prägjyotiñapura, and the son of Narakäsura or Bhaumäsura. He was killed by Arjuna during the Kurukñetra war. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhagavad-bhakti—</span><i>bhakti-yoga,</i> devotional service to the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhagavad-gétä<i>—</i></span>a seven-hundred verse record of a conversation between Lord Kåñëa and His disciple, Arjuna, from the <i>Bhéñma Parva </i>of the <i>Mahäbhärata </i>of Vedavyäsa. The conversation took place between two armies minutes before the start of an immense fratricidal battle. Kåñëa teaches the science of the Absolute Truth and the importance of devotional service to the despondent Arjuna, and it contains the essence of all Vedic wisdom. Çréla Prabhupäda's annotated English translation is called <i>Bhagavad-gétä As It Is; </i>This most essential text of spiritual knowledge, The Song of the Lord, contains Kåñëa's instructions to Arjuna at Kurukñetra. It is found in the <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>. The <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b> is classified as <b><i>småti-çästra</i></b>, a supplement of the <b><i>çruti-çästra</i></b>. <b><i>Çruti</i></b>, the core Vedic literature, includes the four Vedas (<b><i>Åg, Säma, Yajur</i></b> and <b><i>Atharva</i></b>) and the <b><i>Upaniñads. Çruti</i></b> advances the understanding of the absolute. <b><i>Bhagavad-gétä </i></b>is also known as <b><i>Gétopaniñad</i></b>, or a <b><i>çruti</i></b> text spoken by the Supreme Personality of Godhead Himself. Therefore, Çréla Prabhupäda wrote in a letter, the <b><i>Gétä</i></b> should be taken as <b><i>çruti</i></b>. But they take it as <b><i>småti</i></b> because it is part of the<b><i> småti</i></b> (<b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>). In one sense it is both <b><i>çruti</i></b> and <b><i>småti</i></b>. In only 700 verses, the <b><i>Bhagavad-gétä</i></b> summarizes all Vedic knowledge about the soul, God, <b><i>sanätana-dharma</i></b>, sacrifice, <b><i>yoga, karma,</i></b> reincarnation, the modes of material nature, <b><i>Vedänta</i></b> and pure devotion. See Arjuna, <b><i>Caitanya-caritämåta</i></b>, Kåñëa,<b><i> Mahäbhärata, Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i></b>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhagavän—</span>the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who possesses in full the opulences of wealth, beauty, strength, knowledge, fame, and renunciation; an epithet of the Supreme Person; The Personality of Godhead, the possessor (<b><i>vän</i></b>) of six opulences (<b><i>bhaga</i></b>) in unlimited fullness: wealth (<b><i>aiçvarya</i></b>), strength (<b><i>vérya</i></b>), fame (<b><i>yaçaù</i></b>), beauty (<b><i>çriyaù</i></b>), knowledge (jïäna), and renunciation (<b><i>vairägya</i></b>). See Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhägavata jévana—</span>the life of a devotee.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhägavata Puräëa—</span><i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhägavata-dharma—</span>the science of devotional service to the Supreme Lord; the religious principles enunciated by the Lord; the eternal function of the living being.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhägavata-saptäha—</span>a seven-day series of lectures on <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i> given by professional reciters to a paying audience.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhägavata-vidhi—</span>the devotional process of serving the pure devotee and preaching <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhägavata-vidyä—</span>transcendental knowledge of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhägavatam system—</span>spreading of Kåñëa consciousness philosophy by recitation and discussion of <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhägavatas—</span>persons or things in relationship with the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhägavata—</span>anything related to Bhagavän, the Supreme Lord, especially the devotee of the Lord and the scripture <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam;</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhagératha—</span>the king who performed austerities to bring the Ganges to earth to save his ancestors.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhägyavän—</span>most fortunate.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhägya—</span>good fortune.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhairava—</span>the terrifying aspect of Lord Çiva, who chopped off the fifth head of Brahmä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhajana<i>-</i>kutira<i>—</i></span>a small hut<i> </i>or cottage where a Vaiñëava or saintly person performs<i> </i>his<i> </i><b><i>bhajana</i></b> or personal mediation<i>.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhajanänandé—</span>a devotee who performs his devotional activities in seclusion, not attempting to preach; a devotee who is satisfied to cultivate devotional service for himself.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhajana<i>—</i></span>this term generally to indicates the service and worship of the Supreme Lord executed by Vaiñëavas from the neophytes up to those who are fully God-realized. The main form that this service takes is the hearing and chanting of the holy name. Otherwise, the term refers to the singing of devotional songs about Kåñëa, usually accompanied by musical instruments.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhakta-avatära—</span>an incarnation of God as a devotee.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhakta-präya—</span>an "almost" devotee.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhakta—</span>a devotee of the Lord; one who performs devotional service (<i>bhakti</i>). </p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhakti-çakti—</span>the spiritual potency which is the essence of the pleasure potency and the eternity potency.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhakti-çästras—</span>Scriptures dealing with the science of devotion.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhakti-kalpataru—</span>the desire tree of devotional service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhakti-latä-béja—</span>the seed of the creeper of devotional service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhakti-latä—</span>devotional creeper.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhakti-märga—</span>the path of developing devotion to Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhakti-rasäcärya—</span>one who knows and teaches the essence of devotional service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhakti-rasämåta-sindhu—</span>one<i> </i>of the<i> </i>principal works on the<i> </i>science of <i>bhakti-yoga, </i>written<i> </i>by Çréla Rüpa Gosvämé in the sixteenth century, a confidential associate of Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu. All of its conclusions are elaborately supported by reference to the Vedic literatures.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhakti-rasa—</span>the mellow derived from devotional service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhakti-sandarbha—</span>one of the six treatises on the science of devotional service written by Çrila Jiva Gosvämé.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhakti-siddhänta-viruddha—</span>that which is against the philosophy of <i>acintya-bhedäbheda</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhakti-yoga<i>—</i></span>the system of cultivation of <i>bhakti, </i>or pure devotional service, which is untinged by sense gratification or philosophical speculation; The process of devotional service to the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Lord Kåñëa. According to a famous verse in <b><i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i></b>, it consists of nine aìgas or parts: <i>çravaëaà kértanaà viñëoù smaraëaà päda-sevanam-arcanaà vandanaà däsyaà sakhyam ätma-nivedanam </i>1) Hearing and 2) chanting about the transcendental holy name, form, qualities, paraphernalia and pastimes of Lord Kåñëa, 3) remembering them, 4) serving the lotus feet of the Lord, 5) offering the Deity of the Lord respectful worship with sixteen types of paraphernalia, 6) offering prayers to the Lord, 7) serving His mission, 8) making friends with the Lord, and 9) surrendering everything unto Him (in other words, serving Him with the body, mind and words)these nine processes are accepted as pure devotional service. (<b><i>Bhäg.</i></b><b> 7.5.23</b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhaktidevi—</span>the personification of devotional service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhaktisiddhänta—</span>Sarasvaté Öhäkura Gosvämé Mahäräja Prabhupäda (1874-1937) the spiritual master of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda, and thus the spiritual grandfather of the present day Kåñëa consciousness movement. A powerful preacher, he founded sixty four missions in India; The transcendentally empowered son of Çréla Bhaktivinoda Öhäkura, Çréla Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Öhäkura appeared in this world on February 6, 1874. His father was deputy magistrate of Jagannätha Puré in Orissa at this time. Çréla Bhaktivinoda Öhäkura had been very concerned about unauthorized pseudo-Vaiñëavas who were usurping the pure teachings of Lord Caitanya Mahäprabhu, and therefore had begun a revival of the <b><i>saìkértana</i></b> mission. Though very busy with his profession, he wrote profusely about all aspects of Kåñëa consciousness. He prayed constantly for someone to boldly preach his writings. </p>
<p class="p3"> Çréla Bhaktivinoda Öhäkura's prayers were answered in Çréla Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Öhäkura. When he was six months old, the Ratha-yäträ festival of chariots was held in Puré. Lord Jagannätha's chariot stopped in front of Çréla Bhaktivinoda's house, which was on the main road between the temple and the Guëòicä <b><i>mandira</i></b>. The chariot stayed there for three days. On the third day, Çréla Bhaktisiddhänta's mother brought the child out to see the Lord. The <b><i>püjärés</i></b> picked him up and put him on the cart. He crawled to the base of Lord Jagannätha, touching His lotus feet. Simultaneously a garland fell from the neck of the Lord and landed around the child. The <b><i>püjärés</i></b> exclaimed that this child was especially blessed by the Lord. The boy grew up to be a great scholar in many fields of learning. But when he reached twenty-two, he left his studies at college, vowing to never take to householder life. For three years, Çréla Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Öhäkura held the post of <b><i>räja-päëòita</i></b> (royal scholar) of the Vaiñëava king of Tripura. </p>
<p class="p3"> Thereafter he took initiation from Çréla Gaurakiçora däsa Bäbäjé. Çréla Gaurakiçora was a Vaiñëava renunciate who had fully absorbed himself in the worship of Kåñëa at Våndävana for a long time. Then he settled at the holy city of Navadvépa on the bank of the Ganges. By this time Çréla Bhaktivinoda Öhäkura had retired from his government work and was worshiping Lord Kåñëa in a small house near Navadvépa, at Godruma. Every day he gave Çrémad-Bhägavatam class there. Çréla Gaurakiçora used to attend these classes. Çréla Bhaktivinoda Öhäkura told his son, Çréla Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Öhäkura, to accept Çréla Gaurakiçora as his initiating spiritual master. He received the name Värñabhänavé-devé-dayitäya däsa. Thereafter Çréla Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Öhäkura gave up all other activities to chant 194 rounds daily for seven years. He stayed in a <b><i>kuöira</i></b> (hut) but did not take time to repair the roof; if it rained, he just used an umbrella. </p>
<p class="p3"> In 1918 he opened the first center of the Gauòéya Mission in Ultadanga Road in Calcutta. He was then forty-four. All across India he established Lord Caitanya's teachings as the most excellent spiritual philosophy. He started his mission in the midst of war and political agitation for national liberation. He was uncompromising in his disregard of such mundane concerns. The most important thing is to invoke the spirit of devotion to the Supreme Lord; this concern lies far above any material consideration. Many leaders objected that he was diverting too many young men from India's national interests, but he paid them no heed. In this period, Çréla A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda visited Çréla Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Öhäkura on the rooftop at Ultadanga Road. Çréla Prabhupäda, at that time known as Abhay Caran De, was an adherent of Gandhi's <b><i>svaräja</i></b> movement. Çréla Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Öhäkura convinced him in just one sitting of the vital necessity of Lord Caitanya's mission over everything else. Çréla Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Öhäkura departed this world in 1936. Two weeks before leaving his body, he instructed Çréla Prabhupäda to introduce the <b><i>saìkértana</i></b> mission to the Western world. See Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda, Bhaktivinoda Öhäkura, Caitanya Mahäprabhu, Kåñëa. </p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s2">Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda</span><span class="s1">—</span>His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda is the foremost Vaiñëava <b><i>äcärya</i></b> in the modern age. In 1896, he appeared in this world as Abhay Caran De in Calcutta, where he received an English-language education. He first met his spiritual master, Çréla Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Öhäkura, in 1922. At their first meeting, Çréla Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Öhäkura requested Çréla Prabhupäda to broadcast Vedic knowledge through the English language. In 1933, Çréla Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Öhäkura initiated Çréla Prabhupäda as Abhaya Caraëäravinda däsa. In the years that followed, he wrote a commentary on the <b><i>Bhagavad-gétä</i></b>, assisted the Gauòéya Mission in its work, and in 1944 started <b><i>Back to Godhead</i></b>, an English fortnightly magazine, still continued by his disciples today. He received the title Bhaktivedanta in 1947 from the Gauòéya Vaiñëava Society. </p>
<p class="p3"> In the 1950's, Çréla Prabhupäda retired from family life, accepting the <b><i>vänaprastha</i></b> order. Thus he was able to devote more time to his studies and writing. He came to Våndävana to live humbly at the historic medieval temple of Rädhä-Dämodara. After several years of deep absorption in Kåñëa consciousness, Çréla Prabhupäda accepted the order of <b><i>sannyäsa</i></b> from his Godbrother Keçava Prajïa Mahäräja, in 1959. It was then that he began to work on his life's masterpiece: a multivolume translation of and commentary on the eighteen-thousand verse <b><i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i></b>.</p>
<p class="p3"> After publishing three volumes of the <b><i>Bhägavatam</i></b> in India, Çréla Prabhupäda came to the United States in 1965. After great difficulty, with no initial financial resources, he established the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) in New York in July, 1966. The residents of that great metropolis of materialism were astounded as the youthful American followers of Çréla Prabhupäda danced and chanted the Hare Kåñëa <b><i>mahä-mantra</i></b> in their midst, that eternal Vedic sound echoing between the glass and steel skyscraper canyon walls. The Kåñëa consciousness movement soon spread to San Francisco, where the Ratha-yäträ festival of the chariots was held for the first time outside of India. A group of American disciples started a branch in London, where George Harrison of the Beatles became a life-long follower of Çréla Prabhupäda. From England the movement went to Germany, Holland, France, and other European countries. </p>
<p class="p3"> It likewise flourished in Canada, Latin America, Australia and Africa. Simultaneously, Çréla Prabhupäda personally established several multi-million-dollar ISKCON temple and guesthouse projects in India at Bombay, Våndävana, Mayapur and Hyderabad. But Çréla Prabhupäda considered his most significant contribution to be his books, which form a veritable library of Vedic philosophy, religion, culture and literature. Highly respected by the academic community for their authority, depth and clarity, they serve as standard textbooks in numerous college courses. His writings have been translated into more than eighty languages. The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, established in 1972 to publish his works, is the world's largest publisher in the field of Vedic studies. </p>
<p class="p3"> In the twelve years after his first arrival in America up to his departure from this world in 1977, Çréla Prabhupäda circled the globe fourteen times on lecture tours that took him to six continents. Even in his physical absence, his great mission continues to move forward. With the collapse of the Soviet Empire that Çréla Prabhupäda predicted during his 1972 visit to Moscow, Kåñëa consciousness is vigorously blossoming throughout Eastern Europe, Russia, and the Far East. ISKCON's Mayapur project is growing into a modern spiritual city on the bank of the holy Ganges. 1996, the year of Çréla Prabhupäda's centennial, saw the opening of grand temple projects in Delhi, Bangalore and Baroda. See Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Öhäkura, Bhaktivinoda Öhäkura, Caitanya Mahäprabhu, ISKCON, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhaktivedäntas—</span>advanced transcendentalists who have realized the conclusion of the <i>Vedas</i> through devotional service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhaktivinoda Öhäkura—</span>(1838-1915) the great-grandfather of the present-day Kåñëa consciousness movement, the spiritual master of Çréla Gaura-kiçora däsa Bäbäjé, the father of Çrila Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté, and the grand-spiritual master of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda. Çréla Bhaktivinoda Öhäkura was a responsible officer and a householder, yet his service to the cause of expanding the mission of Lord Caitanya Mahäprabhu is unique. He has written many books on the philosophy of Lord Caitanya Mahäprabhu; Appearing in this world in 1838 and departing it in 1914, Çréla Bhaktivinoda Öhäkura is one of the great teachers of Kåñëa consciousness in the disciplic succession of spiritual masters. He is famous in Bengal for having located the exact site of the birthplace of Lord Caitanya Mahäprabhu. This site at Çrédhäma Mäyäpur, near the city of Navadvépa about 90 miles north of Calcutta, had been lost for centuries due to the shifting course of the Ganges river. The Öhäkura's discovery rapidly transformed Mäyäpur into an important place of pilgimage for Kåñëa devotees. The Gaura-Viñëupriya temple he founded in 1891 was the first of many holy places of worship now visible at Mäyäpur. In 1896, Çréla Bhaktivinoda Öhäkura announced the saìkértana mission to the Western world by sending a copy of one of his small books Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu: His Life and Precepts to McGill University in Canada. Many of his Bengali songs are available in Songs of the Vaiñëava àcäryas, published by the Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. Çréla Bhaktivinoda Öhäkura predicted that the saìkértana movement would spread from India to the great cities of the Western world. See Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Öhäkura, Bhaktivedanta Swami Pra-bhupäda, Caitanya Mahäprabhu, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhakti—</span>devotional service to the Supreme Lord; purified service of the senses of the Lord by one's own senses; Love and devotion to the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Lord Kåñëa. The formal systematization of devotion is called<b><i> bhakti-yoga</i></b>. See Bhakti-yoga, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhakty-unmukhé sukåti—</span>pious activities that awaken one's dormant Kåñëa consciousness.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhänumän—</span>a prince of Kaliìga. He fought on the side of the Kauravas and was killed by Bhémasena.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhänusena—</span>a son of Karëa. He was killed by Bhémasena during the Kurukñetra war. (Karëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bharadväja—</span>a great sage and the father of Droëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bharata Mahäräja—</span>an ancient king of India and a great devotee of the Lord from whom the Päëòavas descended. The son of Mahäräja Duñyanta who renounced his kingdom and family at an early age. He became very advanced in spiritual practice, but later became attached to a pet deer causing him to take birth as a deer. In his next life, as Jaòa Bharata, he attained spiritual perfection.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhärata-varña—</span>a name for the earth (now for India), derived from King Bharata, a great king who was the eldest son of Lord Åñabhadeva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bharata—</span>half-brother of Lord Räma, he ruled Ayodhya when Lord Räma was in exile.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhäraté—</span>Sarasvaté-goddess of learning. Wife of Lord Brahmä. She usually sits on a white swan and holds a veena (stringed instrument) in her hands.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhauma-ijya-dhéù—</span>accepting something to be spiritual when it is actually material.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhäva-bhakti—</span>the platform of purified goodness when one's heart melts in devotional service; the first stage of love of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhava-roga—</span>material miseries or diseases.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhava-sägara—</span>the ocean of repeated birth and death.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhäva—</span>the stage of transcendental love experienced after transcendental affection; manifestation of ecstatic symptoms in the body of a devotee.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhaviñya Puräëa—</span>one of the eighteen <i>Puräëas. </i>It was spoken by Lord Brahmä and concerns future events and religious rites and observances.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhaviñya-uttara Puräëa—</span>the last section of the <i>Bhaviñya Puräëa.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhävuka—</span>sentimental; can also mean advanced in the knowledge of spiritual <i>rasas. </i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhayänaka-rasa—</span>the indirect relationship of fear.</p>
<p class="p4">Bhaya—<span class="s3">fear.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhéma—</span>the second son of Päëòu and Kunté. Actually, his father was Väyu, because Päëòu had been cursed not being able to conceive children. By <i>mantra</i> Kunté called Väyu and Bhéma was born. He was known for his strength and strong appetite.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhinna-rüpa-sandhi—</span>the meeting of contradictory ecstasies.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhéñmadeva—</span>the grandfather of the Päëòavas, and the most powerful and venerable warrior on the Battlefield of Kurukñetra. The noble general respected as the "grandfather" of the Kuru dynasty. He is recognized as one of the twelve <i>mahäjanas, </i>authorities on devotional service to the Lord. He was given a boon to leave his body any time he pleased, consequently he decided to leave while laying on a bed of arrows in full view of Lord Çré Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhéñmaka—</span>the King of Vidarbha and father of Çrémäté Rukmiëé.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhoga-mandira—</span>the place where the Deity's food is kept.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhoga—</span>material sense enjoyment; or, food before it has been offered to the Deity.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhogé—</span>sense gratifier.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhogonmukhé—</span>pious activities that bestow material opulence.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bohr, Niels—</span>Danish physicist of great fame in the twentieth century (1885-1962). He has been called the spiritual father of all quantum physicists. Einstein was not happy with Bohr's idea that the universe is as it is purely by chance. He admonished Bohr, God does not play dice. Einstein's criticisms so bothered Bohr that he sometimes used to pace back and forth while chanting Einstein ... Einstein ... Einstein ... to himself.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhrama—</span>false knowledge or mistakes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhågu—</span>the most powerful of the sages born directly from Brahmä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhåtya—</span>the servants of the body, namely the senses.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhü—</span>the creative energy of the cosmic creation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhü-dhäraëa-çakti—</span>the power to hold up the planets within the universe.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhu devé—</span>consort of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhukti—</span>material enjoyment.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhümi—</span>Mother Earth</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhüriçrava—</span>one of the three sons of Somadatta, a King of the Kuru dynasty. He was killed by Sätyaki during the great Kurukñetra battle. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhür—</span>the lower material planets.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhüti—</span>opulence.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhuvaneçvara—</span>a holy place in the district of Puri, Orissa, that is sacred to Lord Çiva and that was visited by Lord Caitanya. It is glorified in detail in the <i>Skanda Puräëa.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bhuvar—</span>the middle material planets.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bébhatsa-rasa—</span>the indirect relationship of abomination.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bihar—</span>a state in northwestern India.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bila-svarga—</span>the subterranean heavens.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bilvamaìgala Öhäkura—</span>a great devotee-author, whose works include the <i>Kåñëa-karëämåta,</i> the<i> </i>confidential pastimes of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Birnagar—</span>a town just south of Krishnanagar in the West Bengal district of Nadia. In ancient times the Ganges flowed past this town making it a prosperous river port. Once, the prince Srimanta Sandagar was sailing his fleet of ships up the Ganges to Birnagar and a violent storm arose. To save himself and his fleet, he prayed to Uläcaëòi, a wife of Lord Çiva. The fleet was saved, and the prince instituted her worship at this site. The town of Birnagar was thus also known as Ulä-gräma, the birthplace of Öhäkura Bhaktivinoda.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bloop—</span>the sound of the soul falling into the ocean of material suffering; commonly used in ISKCON to describe someone who leaves the organization.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bo (Bodhi) tree—</span>the tree under which Lord Buddha attained enlightenment.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahma çäpa—</span>a <i>brähmaëa's </i>curse.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahma-bandhu—</span>one born in a <i>brähmaëa</i> family but lacking brahminical qualification.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahma-bhüta<i>—</i></span>the joyful state of being freed from material contamination. One in this state is characterized by transcendental happiness, and he engages in the service of the Supreme Lord; liberation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahma-jïäna—</span>knowledge of the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahma-jïäné—</span>an impersonalist scholar.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahma-jijïäsä—</span>inquiry into the Absolute Truth; spiritual inquiry into one's own identity.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brähma-muhürta—</span>the auspicious period of the day just before dawn, from one and a half hours to fifty minutes before sunrise. It is especially favorable for spiritual practices.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahma-räkñasa—</span>a man-eating demon who was a fallen <i>brähmaëa</i> in his last life; the ghost of a sinful <i>brähmana</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahma-randhra—</span>the hole in the skull through which the perfected <i>yogé </i>quits his body.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s2"><b><i>Brahma-saàhitä</i></b></span><span class="s1">—</span>a very ancient Sanskrit scripture recording the prayers of Brahmä offered to the Supreme Lord, Govinda, recovered from a temple in South India by Lord Caitanya.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahma-satra—</span>meditating on the Supreme Lord always.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahma-saukhya—</span>spiritual happiness, which is unobstructed and eternal.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahma-sütra—</span>the <i>Vedänta-sütra.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahma-tejas—</span>the potency of a <i>brähmaëa.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahma-upäsaka—</span>a worshiper of the impersonal Brahman.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahma-vaivarta Puräëa—</span>one of the eighteen <i>Puräëas. </i>It contains prayers and invocations addressed to Lord Çré Kåñëa, as well as descriptions of His transcendental pastimes with Srématé Rädhäräëé and the other cowherd girls of Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahma-vidyä—</span>transcendental knowledge.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahma-yajïa—</span>studying the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahmacäré<i>—</i></span>a celibate student under the care of a spiritual master. One in the first order of spiritual life; In the Vedic social order, the student class who strictly accept the vow of celibacy, in the case of <i>brähmaëas,</i> up<i> </i>to the age of 25, at which time they may marry or continue the life of celibacy; a celibate student of a spiritual master; A member of the first spiritual devision of life, according to the Vedic social system of four <b><i>äçramas</i></b>. See Gåhastha, Sannyäsé, Vänaprastha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahmacarya—</span>celibate student life; the first order of Vedic spiritual life; the vow of strict abstinence from sex indulgence.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brähmaëa thread—</span>a multistranded thread worn by <i>brähmaëas</i> across the left shoulder and chest.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brähmaëa—</span>a member of the intellectual, priestly class; a person wise in Vedic knowledge, fixed in goodness and knowledgeable of Brahman, the Absolute Truth; One of the four orders of occupational life, <i>brähmaëa</i>, <i>kñatriya</i>,<i> vaiçya</i> and <i>çüdra</i>. The <i>brähmaëas</i> are the intellectual class and their occupation is hearing Vedic literature, teaching Vedic literature, learning deity worship and teaching deity worship, receiving charity and giving charity.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brähmaëé—</span>the wife of a <i>brähmana.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahmäëòa Puräëa—</span>one of the eighteen <i>Puräëas. </i>It was revealed by Lord Brahmä and contains knowledge about this <i>brahmäëòa, </i>or spherical universe and future millennia.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahmäëòa-bhramaëa—</span>wandering up and down throughout the universe.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahmäëòa—</span>the material universe.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahmaëya-deva—</span>the Supreme Lord, who is the protector of brahminical culture.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahmajyoti—</span>the impersonal bodily effulgence emanating from the transcendental body of the Supreme Lord Kåñëa, which constitutes the brilliant illumination of the spiritual sky; From Kåñëa's transcendental personal form of eternity, knowledge and bliss emanates a shining effulgence called the <b><i>brahmajyoti</i></b> (light of Brahman). The material <b><i>prakåti</i></b>, the <b><i>jévas</i></b> who desire to enjoy matter, and <b><i>käla</i></b> (time), are situated within this <b><i>brahma-jyotir</i></b>, which is pure existence devoid of difference and activity. It is the impersonal Brahman of the Mayavädés, and the Clear Light of some Buddhist sects. For many mystics and philosophers the world over, the <b><i>brahmajyoti</i></b> is the indefinable One from which all things emerge in the beginning and merge into at the end. The <b><i>brahmajyoti</i></b> is Kåñëa's feature of sat (eternality) separated from <b><i>cit</i></b> (knowledge) and <b><i>änanda</i></b> (bliss). See Brahman, Buddhism, Impersonalism, Life after death, Mäyäväda philosophy, Modes of nature, Mysticism, Sac-cid-änanda, Vedänta.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahmaloka—</span>the highest planet of the universe, that of the demigod Lord Brahmä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahmänanda—</span>the spiritual bliss derived from impersonal Brahman realization.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahman—</span>(1) the infinitesimal spiritual individual soul; (2) the impersonal, all-pervasive aspect of the Supreme; (3) the Supreme Personality of Godhead; (4) the <i>mahat-tattva, </i>or total material substance; This Sanskrit term comes from the root båh, which means to grow or to evolve. In the <b><i>Chändogya Upaniñad</i></b> 3.14, Brahman is described as <b><i>tajjalän</i></b>, as that (<b><i>tat</i></b>) from which the world arises (<b><i>ja</i></b>), into which it returns (<b><i>la</i></b>), and by which is is supported and lives (<b><i>an</i></b>). Impersonalists equate Brahman with the <b><i>brahmajyoti</i></b>. But in its fullest sense, Brahman is the <b><i>vastu</i></b>, the actual substance of the world: 1) Viñëu as the Supreme Soul (<b><i>paraà brahman</i></b>), 2) the individual self as the subordinate soul (<b><i>jéva-brahman</i></b>), and 3) matter as creative nature (<b><i>mahad-brahman</i></b>). Viñëu is accepted by all schools of Vaiñëava Vedänta as the transcendental, unlimited Puruñottama (Supreme Person), while the individual souls and matter are His conscious and unconscious energies (<b><i>cid-acid-çakti</i></b>). See Absolute, Brahmajyoti, Four Vaiñëava Sampradäyas and Siddhäntas, Kåñëa, Life after death, Modes of nature, Supersoul, Vedänta, Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahmarñi—</span>a title meaning "sage among the <i>brähmaëas."</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahmästra—</span>a nuclear weapon produced by chanting a <i>mantra,</i> more powerful than many atomic bombs. It could be used only on a person of equal or superior strength. This weapon was given by Droëa to Arjuna.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahmavädés—</span>impersonalists among the transcendentalists; those who are absorbed in the thought of impersonal Brahman.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brahmä—</span>the first created living being and secondary creator of the material universe. Directed by Lord Viñëu, he creates all life forms in the universes. He also rules the mode of passion. Twelve of his hours equals 4,320,000,000 earth-years, and his life span is more than 311 trillion of our years; The first living being in the universe, Brahmä was born not of a womb but the lotus that grows from Lord Viñëu's navel. He is the forefather and guru of the demigods, the giver of the <b><i>Vedas</i></b>, and the director of the <b><i>vaikåta</i></b> or secondary phase of cosmic creation by which all species of plants, animals, human beings and demigods come into existence. Thus he takes charge of the creative rajo-guëa, just as Çiva takes charge of the destructive tamo-guëa. Brahmä is usually a <b><i>jéva</i></b>, though rarely, when there is no qualified <b><i>jéva</i></b> to assume this post, the Supreme Lord expands Himself as Brahmä. See Demigods, Modes of nature.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brajmandal (Vraja-mandala)—</span>The circular area which encompasses Braj and designated by the pilgrimage path through the area's sacred sites, each a scene of one of Krsna's exploits.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brajbhasah—</span>dialect of local spoken language in the Våndävana area.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bran—</span>the tough outer pericarp layer of the wheat grain. It is removed together with the germ during milling to produce flour. It is a rich source of protein, B vitamins, phosphorus, and, of course, fibre.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Båghu—</span>the leader of the sages in the universe.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Båhan-näradéya Puräëa—</span>one of the eighteen <i>Puräëas, </i>or Vedic historical scriptures.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Båhaspati—</span>the spiritual master of King Indra and chief priest for the demigods.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Brijbäsi—</span>inhabitant of Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Bubhukñus—</span>those who desire to enjoy the material world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Buddha—</span>incarnation of Kåñëa, the founder of Buddhism who lived during the 5th century B.C., and appeared to bewilder atheists and dissuade them from performing unnecessary animal sacrifices; Two thousand five hundred years ago, Lord Viñëu sent forth an empowered jéva known as the Buddha (the Enlightened One). Assuming the guise of Siddhärtha Gautama, he took birth in Kapilavastu (present-day Nepal) as the son of King Çuddhodana. At age twenty-nine he renounced the world and embarked upon a mission to preach <b><i>ahiàsä</i></b> (nonviolence) and <b><i>çünyatä </i></b>(extinction of the self). He especially opposed the prevailing <b><i>karma-mémäàsä</i></b> philosophy of his time, which distorted Vedic knowledge and promoted unnecessary animal sacrifice. The Buddha's teaching rests on four principles: 1) material existence is <b><i>duùkha</i></b>, miserable. 2) There is <b><i>samudäya</i></b>, a cause of material existence. 3) Because there is a cause, there is also <b><i>nirodha</i></b>, a way to remove material existence. 4) That way is <b><i>märga</i></b>, the path of righteousness that the Buddha himself exemplified. But as he circumvented the distortion of Vedic sacrifice in leading people away from the sin of animal slaughter, he denied the <b><i>Vedas</i></b>, the soul, and God. After the Buddha's disappearance, many schools of Buddhism came into being. See Avatära (Çaktyäveça), Buddhism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Buddhi—</span>Discernment, intelligence; in Greek dinoia. According to SB <b>3.26.30</b>, it has five functions: <i>saàçaya</i> (doubt), <i>viparyäsa</i> (misapprehension), <i>niçcaya</i> (correct apprehension), <i>småti</i> (memory), and <i>sväpa</i> (sleep, dreaming). See Intellect.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Buddhism—</span>Vaiñëava Vedäntist äcäryas such as Rämänuja, Madhva and Baladeva have analyzed four types of Buddhist doctrine. These four are held, respectively, by schools known as the Sauträntikas, Vaibhäñikas, Yogäcäras and Mädhyamikas. The first doctrine views mind and matter as having real but momentary existencei.e. with each moment, the reality of mind and matter changes. The second views matter as being knowable only through the mind; mind and the matter known through it are momentarily real. The third views matter as unreal, mind as absolute, and the perception of matter as momentary imagination. The fourth, known as <i>Çünyaväda</i>, views the previous three doctrines as useless attempts at explaining what cannot be put into words. See Buddha, Mäyäväda philosophy, Nirväna, Scepticism, Six systems, Voidism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Buddhi-yoga—</span><i>(buddhi-</i>intelligence <i>+ yoga-</i>mystic elevation) another term for <i>bhakti-yoga </i>(devotional service to Kåñëa), indicating that it represents the highest use of intelligence by surrendering it to the will of the Supreme Lord. Action in Kåñëa consciousness is <i>buddhi-yoga, </i>for that is the highest intelligence.</p>
<p class="p2"><b>-C-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Caitanya Mahäprabhu, (1486-1534)—</span>Lord Kåñëa in the aspect of His own devotee. He appeared in Navadvépa, West Bengal, and inaugurated the congregational chanting of the holy names of the Lord to teach pure love of God by means of <i>saìkértana</i>. Lord Caitanya is understood by Gauòéya Vaiñëavas to be Lord Kåñëa Himself; The Golden Avatära of the Supreme Personality of Godhead who descended into the material world 500 years ago at Çrédhäma Mäyäpur. Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu inaugurated the <i>yuga-dharma</i> of <i>saìkértana.</i> Together with His associates Nityänanda, Advaita, Gadädhara and Çréväsa, Lord Caitanya is worshiped by the Gauòéya Vaiñëavas as the <i>Païca-tattva</i> (five-fold Absolute Truth). Within the <i>Païca-tattva,</i> Mahäprabhu is the <i>éça-tattva,</i> the Supreme Lord. Nityänanda is the <i>prakäça-tattva,</i> the feature of <i>éçvara</i> who controls the <i>kriyä-çakti,</i> out of which the <i>käla</i> and <i>karma</i> potencies expand. Advaita is the <i>avatära-tattva,</i> the incarnation. Gadadhara is <i>çakti-tattva,</i> a feature of the original, spiritual <i>prakåti.</i> Çrévasa is <i>jéva-tattva.</i> See Avatära, Gauòéya Vaiñëava, Éçvara, Saìkértana.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Caitanya-caritämåta—</span>translated as "the character of the living force in immortality," it is the title of the authorized biography of Lord Caitanya Mahäprabhu written in the late sixteenth century and compiled by Çréla Kåñëadäsa Kaviräja Gosvämé, presenting the Lord's pastimes and teachings. Written in Bengali, with many Sanskrit verses as well, it is regarded as the most authoritative book on Lord Caitanya's life and teachings; Written by Çréla Kåñëadäsa Kaviräja Gosvämé, this biography of Lord Caitanya Mahäprabhu is the single most important text of Gauòéya Vaiñëava philosophy. <i>Caitanya-caritämåta</i> means the immortal character of the living force. It is the postgraduate study of spiritual knowledge, and so is not intended for the novice. Ideally, one begins with <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> and advances through <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i> to the <i>Çré Caitanya-caritämåta</i>. Although alI these great scriptures are on the same absolute level, for the sake of comparative study <i>Çré Caitanya-caritämåt</i>a is considered to be on the highest platform. See <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i>, Caitanya Mahäprabhu, Gauòéya Vaiñëava, <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Caitanya—</span>living force.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Caitya-guru—</span>the Supersoul, the expansion of Kåñëa who is seated as the spiritual master within the heart of the living being.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cakita—</span>a position in which the heroine appears very afraid although she is not at all afraid.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cakora—</span>a bird that drinks only water from the Çväti Nakñatra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cakra (Sudarçana)—</span>the disc weapon of the Supreme Lord, Viñëu. On the top of Viñëu temples there is usually a <i>cakra</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cakraväké—</span>the female counterpart of the <i>cakra </i>bird. When the male <i>cakra </i>bird and the female <i>cakraväké </i>bird are separated, they make mournful sounds during the night.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cakravyüha—</span>a formation of soldiers in the form of a <i>cakra</i>. This formation was considered impenetrable, and only the most capable warriors could penetrate it. Abhimanyu was killed while fighting in this formation. His father, Arjuna, taught him how to enter, but he did not know how to exit the gigantic formation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cakra—</span>one of six centers of vital energy located in the body; the wheel of Viñëu on top of temples.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cämara—</span>a yak-tail fan used in Deity worship.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Camasa Åñi—</span>one of the nine Yogendras.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Campaka-puñpa—</span>a yellowish and very fragrant flower from the <i>campaka </i>tree. This flower is very dear to Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Camphor—</span>a pure white crystalline powder derived from steam of the camphor tree, <i>Cinnamomum camphera</i>, which is found in China and India. </p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cäëakya Paëòita—</span>the <i>brähmaëa</i> advisor to King Candragupta responsible for checking Alexander the Great's invasion of India. He is a famous author of books containing aphorisms on politics and morality.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Caëòakauçika—</span>a <i>muni</i> who blessed King Bähadratha, the King of Magadha, with a child. The child was born in two halves from each of the King's queens. The two halves were thrown in the forest where they were joined by a witch named Jara. The child was later named Jaräsandha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Caëòäla—</span>an outcaste or untouchable; dog-eaters, the lowest class of human beings.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Candana-yäträ—</span>a twenty-one day festival held throughout India in the summer season. During Candana-yäträ devotees anoint the Deities of the Lord with sooting sandalwood paste.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Candana—</span>a cosmetic paste made from sandalwood; used in Deity worship.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Candraçekhara Äcärya—</span>a great householder devotee of Lord Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Candragupta—</span>a king of the Maurya dynasty in India. His armies repelled Alexander the Great's advance into India.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Candraloka—</span>the moon planet.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Candra—</span>the demigod who rules the moon.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cäpalya—</span>impudence, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Capäté—</span>a flat bread made from whole-wheat flour.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cäraëaloka—</span>the heavenly planet of the Cäraëa demigods.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Caraëämåta—</span>remnants of water and other liquids used for bathing the Deity and then been mixed with yogurt and sugar.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1881)—</span>a Scottish historian and social critic who was an important philosophical moralist of the early Victorian age. He was opposed to empiricism, mechanism and materialism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cärväka </span><span class="s2"><b>Muni</b></span><span class="s1">—</span>the originator of hedonistic philosophy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cärväka—</span>a Räkñasa, who was a close friend of Duryodhana. He took the form of a <i>brähmaëa</i> and tried to condemn Yudhiñöhira as an enemy of the people. He was recognized by the <i>brähmaëas</i> who then chanted <i>mantras</i> turning him into ashes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Catur-hotra—</span>the four kinds of fire sacrifices prescribed in the <i>Vedas</i> for purification of fruitive activities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cätur-varëyam—</span>the four occupational divisions of society (<i>brähmaëas,</i> <i>kñatriyas,</i> <i>vaiçyas</i>, and <i>çüdras</i>).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Catur-vyüha—</span>the quadruple expansions of Kåñëa who predominate over the Vaikuëöha planets.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Caturdaçé—</span>the fourteenth day of the waxing and waning moon.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cäturmäsya—</span>the four months of the rainy season in India, when <i>sannyäsés </i>do not travel. Devotees observe special vows of austerity during this time.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Catuù-çloké—</span>the four verses of <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i> [<i>Bhäg.</i><b><i> </i></b><b>2.9.33-36]</b>, spoken by Lord Kåñëa to Brahmä, that summarize the entire philosophy of <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Catuùsana—</span>the four Kumäras.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Causa (Lat.)—</span>Reason or motive for something happening (in Gr. <i>aitai</i>). Aristotle proposed four causes to explain how creation occurs: <i>causa materialis</i> (the material cause), <i>causa formalis</i> (the formal cause), <i>causa efficiens</i> (the efficient cause), and <i>causa finalis</i> (the final cause).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Causal Ocean—</span>the ocean in which all the universes are floating. <i>See: Käraëa Ocean.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cediräja—</span>the king of Cedi; also known as Çiçupäla. Lord Kåñëa killed him because of his blasphemy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cekitäna—</span>a warrior of the Yadu dynasty. He was killed by Duryodhana during the Kurukñetra war. (Droëa Parva in Mahäbhärata)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cetana—</span>a conscious living entity.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Chadar—</span>cotton or wool cloth worn on the upper half of the body, also worn by temple priests during worship.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Chaitya—</span>Buddhist temple. Buddhist hall of worship.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Chakra—</span>disc weapon of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Chalo, Chalo—</span>let's go, let's go.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Chamara—</span>a yak-tail wisk or fan.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Chandas—</span>the different meters of Vedic hymns.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Chändogya Upaniñad—</span>one of the principal <i>Upaniñads, </i>philosophical portions of the <i>Vedas.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Chandra—</span>the moon-god of the moon.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Channävatära—</span>a concealed incarnation in disguise.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Channa—</span>chick peas (garbanzo beans)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Channing, William Ellery (1780-1842)—</span>an American theologian, founder of the Unitarian movement in New England. He believed in both rationality and mysticism. He concluded that in order for man to have a relationship with God He must be a person.</p>
<p class="p4">Chappals—<span class="s3">sandals.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Chaukidar (chowkidar)—</span>night watchman; guard.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Chauvinism—</span>A term derived from the name of a legendary French soldier, Nicolas Chauvin, chavinism originally meant fanatical patriotism, but lately means a prejudiced belief in the superiority of one's own group; for example, male chauvinism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Choti (coti)—</span>Shikha; a tuft of hair worn at the back of the head of the braj area and by male Vaisnavisas.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Choko—</span>Used in Mexican, Chinese, and Indonesian cooking, this delicate, pale-green, pear-shaped vegetable, which is related to the gourd family, originally came from Mexico, where it is known as <i>chayote</i>. When buying <i>chokos</i>, look for young tender ones with pale, green, almost translucent skin. The spikes on the skin should be short and soft. Chokos add a subtle flavour and an apple-like texture to any dish.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cholas—</span>South Indian rulers from the Tamil Nadu area.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Choli—</span>sari blouse.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Chonki—</span>a low wooden table.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Chos—</span>Greek term for gap or chasm, derived from <i>chainein</i>, gape. In Greek philosophy, <i>chos</i> is the confused, formless and undifferentiated state of primal matter; the condition of the universe before reason appeared and brought the world into order. The Sanskrit equivalent is <i>pradhäna</i>, the unmanifest material nature. See Modes of nature.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Choultry—</span>dharmashala in the south; pilgrim accommodation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Christ—</span>See <b><i>Avatära</i></b> (Çaktyäveça).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cid-viläsa—</span>spiritual pleasure.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cintämaëi—</span>a spiritual mystically potent gemstone ("touchstone"), found in the transcendental realm. It fulfills all the desires of one who possesses it. When applied to a metal transforms it into gold.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cintä—</span>anxiety, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cira-loka-pälas—</span>permanent governors of the universe.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Circulus vitiosus (Lat.)—</span>A vicious circle, i.e. the fallacy of proving a proposition from another which depends on the first for its own proof. See Fallacy, Logic.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cit—</span>alive and conscious; the indiviual living beings; unlimited knowledge.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cit-çakti—</span><i>(cit-</i>knowledge + <i>sakti-</i>potency) internal or enlightening knowledge potency of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cit-kaëäs—</span>particles of spirit; the living entities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Citrabähu—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in<b><i> Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Citrabäna—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Citracäpa—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Citragupta—</span>the personal secretary of Yamaräja, who is the lord of death. He records the living entities' pious and evil deeds.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Citräìgada—</span>one of the sons of Mahäräja Çantanu by Satyavaté. He was killed by a Gandharva of the same name.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Citräìgadä—</span>one of the wives of Arjuna. She was the daughter of the King of Maëipura. Their son's name was Babhruvähana.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Citräìga—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Çalya Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Citraka—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Citraketu—</span>a member of the royal order who became fully enlightened in spiritual knowledge.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Citrasena—</span>a Gandharva leader who was a friend of Arjuna and a son of Viçvä-vasu. He received a weapon of fire from Arjuna, and helped the Päëòavas when Duryodhana tried to embarrass them at Dvaitavana.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Citrasena—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Citravarma—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cogito ergo sum (Lat.)—</span>I think, therefore I am. The famous maxim of Descartes that conveys his certitude about his own existence. See Descartes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Consciousness—</span>This term is derived from the Latin <i>conscire,</i> to know or be aware of. The equivalent Sanskrit term is <i>cetana.</i> Consciousness is the irreducible symptom of the self. It knows, it feels, and it wills. There are many theories about the relation of consciousness to matter (see Mind/body problem), but all of them are conceived in the conscious mind. Take away consciousness and theories are impossible. Then what is the use of speculation about dead matter as the source of consciousness? Subtle mind, intelligence and false ego are imposed upon consciousness by the three modes of nature. Similarly, due to these modes, wakefulness, dreaming and swoon occur against the background of consciousness. But though the modes cover it, consciousness remains essentially pure, eternally. In the liberated state, consciousness displays a non-material mind, intelligence, pure ego and perfect form. There are two orders of consciousness: <i>vibhu</i> and <i>aëu.</i> The first is the level of God's consciousness, which is all-pervading. God knows everything in totality and everything in particular. His consciousness is never influenced by matter, although matter cannot exist apart from His consciousness. The <i>aëu</i> (limited) order of consciousness belongs to the <i>jéva.</i> Because it is limited, matter can cover it, unless the <i>jéva</i> remains under the shelter of the Supreme Consciousness. See Ecstasy, False ego, Gross body, Intellect, Jéva, Mind, Mind/body problem, Modes of nature, Soul, Subtle body, Supersoul.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Contradiction—</span>This term is formed from the Latin <i>contra</i> (against) and <i>dicere</i> (speak); hence, a statement that speaks against itself is contradictory. In Aristotilian logic, contradictions are violations of the second of the Three Laws of Thought: 1) The Law of Identity if a thing exists, it exists. If it does not exist, it does not exist. Whatever is, is. 2) The Law of Noncontradiction something cannot be itself and not be itself at the same time. Nothing can both be and not be. 3) The Law of the Excluded Middlesomething that exists is real and true, and something that does not exist is unreal and not true. There is no middle ground between these two positions. Things must either be or not be.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cratylus—</span>Athenean philosopher, a contemporary of Socrates and Plato. Cratylus taught a radical form of scepticism. He was a disciple of Heraclitus, whose most famous aphorism is You cannot step in the same river twice. Cratylus amended that aphorism, making it You cannot step into the same river once. He believed there is no point even to speak, because as we speak we and the world change, rendering all that we say into useless babble about nothing real. See Scepticism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Crore—</span>ten million; one hundred lakhs.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Cyavana—</span>a son of Bhågu Muni and the author of a text on astronomy. He is one of the seven great sages of the second <i>Manvantara.</i></p>
<p class="p2"><b>-D-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dacoit—</span>a thief, particularly an armed robber.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Daihika—</span>the bodily necessities of life.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dainya—</span>meekness, <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Daityas—</span>demons; a race of demons descending from Diti.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Daiva-varëäçrama—</span>the social system given by God for the upliftment of mankind; <i>Varëäçrama-dharma</i>-the system of four social and four spiritual orders established in the Vedic scriptures and discussed by Çré Kåñëa in the Bhagavad-gétä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Daivé mäyä—</span>the Lord's divine deluding potency, the material energy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Daivé prakåti—</span><i>see:</i> <i>Yogamäyä</i>; <i>Daivi</i> in Sanskrit means divine, and <i>prakåti</i> means nature. This term refers to the original spiritual nature, out of which matter <i>(guëa-mäyä)</i>, personified as goddess Durgä, manifests (see <b><i>Bg</i></b><b>. 7.14</b>). The word <i>daivi</i> is closely related to <i>deva,</i> God. <i>Daivi-prakåti</i> is therefore nature that is <i>abhinna,</i> not separate from God. A synonym for <i>daivi-prakåti</i> is <i>para-prakåti</i> (superior nature, see <b><i>Bg. </i></b><b>7.5</b>). Çréla Prabhupäda explained the <i>daivi-prakåti</i> to be the person of Çrématé Rädhäräëé: ... Just like we are trying to be under the guidance of Rädhäräëé, <i>daivi-prakåti.</i> <i>Prakåti</i> means woman, and <i>daivi</i> means transcendental woman. (<i>SB </i>lecture in Los Angeles, August 19, 1972) See Prakåti, Rädhäräëé.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Däkñäyaëé—</span>a name of Sati</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Däkñäyaëé—</span>Saté, daughter of Dakña and wife of Lord Çiva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dakña—</span>one of the sons of Brahmä and a chief progenitor of universal population; The Sanskrit word <i>dakña</i> literally means expert. A son of Brahmä, Dakña was expert in <i>kämya-karma,</i> activities full of lusty desire. As a <i>prajäpati</i> or progenitor of living beings, he had the facility for unlimited sexual intercourse. Blinded by pride in the course of performing Vedic sacrifices, he offended Çiva. After a great fight with Çiva's ghostly associates, Dakña's head was replaced with that of a goat. Then Dakña gave up his life because of his degraded condition. Attaining a new demigod form, Dakña followed the same path as before and offended Närada Muni.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dakñiëä—</span>a disciple's gift to his spiritual master upon initiation, collected by begging and given as a token of gratitude.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dakñiëä—</span>right-wing group of <i>gopés,</i> who cannot tolerate womanly anger.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dälbhya Muni—</span>an ancient sage and grammarian.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Damayanté—</span>the queen of King Nala who burnt a hunter to ashes by her curse when he attempted to molest her.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dama—</span>controlling the senses and not deviating from the Lord's service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dämodara—</span>a name for Çré Kåñëa meaning "one who is tied around the waist with rope." This name refers to the Lord's pastime of allowing Mother Yaçodä to bind Him.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dänavas—</span>the sons born to Kasyapa Prajapati by his wife danu; a race of demons.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Däna—</span>charity, one of the six duties of a <i>brähmaëa.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Daëòa-bhaìga-lélä—</span>the pastime of Lord Nityänanda breaking the staff of Lord Caitanya.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Daëòavats—</span>respectful prostrated obeisances offered to an elevated personality, such as one's spiritual master or the Supreme Personality of Godhead. The word literally means "like a pole."; falling flat like a rod.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Daëòa—</span>a staff carried by those in the renounced order of life, <i>sannyäsés</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Däré sannyäsé—</span>a bogus tantric <i>sannyäsé </i>who keeps women.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Daridra-näräyaëa—</span>"poor Näräyaëa," an offensive term used by Mäyävädés to equate poor men with the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Darçana—</span>the act of seeing and being seen by the Deity in the temple or by a spiritually advanced person. A verbal noun meaning the act of beholding or seeing. It also translates as 'audience'. When one goes to the temple of the Lord to have His audience and to behold Him, one is said to have the Lord's <i>darçana</i>; This Sanskrit term literally means a vision. It may mean a vision of something difficult to see (e.g. Brahmä's vision of Vaikuëöha), or knowledge of something difficult to know (e.g. Vedänta-<i>darçana</i>). See çaò-darçana, Six systems.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Darwin, Charles—</span>British naturalist of the nineteenth century (1809-1882) who presented the world his version of the theory of evolution in <i>On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection; or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life</i> (1859). In fact, the theory that living forms in earlier times were not what they are now, but were simpler organisms that evolved in complexity, was proposed by Anaximander (610-546 BC), who studied fossils in a cliffside. His theory was rejected in ancient Greece, but was revived in the nineteenth century, principally by Darwin. All areas of modern Western thought continue to be influenced by Darwinism. Philosophers and scientists have grown increasingly divided over his theory. One section of scientists argues there is no certain law of evolution it happened completely by chance. Another section holds that the evolutionary process is encoded in some sort of cosmic algorithm. A recent trend in philosophy, called postmodernism, views Darwinism as simply a matter of historical interpretation: it is a metaphor for capitalism and a white male-centered power structure. There is a growing feeling that the ideas of Darwin, like those of Marx and Freud, are obsolete. See Saàsära.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Däruka—</span>the charioteer of Lord Çré Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Darwaza—</span>door, gateway.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Däsa—</span>servant; term used as addition to the name of a newly initiated disciple, meaning servant of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Daça-vidhä-saàskära—</span>ten Vedic rituals performed one by one, from the time of conception until death, for the purification of human beings.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Daçamé—</span>the day before Ekädaçi, when one prepares to observe the sacred fast.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Daçaratha—</span>the father of Lord Rämacandra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Daçärha—</span>the founder of one branch of the Yadu clan.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Daçävatära-stotra—</span>the introduction to Jayadeva Gosvämé's <i>Gétä-govinda.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dasendriya—</span>the<i> </i>ten sense organs: ear, eye, tongue, nose, skin, hands, legs, speech, anus and genitals.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Däsya-rasa—</span>the servitor relationship with the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Däsya-rati—</span>See: <i>Däsya-rasa</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Däsya—</span>the devotional process of rendering service to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dasyu-dharma—</span>the occupational duty of rogues and thieves.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dattätreya—</span>an combined incarnation of Brahmä, Viñëu, and Çiva of the Supreme Lord who appeared as the son of Anusuyä by Atri Muni to teach the path of mystic <i>yoga.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dävänala—</span>a forest fire; often refers to the self-kindled fire of material existence.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Davies, Paul—</span>British-born professor of mathematical physics at the University of Adelaide in Australia. He is the author of some twenty books on science.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dayitä-patis—</span>leaders of the <i>dayitäs; </i>they come from the <i>brähmaëa </i>caste.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dayitäs<i>—</i></span>servants who carry the Deity of Lord Jagannätha to His chariot.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Deduction—</span>A form of reason that comprehends the cause of an effect from authoritative testimony or <i>a priori</i> knowledge. See Abduction, àroha/Avaroha, Hypothetico-deduction, Induction, Logic.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Deism—</span>A term first used by the Calvinists in the seventeenth century, deism is the belief in God as the first cause of the universe, who created the laws by which the universe is governed, but who is in no way immanent in His creation. God's maintenance of the world means nothing more than the permanence of natural laws. Nature follows a regular course. The sole purpose of the world is to be the habitat of mankind. The deists opposed mystical and supernatural interpretations of scripture; human reason is the true measure of scriptural understanding. Many of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America (e.g. Adams, Jefferson and Paine) were of deistic inclination. See Atheism, Semi-deism, Theism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Deity of the Lord—</span>the authorized form of Kåñëa worshiped in temples.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Deity—</span>As Lord Kåñëa appears in the sound of His holy name, so also He appears within the <i>arcä-avatära,</i> His incarnation as the Deity worshiped in the temple. The central focus of every ISKCON temple around the world is the worship of Kåñëa's Deity form as represented in stone, metal, wood or as painted pictures. Through ceremonial services <i>(püjä)</i> conducted according to Vedic tradition, the devotees fulfill the Lord's injunction in <i>Bg.</i> <b>9.27</b>: Whatever you do, whatever you eat, whatever you offer or give away, and whatever austerities you perform do that, O son of Kunté, as an offering to Me. This <i>püjä</i> purifies the minds and senses of the devotees and connects them to Kåñëa in an attitude of love. Mäyävädés decry service to the Deity as idol worship. They argue that God is not present within the Deity, because He is everywhere. But if He is everywhere, then why is He not within the Deity as well? Moisture is also everywhere, even within the air. But when one needs a drink of water, he cannot get it from the air. He must drink the water from where water tangibly avails itself to be drunk: from a faucet, a well, or a clear stream. Similarly, although God is everywhere, it is in His Deity form that He makes Himself tangibly available for worship. See Avatära, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Demigods—</span>universal controllers and residents of the higher planets; The Sanskrit equivalent is <i>deva</i> or <i>devata.</i> Demigods are <i>jévas</i> whom the <i>éçvara</i> empowers to represent Him in the management of the universe. The first of the demigods is Brahmä. Indra is the demigod of rain, Sürya of the sunshine, Candra of the moonshine, Varuëa of water. There are thirty-three million demigods in all. They live in the upper regions of the universe called <i>svarga,</i> or heaven. Less intelligent people worship the demigods through <i>karma-käëòa</i> rituals to get material blessings in this life, and to be granted entrance into <i>svarga</i> in the next life. In the <i>Bhagavad-gétä,</i> Lord Kåñëa condemns demigod worship as being <i>avidhi-pürvaka,</i> against the true purpose of the Vedas. See Tri-loka.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Demons—</span>impious beings who do not follow the instructions of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">De omnibus est dubitandum (Lat.)—</span>Doubt is everything. See Scepticism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Descartes, Ren—</span>French rationalist philosopher of the seventeenth century (1596-1650), called the father of modern philosophy. He broke free of Scholasticism, the Christian re-interpretation of ancient Greek and Roman philosophy that had long held sway in European schools. Descartes is an important founder of the modern scientific attitude. He viewed the material world as a mechanism wholly describable by numerical values. Modern science, <i>more Cartesii</i> (after the manner of Descartes), tries to describe everything in terms of mathematics. Descartes strongly believed that science can help mankind become masters and possessors of nature. Through scientific advancement we might rid ourselves of an infinity of maladies, both of body and mind, and even perhaps the enfeeblement brought on by old age, if we had sufficiently ample knowledge of their causes, and of all the remedies provided for us by nature. Convinced that his revolutionary approach to knowledge would at least free himself from an infinity of maladies, Descartes wrote at age forty-two that he would be surprised if he lived less than over a hundred years. Unfortunately, he died at age fifty-four. See Cogito ergo sum, Rationalism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Deul—</span>In Orissan temples it corresponds to the <i>vimana </i>or towered sanctum. It is a cubical inner apartment where the main Deity is located. with tower over it</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Deva—</span>See Demigod.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Devaké-nandana—</span>Kåñëa, the joy and darling son of Devaké.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Deva-däsés—</span>professional dancing and singing girls trained to dramatize Vaiñëava ideology; they are called <i>mähärés</i> in Orissa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Deva-gaëa—</span>a type of demigod.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Devaçayané—</span>the Ekädaçé that occurs when the demigods go to sleep.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Devadatta—</span>the conch of Arjuna which was obtained by Maya Dänava from Varuëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Devahüti—</span>the daughter of Sväyambhuva Manu who was the wife of Kardama Muni and the mother of the Lord's incarnation Lord Kapila.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Devaki—</span>the mother of Lord Kåñëa. She was the daughter of King Devaka and a wife of Vasudeva's. When Kåñëa appears in the material world, He first sends some of His devotees to act as His father, mother, etc.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Devala—</span>an ancient authority on the <i>Vedas.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Deväpi—</span>the brother of Mahäräja Çantanu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Devarñi—</span>a title meaning "sage among the demigods."; usually refers to Närada Muni.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Deva—</span>a demigod or godly person.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Devé-dhäma—</span>the material world, under the control of the goddess Devé, or Durgä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Devotional service—</span>the process of worshiping Lord Kåñëa by dedicating one's thoughts, words and actions to Him with love.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Devotthäné—</span>the Ekädaçé that occurs when the demigods awaken from sleep.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dhäma—</span>abode, place of residence; usually refers to the Lord's abodes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dhanaïjaya—</span>a name for Arjuna meaning "he who attains great wealth by conquest." This name refers to Arjuna's collecting vast wealth for Yudhiñöhira's Räjasüya sacrifice.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dhanur Veda—</span>a Vedic treatise on the science of warfare.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dhanvantari—</span>the incarnation of the Supreme Lord who is the father of medical science.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dharä-maëòala—</span>the earth planet.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dhäraëä—</span>fixed concentration, prior to full meditation (<i>dhyäna</i>).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dharma-çästras—</span>religious scriptures that prescribe regulations of social organization and religion.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dharma-dhvajé—</span>a hypocrite, especially one who accepts <i>sannyäsa</i> but again becomes agitated by senses.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dharma-kalaìka<i>—</i></span><i>See:</i> <i>Dharma-dhvajé</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dharmaçälä—</span>buildings usually found in holy places in India which provide free or cheap rooming for pilgrims and mendicants.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dharmakñetra<i>—</i></span>a holy place of pilgrimage.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dharmänvekñamäëah—</span>strictly according to religious principles.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dharmaputra—</span>another name for King Yudhiñöhira.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dharmaräja—</span>a name for Yudhiñöhira, the first son of Päëòu, or for Yamaräja, the lord of death. It means "the king of religiosity."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dharmaù kaitavaù—</span>cheating religions.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dharma<i>—</i></span>religious principles; one's natural occupation. The capacity to render service, which is the essential quality of a living being. The occupational eternal duty of the living entity, regarded as inseparable from the soul himself; The Sanskrit term <i>dharma</i> is variously translated as duty, virtue, morality, righteousness, or religion, but no single English word conveys the whole meaning of <i>dharma.</i> The Vedic sage Jaimini defined <i>dharma</i> as a good which is of the nature of a command that leads to the attainment of the highest good. In <i>Bg.</i> <b>18.66</b>, Lord Kåñëa commands us to give up all other <i>dharmas</i> and surrender to Him. This is the <i>paro-dharma</i>, or supreme command (good, duty, virtue, etc.) of the <b><i>Vedas</i></b>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dharmé—</span>one who abides by Vedic law, or religious principles.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dhåñöaketu—</span>the son of Çiçupäla. He took the side of the Päëòavas during the Kurukñetra war and was killed by Droëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dhaumya—</span>the younger brother of Devala, and the priest of the Päëòavas.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dhenukäsura—</span>a mystic demon who took the form of a donkey and was killed by Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dhéra—</span>one who is undisturbed by the material energy in all circumstances; ecstasy of sober love for Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dhobi—</span>a man who washes clothes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dhoti—</span>a long cotton cloth, traditionally worn by lndian men, that covers the lower half of the body.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dhåñöadyumna—</span>the fire born son of King Drupada, who arranged the military phalanx of the Päëòavas on the Battlefield of Kurukñetra, and the brother of Draupadé. He was born to kill Droëa, and did so by severing his head. He was later killed by Açvatthämä while awaking from sleep.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dhåtaräñöra—</span>the father of the Kauravas. He was born of the union of Vyäsa and Ambikä. He was born blind because Ambikä closed her eyes during conception, out of fear of the sage. He was reputed to have the strength of ten thousand elephants. The uncle of the Päëòavas whose attempt to usurp their kingdom for the sake of his own sons resulted in the Kurukñetra war.<i> Bhagavad-gétä </i>was related to Dhåtaräñöra by his secretary as it was being spoken on the Battlefield of Kurukñetra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dhåti—</span>perseverance or endurance; forbearance,<i> </i>a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dhruva Mahäräja—</span>a great devotee who at the age of five performed severe austerities and realized the Supreme Personality of Godhead. He received an entire planet, the Pole Star.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dhruvaloka—</span>the polestar, which is a spiritual planet within the material universe and is presided over by Dhruva Mahäräja.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dhümäyitä—</span>the stage exhibited by a devotee when only one or two transformations are slightly present and it is possible to conceal them.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dhüpa-ärati—</span>ceremony of offering incense and a flower to the Deity.</p>
<p class="p4">Dhvajastambha—<span class="s3">flagstaff</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dhyäna—</span>meditational <i>yoga.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dékñä-guru—</span>the spiritual master who initiates according to the regulations of the <i>çästras</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dékñä—</span>spiritual initiation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dilépa—</span>the son of Aàçumän and father of Bhagiratha. He was born in the sun dynasty and was an ancestor of Lord Rämacandra's.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dinoia—</span>Greek term for discernment or intellect, similar to the Sanskrit <i>buddhi</i>. See Intellect.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dépta—</span>the stage exhibited by a devotee when four of five ecstatic symptoms are manifest.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Discernment—</span>See Buddhi, Dinoia, Intellect.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Diti—</span>a wife of Kaçyapa Muni, and the mother of the demons Hiraëyäkña and Hiraëyakaçipu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Divya Desam temples—</span>108 important Viñëu temples sung about by the 12 Alwar devotees of Tamil Nadu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Divyonmäda<i>—</i></span>transcendental madness in separation from Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Diwan-i-am—</span>Hall of Public Audience</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Diwan-i-khas—</span>Hall of Private Audience.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dola-yäträ—</span>the swing festival of Rädhä and Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dosas—</span>a very large, thin pancake. made of fermented rice flour. They are often wrapped round a spiced potato filling and are then called <i>masala dosa.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dosa—</span>one of the three constituents of the body, according to <i>Ayurveda. </i>They are <i>kapha </i>(mucus), <i>pitta </i>(bile), and <i>väyu</i> (air) .</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Draupadé—</span>the daughter of King Drupada, and wife of the Päëòavas. She was born from a sacrificial fire to be the wife of Arjuna. She was won by Arjuna at her <i>svayaàvara</i>. She was a great devotee of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dravida—</span>South India.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Draviòa-räja—</span>devotional service or a person eligible to act in devotional service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dravya—</span>Matter, material (physical) objects, material possessions.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dåòha-vrata—</span>firm determination.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Droëäcärya—</span>the martial preceptor of the Päëòavas and the Kauravas. The military teacher of Arjuna and the other Päëòavas and the commander-in-chief of the Kurus, who was obliged to fight the Päëòavas on the Battlefield of Kurukñetra. He was the son of the great sage Bharadväja. He wife was Käpé, and his son was Açvatthämä. He was killed by Dhåñöadyumna during the great Kurukñetra war.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Drupada—</span>the King of Päïcäla, and the father of Draupadé and Dhåñöadyumna. He was involved in a quarrel with Droëa over half his kingdom. He engaged a sage name Yäja in a sacrifice to get a son who could kill Droëa and a daughter who could marry Arjuna. Thus Dhåñöadyumna and Draupadé were born. In the battle of Kurukñetra he was killed by Droëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dhrupad—</span>a musical style that means 'fixed verse'.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dualism—</span>From the Latin <i>dualis,</i> containing two. There are two types of dualism in Western thought: metaphysical and religious. Metaphysical dualism is covered under the entry for the Mind/body problem. As a religious term, it was introduced in 1700 by Thomas Hyde in his work <i>The Ancient Persian Religions.</i> He characterized as dualism the conflict between the two principle gods of Zoroastrianism, the good Ormazd and the evil Ahriman. Zoroastrian dualism strongly influenced Judaism, Christianity and Islam. All three adhere to a doctrine of eternal struggle between God and Satan. But dualism, in the words of philosopher G.C. Nayak, is not an attempt to solve the problem of evil within the theistic concept. (From <i>Evil and the Retributive Hypothesis,</i> 1993, p. 44) Hence, none of the above religions, insofar as they are dualistic, can be considered truly theistic. See Atheism, Dvaita, Metaphysics, Mind/body problem, Problem of Evil, Theism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Duùçala—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Duùçalä—</span>the only daughter of Dhåtaräñöra and Gändhäré. She was married to Jayadratha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Duùçäsana—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Duùsaìga—</span>bad association.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Durädhära—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Durbar—</span>royal court, meeting place.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Durdharñaëa—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Durgä-çakti—</span>the material energy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Durgä-maëòapa—</span>the place in a house where mother Durgä is worshiped.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Durgä—</span>Lord Çiva's wife in a fierce form, riding a tiger. The goddess is empowered by the Supreme Lord to preside over the material nature and bewilder the souls situated there into misconceiving themselves to be their material bodies and enjoyers and controllers of the mundane creation. She is very powerful, superseded only by Lord Viñëu Himself, and is the external manifestation of the Lord's internal potency, Yoga-mäyä. Once a fallen soul takes to the path of God consciousness, she continues to offer various material allurements so as to test his sincerity and determination to serve the Lord. Once the Lord accepts the struggling soul she can no longer influence that soul and it is thus liberated.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Durjaya—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Durmarñaëa—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Durmukha—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Durväsä Muni—</span>a partial incarnation of Lord Çiva, a powerful mystic <i>yogé</i>, famous for his fearful curses. He is known for being easily angered. He granted a benediction to Kunté that she could call any demigod and conceive children. Duryodhana once pleased Durväsä and asked for a benediction that he and his thousands of disciples would visit Yudhiñöhira at a time when Draupadé had already eaten from her copper pot. The idea was that Durväsä would become angry and curse the Päëòavas. The plan back fired because Lord Kåñëa saved the situation. (Vana Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Durvigäha—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Durvimocana—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Durviñaha—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Durvirocana—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Duryodhana—</span>the first born and chief of the evil-minded one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra, and chief rival of the Päëòavas. He was a wicked <i>asura</i> by birth. He became envious of the Päëòavas and tried in many ways to kill them. It was for the sake of establishing Duryodhana as king of the world that the Kurus fought the Battle of Kurukñetra. He was killed by Bhéma when the later broke his thighs on the last day of the battle of Kurukñetra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Duñkarëa—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Duñkåtam<i>—</i></span>miscreants who do not surrender to Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Duñkåté—</span>a miscreant.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Duñparäjaya—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Çalya Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Duñpradharñaëa—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Çalya Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Duñöa-damana-çakti—</span>the power to cut down rogues and demons.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dvädaçé—</span>the twelfth day after the full or new moon, thus the day after Ekädaçé, when one breaks one's fast by eating grains.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dvaipäyana—</span>Vyäsadeva (Vyäsa)<span class="s1">—</span>the literary incarnation of God, and the greatest philosopher of ancient times. The son of Paräçara, and the compiler of the original Vedic scriptures, including the eighteen <i>Puräëas, Vedänta-sütra, </i>the <i>Mahäbhärata, </i>and the <i>Upaniñads.</i> He played a very important part in guiding the Päëòavas during crucial times. He gave the vision of the battle of Kurukñetra to Saïjaya so that he could relate it to Dhåtaräñöra. He is still living in this world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dvaita—</span>Duality. It is also the name of a system of <b><i>Vedänta</i></b> established by Madhväcärya. See Advaita, Dualism, Four Vaiñëava Sampradäyas and Siddhäntas, Madhva, Vedänta.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dvaitädvaita-väda—</span>the <i>Vedänta </i>philosophy taught by Nimbarkäcärya. This philosophy posits a simultaneous oneness and difference between the tiny spirit souls and the Supreme Lord. Later, Lord Caitanya gave further development to this idea as <i>acintya-bhedäbheda-väda.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dvaitavana—</span>a forest where the Päëòavas lived during their exile in the forest.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dväpara-yuga—</span>the third age of the cycle of a <i>mahä-yuga. </i>It<i> </i>lasts more than 864,000 years.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dvära—</span>the doors of the body, such as the eyes and ears.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dvärakädhéça—</span>the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Kåñëa, Lord of the city of Dvärakä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dvärakä—</span>the island kingdom of Lord Kåñëa, lying off India's west coast, where He performed pastimes five thousand years ago. The capital city of the Yadus. Lord Kåñëa had this city built to protect the Yadus from the attacks by the demons. It is an island situated off the eastern part of India, which is now known as Gujarat. When Lord Kåñëa left this world, the ocean enveloped the whole city.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dvi-parärdha—</span>the duration of Brahmä's life, 311 trillion 411 billion years.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dvija-bandhus—</span>unworthy sons of the twice-born.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dvija-bandhu—</span><i>See: Brahma-bandhu</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dvija—</span>a <i>brähmaëa,</i> or twice-born person.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dvépa—</span>island; planet.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dvivida gorilla—</span>a huge, apelike demon killed by Lord Balaräma.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dwarapala—</span>the doorkeeper sculptures by the doorways of Hindu and Buddhist temples.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Dxa (Gr.)—</span>Opinion, as opposed to factual knowledge <i>(nesis).</i></p>
<p class="p2"><b>-E-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ecstasy—</span>For a devotee of Kåñëa, freedom from birth and death is gained by purifying consciousness and desires until the ecstasy of pure Kåñëa consciousness is achieved. As the term ecstasy indicates (Gr. <i>kstasis,</i> standing outside [the body]), God consciousness transports the soul beyond identification with the material body. After the steady practice of the nine methods of <i>bhakti-yoga</i> awakens love of Kåñëa in the devotee's heart, Kåñëa appears before the devotee. At that time all the senses of the devotee (the eyes, nose, ears, tongue, sense of touch) become the receptacles of the auspicious qualities of Kåñëa: His supreme beauty, fragrance, melody, youthfulness, tastefulness, munificence and mercy. The Lord reveals first His beauty to the eyes of the devotee. Due to the sweetness of that beauty, all the senses and the mind take on the quality of eyes. From this the devotee swoons. To console the devotee, the Lord next reveals His fragrance to the nostrils of the devotee, and by this, the devotee's senses take on the quality of the nose in order to smell. Again the devotee swoons in bliss. The Lord then reveals His sonorous voice to the devotee's ears. All the senses become like ears to hear, and for the third time the devotee faints. The Lord then mercifully gives the touch of His lotus feet, His hands and His chest to the devotee, and the devotee experiences the Lord's fresh youthfulness. To those who love the Lord in the mood of servitude, He places His lotus feet on their heads. To those in the mood of friendship, He grasps their hands with His. To those in the mood of parental affection, with His hand He wipes away their tears. Those in the conjugal mood He embraces, touching them with His hands and chest. Then the devotee's senses all take on the sense of touch and the devotee faints again. In this way, the devotee attains his <i>rasa</i> (spiritual relationship) with Kåñëa. See Bhakti-yoga, Live after death, Rasa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Eddington, Arthur Stanley—</span>British astronomer and mathematician (1882-1944) who proved Einstein's theory of relativity. He was an advocate of phenomenalism. See Phenomenalism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Egalitarianism—</span>The view that all humans are socially, politically and in some schools, economically equal. According to the Vedic understanding, all humans and in fact all living beings are spiritually equal. But due to the rule of the three modes of nature over the universe, material equality is impossible.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Einstein, Albert—</span>German-born physicist (1879-1955), certainly the most famous scientist of the twentieth century. In a book entitled <i>Sidelights on Relativity,</i> he wrote: As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality. See Relativity theory. Elements From the Latin <i>elementa,</i> the first principles of things. Some ancient Greek philosophers proposed four elements: water, air, fire and earth. This idea dominated European thought until the seventeenth century. To Arjuna, Lord Kåñëa says there are five gross and three subtle material elements (see <i>Bg.</i> <b>7.4</b>). The five include the four counted by the Greeks, plus <i>äkäça</i> or ethereal space. The three subtle elements are mind, intelligence and false ego, which are manifestations of the three <i>guëas</i> (modes), goodness, passion and ignorance respectively. To Uddhava, Lord Kåñëa says, I personally approve of that knowledge by which one sees the combination of nine, eleven, five and three elements in all living entities, and ultimately one element within those twenty-eight. (<i>SB </i><b>11.19.14</b>) The nine are material nature, the living entity, the <i>mahat-tattva,</i> false ego, and the five objects of sense perception (sound, touch, form, taste and aroma). The eleven are the five <i>karmendriya</i> or working senses (the voice, hands, legs, genitalia and rectum) plus the five <i>jïänendriya</i> or knowledge-acquiring senses (the ears, touch, eyes, tongue and nostrils), along with the coordinative sense, the mind. The five are the physical elements of earth, water, fire, air and <i>äkäça</i> or sky, and the three are the modes of material nature <i>(guëas).</i> The one within all twenty-eight elements is the Supersoul. See Analysis, Gross body, Modes of nature, Subtle body, Supersoul.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ekacakra—</span>a village where the Päëòavas stayed after the burning of the palace of lac. It was here that Bhéma killed the Räkñasa Baka.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ekädaçé—</span>a special day for increased remembrance of Kåñëa, which comes on the eleventh day after both the full and new moon. Abstinence from grains and beans is prescribed. Directly presided over by Lord Hari, Ekädaçé is a holy test day for Vaiñëavas. One should utilize this day for fasting and increasing one's devotion to Lord Çré Kåñëa by intensifying their chanting of the Hare Kåñëa <i>mantra </i>and other devotional activities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ekadaëòa—</span>the staff, made of a single rod, carried by a <i>sannyäsé</i> of the Mäyäväda (impersonalist) school.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ekalavya—</span>the son of Hiraëyadhanus, the King of the Niñadhas. He approached Droëa to learn the science of archery, but was refused because of his low birth. He later built a deity of Droëa and thus learned the science of archery. However, Droëa did not approve of this process and asked for his thumb as däkñiëä. Ekalavya submitted and cut off his thumb. He then found he did not have the same skill as before. Ekalavya was latter killed by Lord Çré Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s2"><b>Emerson</b></span><span class="s1">, Ralph Waldo (1803-1882)—</span>an American poet, lecturer and essayist who was the leading member of the Transcendentalists, a group of New England idealists. His view was an eclectic one, and he was much influenced by his studies of Vedic thought.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Epistemology—</span>This term comes from the Greek <i>epistme</i> (knowledge) and <i>lgos</i> (the study of). Epistemology is one of the four main branches of philosophy (besides ethics, logic and metaphysics). It asks questions regarding knowledge: What is knowledge? Where does it come from? How is it formulated, expressed and communicated? Is sense experience necessary for all types of knowledge? What part does reason play in knowledge? Is there knowledge derived only from reason? What is the difference between belief, knowledge, opinion, fact, reality, error, imagining, conceptualization, idea, truth, possibility and certainty? See Ethics, Logic, Metaphysics, Ontology, Philosophy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ethics—</span>This is one of the four main branches of philosophy (besides epistemology, logic and metaphysics). Ethics (also called moral philosophy) asks questions like: what sort of life is good? Which goals are worthy? Whose intentions are respectable? How are right and wrong defined? How to choose between right and wrong? See Epistemology, Logic, Metaphysics, Philosophy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Evädat—</span>offering prayers to the Supreme Person (Arabic).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Evolution—</span>See Darwin, Saàsära.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Existentialism—</span>A rationalist trend of many theoretical shades. It was started in the nineteenth by the Danish Christian thinker Sören Kierkegaard (1813-1855), and the German critic of Christianity, Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900). But it is usually identified with the twentieth century French atheist Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980). In Sartre's version, existence is the essence of everything. In other words, the ultimate meaning of a thing is that it simply <i>is.</i> An individual is nothing other than his or her power of choice. The universe has no rational direction or scheme. It is meaningless and absurd. Therefore individuals have complete freedom of choice. See Rationalism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Experientia (Lat.)—</span>Trial, knowledge resulting from observation. Root of the English term experience. The Sanskrit equivalent is <i>pratyakña</i>, sense perception; the Greek equivalent is <i>empeira.</i> See Pratyakña.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Experimentum (Lat.)—</span>Trial, test, action undertaken to discover or test something. Root of the English term experiment. An <i>experimentum fructiferum</i> is a fruitive experiment designed to produce a particular effect or useful purpose. An <i>experimentum luciferum</i> is a experiment of light meant to uncover nature's occult qualities. See New Philosophy, Occult.</p>
<p class="p2"><b>-F-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Fallacy—</span>An error in reasoning. An argument is called fallacious if it does not follow the formal structures and rules of logic. It is also fallacious if it is not adequately supported and/or does not necessarily lead to the conclusion that the proponent of the argument wants to establish. An example is begging the question <i>(petitio principi).</i> This is also known as circular reasoning, by which one arrives at a conclusion from statements that are themselves questionable and have to be proved. For instanceMajor premise: Genuine <i>yogés</i> live in the forest and only eat fruit. Minor premise: This monkey lives in the forest and only eats fruit. Conclusion: This monkey is a genuine <i>yogé.</i> See Circulus vitiosus, Infinite regress, Logic.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">False ego—</span>the conception that "I am this material body, mind or intelligence."; False ego In Sanskrit, it is termed <i>ahaìkära.</i> False ego is a soul's wrong identification with matter in two ways: I (as, for instance, I am this body) and mine (this land is mine). The primal stage of the false ego is <i>tämasa-buddhi,</i> intelligence in ignorance. This occurs when the original consciousness of the spirit soul comes into contact with the <i>mahad-brahman,</i> the unmanifest <i>prakåti.</i> From out of <i>tämasa-buddhi,</i> the three modes make their appearance. These take shape as the mind (mode of goodness), the senses (mode of passion) and the sense objects (mode of ignorance). The <i>ahaìkära</i> identifies the self with these, according to the predominance of one mode over another (the three modes constantly compete with one another to control the living entity). Thus a person in goodness identifies with the mind. A person in passion identifies with the senses. A person in ignorance identifies with the sense objects. But all these are the result of the intelligence being absorbed in primal ignorance: ignorance of Kåñëa. In the Eleventh Canto of <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam,</i> Kåñëa says to Uddhava that the false ego is <i>cid-acin-mayaù,</i> that which encompasses both spirit and matter, because it binds the <i>cid</i> (conscious soul) to the <i>acid</i> (unconscious matter). The cultivation of the innate goodness of the mind is the essence of the Vedic method of <i>yoga,</i> summarized by Kåñëa as follows. The mind can be controlled when it is fixed on the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Having achieved a stable situation, the mind becomes free from polluted desires to execute material activities; thus as the mode of goodness increases in strength, one can completely give up the modes of passion and ignorance, and gradually one transcends even the material mode of goodness. When the mind is freed from the fuel of the modes of nature, the fire of material existence is extinguished. Then one achieves the transcendental platform of direct relationship with the object of his meditation, the Supreme Lord. (<i>SB </i><b>11.9.12</b>) See Buddhi, Consciousness, Intellect, Mind, Modes of nature, Soul, Subtle body, Supersoul.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Feminism—</span>The promotion of the rights of females in human society.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Feyerabend, Paul Karl—</span>Austrian-born American philosopher of science who is a self-professed intellectual anarchist (1924-1994). According to him, the mark of creativity in science is the proliferation of theories.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Four Vaiñëava Sampradäyas and Siddhäntas—</span>There are four Vaiñëava schools <i>(sampradäyas)</i> of <b><i>Vedänta</i></b>. These are 1) the Çré Sampradäya, whose <i>äcärya</i> is Rämänuja; 2) the Brahmä Sampradäya, whose <i>äcärya</i> is Madhva; 3) the Rudra Sampradäya, whose <i>äcärya</i> is Viñëusvämé, and 4) the Kumära Sampradäya, whose <i>äcärya</i> is Nimbärka. Opposed to these is the non-Vaiñëava Vedäntist school of Çaìkaräcärya. Every Vedäntist school is known for its <i>siddhänta</i> or essential conclusion about the relationships between God and the soul, the soul and matter, matter and matter, matter and God, and the soul and souls. Çaìkaräcärya's <i>siddhänta</i> is Advaita, nondifference (i.e. everything is one, therefore these five relationships are unreal). All the other <i>siddhäntas</i> support the reality of these relationships from various points of view. Rämänuja's siddhänta is Viçiñöädvaita, qualified nondifference. Madhva's <i>siddhänta</i> is Dvaita, difference. Viñëusvämé's <i>siddhänta</i> is Çuddhädvaita, purified nondifference. And Nimbärka's <i>siddhänta</i> is Dvaita-advaita, difference-and-identity. The Bengali branch of Madhva's <i>sampradäya</i> is known as the Brahmä-Madhva-Gauòéya Sampradäya, or the Caitanya Sampradäya. In the 1700's this school presented Indian philosophers with a commentary on <i>Vedänta-sütra</i> written by Baladeva Vidyäbhüñaëa that argued yet another <i>siddhänta.</i> It is called <i>acintya-bhedäbheda-</i><b><i>tattva</i></b><i>,</i> which means simultaneous inconceivable oneness and difference. In recent years this <i>siddhänta</i> has become known to people from all over the world due to the popularity of the books of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda. <i>Acintya-bhedäbheda</i> philosophy maintains the same standpoint of difference as Madhva's <i>siddhänta</i> on the five-fold relationship of God to soul, soul to matter, matter to matter, matter to God and soul to soul. But <i>acintya-bhedäbheda-tattva</i> further teaches the doctrine of <i>çakti-pariëäma-väda</i> (the transformation of the Lord's <i>çakti</i>), in which the origin of this five-fold differentiation is traced to the Lord's play with His <i>çakti</i> or energy. Because the souls and matter emanate from the Lord, they are one in Him as His energy yet simultaneously distinct from Him and one another. The oneness and difference of this five-fold relationship is termed <i>acintya</i> or inconceivable because, as Çréla Prabhupäda writes in his purport to <i>Bg. </i><b>18.78</b>, Nothing is different from the Supreme, but the Supreme is always different from everything. As the transcendental origin and coordinator of His energies, God is ever the inconceivable factor. See Advaita, Dvaita, Mäyävädé philosophy, Six systems, Vedänta, Vedänta-sütra.</p>
<p class="p2"><b>-G-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gadädhara-präëanätha—</span>Lord Caitanya, the life and soul of Gadädhara Paëòita.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gadädhara—</span>a name for the Personality of Godhead meaning "He who wields a club [in one of His four hands];" an intimate associate of Lord Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gadäira Gauräìga—</span>Lord Caitanya, the Lord Gauräìga of Gadädhara Paëòita.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gada—</span>a brother of Lord Çré Kåñëa and Lord Baladeva. He was born to Vasudeva's wife Rohiëé.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gadä—</span>the club held by Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gajendra—</span>the king of the elephants. He was saved from a crocodile by Lord Viñëu and awarded liberation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gamcha—</span>an item of cloth, worn casually, usually around the waist.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gäëòéva—</span>the famous bow of Arjuna gifted to him by Varuëa before the burning of the Khäëòava forest. (Ädi Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gandhamädana—</span>a mountain situated east of Mount Meru. Renowned for its fragrant forests, it forms the boundary between Ilävåta-varña and Bhärata-varña.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gändhära—</span>a province in ancient India believed to be the present day Afghanistan.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gändhäré—</span>the saintly and faithful wife of King Dhåtaräñöra and mother of one hundred sons. The daughter of King Subala of Gändhära. She was a great devotee of Lord Çiva from her childhood. Lord Çiva blessed her with a benediction she could have one hundred sons. Çréla Vyäsadeva also blessed her with the same benediction. She was married to Dhåtaräñöra, who was blind. When she found out that her future husband was blind, she voluntarily blindfolded herself for the rest of her life. She is considered one of the most chaste women of all time.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gandharvas—</span>the celestial demigod dancers, singers, and musicians of the heavenly planets.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gaëeça—</span>the demigod in charge of material opulence and freedom from misfortune. He is the son of Lord Çiva and Pärvaté, and is the scribe who wrote down the <i>Mahäbhärata. </i>He has an elephant head. He has a rat for a carrier.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gaìgä—</span>the famous and holy Ganges river of India, which runs throughout the entire universe. She originates from the spiritual world, and descended when Lord Vämanadeva kicked a hole in the top of the universe. One is recommended to bathe in the Ganges for purification. She married Mahäräja Çantanu and begot the famous devotee and warrior, Bhéñmadeva</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gauda-desa—</span>the holy lands of Lord Caitanya's birthplace.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gäïjä—</span>marijuana.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Garbha-gåha—</span>inner sanctuary or altar room that contains the main Deity of the temple. The literal meaning is "womb chamber."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Garbhädhäna-saàskära—</span>the Vedic ceremony of purification to be performed by parents before conceiving a child.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Garbhodaka Ocean—</span>the body of water that fills the bottom part of each material universe.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Garbhodakaçäyé Viñëu—</span>the second Viñëu expansion, who enters each universe and from whose navel grows a lotus upon which Lord Brahmä appears. Brahmä then creates the diverse material manifestations.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Garga Muni—</span>the family priest for the Yadu dynasty.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Garh—</span>fort.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gari—</span>vehicle.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Garuda—</span>Lord Viñëu's eternal carrier, a great devotee, the son of Aditi and Kaçyapa who takes the form of an eagle and is the bird carrier of Lord Viñëu. He is often found atop a pole facing the entrance of Viñëu temples. The emblem of Garuòa is always on the chariot of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Garuòa Puräëa—</span>one of the eighteen <i>Puräëas, </i>or Vedic historical scriptures.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Garva—</span>pride, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva.</i></p>
<p class="p4">Gauòa-deça—<span class="s3">Bengal.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gauòa-maëòala-bhümi—</span>the places in Bengal where Lord Caitanya stayed. <b>[</b><b><i>Çré Gaura Mahimä</i></b><b> 3]</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gauòas—</span>pullers of Lord Jagannätha's car.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gauòéya Maöha—</span>a Vaisnava institution, originally with 64 temples in India and elsewhere, founded by Çréla Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Thäkura for propagating the sacred teachings of Lord Caitanya throughout India and the world. It was first established in 1918 as the Çré Bhaktivinoda Äsana. In 1919 he re-established it as the Viçva-vaiñëava-räja-sabhä, an institution originally established by Çréla Jéva Gosvämé and re-instituted by Çréla Bhaktivinoda Öhäkura. The organization ultimately came to be known as the Gauòéya Maöha. Its influenced waned after the passing of Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Öhäkura.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gauòéya Vaiñëava sampradäya—</span>the authorized Vaiñëava disciplic succession of bona fide spiritual masters coming through Çréla Madhväcärya and Lord Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu; the followers in that tradition.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gauòiya Vaiñëava—</span>specifically, a Vaiñëava born in Bengal, or, more generally, any Vaiñëava who follows the pure teachings of Lord Caitanya; The name <i>gauòéya</i> refers to the region of Bengal and Bangladesh. A Vaiñëava is a devotee of Viñëu or Kåñëa. Hence, a Gauòéya Vaiñëava is a practicioner of the form of Vaiñëavism associated with Bengal, as started by Caitanya Mahäprabhu some 500 years ago. See Caitanya Mahäprabhu, Kåñëa, Vaiñëava, Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gaudiya Vaisnava Sampradaya—</span>the Bengal Vaisanava sect founded by Caitanya Mahaprabhu in the late fifteenth century. Lord Caitanya's immediate disciples, the six Gosvamis, inititated the resurection of Vrndavana.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gaura-Hari—</span>Radha and Krsna combined into one form as the Golden Avatar.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gaura mantra—</span><i>mantra </i>composed of the four syllables <i>gau-ra-aì-ga</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gaura Pürëimä—</span>the appearance day of Lord Caitanya.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gaura-gopäla mantra—</span><i>mantra </i>composed of the four syllables <i>rä-dhä-kåñ-ëa</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gauracandra—</span>(<i>gaura</i>-golden; <i>candra</i>-moon) a name of Lord Caitanya Mahäprabhu denoting His appearance to be like that of a golden moon.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gauräìga-nägarés—</span>the name of a particular <i>sahajiyä </i>sect.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gaurakåñëa—</span><i>see: Caitanya Mahäprabhu</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gaurakiçora däsa Bäbäjé—</span>the disciple of Çréla Bhaktivinoda Öhäkura who was the initiating spiritual master of Çréla Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Öhäkura.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gaurasundara—</span>the beautiful, golden-complexioned Lord, Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gaurava-däsya—</span>condition when the devotee takes the form of giving protection to the Lord; category of <i>däsya-rasa</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gaurava-sakhya—</span>the mellow of friendship in awe and veneration.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gaura—</span>of fair complexion.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gautama Muni—</span>one of the seven sons born from Lord Brahma's mind. He belongs to the family of Aìgirä Åñi and is the author of <i>Nyäya-çästra, </i>the science of logic, which explains that the combination of atoms is the cause of everything.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gäyatré—</span>a sacred <i>mantra </i>that a <i>brähmaëa </i>chants silently three times a day<i> </i>at sunrise, noon and sunset to attain the transcendental platform; the Vedic <i>mantra</i> that delivers one from material entanglement.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gayä—</span>a famous holy place on the bank of the Phalgu River in the state of Bihar, where many pilgrims go to offer worship on behalf of their forefathers. The imprint of the lotus feet of the Lord are enshrined there, and it was there that Lord Caitanya met and was initiated by Isvara Puré. Lord Buddha attained here <i>nirväëa. </i>This is one of the four places in India where many pilgrims come to offer oblations to deparated ancestors.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ghana—</span>transcendental bliss that is complete (lit. "concentrated").</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ghara-bhäta—</span>rice prepared at home, not offered to Lord Jagannätha in His temple.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ghaöa-paöiyä—</span>Mäyäväda philosophy, which sees no distinctions, stating that everything is one.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ghaöotkaca—</span>the son of Bhéma by Hidimbé, a Räkñasa woman. He played a very important role in the Kurukñetra war. He was killed by Karëa with the Çakti weapon of Indra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ghat—</span>steps that lead down to holy river, lake or <b><i>kuëòa</i></b>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ghee—</span>clarified butter</p>
<p class="p4">Ghåta—<span class="s3">ghee.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Giriça—</span>Çiva-the <i>guëa-avatära</i> who is the superintendent of the mode of ignorance <i>(tamoguëa) </i>and who takes charge of destroying the universe at the time of annihilation. He disguised himself as a Kiräta and fought with Arjuna over a boar. Lord Çiva was pleased with Arjuna and gave him a benediction of the <i>Paçupati</i> <i>astra</i> by which he could kill Jayadratha. He also gave a benediction to Açvatthämä that he could kill the remaining soldiers on the side of the Päëòavas while they were sleeping in their tents. He is also considered the <b>greatest</b> Vaiñëava, or devotee, of Lord Kåñëa. He is confused by some with the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Giridhäré (Govardhana)-silä—</span>stones from Govardhana Hill in Våndävana. Worship of these stones was inaugurated by Lord Caitanya and Raghunätha däsa Gosvämé. On the basis of statements from <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam, </i>Lord Caitanya established the non-difference of Govardhana Hill and Kåñëa. By such worship Raghunätha däsa Gosvämé got the direct <i>darçana</i> of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Girivraja—</span>the capital city of Jaräsandha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Giri—</span>hill.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gläni—</span>a feeling that one is in a faulty position, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Godäsa—</span>servant of the senses.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Godhead—</span>the ultimate source of all energies.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Godown—</span>warehouse, storage room.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Goldsmith, Oliver (1730-1774)—</span>an Anglo-Irish author who was famed as an essayist, poet, novelist, playwright, biographer and historian. One of his major poems is<b><i> "The Deserted Village"</i></b>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Goloka Våndävana (Kåñëaloka)—</span>the highest spiritual planet in the kingdom of God, Lord Kåñëa's personal abode.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Good and evil—</span>See Problem of evil.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Goodness—</span>See Modes of nature (Sattva-guëa).</p>
<p class="p4">Goonda (guëòa)—<span class="s3">hired thug.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gopäla Bhaööa Gosvämé—</span>one of the Six Gosvämés of Våndävana, who directly followed Lord Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu and systematically presented His teachings, born at the beginning of the 16th century near Çré Raìgam in South India. He met Lord Caitanya as a child when the Lord stayed with his father, Vyenkata Bhaööa, during the four-month rainy season. On the order of Lord Caitanya he journeyed to Våndävana to join the other Gosvämés. While on pilgrimage he obtained twelve <i>çälagrama-çéläs. </i>Later, a Dämodara <i>çilä</i> manifested Himself as the beautiful Rädhä-ramaëa Deity, Who is worshiped to this day with great <i>eclat. </i>Gopäla Bhaööa assisted Sanätana Gosvämé in his writing.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gopäla—</span>a name of Kåñëa as a young boy; the Supreme Lord Kåñëa, who protects the cows.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gopé-candana—</span>type of clay used for <i>tilaka</i>. Sacred earth from a pond near Dvärakä, used by devotees in making auspicious markings on the body. </p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gopéçvara—</span>Çiva-the <i>guëa-avatära</i> who is the superintendent of the mode of ignorance <i>(tamoguëa) </i>and who takes charge of destroying the universe at the time of annihilation. He disguised himself as a Kiräta and fought with Arjuna over a boar. Lord Çiva was pleased with Arjuna and gave him a benediction of the <i>Paçupati</i> <i>astra</i> by which he could kill Jayadratha. He also gave a benediction to Açvatthämä that he could kill the remaining soldiers on the side of the Päëòavas while they were sleeping in their tents. He is also considered the <b>greatest</b> Vaiñëava, or devotee, of Lord Kåñëa. He is confused by some with the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gopés<i>—</i></span>the cowherd girls of Vraja, who are generally the counterparts of Çré Kåñëa's <i>hlädini</i>-<i>säkti</i>,<i> </i>Çrématé Rädhäräëé. They assist Her as maidservants in her conjugal pastimes with the Supreme Personality of Godhead; Gopäla Kåñëa's cowherd girl friends, who are His most surrendered and confidential devotees.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gopijana-vallabha—</span>the Supreme Lord Kåñëa, who is dear to the<i> gopés.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gopuram (gopura)—</span>highly carved soaring towers over the gates of the temples</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gosäïi—</span>other name for <i>Gosvämé</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Goñöhy-änandé—</span>a Vaiñëava who is interested in spreading Kåñëa consciousness.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gosvämé-viddhi—</span>"the way of the Gosvämés," i.e., transcendental devotional service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gosvämé—</span>a person who has his senses under full control: the title of a person in the renounced order of life, <i>sannyasa. (go-</i>senses + <i>svamé-</i>master) master of the senses.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Govardhana-çilä—</span>a stone from Govardhana Hill in Våndävana; it is as worshipable as Kåñëa Himself.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Govardhana-dhäré—</span>Kåñëa, the lifter of Govardhana Hill.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Govardhana—</span>a large hill dear to Lord Kåñëa and His devotees. Kåñëa held it up for seven days to protect His devotees in Våndävana from a devastating storm sent by Indra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Govinda däsa Öhäkura—</span>the author of several important Vaiñëava songs.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Govinda—</span>name the Supreme Lord Kåñëa. "One who gives pleasure to the land, the cows and the senses."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Grämya-karma—</span>mundane activities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Grämya-kathä—</span>talk concerning family life.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Grämya-kavi—</span>a poet who writes only about the relationship between man and woman.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Granthika—</span>a name used by Nakula during the last year of the Päëòavas' exile in the kingdom of Viräöa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gåha-vrata—</span>one who is attached to living in a comfortable home although it is actually miserable; one attached to the material duties of family life.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gåham andhaküpam—</span>the "blind well" of family affection.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gåhamedhi—</span>envious materialistic householder who lives only for sense gratification.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gåha—</span>home. For spiritual cultivation one requires an undisturbed place or the good association of devotees.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gåhastha<i>—</i></span>householder stage of life. One who lives in God conscious married life and raises a family in Kåñëa consciousness; regulated householder living according to the Vedic social system; the second order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gross body—</span>The body that grows on food is known in Sanskrit as the <i>sthüla-çaréra,</i> the gross body. It is a combination of the gross material elements moved about by the soul under the spell of the three modes of material nature. This body is ever-changing, transformed by birth, growth, maturity, reproduction, old age, and death. The living entity who rides within the heart of the body attempts to find satisfaction through sense happiness. But sense happiness is inseparable from sense distress. By Vedic knowledge, the body can be engaged in acts of sacrifice that liberate the soul from the duality of happiness and distress. The body of a pure devotee, who keeps himself always in Kåñëa consciousness, loses its ordinary material qualities, just as a piece of iron loses its usual qualities when it is kept within fire. As the iron becomes fiery, similarly the body of a pure devotee is spiritualized. See Ecstasy, Elements, Modes of nature, Soul, Subtle body.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gujarat—</span>a province in northwestern India.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Guëa-avatäras—</span>incarnations who control material qualities; the presiding deities of the three modes of nature. Viñëu, Brahmä and Çiva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Guëa—</span>See Modes of nature.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Guëa-mäyä—</span>the material world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Guëas—</span>the three modes, or qualities, of material nature: Brahmä controls passion, Viñëu goodness, and Çiva ignorance.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Guëätéta—</span>Nirguëa-without material qualities; uncontaminated by the three modes of material nature.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Guëòicä-märjana—</span>washing and cleansing the Guëòicä temple.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Gurdwara—</span>Sikh religious complex, which usually includes a temple and guest house.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Guru-avajïä—</span>disobeying the instructions of the spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Guru-dakñiëä—</span>a disciple's gift to his spiritual master, collected by begging and given as a token of gratitude.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Guru-kåpä—</span>the mercy of the spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Guru-kula—</span>a school of Vedic learning. Boys begin at five years old and live as celibate students, guided by a spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Guru-püjä—</span>worship of the spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Guru—</span>spiritual master; one of the three authorities for a Vaiñëava. Literally, this term means heavy. The spiritual master is called <i>guru</i> because he is heavy with knowledge. See Sädhu, Çästra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Guru-bhai—</span>god-brother</p>
<p class="p2"><b>-H-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hädéka—</span>the father of Kåtavarmän.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Haihayas—</span>a dynasty of demoniac kings destroyed by Lord Paraçuräma.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hamlyn, David W.—</span>Professor of Philosophy at Birbeck College, University of London. He is the author of a number of books on philosophy and the editor of <i>Mind</i> magazine.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hanumän—</span>the great famous monkey devotee of Lord Rämacandra. The eleventh portion of Rudra. He is the brother of Bhéma and the son of the wind-god, Väyu, and Aïjana, the daughter of Gautama Åñi. The story of how Bhéma and Hanumän met is told in the Vana Parva of the Mahäbhärata. Hanumän gave a benediction to Bhéma that he would ride on the flagstaff of Arjuna's chariot and strike terror into the Kaurava troops with earth trembling battle cries. He served the Supreme Lord in His incarnation as Lord Rämacandra and assisted Him in defeating the demon Rävaëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hara—</span>a name of Lord Çiva-the <i>guëa-avatära</i> who is the superintendent of the mode of ignorance <i>(tamoguëa) </i>and who takes charge of destroying the universe at the time of annihilation. He disguised himself as a Kiräta and fought with Arjuna over a boar. Lord Çiva was pleased with Arjuna and gave him a benediction of the <i>Paçupati</i> <i>astra</i> by which he could kill Jayadratha. He also gave a benediction to Açvatthämä that he could kill the remaining soldiers on the side of the Päëòavas while they were sleeping in their tents. He is also considered the <b>greatest</b> Vaiñëava, or devotee, of Lord Kåñëa. He is confused by some with the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Harä—</span>Rädhäräëé-Lord Kåñëa's most intimate consort, who the personification of the internal, pleasure potency of Lord Kåñëa. She appeared in this world as the daughter of King Våsabhänu and Kirti-devé and is the Queen of Våndävana. The most favorite consort of Kåñëa in Vrindavana, situated on Lord Kåñëa's left on altars and pictures.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hare Kåñëa mantra—</span>a sixteen-word prayer composed of the names Hare<i>, </i>Kåñëa<i>, </i>and Räma:<i> </i>Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare, Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare<i> </i>is<i> </i>the personal form of God's own happiness, His eternal consort, Çrématé Rädhäräëé. Kåñëa, "the all-attractive one," and Räma, "the all-pleasing one," are names of God. This prayer means "My dear Rädhäräëé and Kåñëa, please engage me in Your devotional service." The <b><i>Vedas</i></b><i> </i>recommend the chanting of the Hare Kåñëa <i>mantra </i>as the easiest and most sublime method of awakening one's dormant love of God; the great chant for deliverance. These names have been particularly recommended for chanting in this age; The chanting of this <i>mantra</i> is the most recommended means for spiritual progress in this age of Kali, as it cleanses the mind and enables one to transcend the temporary designations of race, religion, and nationality and to understand one's true identity as an eternal spiritual being. In other words, simply by chanting Hare Kåñëa one can directly experience self-realization and lead a blissful life. See Kali-yuga, Mantra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hari-bhakti-viläsa<i>—</i></span>the ritual and devotional practices of the Gauòéya-vaiñëava-sampradäya, codified into twenty chapters by Çréla Sanätana Gosvämé and Çréla Gopäla Bhaööa Gosvämé. The work represents extensive scriptural research and includes a Sanskrit commentary written by Çréla Sanätana Gosvämé called <i>Dig-darçiëé Tika.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hari-cakra—</span>Kåñëa's Sudarçana weapon, the wheel.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hari-kathä—</span>topics of Lord Hari, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hari-kértana—</span>the chanting of the names of Lord Hari (Kåñëa); Saìkértana-yajïa-the sacrifice prescribed for the Age of Kali, namely, congregational chanting of the name, fame and pastimes of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hari-näma-saìkértana—</span>congregational chanting of the holy names of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hari-vaàça—</span>the appendix to the <i>Mahäbhärata. </i>It is a summary of Kåñëa's pastimes by Çréla Vyäsadeva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Haribol—</span>"Chant the holy name."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hariçcandra—</span>the twenty-eighth king in the Tretä-yuga. He appeared in the dynasty of the sun as the son of Triçaìku, and he is celebrated in the <i>Märkaëòeya Puräëa </i>as the pious king who satisfied Viçvämitra Muni by sacrificing his kingdom, wife, and son.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Haridäsa Öhäkura—</span>although born in a Muslim family, he was a confidential associate of Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu. He was so absorbed in the nectar of the Holy Name that he chanted day and night, and it was his regular practice to chant 300,000 names of the Lord daily. Lord Caitanya made him the <i>nämäcärya </i>(teacher of chanting of the holy name).The Muslim government and caste-conscious Hindus attempted to persecute him, but all of their efforts failed, as he was under the direct protection of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Haridvära (Hardwar)—</span>a famous place of pilgrimage in the northern foothills of the Himälaya Mountains. This is where Ajämila went for purification, where Prajäpati Dakña performed his sacrifice and lost his daughter Saté, and where some drops of nectar falling from the hand of Mohiné-mürti, the Lord's incarnation as a woman, landed. Because these drops of nectar fell, there is a Kumbha-melä every twelve years here. Nowadays the town is known as Haradwara, meaning "the gateway to Lord Çiva."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Harinäma-yajïa—</span>congregational chanting of the holy names of the Supreme Lord, the recommended sacrifice for this age.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hari—</span>the Supreme Lord, who removes all obstacles to spiritual progress; Lord Viñëu, the seeing the Deity of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Harña—</span>jubilation, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Haryakña—</span><i>see:</i> Hiraëyäkña</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hastinäpura—</span>the ancient capital city of Bhärata-varña, or India. The Sanskrit word <i>hasti</i> means elephants and in this city there were many elephants kept. It occupies a portion of what is today called New Delhi; The capital city of the Päëòavas. When Dhåtaräñöra wanted to give the Päëòavas half of the kingdom, this part was given.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Häsya-rasa—</span>the indirect relationship of laughing.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Haöha-yoga—</span>the practice of postures and breathing exercises for achieving purification and sense control.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hathi—</span>elephant</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hawking, Stephen—</span>Famous British physicist (*1942) who believes the riddle of the origin of the universe can be solved by mathematics. Hawking is a positivist. See Logical Positivism, Positivism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hayaçérñä—</span>the horse-headed incarnation of Lord Kåñëa. He spoke the <i>Vedas</i> to Lord Brahmä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hayagriva—</span>Lord Kåñëa's horse-headed incarnation, who returned the stolen Vedas to Brahmä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Heavenly planets—</span>the higher planets of the universe, residences of the demigods.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hell—</span>hellish planets within this universe meant for the punishment and rectification of the sinful.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Henotheism—</span>This term comes from the Greek <i>eno,</i> one, plus <i>theo,</i> God. Henotheism is a form of polytheism. It postulates that there are many gods, one of which rules the others, as Indra rules the demigods. The ruling god, however, is neither absolute nor eternal. He is just for the time being more powerful than the other gods. Max Müller mistakenly thought the Vedic religion was henotheistic: the Vedas present many gods, and when any one of them is worshiped, that god or goddess becomes the highest deity of the <b><i>Vedas</i></b>. See Atheism, Demigods, Polytheism, Theism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Herä-païcamé festival—</span>celebration of the coming of the goddess of fortune to the Guëòicä temple.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hiòimba—</span>a Räkñasa who fought with Bhéma and was killed. This incident is mentioned in the Ädi Parva of the <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hiòimbé—</span>the sister of Hiòimba. She later married Bhéma and begot a son named Ghaöotkaca.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Himavän—</span>the great mountain on the northern side of India. The Päëòavas stayed for some time in this region.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hindu—</span>a newly-concocted name for members of various social and religious groups of India.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hinduism—</span>This term is derived from the name of a river in present-day Pakistan, the Sindhu, Sind or Indus. Beginning around 1000 AD, invading armies from the Middle East called the place beyond the Sindhu river <i>Hindustan</i> and the people who lived there the <i>Hindus.</i> (Due to the invaders' language, the s was changed to h.) In the centuries that followed, the term Hindu became acceptable even to the Indians themselves as a general designation for their different religious traditions. But since the word Hindu is not found in the Vedic scriptures upon which these traditions are based, it is quite inappropriate. The proper term is <i>Vedic Dharma.</i> See Dharma.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hing—</span><i>asafoetida</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hiraëmaya-mahat-tattva—</span>the total material energy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hiraëyadhanus—</span>the father of Ekalavya, and the King of the Niçadhas, forest dwellers.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hiraëyakaçipu—</span>a powerful demon and great atheist who tormented his son Prahläda Mahäräja, a great devotee, and was killed by Kåñëa in His incarnation as Nåsiàha-deva (the half man-half lion form of Lord Viñëu).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hiraëyäkña—</span>the demoniac son of Kaçyapa who was killed by Lord Varäha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hiraëyavarman—</span>a king of Daçärëa. His daughter was married to Çikhaëòé.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hlädiné çakti—</span>Kåñëa's pleasure potency.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Holé—</span>a major Hindu holiday celebrated on the last day of the bright fortnight of the month of Phalgun (February-March). This festival is said to be one of Kåñëa's favorites. The most popular activity is ther throwing of colored water and powder by participants on each other.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hotravähana—</span>the maternal grandfather of Ambä. He recommended to Ambä that she approach Paraçuräma to influence Bhéñma to marry her.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hoysala—</span>South Indian dynasty that ruled part of South India.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Håñékeça—</span>a name of Kåñëa meaning "the master of all senses."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Håta-jïäna—</span>bereft of intelligence.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Humanism—</span>Humanism grew into a distinct ideological movement during the Renaissance as a reaction against feudalism and medieval theology. It proclaims freedom of the rational individual, opposes religious asceticism, and promotes man's rights to pleasure and the satisfaction of earthly desires and requirements. It is dedicated to fostering the ethical and creative development of the individual without reference to God or other concepts of the supernatural. In the nineteenth century, humanism took the shape of a secular religion; a prominent humanist of that time was Karl Marx. Today, the term is commonly used to mean a set of entirely non-religious beliefs and values. See Marxism, Relativism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hume, David—</span>Along with Locke and Berkeley, Hume (1711-1776) is classified as one of the three principle British empiricist philosophers. He taught that knowledge is comprised of sense data; there is no <i>a priori</i> knowledge; existence is identical to our own ideas; there is no objective connection between cause and effect, and there is no mind, self, or spiritual substance apart from a bundle of sense impressions and ideas in our heads. See Empiricism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Hypothetico-deduction—</span>A method of reasoning widely used in the Western world for a very long time. An example from history is found in <i>De Stella Martis</i> by Kepler, who was puzzled by the problem of the shape of the orbit of Mars. Unable to figure it out by empirical observation, Kepler decided to simply suppose that the orbit was elliptical. Following this hypothesis, he worked out positions for the planet that corresponded well with its observed positions. Thus his hypothesis was not formed on the basis of previous observations, as it would have been had Kepler followed the empirical method. Rather, it was devised by speculation. The observations were then deductively brought into line with that speculation. See Abduction, Deduction, Induction.</p>
<p class="p2"><b>-I-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Idea—</span>The Greek term <i>ida</i> means form or pattern. An idea is anything that is contained in consciousness as an item of thought or awareness. It is usually taken to mean a mental image of something. It may also mean the essence of a thing; a general notion; an imagination; a belief, opinion or doctrine, or an ideal.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Idealism—</span>Theoretically, the opposite of materialism. But like materialism, idealism is a very broad category of philosophy containing many shades of theory. It is sometimes called mentalism or immaterialism. Idealists believe the universe is the embodiment of a mind. All reality is mental, and matter does not exist. The external world is not physical. Famous idealist philosophers are Berkeley, Hegel, Kant, and Plato. See Materialism, Mind/body problem.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ideology—</span>From the Greek <i>ida</i> and <i>lgos,</i> ideology in classical times meant the science of ideas. Nowadays it means the system of ideas that constitutes a dogma: the ideology of fascism, for instance. See Idea.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Idhmavähat—</span>the devotee who approaches the spiritual master. <i>Idhma</i> refers to wood that is taken to burn as fuel for a fire. A <i>brahmacäré</i> is supposed to take this <i>idhma</i> to ignite the fire used in performing sacrifices. By spiritual instruction a <i>brahmacäri</i> is trained to ignite a fire and offer oblations in the morning. He is supposed to go to the spiritual master to take lessons on transcendental subject matter, and the Vedic injunction is that when approaching the spiritual master one must carry with him fuel to perform <i>yajïas,</i> or sacrifices. The exact Vedic injunction is as follows: <i>tad-vijïänärthaà sa gurum eväbhigacchet-samit-päëiù çrotriyaà brahma-niñöham</i> " To understand these things properly, one must humbly approach, with firewood in hand, a spiritual master who is learned in the <i>Vedas</i> and firmly devoted to the Absolute Truth.""To learn transcendental subject matter, one must approach the spiritual master. In doing so, he should carry fuel to burn in sacrifice. The symptom of such a spiritual master is that he is expert in understanding the Vedic conclusion, and therefore he constantly engages in the service of the Supreme Personality of Godhead." (<i>Muëòaka Upaniñad</i> <b>1.2.12</b>) By serving such a bona fide spiritual master, gradually a conditioned soul becomes detached from material enjoyment and invariably makes progress in spiritual realization under the direction of the spiritual master. Those who are misled by the illusory energy are never interested in approaching a spiritual master to make life successful.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ignorance—</span>See Modes of nature (Tamo-guëa).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ikñväku—</span>the son of Manu who was king of the earth in ancient times and to whom Manu spoke <i>Bhagavad-gétä.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ikñväku—</span>the son of the sun-god, Vivasvän, and the first king of the earth planet.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ilävåta-varña—</span>the original name of this earth planet, before it became known as Bharata-varña.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Impersonal monism—</span>Mäyäväda-the impersonal philosophy first propounded by Çaìkaräcärya, which proposes the unqualified oneness of God and the living entities (who are both conceived of as being ultimately formless) and the nonreality of manifest nature; the philosophy that everything is one and that the Absolute Truth is not a person; See Brahmajyoti, Buddhism, Mäyävädé philosophy, Personalism, Voidism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Indra-néla<i>—</i></span>gems decorating Kåñëa's flute.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Indraloka—</span>the planet where Lord Indra resides.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Indraprastha—</span>Hastinäpura-the ancient capital city of Bhärata-varña, or India. The Sanskrit word <i>hasti</i> means elephants and in this city there were many elephants kept. It occupies a portion of what is today called New Delhi; The capital city of the Päëòavas. When Dhåtaräñöra wanted to give the Päëòavas half of the kingdom, this part was given.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Indra—</span>the chief demigod of heaven and presiding deity of rain, and the father of Arjuna. He is the son of Aditi.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Indriya-saàyama—</span>curbing one's senses.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Induction—</span>A form of reason that guesses the nature of a cause from the perception of an effect. See Abduction, àroha/ Avaroha, Deduction, Empiricism, Logic, Phenomenalism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Infinite—</span>regress From the Latin <i>regressus ad infinitum</i> (similar in meaning to the Sanskrit <i>anavasthä</i>), infinite regress is the fallacy that occurs when someone argues that a material thing is the ultimate cause. Any material cause must depend upon a remoter material cause. That cause must depend upon an even more remote material cause, and so on <i>ad infinitum</i> (into infinity). Thus arguments for material causation never reach a logical end. See Fallacy, Logic.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Intellect, intelligence—</span>The power of discrimination, in Sanskrit called <i>buddhi</i>, in Greek <i>dinoia</i>. Intelligence is as natural to the <i>jéva</i> as taste is to water or smell is to earth: As there is no separate existence of the earth and its aroma or of water and its taste, there cannot be any separate existence of intelligence and consciousness. (Kapiladeva, <i>SB </i><b>3.27.18</b>) <i>Buddhi </i>manifests within each living entity as the ability to distinguish between forms in the field of perception, and as the sense of direction. The mind <i>(manaù)</i> imputes emotional values to form and direction (painful, pleasurable, etc.). The false ego <i>(ahaìkära)</i> lays claim to the field of perception (this is mine etc.). Intelligence, being originally spiritual, can rise above the influence of mind and false ego by <i>buddhi-yoga</i>, as explained in <i>Bhagavad-gétä. </i>Närada Muni tells Mahäräja Yudhiñöhira in <i>SB </i><b>3.27.18</b>: O King Yudhiñöhira, the Supersoul in every body gives intelligence to the individual soul according to his capacity for understanding. Therefore the Supersoul is the chief within the body. The Supersoul is manifested to the individual soul according to the individual's comparative development of knowledge, austerity, penance and so on. Since <i>buddhi</i> is awarded to all living entities by the Supersoul according to their knowledge and austerity, when a living entity surrenders completely to Kåñëa, he is awarded pure intelligence. Surrendering completely to Kåñëa entails surrendering to the spiritual master by renouncing the emotional values of the mind and the claims of the false ego. When original intelligence is covered by ignorance, it is called <i>tämasa-buddhi.</i> This is the beginning of the material existence of the soul. In <i>Bg.</i> <b>10.10</b> Lord Kåñëa says that <i>buddhi-yoga,</i> the respiritualization of the intelligence, is accomplished by <i>préti-pürvakam,</i> the method of loving devotion. See Consciousness, False ego, Mind, Modes of nature, Soul, Subtle body, Supersoul. Ipse dixit (Lat.) He himself has said it. A kind of proof, after the answer that disciples of Pythagoras, an ancient Greek sage, used to give whenever an opponent called the certitude of the sage's doctrine into question. This proof is rejected by modern philosophers. See Çabda.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Irävän—</span>the son of Arjuna by Ulüpé. He was killed by the Räkñasa, Alambuña, during the Kurukñetra battle.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Éça—</span>the Supreme Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Éça-tattva—</span>the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Éçänukathä—</span>scriptural information about the Lord and His devotees.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Éçävasya<i>—</i></span><i>(éça</i>-the Lord + <i>vasya</i>-control) the concept that everything is owned and controlled by the Lord and should be used in His service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">ISKCON—</span>the abbreviation for the International Society for Krishna Consciousness; the Hare Krishna Movement. The society was founded in New York, 1966, by His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda, who came by boat, the Jaladuta from Calcutta in 1965, with just forty rupees and a trunk full of books. Sumati Morarji kindly donated his passage; Çréla Prabhupäda-(1896-1977) His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda. He is the tenth generation from Caitanya Mahäprabhu. The founder-<i>äcärya</i>, spiritual master of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON). Çréla Prabhupäda was the widely-acclaimed author of more than seventy books on the science of pure <i>bhakti-yoga, </i>unalloyed Kåñëa consciousness. His major works are annotated English translations of the <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam, </i>the <i>Çré Caitanya-caritämåta, </i>and the <i>Bhagavad-gétä As It Is. </i>He was the world's most distinguished teacher of Vedic religion and thought. Çréla Prabhupäda was a fully God conscious saint who had perfect realization of the Vedic scriptures. He worked incessantly to spread Kåñëa consciousness all over the world. He guided his society and saw it grow to a worldwide confederation of hundreds of ashrams, schools, temples, institutes, and farm communities; Acronym for the International Society for Kåñëa Consciousness, the branch of Caitanya Mahäprabhu's <i>saìkértana</i> mission established by Çréla Prabhupäda in New York in 1966. ISKCON is a worldwide nonsectarian movement dedicated to propagating the message of the Vedas for the benefit of mankind. Over the years ISKCON has steadily grown in popularity and influence, and today it is widely recognized by theologians, scholars and laymen as a genuine and important spiritual movement. The hundreds of ISKCON centers throughout the world enable full-time members to live in close association, following the principles of Vedic life, and also provide a place where interested visitors can learn about the philosophy and culture of Kåñëa consciousness and participate in its various functions. The basis of the movement is the Hare Kåñëa <i>mahä-mantra </i>Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare/ Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare. The devotees experience divine ecstasy in singing these holy names of God to the accompaniment of musical instruments. The ISKCON devotees, as a prerequisite for the serious pursuit of spiritual life, abstain from meat-eating, illicit sex, intoxication, and gambling. The Kåñëa conscious life style is based on the principles of simple living and high thinking. The devotees rise very early, about 3:30 a.m., and spend the morning hours in meditation and study. During the day, some devotees go out to public places to distribute the Society's books and its official journal, Back to Godhead magazine. In addition to book distribution, devotees engage in a variety of activities, including teaching, artistic pursuits, farming and business. See Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda, Hare Kåñëa Mahä-mantra, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Éçopaniñad—</span>one of the 108 principal Vedic scriptures known as the <i>Upaniñads.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Iñöä—</span>the performance of public welfare activities such as digging wells or planting trees.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Éçvara—</span>a controller. Kåñëa is <i>parameçvara</i>, the supreme controller; One of the five <i>tattvas,</i> or Vedic ontological truths: the supreme controller of all living and nonliving energy. In <i>Bg.</i> <b>18.61-62</b>, Lord Kåñëa tells Arjuna: é<b><i>çvaraù sarva-bhütänäà håd-deçe 'rjuna tiñöhati bhrämayan sarva-bhütäni yanträrüòhäni mäyayä tam eva çaraëaà gaccha sarva-bhävena bhärata tat-prasädät paräà çäntià sthänaà präpsyasi çäçvatam</i></b>. The Supreme Lord <i>(éçvara)</i> is situated in everyone's heart, O Arjuna, and is directing the wanderings of all living entities, who are seated as on a machine, made of the material energy. O scion of Bharata, surrender unto Him utterly. By His grace you will attain transcendental peace and the supreme and eternal abode. And <i>Cc., Ädi-lélä</i> <b>5.142</b> states: <b><i>ekale éçvara kåñëa, ära saba bhåtya yäre yaiche näcäya, se taiche kare nåtya.</i></b> Lord Kåñëa alone is the supreme controller, and all others are His servants. They dance as He makes them do so. The <i>éçvara</i> has full control over the <i>jéva, prakåti, käla</i> and <i>karma.</i> The <i>jéva</i> has the power to choose whether to surrender to the <i>éçvara</i> or not. If he does surrender, he is freed from bondage within <i>prakåti, käla</i> and <i>karma.</i> If he does not, he is bound by them in the cycle of birth and death <i>(saàsära).</i> See Avatära, Caitanya Mahäprabhu, Kåñëa, Modes of nature, Supersoul, Tattva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Itihäsa—</span>a historical account.</p>
<p class="p2"><b>-J-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jaòa Bharata—</span>Bharata Mahäräja in his final birth as a renounced <i>brähmaëa.</i> He gave wonderful spiritual instruction to Mahäräja Rahügaëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jäòya—</span>invalidity, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jagad-éça—</span>the Supreme Lord, who is the proprietor of all the universes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jagad-guru—</span>the spiritual master of the whole world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jagad-rüpa (Viräö-rüpa, Viçva-rüpa)—</span>The universal form of <i>éçvara</i>, in which <i>jéva, prakåti, käla</i> and <i>karma</i> are revealed as energies of the Supreme. This form was shown by Lord Kåñëa to Arjuna in the Eleventh Chapter of the <i>Bhagavad-gétä.</i> See Éçvara, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jagäi and Mädhäi—</span>two great debauchees whom Lord Nityänanda converted into Vaiñëavas.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jagamohana—</span>the area directly in front of the central altar of an Orissan temple.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jagannätha Puré—</span>place of pilgrimage on the east coast of India where the deity of Jagannätha is worshiped</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jagannätha—</span>the Supreme Lord, who is Lord of the universe. A particular Deity form of Lord Krñëa, seemingly fashioned from wood and brightly painted, which has been worshiped for many centuries in Jagannätha Puré. Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu used to daily visit Lord Jagannätha and see Him in a mood of intense separation, in the mood of Rädhäräëé, who was parted from her beloved Kåñëa most of her days.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jagannatha Misra—</span>Kåñëa's eternal father, Nada Maharaj of Kåñëa-lila.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jägara—</span>the ecstatic symptom of wakefulness.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jagat—</span>the material universe.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jajmani—</span>system of patron-client relationships.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jana-niväsa—</span>name for Kåñëa indicating that He is the ultimate resort of all living entities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jaiminé—</span>the atheistic propounder and philosopher of Karma-mimäàsä philosophy, and author of the <i>Karma-mémäàsä-sütras, </i>which explain the <i>Vedas</i> in ritualistic terms, and advocate material work as the purpose of life. He theorized that if fruitive activity is performed nicely, then God is obliged to give the results.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jains—</span>religious sect based on impersonalist ideas.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jämbavaté—</span>the daughter of Jämbavän. She is one of the eight principal queens of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Janaka Mahäräja—</span>considered one of the <i>mahäjanas</i>, the great self-realized king of Mithilä, and the father of Sétä-devé, consort of Lord Rämacandra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Janaloka—</span>a heavenly planet.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Janamejaya—</span>the son of King Parékñit.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Janärdana—</span>a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning "He who is the original abode and protector of all living beings".</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Janas—</span><i>see: </i>Janaloka above</p>
<p class="p4">Jaìgama-näräyaëa—<span class="s3">moving Näräyaëa.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Janmäñöamé—</span>the celebration of Lord Kåñëa's appearance in the material world;the eighth lunar day of the dark fortnight in the month of Bhadra (August-September). The festival of Kåñëa's birthday.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Japa—</span>the soft recitation of the Kåñëa's holy names as a private meditation, with the aid of 108 prayer beads.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jaräsandha—</span>the King of Magadha. He was killed by Bhéma. (Sabhä Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jarä—</span>old age.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jaöäsura—</span>a Räkñasa who disguised himself as a brähmaëa and tried to kidnap Draupadé and four of the Päëòavas except for Bhéma. Bhéma challenged him and killed him in single combat.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jaöäyu—</span>a devotee of Lord Rämacandra who was the king of the vultures, and the brother of Sampäti. He fought with the demon Rävaëa when the latter kidnapped Sétä, the consort of Lord Rämacandra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jäta-karma—</span>a purificatory ceremony performed at the birth of a child.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jaya and Vijaya—</span>two doorkeepers of Vaikuëöha who were cursed on account of offending the four Kumära Åñis, and who thus both had to take birth three times in the material world as great demons, Hiraëyakaçipu and Hiraëyäkña in Satya-yuga, Rävaëa and Kumbhakarëa in the next yuga, Tretä-yuga, and Çiçupäla and Dantavakra at the end of Dväpara-yuga.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jayadeva Gosvämé—</span>a great Vaisnava poet and author of Gita-govinda.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jayadratha—</span>the King of Sindhu. He was killed by Arjuna in the battle of Kurukñetra. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jäyanteyas—</span>nine great sages, sons of King Bharata, who were also known as the nine Yogendras.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jayatsena—</span>the son of Jaräsandha. He took the side of Duryodhana in the Kurukñetra war and was killed by Abhimanyu. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jaya—</span>a son of Dhåtaräñöra who was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jäyä—</span>intelligence.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jaya—</span>an exclamation meaning "All victory to you!" or "All glories to you!"</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jhulana yatra—</span>the swing festival beginning on the third day of the month of Shravan (July-August) and lasting for a fortnight. The swings, usually made from gold or silver, are hung in temples on which the Deities are swung during kirtan by the guests and Vaisnavas.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ji—</span>honorific suffix added to almost any name as a term of endearment</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jémüta—</span>a wrestler who was killed by Bhéma during a wrestling match in the kingdom of Viräöa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jérëa-sarpa—</span>the fatigued air of life.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jitendriya—</span>one who has conquered the senses.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jéva (jévätmä)—</span>the living entity, who is an eternal soul, individual but part and parcel of the Supreme Lord; One of the five <i>tattvas,</i> or Vedic ontological truths: the living entity, or individual soul. See Soul, Tattva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jéva Gosvämé—</span>one of the Six Gosvämés of Våndävana and the nephew of Rupa and Sanätana Gosvämés. His father, Anupama, died when the boy was very young. He grew up absorbed in the worship of Kåñëa and Balaräma. Lord Caitanya instructed him in a dream to proceed to Navadvépa, and there he toured that sacred place in the association of Çré Nityänanda Prabhu. He then went to Benares to study Sanskrit, and from there to Våndävana to be under the shelter of his uncles. He became a disciple of Rüpa Gosvämé and wrote eighteen major works on Vaiñëava philosophy, comprising more than 400,000 verses. He is considered by many philosophers and Sanskritists to be the greatest scholar who ever lived.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jéva Jago—</span>wake up sleeping souls. <b>[</b><b><i>Aruëodaya-kértana</i></b><b> II]</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jéva-bhüta—</span>the living force within matter. Jéva (jévätmä)-the living entity, who is an eternal soul, individual but part and parcel of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jéva-hiàsä—</span>envy of other living entities. [<i>CB Madhya</i> <span class="s4">15.072]</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jéva-mäyä<i>—</i></span>the living entities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jéva-tattva—</span>the living entities, atomic parts of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jévan-mukta—</span>a person who is already liberated even while living in his present body.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jïäna-çakti—</span>the power to distribute transcendental knowledge.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jïäna-käëòa—</span>the division of the <i>Vedas </i>dealing with empirical speculation in pursuit of truth; also, such speculation itself; the portions of the <i>Vedas </i>containing knowledge of Brahman, or spirit.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jïäna-märga—</span>the cultivation of knowledge.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jïäna-yoga—</span>the process of approaching the Supreme by the cultivation of knowledge; the predominantly empirical process of linking with the Supreme, which is executed when one is still attached to mental speculation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jïäna—</span>knowledge. Material <i>jïäna </i>does not go beyond the material body. Transcendental <i>jïäna </i>discriminates between matter and spirit. Perfect <i>jïäna </i>is knowledge of the body, the soul and the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jïäné—</span>one who is engaged in the cultivation of knowledge (especially by philosophical speculation). Upon attaining perfection, a jïäné surrenders to Kåñëa; This Sanskrit term is related in both form and meaning to the English word know via the Greek word <i>gnsis.</i> In Vedic terminology, there is <i>jïäna</i> and <i>vijïäna.</i> <i>Jïäna</i> refers to the knowledge of the self as not the body, whereas <i>vijïäna</i> refers to knowledge of the self's relationship to the Supreme Self.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jnänagamya—</span>a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning "He who is understood through knowledge of the <i>Vedas."</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jïäna-käëòa—</span>The path of philosophical speculation. One of the three departments of Vedic knowledge, <i>jïäna-käëòa</i> is taught by the Kumäras. See Apara-vidyä, Karma-käëòa, Upäsanä-käëòa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jïänendriya—</span>The five knowledge-acquiring senses: the ears, the skin, the eyes, the tongue and the nostrils.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jvalitä—</span>the stage exhibited by a devotee when more than two or three transcendental transformations are manifest and it is possible to conceal them with difficulty.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jyotir-linga—</span>one of the 12 selfmanifested Çiva-lingas</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Jyotiù-çästra—</span>the Vedic science of astronomy.</p>
<p class="p2"><b>-K-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kabandha—</span>a son of Çré. Indra once stuffed his legs and head into his belly as a punishment. Indra foretold that until his long arms were cut off by Lord Räma (which later occurred), Kabandha would not achieve peace.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kacchapé-véëä—</span>the stringed instrument of Rädhäräëé.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kaòära—</span>the ointment of Lord Jagannätha, the remnants of which were used by Lord Caitanya.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kadru—</span>wife of Kasyapa and mother of the race of serpents.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kailasa—</span>the home of Lord Çiva in the Himalayas.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kaiçora—</span>Kåñëa's age from the eleventh to the fifteenth year.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kaitava-</span><span class="s2"><b>dharma</b></span><span class="s1">—</span>cheating religion.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kaivalyam—</span>the state of realization of one's constitutional position as part and parcel of the Supreme Lord, which is preliminary to manifestation of activities on the platform of devotional service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kaivalya—</span>the impersonal liberation of merging into the spiritual effulgence of Brahman emanating from the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kajjala—</span>a preparation of lampblack used to darken the edges of the eyelids; kohl.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Katha—</span>stories and discussion on religious themes, especially from the <i>purunas</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Käka—</span>crow.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kälakanyä—</span>the invalidity of old age.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kala namak<i>—</i></span>Black salt-a reddish-gray variety of salt with a distinct "hard-boiled egg-yolk" flavour. Black salt or <i>kala namak</i>, as it is known in Indian cuisine, is a major ingredient in the spice blend <i>chat masala</i>. Sprinkle black salt in<i> Scrambled Curd</i>. It is available at Indian grocers.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Käla-sarpa—</span>the snake of time.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kalä—</span>a form of the Lord that is an expansion of the Lord's original form.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kala—</span>eternal time.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kälé—</span>Durgä-Lord Çiva 's wife in a fierce form, riding a tiger. The goddess is empowered by the Supreme Lord to preside over the material nature and bewilder the souls situated there into misconceiving themselves to be their material bodies and enjoyers and controllers of the mundane creation. She is very powerful, superseded only by Lord Viñëu Himself, and is the external manifestation of the Lord's internal potency, Yoga-mäyä. Once a fallen soul takes to the path of God consciousness, she continues to offer various material allurements so as to test his sincerity and determination to serve the Lord. Once the Lord accepts the struggling soul she can no longer influence that soul and it is thus liberated.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kali-yuga—</span>the "Age of Quarrel and Hypocrisy " The fourth and last age in the cycle of a <i>mahä-yuga. </i>This is the present age in which we are now living. It began 5,000 years ago and lasts for a total of 432,000 years. It is characterized by irreligious practice and stringent material miseries. In the <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam </i>the age is personified as an evil black man who tries to kill a helpless cow and bull. The four legs of the cow represent the four principles of religiosity-namely, truth, cleanliness, mercy and austerity. The bull represents religion itself; The most recommended process of spiritual upliftment in this age is <i>saìkértana</i>, the congregational glorification of the Lord through chanting His holy name. See Caitanya Mahäprabhu, Hare Kåñëa Mahä-mantra, ISKCON, Saìkértana, Time.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kaliìga—</span>a province in ancient India.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Käliya—</span>the many-headed serpent chastised by Lord Kåñëa for poisoning a section of the Yamunä River.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kali—</span>the black intense form of Lord Çiva's wife. She wears a necklace of skulls. Demigoddess to whom worshipers may offer meat. Durgä-Lord Çiva 's wife in a fierce form, riding a tiger. The goddess is empowered by the Supreme Lord to preside over the material nature and bewilder the souls situated there into misconceiving themselves to be their material bodies and enjoyers and controllers of the mundane creation. She is very powerful, superseded only by Lord Viñëu Himself, and is the external manifestation of the Lord's internal potency, Yoga-mäyä. Once a fallen soul takes to the path of God consciousness, she continues to offer various material allurements so as to test his sincerity and determination to serve the Lord. Once the Lord accepts the struggling soul she can no longer influence that soul and it is thus liberated.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kalki—</span>He is the tenth incarnation of Lord Viñëu. He arrives on a white horse at the end of Kali-yuga to annihilate all the remaining atheists.</p>
<p class="p4">Kalmaña—<span class="s3">sin.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kalpa-avatäras—</span><i>lélä-avatäras</i> appearing in each day of Brahmä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kalpa-våkña—</span>wish-fulfilling trees.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kalpa—</span>Brahmä's daytime, 4,320,000,000 years.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Käma-dhenus—</span>desire-fulfilling cows in Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Käma-gäyatré—</span>a Vedic hymn which is composed of twenty-four and a half syllables.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Käma-lekha—</span>exchanges of letters between a young boy and young girl concerning their awakening of attachment for one another.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kämadhenu—</span>spiritual cows, in the spiritual world, which yield unlimited quantities of milk.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kamaëòalu—</span>the water-pot carried by <i>sannyäsés.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Käma—</span>lust; the desire to gratify one's own senses; Desire, especially material desire and sexual desire; lust, as opposed to <i>prema.</i> See Prema.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Käma—</span>a high fever.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kämbhoja—</span>a province situated in the north western part of India.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kämpilya—</span>the capital of King Drupada.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kaàsa—</span>a demoniac king of the Bhoja dynasty and maternal uncle of Kåñëa. The son of Ugrasena. He imprisoned his father and took charge of the kingdom. He killed the first six children of Devaké. Kaàsa was killed by Lord Çré Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kaëäda—</span>the propounder of Vaiçeñika philosophy, which states that atoms are the original cause of the creation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Käëaphäöä-yogés—</span>beggars similar to gypsies who wear ivory earrings.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Käëòas—</span>three divisions of the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kaëika—</span>a <i>brähmaëa</i> minister of King Dhåtaräñöra. He advised the King to kill his enemies by any means. (Ädi Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kaniñöha-adhikäré—</span>a neophyte devotee in lowest stage of Vaiñëava life.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kaìka—</span>the name Yudhiñöhira used during the last year of exile in the kingdom of Viräöa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kant, Immanuel—</span>German rationalist philosopher, born in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) in 1724. He laid down what are known as the regulative principles of modern science, such as the law of the conservation of matter and the principle of causality. Kant gave the world the theory that the universe was formed out of a cloud of dust. He died in 1804. See Idealism, Rationalism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kanyäkumäré—</span>the virgin maiden; another name of the wife of Lord Çiva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kapha—</span>mucus, one of the three major elements of the gross body.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåpé—</span>the sister of Kåpäcärya and the wife of Droëa. Her son was Açvatthämä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kapila—</span>an incarnation of Kåñëa who appeared in Satya-yuga as the son of Devahüti and Kardama Muni and expounded the devotional <i>Säìkhya </i>philosophy, the analysis of matter and spirit, as a means of cultivatingdevotional service to the Lord. (There is also an atheist named Kapila, but he is not an incarnation of the Lord.)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Käraëa Ocean—</span>the corner of the spiritual universe in which Lord Mahä-Viñëu lies down to create the entirety of material universes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Karaëäpäöava—</span>imperfection of the material senses.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Käraëodakaçäyé Viñëu—</span>Mahä-Viñëu, the expansion of the Supreme Lord from whom all material universes emanate. He lies within the Causal Ocean and breathes out innumerable universes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Karaìga—</span>waterpot carried by <i>sannyäsés</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Karatälas—</span>hand cymbals used in <i>kértana.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kardama Muni—</span>the father of Lord Kapila and one of the chief forefathers of the population of the universe.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Karhai—</span>a deep, rounded pan with handles on both sides, used for deep-frying or pan-frying.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Karma-bandhana—</span>bondage to the reactions of fruitive activities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Karma-bandha—</span>the bondage of fruitive activities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Karma-käëòa—</span>the division of the <i>Vedas </i>which deals with fruitive activities performed for the purpose of gradual purification of the grossly entangled materialist; The path of fruitive work. One of the three departments of Vedic knowledge, <i>karma-käëòa</i> is taught by Dakña. See Apara-vidyä, Jïäna-käëòa, Upäsanä-käëòa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Karma-käëòéya—</span>relating to <i>karma-käëòa.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Karma-mémäàsä—</span>one of the six main Vedic philosophies. It states that the subtle laws of nature reward or punish one according to how one acts, without reference to an independent God; A doctrine of fruitive work taught by sage Jaimini. One of the six systems of Vedic philosophy. See Six systems.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Karma-niñöhas—</span>those who consider devotional service to be fruitive activities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Karma-tyäga—</span>the giving of the results of <i>karma </i>to the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Karma-véra—</span>a successful fruitive worker.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Karma-yoga—</span>action in devotional service; the path of God realization through dedicating the fruits of one's work to God.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Karmätmaka—</span>one whose mind is colored with fruitive activity.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Karma—</span>1. material action performed according to scriptural regulations; 2. action pertaining to the development of the material body; 3. any material action which will incur a subsequent reaction; 4. the material reaction one incurs due to fruitive activities; This Sanskrit word means 'action' or, more specifically, any material action that brings a reaction binding us to the material world. According to the law of <i>karma</i>, if we cause pain and suffering to other living beings, we must endure pain and suffering in return; One of the five <i>tattvas,</i> or Vedic ontological truths: the activity or work which the embodied living entity performs with the <i>karmendriya,</i> as well as the resultant reaction. The soul receives the due reaction to work by taking his next birth in a subhuman species, or the human species, or a superhuman species. Or the soul may be liberated from birth and death altogether. All this depends upon whether the <i>karma</i> performed within this lifetime is ignorant, passionate, good or transcendental. <i>Karma</i> dedicated in sacrifice as directed by Vedic injunctions raises the quality of a human being's work. Sacrifice culminates in activity dedicated only to Lord Kåñëa's service. Such transcendental <i>karma</i> is called <i>naiñkarma.</i> See Liberation, Life after death, Reincarnation, Saàsära, Supersoul, Tattva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Karmendriya—</span>The five working senses or organs of action: the mouth (with the double function of speaking and eating), the hands, the legs, the genitalia and the rectum.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Karmendriyas—</span>the working senses.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Karmés—</span>fruitive laborers.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Karmé—</span>one engaged in <i>kärma </i>(fruitive activity); a materialist.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Karëa—</span>the eldest son of Kunté before her marriage to Päëòu. She had received a <i>mantra</i> from Durväsä Muni that she could call any <i>deva</i> and conceive children. In her innocence she called Sürya, the sun-god and conceived Karëa. She was forced to abandon the child out of fear of her relatives. Karëa was then raised by Adhiratha and Rädhä. He fought against the Päëòavas and was killed by Arjuna in the battle of Kurukñetra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kärñëas—</span>the members of Lord Kåñëa's family.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kathenotheism—</span>From the Greek <i>kth'n,</i> one by one, plus <i>thes,</i> a god. A kathenotheist worships one god after another among a pantheon of gods, at intervals throughout the year. These gods are supposed to represent different facets of the absolute. See Atheism, Theism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kärttika—</span>the name of a Vedic month occurring around October-November of the solar calendar, in which the Dämodara form of Lord Kåñëa is worshiped.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kärttikeya—</span>the younger son of Lord Çiva and Pärvaté. He is the presiding deity of warfare. Also known as Subrahmanya or Skanda.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Karuëa-rasa—</span>the indirect relationship of compassion.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Käçamdi—</span>a kind of pickle.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Käçé—</span>one of the oldest sacred places of learning in India. The Puräëic name of the modern city of Benares in the North Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the place of Lord Çiva and generally the followers of Lord Çiva live there. Ambä, Ambikä and Ambälikä were abducted by Bhéñma from this city. This was the site of Lord Caitanya's famous conversion of the leading impersonalist scholar of the day, Prakäçänanda Sarasvaté.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kaçyapa—</span>a great saint who was the father of many demigods and also of the Supreme Lord's incarnation Vämanadeva; one of the seven mental sons of Lord Brahmä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kaöha Upaniñad—</span>one of the 108 Vedic scriptures known as <i>Upaniñads.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kathakali—</span>Keralan religious dance.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kätyäyané—</span>the material energy personified. She is also known as Durgä and Kälé and by many other names.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kauòis—</span>small conchshells.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s2">Kaunteya—</span>the son of Kunté (usually refers to Arjuna).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s2">Kaupéna—</span>the thick belt and underwear worn by saintly persons.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kauravas—</span>the descendants of King Kuru who fought against the Päëòavas in the Battle of Kurukñetra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kaustubha gem—</span>a jewel worn by Lord Viñëu, or Kåñëa, on His chest.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kavacé—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Karëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kavi-karëapüra Gosvämé—</span>a noted sixteenth-century author of Sanskrit poems and plays. He is one of the leading followers of Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Käyastha caste—</span>a Hindu community who are expert in managing business and government affairs; they are very reliable and faithful servants.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kekaya—</span>a province in ancient India. Five princes from this country joined with Yudhiñöhira in the battle of Kurukñetra, and they were killed by Droëa. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Keça-avatäras—</span>the false story of the incarnations of Kåñëa and Balaräma from respective black and white hairs of Kñérodakaçäyé Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kesava Kasmir—</span>learned scholar in Caitanya-lila.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Keçava—</span>the Supreme Lord, Kåñëa, who has fine, long black hair.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kesava Gaudiya Matha—</span>This temple was established by Srila Bhaktiprajnana Kesava Gosvami Maharaja, the sannyasa-guru of A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. The presiding Deities are Sri Sri Radha-vinoda-vihari.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kevalädvaita-vädés—</span>Mäyävädé philosophers.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kevala—</span>devotional platform of seeing the unlimited potency of Kåñëa but still considering oneself equal with Him; pure, uncontaminated emotion.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Keçé—</span>a demon who attacked the inhabitants of Våndävana in the form of a wild horse but was killed by Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Khäòi—</span>cotton cloth.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Khäjä—</span>a kind of light sweetmeat.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Khäëòavaprastha—</span>another name for Indraprastha. The forest in the part of the Kuru kingdom was devoured by Agni with the help of Lord Kåñëa and Arjuna.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Khaëòa—</span>a valley between two mountains;a section of a book.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Khasädayaù<i>—</i></span>classes of lowborn men.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Khaöväìga—</span>a saintly king who is famous for attaining unalloyed Kåñëa consciousness just moments before his death.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Khetari—</span>birthplace and residence of the great Vaiñëava Çréla Narottama däsa Öhäkura and site of a magnificent festival and Deity installation in which thousands of devotees took part, located in the West Bengal district of Rajasahi.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kécaka—</span>brother-in-law of King Viräöa. He was killed during the last year of the Päëòavas exile in the kingdom of Viräöa. When he lusted after Draupadé, he was killed by Bhéma.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kikaöa—</span>the present state of Gaya, in north-central India.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kindama—</span>a sage who was killed by Päëòu in the forest. Kindama had taken the form of a deer and was enjoying sex with his wife. Päëòu, thinking the deer fit for sacrifice, killed the deer and its mate. Before leaving his body, Kindama cursed Päëòu to die while he was enjoying his wife.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kinnaras—</span>minor demigods inhabiting the heavenly planets. They can change their form at will.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kiräta—</span>a mountainous region near modern Udaipur, Rajasthan, where Arjuna did penance. Lord Çiva took the form of a Kiräta and fought with Arjuna.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kiréöé—</span>another name for Arjuna.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kirméra—</span>a fierce Räkñasa and the brother of Baka. He was killed by Bhéma during their exile in the forest. (Vana Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kértana<i>—</i></span>glorification of the Supreme Lord. Narrating or singing the glories of the Supreme Personality of Godhead and His Holy Names; the devotional process of chanting the names and glories of the Supreme Lord; A related Sanskrit word is <i>kérti</i> (fame). Hence, <i>kértana</i> means to glorify, and <i>saìkértana</i> means to glorify congregationally, the fame of the Supreme Lord. <i>Saìkértana</i> is the <i>yuga-dharma</i>, or the main occupation and attribute of the present age <i>(Kali-yuga).</i> See Bhakti, Hare Kåñëa Mahä-mantra, Caitanya Mahäprabhu, Saìkértana; </p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s2">Kåñëa</span><span class="s1"><i>—</i></span>Literally, the all-attractive Lord; the main Sanskrit name of the original Supreme Personality of Godhead. Çré Kåñëa is the source of all incarnations, and no one is equal to Him or greater than Him. The <b><i>Vedas</i></b> glorify His partial incarnations (which include the demigods), His impersonal Brahman effulgence, His almighty Näräyaëa feature with four hands, and at last His superexcellent pastimes as the most sublime youth who herds millions of cows in the forest of Våndävana and dances with millions of cowherd girls <i>(gopés).</i> There is nothing to compare with this, the two-armed form of the Lord, blackish like a rain cloud, with reddish lotus eyes and a world-enchanting smile. In the material world the owner of the body is called the soul, and the body is called a material designation. In the spiritual Vaikuëöha world, however, there is no such distinction. The owner of the body is not different from the body, for both are pure spirit. The divine body of Lord Kåñëa in Vaikuëöha is the first and the cynosure of all spiritual forms. He is eternal, and His appearance within the material world as an <i>avatära</i> is perpetual. Kåñëa is personally <i>Bhagavän,</i> the possessor of six opulences in unlimited fullness: wealth, strength, beauty, knowledge, fame and renunciation. Semi-personally and impersonally, Kåñëa is represented by the Supersoul and the <i>brahma-jyotir </i>Besides all-attractive, the name Kåñëa also means the whole of existence and He who stops birth and death. Kåñëa has unlimited other names like Govinda, Gopäla, Mukunda and Hari. These holy names are nondifferent from Him and indicate the forms He displays in His various pleasure pastimes. See Avatära, Bhagavän, Bhakti, Brahmajyoti, Brahman, Deity, ISKCON, Éçvara, Lélä, Rädhäräëé, Supersoul, Spiritual world, Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kiçora-gopäla—</span>Kåñëa as a young boy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kitava—</span>a great cheater.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kleça-ghné—</span>description of devotional service indicating that it reduces or nullifies all kinds of suffering.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kosala—</span>a prosperous kingdom in ancient India. Bhémasena conquered this country for Yudhiñöhira before the Räjasüya sacrifice.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Koöé—</span>ten million.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kovil—</span>temple in Tamil Nadu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kratu—</span>one of the seven great sages who were born directly from Lord Brahmä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Krishnanagar—</span>a town that is the government headquarters of a sub-division of the West Bengal district of Nadia. It is about ten miles east of Çré Mäyäpura.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kriyä-héna<i>—</i></span>devoid of spiritual behavior.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kriyä-vidhäna—</span>injunctions for Vedic rituals.</p>
<p class="p4">Krodha—<span class="s3">anger.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåpä-siddha—</span>one who as attained perfection by the mercy of superior authorities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåpä-siddhi—</span>perfection attained simply by the blessings of the Lord or a great devotee.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåpäcärya—</span>the son of Çaradvän. He was a <i>brähmaëa</i> by birth, but was inclined to the duties of a <i>kñatriya</i>. He learned the Dhanur Veda from his father, and taught the sons of Dhåtaräñöra and the sons of Päëòu what he had learned from his father. Due to politics he took the side of Duryodhana during the battle of Kurukñetra. He later became the teacher of Mahäräja Parékñit.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåpaëa—</span>a miserly man who wastes his life by not striving for spiritual realization.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Krpä-siddihi—</span>perfection attained simply by the blessings of a great devotee or transcendentalist.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåñëa Dvaipäyana—</span>another name of Çréla Vyäsadeva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåñëa-äkarñiëé—</span>description of pure devotional service indicating that it gradually attracts Kåñëa toward the devotee.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåñëa-bahirmukha—</span>bereft of one's relationship with Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåñëa-bhakta—</span>a devotee of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåñëa-bhakti—</span>devotion to Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåñëa-däsa—</span>servant of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåñëa-karma—</span>doing all work for the sake of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåñëa-kathä—</span>discussions or topics spoken by or about Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåñëa-kértana—</span>the chanting of Kåñëa's name and pastimes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåñëa-lélä—</span>the transcendental pastimes of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåñëa-päriñada—</span>associates of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåñëa-prasädam—</span><i>Prasäda</i>, or <i>prasädam</i>-"the mercy of Lord Kåñëa." Food prepared for the pleasure of Kåñëa and offered to Him with love and devotion. Because Kåñëa tastes the offering, the food becomes spiritualized and purifies anyone who eats it.<i> See also: Mahä-prasädam</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåñëa-prema-dhana—</span>the treasure of love for Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåñëa-viraha—</span>the feeling of spiritual separation from Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåñëadäsa Kaviräja Gosvämi—</span>author of the immortal <i>Çré Caitanya-caritämåta, </i>considered the greatest work on the life and philosophy of Lord Caitanya. He composed it in his nineties, despite bodily infirmity. This book is especially revered by Gauòéya Vaiñëavas. He was ordered by Lord Nityänanda in a dream to go to Våndävana where he studied the Gosvämé literature under the direction of Raghunätha däsa Gosvämé.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåñëäliìgita-vigraha—</span>the spiritual master, who is always embraced by Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåñëä—</span>another name of Draupadé.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåñëa—</span>the original, two-armed form of the Supreme Lord, who is the origin of all expansions.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåñëe matir astu—</span>greeting of Vaiñëava <i>sannyäsés </i>meaning "Let your attention be on Kåñëa."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Krñnaloka—</span>the planet in the spiritual world where Krñna resides. <i>See also:</i> <i>Goloka Våndävana</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåta-yuga—</span>Satya-yuga.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kåtavarmä—</span>a king of the Våñëi dynasty, and the son of Hädéka. He took the side of Duryodhana during the battle of Kurukñetra. He was killed during the fratricidal war of the Yadus.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kñattä—</span>a name of Vidura.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kñara—</span>perishable.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kñatradeva—</span>the son of Çikhaëòé. He was killed by Lakñmaëa during the Kurukñetra war.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kñatradharman—</span>one of the sons of Dhåñöadyumna. He was killed by Droëa during the Kurukñetra war.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kñatraïjaya—</span>one of the sons of Dhåñöadyumna. He was killed by Droëa during the Kurukñetra war.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kñatravarman—</span>one of the sons of Dhåñöadyumna. He was killed by Droëa during the Kurukñetra war.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kñatriya—</span>third of the four orders of the <i>varëäçrama</i> system. A warrior who is inclined to fight and lead others. The administrative or protective occupation according to the system of four social and spiritual orders.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kñepaëa—</span>subordinate ecstatic symptoms, including dancing and bodily contortions; a division of <i>anubhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kñetra-sannyäsa—</span>vow to leave household life and live in a place of pilgrimage devoted to Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kñetrajïa<i>—</i></span>one who is conscious of the body. Both the soul and the Supersoul are <i>kñetrajïa, </i>for the individual soul is conscious of his own particular body and the Supersoul is conscious of the bodies of all living beings.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kñetra—</span>field of activities, the body of the conditioned soul.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kñérodakaçäyé Viñëu—</span>the Viñëu expansion of the Supreme Lord who enters within each atom and between each atom of the universe and enters the heart of every living entity. He is also called the Supersoul.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kñéracorä—</span>Gopénätha Deity who stole condensed milk for Mädhavendra Puré.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kñudhä-tåñëä—</span>hunger and thirst.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ku-viñaya—</span>sense gratificatory activities performed under sinful conditions. </p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s2">Kuça—</span>an auspicious grass used in Vedic rituals and sacrifices.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kulaçekhara—</span>a great devotee-king and the author of <i>Mukunda-mälä stotra, </i>prayers to Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kuläcala—</span>the place where there is no disturbance.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kumäras—</span>four learned ascetic sons of Lord Brahmä appearing eternally as children, who became great devotees of the Lord and great authorities on devotional service; Four sons of Brahmä, named Sanat, Sanandana, Sanaka and Sanätana, who are incarnations of the <i>jïäna-çakti</i> (power of knowledge) of Lord Viñëu. They live for the entire duration of universal time, but appear as children of only 5 years. One of the four Vaiñëava <i>sampradäyas</i> is called the Kumära Sampradäya. They are its original founders.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kumbha-melä—</span>a fair held every twelve years at Prayäga for spiritual upliftment; attended by people from all over India.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kumbhaka-yoga—</span>complete stoppage of the air currents within the body as part of the eightfold mystic process.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kumbha—</span>pitcher.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kumera—</span>a variety of sweet potato with a rich, orange colour, popular in New Zealand.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kuëòadhära—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma during the battle of Kurukñetra. (Bhéñma Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kuëòaja—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma during the battle of Kurukñetra. (Bhéñma Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kuëòalé—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma during the battle of Kurukñetra. (Bhéñma Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kuëòa—</span>small lake or pond.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kuëòodara—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma during the battle of Kurukñetra. (Bhéñma Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kuìkuma—</span>a sweetly-flavored reddish cosmetic powder which is thrown on the bodies of worshipable persons, also used by married women to decorate their foreheads.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kunté—</span>the mother of the Päëòavas and Lord Kåñëa's aunt in the Mahäbhärata. She was the daughter of Çürasena and the sister of Vasudeva. She was adopted by King Kuntébhoja and later married King Päëòu. Her other name is Påthä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kuntibhoja—</span>a king of the Yadu dynasty, and the foster father of Kunté. He took the side of the Päëòavas during the Kurukñetra war.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kurara—</span>a type of osprey (female <i>kuraré</i>).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kürma Puräëa—</span>one of the eighteen Puräëas. It describes the pastimes of Lord Kåñëa's tortoise incarnation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kürma—</span>the Supreme Lord's incarnation as a tortoise.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kurta—</span>Indian shirts pullover.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kurukñetra—</span>a holy place due to the penances of King Kuru. It was here that the great Mahäbhärata war was fought; situated about ninety miles north of New Delhi where Lord Kåñëa spoke the <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> to Arjuna, five thousand years ago. It is a place of pilgrimage.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kurus—</span>all of the descendants of King Kuru, but specifically the 100 sons of Dhåtaräñöra. The Päëòavas were also descendants of King Kuru, but Dhåtaräñöra wished to exclude them from the family tradition; enemies of the Päëòavas.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kuru—</span>the founder of the dynasty in which the Päëòavas, as well as their archrivals, the sons of Dhåtaräñöra, took birth.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kutärkikas—</span>false logicians.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kuöécaka—</span>the first stage of the <i>sannyäsa</i> order. The <i>kuöécaka </i>lives in a hut nearby his village, and his family brings him food.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kuöi-näöi—</span>duplicity or fault-finding.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kuööamita—</span>happy within the heart, but externally angry and offended.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kuöumbiné—</span>intelligence.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Kuvera—</span>one of the important demigods in heaven, and the treasurer of wealth. He benedicted the Päëòavas during their exile in the forest; father of Nalaküvara and Maëigréva.</p>
<p class="p2"><b>-L-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Laghima-siddhi—</span>mystic ability to make one's body very light</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Laghu-bhägavatämåta—</span>a book by Çréla Rüpa Gosvämé describing Kåñëa, His incarnations and His devotees.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Lakh—</span>one hundred thousand, written as 1,00,000.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Lakñmaëa—</span>a very brave son of Duryodhana. He was killed by Abhimanyu during the battle of Kurukñetra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Lakñmaëa—</span>a younger brother of Lord Rämacandra's. An incarnation of Saìkarñaëa, He accompanied Räma and Sétä in Their exile.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Lakñmé-Näräyaëa—</span>the transcendental couple of Lord Kåñëa in His four-armed form and the goddess of fortune, Lakñmé.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Lakñmé-vijayotsava festival—</span>the pastime of Lakñmé's victory during the Ratha-yäträ festival.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Lakñmé—</span>the goddess of fortune and the eternal consort of the Supreme Lord as Lord Närayaëa, who resides in the unlimited spiritual realm of Vaikuëtha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Laksman Sen—</span>King of Bengal in the 12th century. His grandfather, Vijaya Sen, founded the city of Navadvépa in 1063 on the eastern bank of the Ganges. Laksman Sen was crowned king in 1178, and he made Navadvépa his capital. The ruins of his kingdom can still be found in the villages of Bamanpukur and Mäyäpura. He was a great patron of learning and sponsored the famous Jayadeva Gosvämé, author of <i>Gétä-govinda.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Laìkä—</span>the golden city of Rävaëa, situated some eight hundred miles south of India, in Ceylon.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Laos—</span>Galangal<i>-</i>there are two varieties of <i>galangal</i>-greater and lesser. Both are closely related, although the lesser is more important. Greater <i>galangal</i> (Alpinia galanga), native to Indonesia, is related to ginger. Its large, knobby, spicy roots taste rather like ginger and are used in Indonesian cooking. Lesser <i>galangal (Alpinia officinarum)</i> is the rhizome of a plant native to China. Its roots have a pepper-ginger flavour and are used in many Indonesian and Malaysian dishes. In Indonesia it is also known as <i>laos</i>. <i>Laos </i>or<i> galangal</i> can occasionally be obtained fresh from Chinese or Indonesian shops. Peel and slice it before use. If unavailable, substitute fresh ginger. <i>Laos</i> powder is also used, especially in Indonesian cooking. It is less hot and more bitter than fresh <i>laos</i>. Use very sparingly or substitute slices of fresh ginger.</p>
<p class="p5">Galangal—</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Läphrä-vyaïjana—</span>combination of green vegetables, often mixed with rice.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Lassi—</span>a sweet or salty yogurt drink.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Laukika—</span>Ordinary, mundane or commonplace; nonscriptural, as opposed to <i>çästramülaka.</i> See Çästramülaka.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Lgos (Gr.)—</span>Reason, argument, word, speech, or knowledge of something. In Greek philosophy, <i>lgos</i> has three aspects of meaning: structured thought, structured speech and the structured appearance of the world. See Logic.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Liberation—</span>freedom from the material concept of life; being situated in one's constitutional position as an eternal servant of God; In Sanskrit, <i>mokña</i> or <i>mukti.</i> Vedic culture guides mankind through four stages of value development: <i>dharma</i> (religiosity), <i>artha</i> (economic development), <i>käma</i> (sense gratification) and <i>mokña</i> (liberation of the soul from birth and death). Beyond even <i>mokña,</i> taught Caitanya Mahäprabhu, is the fifth and unsurpassed stage, love of God <i>(prema)</i>. See Ecstasy, Life after death, Karma, Nirväna, Prema.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Life after death—</span>All the great religions of mankind teach that this present life is meant to cultivate a life in the hereafter. Among the various sects of Judaeo-Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism, two paths of cultivation can be discerned: 1) the path of elevation, and 2) the path of salvation. The elevationists aim for an elevated state of material happiness in the afterlife. Their hope is to join their family and friends in the celestial realm known as heaven in the Bible and <i>svarga</i> in the Vedas. The <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> warns that although life in heaven is much longer than on earth, it is not eternal: When they have thus enjoyed vast heavenly sense pleasure and the results of their pious activities are exhausted, they return to this mortal planet again. Thus those who seek sense enjoyment by adhering to the principles of elevation achieve only repeated birth and death. [<i>Bg.</i> <b>9.21]</b> Salvationists, on the other hand, aim to be saved from their mortality. They often speak of salvation as the surrender of the mortal self to the eternal light that is Nirväna, Brahman or God. Some speak of salvation as a state of unbroken prayerful contemplation upon a personal deity. These are descriptions of impersonal Brahman and Paramätmä realization. Impersonal Brahman, as explained in the <i>brahma-jyotir</i> entry, is the formless effulgence of Kåñëa's personal form. Mystics and <i>yogés</i> who are able to negate their minds' attachments to the world of material form may lose themselves within this formless light. Paramätmä is Kåñëa's form as the Supersoul, who dwells within the hearts of all living beings as the overseer and permitter (see <i>Bg.</i> <b>13.23</b>). Paramätmä realization is semi-personal, because the salvationist's relationship to the Supersoul in the heart remains passive. More than wanting to serve God, the salvationist wants to be saved from death and rebirth. Thus impersonal Brahman and semi-personal Paramätmä realization are incomplete. The complete realization is the realization of the Personality of Godhead through <i>bhakti-yoga. </i>The most fortunate salvationists can attain only the <i>çänta-rasa</i> (passive relationship in awe and reverence). The four higher <i>rasas</i> are reserved for Kåñëa's pure devotees. By flooding the senses with eternal nectar from the original, pure source of pleasure God Himself love of Kåñëa completely liberates the devotee from attraction to temporary material sense pleasures. Thus the consciousness of the soul completely takes shelter of its original position as an eternal associate of the Lord in the spiritual world. As long as he or she still possesses a physical body, the fully Kåñëa conscious devotee is called <i>jévan-mukta,</i> liberated while still within the material world. When he or she gives up the physical body, the fully Kåñëa conscious devotee remains forever with Kåñëa in the spiritual world. This is <i>videha-mukti,</i> liberation that transcends the material world altogether. See Bhakti-yoga, Brahmajyoti, Brahman, Karma, Liberation, Nirväna, Prema, Rasa, Reincarnation, Saàsära, Supersoul.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Lélä-avatäras<i>—</i></span>innumerable incarnations, like Matsya, Kurma, Räma and Nåsiàha, who descend to display the spiritual pastimes of the Personality of Godhead in the material world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Lélä-çakti—</span>Kåñëa's internal potency, the energy that helps to enact His pastimes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Lélä—</span>a transcendental ''pastime" or activity performed by God or His devotee; The endlessly expanding spiritual activities and pastimes of Kåñëa. See Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Liìgam—</span>phallic symbol which is used in the worship of Lord Çiva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Liìga-çaréra—</span>See Subtle body.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Liìga—</span>the subtle body: mind, intelligence and false ego.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Lobha—</span>greed.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Locana däsa Öhäkura—</span>a great Kåñëa conscious spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Logic—</span>This is one of the four main branches of philosophy (besides epistemology, ethics and metaphysics). Logic is the study of reasoning systematic thought expressed in language (speech) that accounts for what we know in this world. Through logic the experience of the world is made intelligible. See Epistemology, Ethics, Fallacy, Lgos, Metaphysics, Nyäya, Philosophy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Logical positivism—</span>A twentieth century development of positivism and empiricism. Its basis is the theory of verification, which claims the only valid truth is that which is proven by the modern scientific method. Language should emulate mathematical logic in order to express this truth. Metaphysical statements and values are meaningless. One of its founders is the British philosopher A.J. Ayer. See Empiricism, Positivism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Loka-päla—</span>a generic term for the deity presiding over one of the directions: Indra for the east, Agni for the southeast. Yama for the south, Sürya for the southwest, Varuëa for the west, Väyu for the northwest, Kuvera for the north, and Candra for the northeast.</p>
<p class="p4">Loka-pratäraka—<span class="s3">a pretender.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Lokäyatikas<i>—</i></span>a class of philosophers, akin to the Buddhists, who existed when Lord Kåñëa spoke <i>Bhagavad-gétä </i>and who accept that life is a product of a mature combination of material elements.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Loka<i>—</i></span>planet.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Lomaça—</span>a sage who guided the Päëòavas during their exile in the forest. He took them to many places of pilgrimage. (Vana Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Lorry—</span>truck.</p>
<p class="p2"><b>-M-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s2"><b>Mad</b></span><span class="s1"> elephant offense—</span>offense against the lotus feet of a Vaiñëava.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Madana-mohana-mohiné—</span>Rädhäräëé, the enchanter of the enchanter of Cupid.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Madana-mohana—</span>the name of Kåñëa which means "He who charms Cupid."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mädana—</span>a category of highly advanced ecstasy in which the lovers meet together and there is kissing and many other symptoms.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Madana—</span>Cupid, the demigod who incites lusty desires in the living beings.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mada—</span>madness, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva; </i>also, intoxication.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mädhäi—</span><i>see: Jagäi and Mädhäi</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mädhava—</span>a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning "He who appeared in the Madhu dynasty." It is also a name for the Yadu dynasty; also a name of Kåñëa comparing Him to the sweetness of springtime or the sweetness of honey.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mädhukaré—</span>a saintly mendicant who takes a little food from each householder's place like a bee gathering honey; a system of begging adopted by a mendicant.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Madhupati—</span>name of Kåñëa in Dvärakä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Madhura-rasa—</span><i>see:Mädhurya-rasa. below.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mädhurya-bhaktas—</span>devotees engaged only in conjugal love.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mädhurya-lélä—</span>Lord Kåñëa's pastimes of conjugal love with His eternal associates.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mädhurya-rasa—</span>the spiritual relationship in conjugal love which the Supreme Lord and His devotee reciprocate as lovers.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mädhurya-rati—</span><i>see: Mädhurya-rasa. above.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Madhusüdana—</span>a name of Kåñëa, "killer of the Madhu demon."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Madhväcärya—</span>a great thirteenth-century Vaiñëava spiritual master, who preached the theistic philosophy of pure dualism. The founder of the <i>dvaita </i>school of <i>Vedänta </i>philosophy. He wrote a number of works which refuted the impersonal philosophy of Çaìkaräcärya. He appeared in the 13th century in Udipé, in South India. He took <i>sannyäsa </i>at the age of twelve, traveled all over India and had the personal <i>darçana </i>of Çréla Vyäsadeva in the Himalayan abode of Badarikäçrama and presented his commentary on <i>Bhagavad-gétä </i>before that venerable sage. He also received a <i>çälagrama-çéla </i>called Añöamürti from Vyäsa. He was very powerful both physically and intellectualy, and was considered to be an incarnation of Väyu, the wind god.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Madhva—</span>Also known as Änandatértha and Pürëaprajïa, <i>äcärya</i> Madhva re-established the Brahmä Sampradäya in the thirteenth century AD. He is considered to be the <i>avatära</i> of Väyu and Hanumän. A prolific writer and undefeatable in debate, he established Dvaita Vedänta in direct opposition to Çaìkaräcärya's Advaita Vedänta. Çréla Jéva Go-svämé acknowledged Madhva's works as an inspiration for his own writings on <i>acintya-bheda-abheda</i> philosophy. See Advaita, Dvaita, Four Vaiñëava Sampradäyas and Siddhäntas, Çaìkaräcärya, Vedänta.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Madhya-lélä—</span>the pastimes Lord Caitanya performed during the middle part of His manifest presence, while He was traveling throughout India; the portion of the <i>Caitanya-caritämåta</i> recounting those pastimes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Madhyama-adhikäré—</span>devotee who worships the Lord with firm faith, makes friends with His devotees, preaches to the innocent, and avoids atheists; Madhyama-bhägavata</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Madirä—</span>a wife of Vasudeva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Madirekñaëä—</span>refers to one whose eyes are so attractive that one who observes them becomes maddened by her. In other words, <i>madirekñaëä</i> means a very beautiful young girl. According to Jéva Gosvämé, <i>madirekñaëä</i> means the personified deity of <i>bhakti.</i> If one is attracted by the <i>bhakti</i> cult, he becomes engaged in the service of the Lord and the spiritual master, and thus his life becomes successful. Vaidarbhé, the woman, became a follower of her husband. As she left her comfortable home for the service of her husband, a serious student of spiritual understanding must give up everything for the service of the spiritual master. As stated by Viçvanätha Cakravarté Öhäkura, <i>yasya prasädäd bhagavat-prasädaù:</i> if one wants actual success in life, he must strictly follow the instructions of the spiritual master. By following such instructions, one is sure to make rapid progress in spiritual life. [<i>Gurv-añöaka</i> <b>8</b>]<b> </b>This statement by Viçvanätha Cakravarté is in pursuance of the following injunction from the <i>Çvetäçvatara Upaniñad</i><i>yasya deve parä bhaktir yathä deve tathä gurau tasyaite kathitä hy arthäù prakäçante mahätmanaù </i>"Unto those great souls who have implicit faith in both the Lord and the spiritual master, all the imports of Vedic knowledge are automatically revealed." (<i>Çvetäçvatara Upaniñad</i> <b>6.23</b>) <b><i>ataù çré-kåñëa-nämädi na bhaved grähyam indriyaiù sevonmukhe hi jihvädau svayam eva sphuraty adaù</i></b> "No one can understand Kåñëa as He is by the blunt material senses. But He reveals Himself to the devotees, being pleased with them for their transcendental loving service unto Him." <b>[</b><b><i>Padma Puräëa</i></b><b>]</b> <b><i>bhaktyä mäm abhijänäti yävän yaç cäsmi tattvataù tato mäà tattvato jïätvä viçate tad-anantaram</i></b> "One can understand the Supreme Personality as He is only by devotional service. And when one is in full consciousness of the Supreme Lord by such devotion, he can enter into the kingdom of God."</p>
<p class="p3"> These are Vedic instructions. One must have full faith in the words of the spiritual master and similar faith in the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Then the real knowledge of <i>ätmä</i> and Paramätmä and the distinction between matter and spirit will be automatically revealed. This <i>ätma-tattva,</i> or spiritual knowledge, will be revealed within the core of a devotee's heart because of his having taken shelter of the lotus feet of a <i>mahäjana</i> such as Prahläda Mahäräja. [<b>6.23</b>]: <i>yasya deve parä bhaktir yathä deve tathä gurau tasyaite kathitä hy arthäù prakäçante mahätmanaù</i>"Only unto those great souls who have implicit faith in both the Lord and the spiritual master are all the imports of Vedic knowledge automatically revealed." In the <i>Chändogya Upaniñad</i> [<b>6.14.2</b>]<b> </b>it is said, <i>äcäryavän puruño veda:</i> "One who approaches a bona fide spiritual master can understand everything about spiritual realization." </p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mädré—</span>the co-wife (with Kunté) of King Päëòu. She conceived Nakula and Sahadeva from the Açviné Kumära demigods. She entered the fire with her husband.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Magadha—</span>a province of ancient India; also the capital city of King Jaräsandha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mägha-melä—</span>a yearly fair held during the month of Mägha at Prayäga for spiritual upliftment.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahä-bhägavata—</span>a pure devotee of the Supreme Lord in the highest stage of devotional life; Uttama-adhikäré-a first-class devotee who is expert in Vedic literature and has full faith in the Supreme Lord; he can deliver the whole world; The Sanskrit term <i>bhagavata</i> refers to a devotee of Bhagavän Çré Kåñëa. A <i>mahä-bhagavata</i> is a great or first-class Vaiñëava devotee.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahä-bhäva—</span>the highest stage of love of God.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahäbhärata—</span>An important and famous <i>itihäsa</i> (historical) scripture belonging to the <i>småti</i> section of the Vedic scriptures. The <i>Mahäbhärata</i> narrates the history of the great Kuru dynasty of <i>kñatriyas</i> (warriors) that was annihilated by the Kurukñetra war. Contained within the <i>Mahäbhärata</i> is the <i>Bhagavad-gétä.</i> See Bhagavad-gétä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahä-bhütas—</span>The five material elements: earth, water, fire, air and ether. See Elements.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahä-dvädaçé—</span>the day after Ekädaçé, celebrated instead of Ekädaçi because of astronomical overlapping. Lord Kåñëa calls it Ekädaçé if a fast is observed on that day.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahä-lakñmé—</span>Lakñmé-the goddess of fortune and the eternal consort of the Supreme Lord as Lord Närayaëa, who resides in the unlimited spiritual realm of Vaikuëtha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahä-mahä-prasädam—</span>the remnants of food left by a pure Vaiñëava.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mala—</span>string of 108 beads made from Tulsasi wood used for chanting or Japa-the soft recitation of the Kåñëa's holy names as a private meditation, with the aid of 108 prayer beads.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahä-mantra—</span>the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare; is the great <i>mantra </i>composed of the principal names of Godhead in their vocative forms. This maha-mantra is found in the <i>Puräëas </i>and <i>Upaniñads </i>and is specifically recommended for chanting in this age of Kali as the only means of God realization. Lord Caitanya personally designated it as the <i>mahä-mantra </i>and practically demonstrated the effects of the chanting.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahä-mäyä—</span>the material nature; the external potency of the Supreme Lord, which bewilders the conditioned living entities. She is personified as Durgä-devé; the illusory, material energy of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahä-paëòita—</span>a very learned person.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahä-prasädam—</span>sanctified food that consists of remnants from the plate offered directly to Kåñëa in His Deity form.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahat—</span>Literally, very great, this word is often used in the Vedic scriptures to signify the immeasurability of material nature.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahat-tattva—</span>The first stage of creation, in which the ingredients of subsequent creations are displayed within material nature. The ingredients appear when the three modes of material nature are activated by the glance of Mahä-Viñëu. See Modes of nature, Prakåti, Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahapuri—</span>one of the pilgrimage cities in India where residence brings salvation. The seven maha-puris are Mathura, Ayodhya, Hardwar, Varanasi, Kanchi, Ujjain, and Dwarka.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahä-pürëa—</span>the highest level of perfection.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahä-puruña—</span>the Supreme Lord, who is the supreme enjoyer.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahä-ratha—</span>a powerful warrior who can single-handedly fight against ten thousand others.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahä-snäna—</span>a vast bath with ghee and water used to bathe the Deity.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahä-vadänyävatära—</span>Lord Caitanya, the most magnanimous incarnation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahä-väkya—</span>transcendental sound vibration.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Maha-Viñëu—</span>the expansion of the Supreme Lord Viñëu reclining on Ädi-Sesa, from whom all material universes emanate; See Supersoul, Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahäbhärata-tatparya-nérëaya—</span>Madhväcärya's commentary on the <i>Mahäbhärata.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahäbhärata<i>—</i></span>an ancient, Sanskrit, epic history of Bhärata, or India composed by Krñëa Dvaipäyana Vyäsadeva, the literary incarnation of Godhead, in 100,000 verses. The essence of all Vedic philosophy, the <i>Bhagavad-gétä, is </i>a part of this great work. <i>Mahabhärata is </i>a history of the earth from its creation to the great Kurukñetra war fought between the Kuru and Päëdava factions of the Kaurava dynasty, which took place about five thousand years ago. The battle was waged to determine who would be the emperor of the world: the saintly Yudhiñthira, a Vaiñëava king, or the evil-minded Duryodhana, the son of Dhrtarastra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahäbhuta<i>—</i></span><i>(mahä-</i>great + <i>bhuta-</i>element) the five great material elements: earth, water, fire, air and ether.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahädeva—</span>Lord Çiva-the <i>guëa-avatära</i> who is the superintendent of the mode of ignorance <i>(tamoguëa) </i>and who takes charge of destroying the universe at the time of annihilation. He disguised himself as a Kiräta and fought with Arjuna over a boar. Lord Çiva was pleased with Arjuna and gave him a benediction of the <i>Paçupati</i> <i>astra</i> by which he could kill Jayadratha. He also gave a benediction to Açvatthämä that he could kill the remaining soldiers on the side of the Päëòavas while they were sleeping in their tents. He is also considered the <b>greatest</b> Vaiñëava, or devotee, of Lord Kåñëa. He is confused by some with the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahäjana—</span>one of the twelve great self-realized souls, authorized agents of the Lord whose duty is to preach the cult of devotional service to the people in general; one who understands the Absolute Truth and throughout his life behaves likes a pure devotee.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahäkäça—</span>(lit., the greatest sky of all) the space occupied by Goloka Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahal—</span>palace or house.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahäprabhu—</span>supreme master of all masters; Lord Caitanya.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahäräëé—</span>wife of the king or the ruler in her own right.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahäräja—</span>king, ruler, <i>sannyasi</i> (renounced order of life)<i> </i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahäraurava—</span>a hell wherein animal killers are sent.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Maharloka—</span>a heavenly planet.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahätmä—</span>a "great soul" an exalted devotee of Lord Kåñëa, free from material contamination. one who factually understands that Kåñëa is everything and who therefore surrenders unto Him.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Maheçvara—</span>the supreme proprietor. Çiva-the <i>guëa-avatära</i> who is the superintendent of the mode of ignorance <i>(tamoguëa) </i>and who takes charge of destroying the universe at the time of annihilation. He disguised himself as a Kiräta and fought with Arjuna over a boar. Lord Çiva was pleased with Arjuna and gave him a benediction of the <i>Paçupati</i> <i>astra</i> by which he could kill Jayadratha. He also gave a benediction to Açvatthämä that he could kill the remaining soldiers on the side of the Päëòavas while they were sleeping in their tents. He is also considered the <b>greatest</b> Vaiñëava, or devotee, of Lord Kåñëa. He is confused by some with the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahendra—</span>Lord Indra, the King of heaven.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahiña—</span>buffalo demon who was killed by Durgä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mahodara—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Maidan—</span>open square or park.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mainäka—</span>this mountain was the son of Himavan during the Satya-yuga, when mountains had wings. Its wings were clipped, and it was placed in the ocean by Indra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Maitreya Muni—</span>the great sage who spoke <i>Çrémäd-Bhagävätäm </i>to Vidura, who gave advice to the Päëòavas during their exile in the forest. He cursed Duryodhana that Bhéma would fulfill his vow.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Makara-dhvaja—</span>"The sex-god is called Makara-dhvaja." <i>Bhäg</i>. <b>3.28.32</b>. <i>See also: Cupid</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mälä—</span>chanting with beads.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Malayadhvaja—</span>a nice devotee who is like sandalwood.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Malina-aìgatä—</span>the ecstatic symptom of uncleanliness.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mallikä—</span>a sweet-scented flower of Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mälyavän—</span>a great demon.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mamatä—</span>an intimate attachment between the servitor and the served in devotional service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mänasa-gaìgä—</span>a sacred river that flows in Våndävana along part of the base of Govardhana Hill.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mänasarovara—</span>a lake north of India, near Mount Kailäsa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mänä—</span>standard of measurement for rice and grain.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mäna—</span>when the lover feels novel sweetness by exchanging hearty loving words but wishes to hide his feelings by crooked means.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mandapam (mandapa)—</span>halls of the temple, often with many pillars. They are one or more entrance porches or halls that lead to the <i>vimana </i>or inner sanctum.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mandaräcala—</span>the mountain used by the demigods and demons to churn the ocean of milk and thus extract nectar.</p>
<p class="p4">Mandir—<span class="s3">temple</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Maìgala-arati—</span>the daily predawn worship ceremony honoring the Deity of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Maëimän—</span>a Yakña who was killed by Bhémasena. (Vana Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Maëimä—</span>an address used for respectable persons in Orissa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Manéñä—</span>intelligence.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Maïjaré—</span>the small, purplish flowers of the <i>tulasé </i>plant. <i>Maïjarés</i>, along with <i>tulasé </i>leaves, are offered only to the Supreme Personality of Godhead. They must be fresh.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Manjughoñä—</span>a society lady of the heavenly planets.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Manomaya—</span>(consciousness) absorbed in mental activity.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mantra—</span>(<i>man</i>-mind + <i>tra</i>-deliverance) a pure sound vibration when repeated over and over delivers the mind from its material inclinations and illusion. A transcendental sound or Vedic hymn, a prayer or chant; Combining the Sanskrit terms <i>manas</i> (mind) and <i>trayate</i> (to deliver), a <i>mantra</i> is a spiritual sound that frees consciousness from illusion. The Vedic scriptures are composed of many thousands of <i>mantras.</i> <i>Mahä-mantra</i> means great mantra; it is a synonym for the Hare Kåñëa <i>mantra: </i>Hare Kåñëa Hare Kåñëa Kåñëa Kåñëa Hare Hare Hare Räma Hare Räma Räma Räma Hare Hare</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Manu-saàhitä—</span>the scriptural lawbook for mankind, written by Manu, the administrative demigod, and father of mankind.</p>
<p class="p4">Manuñya-gaëa—<span class="s3">mankind.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Manu—</span>Svayambhuva Manu, a demigod son of Brahmä who is the original father and lawgiver of the human race; also, a generic name for any of the fourteen universal rulers also known as Manvantara-avataras, who appear in each day of Lord Brahmä. Their names are 1) Svayambhuva; 2) Svärociña; 3) Uttama; 4) Tämasa; 5) Raivata; 6) Cäkñusa; 7) Vaivasvata; 8) Savarëi; 9) Dakña-sävarëi; 10) Brahma-sävarëi; 11) Dharma-sävarëi; 12) Rudra-sävarëi; 13) Deva-sävarni; 14) Indra-sävarëi.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Manvantara-avatäras—</span>the incarnations of the Supreme Lord who appear during the reign of each Manu (306,720,000 years); used as a standard division of history.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Manvantara—</span>the duration of each Manu' s reign</p>
<p class="p4">Marakata-maëi—<span class="s3">an emerald.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Maratha—</span>ruling group from Maharashtra in the 16th and 17th centuries.</p>
<p class="p4">Märga—<span class="s3">road.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Maréci—</span>one of the great sages born directly from Lord Brahmä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Märiñä—</span>the society girl of the heavenly planets sent by Indra to seduce the sage Kaëòu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Märkaëòeya Åñi—</span>an ancient sage who narrated the <b><i>Märkaëòeya Puräëa</i></b>, which, describes the nature of Krñëa. He beheld the Lord lying down on a Banyan leaf during the period of universal devastation</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Märkaëòeya Puräëa—</span>the <b><i>Puräëa</i></b> of Märkaëòeya Åñi.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Markaöa-vairägya—</span>false renunciation; literally, the renunciation of a monkey.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Martya-loka—</span>the "world of death," the earth.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Martya—</span>a description of Kåñëa indicating that because of His affection for His devotees He appears like an ordinary human being.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Marudloka—</span>the planet of the Maruts, associates of King Indra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Maruts—</span>the demigod associates of King Indra, the gods of the air. They number forty-nine and are sons of Diti.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Marxism—</span>The rationalist political and economic doctrine of the nineteenth century German social revolutionary Karl Marx (1818-1883). Marx is considered to be a materialist, but his materialism is special. He believed the material (especially economic) facts of a society determine its mental aspects: social laws, religion, culture and other patterns of thought. In short, Marx believed the material determines the mental. But materialism is actually the belief that the material <i>is</i> the mental. Marx was much influenced by the idealist Hegel, whose philosophy of history predicted the progressive development of human consciousness towards knowledge of the absolute. Marx translated that notion of progress into economic terms. But the historical end he foresaw for humanity perpetual communisms idealistic, not materialistic. According to materialism, nothing is perpetual except primordial matter. Phenomena are ever-changing. Hence, no social system can be permanent. Theorist of economy that he was, Marx was not able to provide for his wife and children. He and his family were supported by his fellow revolutionary Friedrich Engels, a rich man's son. See Humanism, Idealism, Materialism, Rationalism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Maryädä-laìghana—</span>a violation of the regulative principles.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Masjéd—</span>a mosque.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mätä Çacé—</span>the mother of Lord Çri Caitanya Mahäprabhu, the daughter of Nilämbara Cakravarté and the wife of Çré Jagannätha Miçra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mätali—</span>the charioteer of Indra. He took Arjuna to the heavenly planets. (Vana Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mata—</span>mother.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Materialism—</span>A very broad category of philosophy containing many shades of theory. The main points are that everything in existence is only matter in motion. According to some materialists, mind exists, but only as an effect of matter in motion. Other materialists say mind has no existence at all. All agree there is no God, there is no first cause or prime mover and that life is not eternal. All phenomena change, eventually pass out of existence, returning back again to a primordial eternal material ground in an eternal retransformation of matter. Marxists claim to be materialists, but the doctrine taught by Karl Marx has idealistic tendencies. See Idealism, Marxism, Mind/body problem, Scepticism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Maöha—</span>a temple of the Lord with an attached residence or <i>äçrama</i> for <i>brahmacärés </i>(celibate students) and <i>sannyäsés</i> (renunciants) to live; monastery.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mathurä—</span>Lord Kåñëa's abode, and birth place, surrounding Våndävana. At the end of Lord Kåñëa's manifest <b><i>lélä</i></b>, Vajra, His grandson, was put in charge of this sacred city. Lord Krsëa displayed His pastimes after leaving Våndävana. It is also the name of the district where Vraja (Våndävana) is located.</p>
<p class="p4">Matiar—<span class="s3">peas.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mati—</span>attention, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva.</i></p>
<p class="p4">Mätsarya—<span class="s3">envy.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Matsya—</span>the fish incarnation of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Maugdhya—</span>assuming the position of not knowing things although everything is known.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mauñala-lélä—</span>the pastimes of the annihilation of the Yadu dynasty and Lord Kåñëa's disappearance.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Maya Dänava—</span>the architect of the demons.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mäyä-çakti—</span>Mäyä<i>-</i>illusion; an energy of Krñna's which deludes the living entity into forgetfulness of the Supreme Lord. That which is not, unreality, deception, forgetfulness, material illusion. Under illusion a man thinks he can be happy in this temporary material world. The nature of the material world is that the more a man tries to exploit the material situation, the more he is bound by <i>mäyä's</i> complexities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mäyä-sukha—</span>material happiness, which is illusory and temporary.</p>
<p class="p5">Moha-illusion.—</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mäyä-vaça—</span>subjected to the influence of the illusory energy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mäyädhéça—</span>the Lord of all energy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mäyäväda—</span>the impersonal philosophy first propounded by Çaìkaräcärya, which proposes the unqualified oneness of God and the living entities (who are both conceived of as being ultimately formless) and the nonreality of manifest nature; the philosophy that everything is one and that the Absolute Truth is not a person.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mayävädé<i>—</i></span>one<i> </i>who propounds the philosophy of Çaìkaräcärya, which basically holds that God is featureless and impersonal, that devotion to a personal Godhead is false, the material creation of the Lord is also false, and the ultimate goal of life is to become existentially one with the all-pervading, impersonal Absolute.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mäyä—</span>Mäyäväda philosophy. Mäyäväda in Sanskrit means doctrine of illusion. In India, the philosophies of the Buddha and of Çaìkaräcärya are called Mäyäväda. The second grew out of the first. The fundamental principles accepted by both are the following: 1) name, form, individuality, thoughts, desires and words arise from <i>mäyä</i> or illusion, not God; 2) <i>mäyä</i> cannot be rationally explained, since the very idea that anything needs explaining is itself <i>mäyä;</i> 3) the individual self or soul is not eternal, because upon liberation it ceases to exist; 4) like <i>mäyä,</i> the state of liberation is beyond all explanation. The main difference between the two is that Çaìkaräcärya's Mäyäväda asserts that beyond <i>mäyä</i> is an eternal impersonal monistic reality, Brahman, the nature of which is the self. Buddhism, however, aims at extinction <i>(nirodha)</i> as the final goal. Of the two, Çaìkaräcärya's Mäyäväda is more dangerous, as it apparently derives its authority from the Vedas. Much word-jugglery is employed to defend the Vedic origins of Çaìkaräcärya's Mäyäväda. But ultimately Mäyävädés dispense with Vedic authority by concluding that the Supreme cannot be known through <i>çabda,</i> that the name of Kåñëa is a material vibration, that the form of Kåñëa is illusion, and so on. The Çaìkarites agree with the Buddhists that <i>näma-rüpa</i> (name and form) must always be <i>mäyä.</i> Therefore Vaiñëavas reject both kinds of Mäyäväda as atheism. Buddhists generally do not deny that they are atheists, whereas the Çaìkarite Mäyävädés claim to be theists. But actually they are monists and pantheists. Their claim to theism is refuted by their belief that the Supreme Self is overcome by <i>mäyä</i> and becomes the bound soul. Çaìkaräcärya's Mäyäväda is similar in significant ways to the Western doctrine of solipsism. Like solipsism, it arrives at a philosophical dead end. The questions that remain unanswered are: If my consciousness is the only reality, why can't I change the universe at will, simply by thought? And if my own self is the only reality, why am I dependent for my life, learning and happiness upon a world full of living entities that refuse to acknowledge this reality? See Brahmajyoti, Brahman, Buddhism, Four Vaiñëava Sampradäyas and Siddhäntas, Monism, Pantheism, Çaìkaräcärya, Scepticism, Solipsism, Six systems.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mäyä<i>—</i></span>illusion; an energy of Krñna's which deludes the living entity into forgetfulness of the Supreme Lord. That which is not, unreality, deception, forgetfulness, material illusion. Under illusion a man thinks he can be happy in this temporary material world. The nature of the material world is that the more a man tries to exploit the material situation, the more he is bound by <i>mäyä's</i> complexities; This is a Sanskrit term of many meanings. It may mean energy; <i>yoga-mäyä</i> is the spiritual energy sustaining the transcendental manifestation of the spiritual Vaikuëöha world, while the reflection, <i>mahä-mäyä,</i> is the energy of the material world. The Lord's twofold <i>mäyä</i> bewilders the <i>jéva,</i> hence <i>mäyä</i> also means bewilderment or illusion. Transcendental bewilderment is in love, by which the devotee sees God as his master, friend, dependent or amorous beloved. The material bewilderment of the living entity begins with his attraction to the glare of the <i>brahmajyoti.</i> That attraction leads to his entanglement in the modes of material nature. According to Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Öhäkura, <i>mäyä</i> also means that which can be measured. This is the feature of Lord Kåñëa's <i>prakåti</i> that captures the minds of scientific materialists. The Vaiñëava and Mäyäväda explanations of <i>mäyä</i> are not the same. See Mäyäväda philosophy, Modes of nature, Spiritual world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mechanomorphism—</span>In <i>Contemporary Scientific Mythology</i> (1957), Stephen Toulmin wrote: We are inclined to suppose that myths must necessarily be anthropomorphic, and that personification is the unique road to myth. But this assumption is baseless; the myths of the twentieth century, as we shall see, are not so much anthropomorphic as mechanomorphic. In mechanomorphism, God or the total universe is conceived in terms of mythical machines. See Anthropomorphism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mela—</span>fair, festival.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Menakä—</span>the famous society girl of the heavenly planets who seduced the sage Viçvämitra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Meru—</span>a mountain, the golden peak of Himavan, seat of Lord Çiva, abode of the demigods. Also called Maha-meru.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Metaphysics—</span>This is one of the four main branches of philosophy (besides epistemology, ethics and logic). Metaphysics inquires into reality beyond sense perception. It typically holds sense perception to be illusory. The term metaphysics comes from the Greek phrase, <i>t met t physik</i>, the things past the physics. See Epistemology, Ethics, Logic, Philosophy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Method—</span>In philosophy, method is what must be done to attain knowledge. In Vedic language, method corresponds to <i>vidhi</i> (injunction), which together with <i>artha-väda</i> (explanation) and <i>mantra</i> (transcendental chants) forms the very substance of knowledge itself.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mezze—</span>Middle Eastern hors d'oeuvres or appetizers. <i>Mezze</i> is essentially a Lebanese creation but has spread throughout the Middle East. Delicious vegetarian <i>mezze</i> included in this book are fresh, round <i>Middle Eastern Breads</i> (Pita) and dips such <i>as Chickpea and Sesame Dip (Hummus), Lebanese Eggplant Dip (Babagannonj, and Syrian Yogurt Cheese Labreh). Lebanese Bulgur Wheat Salad (Tabbouleh)</i> invariably appears on the mezze banquet table, as do varieties of <i>Stuffed Vine Leaves</i> <i>(Dolmades),</i> along with simple items such as slices of cucumber, olives, fresh raw or blanched vegetables, nuts, whole cooked chickpeas, and lemon wedges.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mémäàsakas—</span>atheistic philosophers who say that even if God exists He is obliged to reward us the fruits of our work. From <i>karma-mimäàsä </i>philosophy of Jaiminé-the atheistic propounder and philosopher of Karma-mimäàsä philosophy, and author of the <i>Karma-mémäàsä-sütras, </i>which explain the <i>Vedas</i> in ritualistic terms, and advocate material work as the purpose of life. He theorized that if fruitive activity is performed nicely, then God is obliged to give the results.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mémäàsä—</span><i>see:above</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mind—</span>Some prominent theories of the mind are the following: 1) it is an eternal transmigrating soul; 2) it is a product of the action of the soul upon the body; 3) it is a non-material substance totally unlike the body; 4) it is a succession of mental events; 5) it is a by-product of the body; 6) it is a function of the form of the body, as vision is to the form of the eye; 7) it is function of the organism as a whole; 8) it is the behavior patterns of the body; 9) it is identical to the brain; 10) it is matter in motion. None of these theories exactly correspond to the Vedic version, and some are completely materialistic. The Vedas state that the seed of the mind is the desire of the soul. If desire is pure, the mind that develops out of it is spiritual. If desire is impure, then what develops is subtle matter in the mode of goodness. The development of the mind of the living entity is governed by the Supersoul (Aniruddha). According to Lord Kåñëa, the functions of the mind are <i>saìkalpa-vikalpa</i> (acceptance and rejection; see <i>SB </i><b>11.2.38</b>). See Consciousness, False ego, Intellect, Mind/body problem, Modes of nature, Soul, Subtle body, Supersoul. Mind/body problem Throughout history, philosophers of the East and West have offered speculations about the exact nature of the relationship between the mind and the body. They can be grouped under the following headings: 1) Dualism: mind/body as two substances, mental and material. 2) Logical Behaviorism: mind as the logic of the body's behavior. 3) Idealism: mind/body as one substance, mind. 4) Materialism: mind/body as one substance, matter. 5) Functionalism: mind as the functions of input, processing, output, analogous to the functions of a computer. 6) Double aspect theory: mind/body as aspects of a substance that is neither mental nor physical. That substance is supposed by different philosophers to be the totality of everything, or a neutral monistic stuff, or the fundamental concept person, of which mind and matter are aspects. 7) Phenomenology: mind/body as a problem of experience, rather than a problem of theory. The mind/body duality is really a problem of the materialistic soul's intention toward matter, from which all dualities arise. The mind and body of the bound soul are material. The mind and body of the liberated soul are spiritual. See Consciousness, Dualism, False ego, Gross body, Idealism, Intellect, Logic, Materialism, Mind, Modes of nature, Phenomenology, Soul, Subtle body, Supersoul.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mirabai—</span>poetess, author of popular devotional songs.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Miçra-sattva—</span>mundane goodness.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mithila—</span>capital of the kingdom of Videha, ruled by King Janaka, father of Sita. Modern Janatput, Nepal.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mitra—</span>the demigod who controls death.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mleccha—</span>someone lower than a <i>çüdra</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mlecchas—</span>uncivilized humans, outside the Vedic system of society, who are generally meat-eaters.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Modes of nature—</span>There are three <i>guëas,</i> or modes of material nature: goodness <i>(sattva-guëa)</i>, passion <i>(rajo-guëa)</i> and ignorance <i>(tamo-guëa).</i> They make possible our mental, emotional and physical experiences of the universe. Without the influence of the modes, thought, value judgement and action are impossible for the conditioned soul. The English word mode, as used by Çréla Prabhupäda in his translations of Vedic literature, best conveys the sense of the Sanskrit term <i>guëa</i> (material quality). Mode comes from the Latin <i>modus,</i> and it has a special application in European philosophy. <i>Modus</i> means measure. It is used to distinguish between two aspects of material nature: that which is immeasurable (called <i>natura naturans,</i> the creative nature) and that which seems measurable (called <i>natura naturata,</i> the created nature). Creative nature is a single divine substance that manifests, through modes, the created nature, the material world of physical and mental variety. Being immeasurable (in other words, without modes), creative nature cannot be humanly perceived. Created nature (with modes) seems measurable, hence we do perceive it. <i>Modus</i> also means a manner of activity. When creative nature acts, it assumes characteristic modes of behavior: creation, maintainance and destruction. <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> (<b>14.3</b>-5) presents a similar twofold description of material nature as <i>mahat yoni,</i> the source of birth, and as <i>guëa prakåti,</i> that which acts wonderfully through modes. Material nature as the source of birth is also termed <i>mahad-brahman,</i> the great or immeasurable Brahman. <i>Mahad-brahman</i> is nature as the divine creative substance, which is the material cause of everything. Material cause is a term common to both European philosophy (as <i>causa materialis</i>) and Vedänta philosophy (as <i>upadäna käraëa</i>). It means the source of ingredients that make up creation. We get an example of a material cause from the Sanskrit word <i>yoni,</i> which literally means womb. The mother's womb provides the ingredients for the formation of the embryo. Similarly, the immeasurable creative nature provides the ingredients for the formation of the material world in which we live, the seemingly measurable created nature. The clarity of this example forces a question: what about the father, who must impregnate the womb first before it can act as the material cause? This question is answered by Kåñëa, the speaker of the <i>Bhagavad-gétä,</i> in verse <b>14.4</b>: <i>ahaà béja-pradaù pitä,</i> I am the seed-giving father. In Vedänta philosophy, this factor of causation is termed <i>nimitta-mätram</i> (the remote cause). It is important to note that by presenting creation as the result of the union of two causes (the material and the remote), the <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> rejects the philosophy of <i>Deus sive natura,</i> the identity of God and nature. In short, though creative nature may be accepted as the direct cause of creation, it is not the self-sufficient cause of creation. The seed with which Kåñëa impregnates the womb of creative nature is comprised of <i>sarva-bhütänäm,</i> all living entities <b>[</b><b><i>Bg.</i></b><b> 14.3]</b>. And <i>Bg.</i> <b>14.5</b> explains that when Kåñëa puts the souls into the womb of material nature, their consciousness is conditioned by three modes, or <i>tri-guëa.</i> The modes are three measures of interaction between conscious spirit and unconscious matter. The modes may be compared to the three primary colors, yellow, red and blue, and consciousness may be compared to clear light. The conditioning (<i>nibhadnanti:</i> they do condition) of consciousness upon its entry into the womb of material nature is comparable to the coloration of light upon its passing through a prism. The color yellow symbolizes <i>sattva-guëa,</i> the mode of goodness. This mode is pure, illuminating, and sinless. Goodness conditions the soul with the sense of happiness and knowledge. The color red symbolizes the <i>rajo-guëa,</i> the mode of passion, full of longings and desires. By the influence of passion the soul engages in works of material accomplishment. The color blue symbolizes <i>tamo-guëa,</i> the mode of ignorance, which binds the soul to madness, indolence and sleep. As the three primary colors combine to produce a vast spectrum of hues, so the three modes combine to produce the vast spectrum of states of conditioned consciousness that encompasses all living entities within the universe. See Kåñëa, Threefold miseries.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Moghul—</span>the Muslim dynasty of Indian Emperors starting from Babur.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mohana—</span>highly advanced ecstasy in which the lovers are separated; divided into <i>udghürëä </i>and <i>citra-jalpa.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Moha—</span>bewilderment, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>;<i> </i>illusion.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mohiné—</span>the incarnation of the Supreme Lord as a most beautiful woman. She distributed the nectar produced from the churning of the ocean of milk. She was also pursued by Lord Çiva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Monism—</span>From the Greek <i>mnos,</i> single. It is generally taken to mean the doctrine of oneness argued by Mäyävädé philosophers, that reality is without variety and matter is an illusion. Vaiñëavas explain monism differently: all things in the universe occur out of the activity of one fundamental essence or substance, the Supreme Lord. See Atheism, Mäyäväda philosophy, Theism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mokña-kämé—</span>one who desires liberation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mokñäkäìkñé—</span><i>see: Mokña-kämé </i>above</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mokña—</span>liberation from material bondage; See Liberation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mokñonmukhé—</span>pious activities that enable the living entity to merge into the existence of the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Monolith—</span>a monument, statue or temple carved out of a single stone.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Monotheism—</span>The doctrine that there is only one God (from Gr. <i>mnos,</i> only, alone, plus <i>thes,</i> God). See Atheism, Theism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Monsoon—</span>rainy season from June to October.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Moööäyita—</span>awakening of lusty desires by the remembrance and words of the hero.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mådaìga—</span>a two-headed clay drum used for <i>kértana </i>performances and congregational chanting.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Måttikä—</span>clay derived from wet earth.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Måtyu—</span>death personified, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Müòha—</span>a fool or rascal; asslike person.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Muhammed—</span>See Avatära (Çaktyäveça).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Muhürta—</span>a period of forty-eight minutes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mukta-puruña—</span>a liberated soul.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mukti-devé—</span>the demigoddess who is the personification of liberation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mukti-päda—</span>the Supreme Lord under whose feet exist all kinds of liberation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mukti—</span>liberation of a conditioned soul from material consciousness and bondage.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mukunda—</span>the name of Kåñëa meaning "the giver of liberation."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Müla-mantra—</span>a short Sanskrit incantation uttered before one offers an item of worship to the Deity of Kåñëa or His expansions.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mukunda-datta—</span>Madhukantha, famous singer of Vrajabhumi</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mukut—</span>a crown or tiara worn by the Deity.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mumukñu—</span>one who desires liberation from the material world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Muni-putra—</span>the son of a sage.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Muni—</span>a sage or self-realized soul.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Muraripu (Muradviña)—</span>the Supreme Lord, Kåñëa, the killer of the demon Mura</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Muräri—</span>Kåñëa, the enemy of the demon Mura.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mürti—</span>form of the Lord or His devotee.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mysticism—</span>From the Greek <i>mystes,</i> one initiated into the mysteries or secrets of higher knowledge. Andrew Weeks, a scholar of this subject, points out the difficulty of coming to clear terms with what mysticism actually is: The concept of mysticism is controversial and ambiguous in its core. There is no agreement among scholars on the question of who ought to be classified as a mystic. (from German Mysticism, 1993, p. 3) St. John of the Cross, a Christian mystic, wrote: In order to arrive at that which thou knowest not, Thou must go by a way that thou knowest not. In order to arrive at that which thou possesseth not, Thou must go by a way that thou possesseth not. As Çréla Prabhupäda once said, Mystical means misty. See Brahmajyoti, Ecstasy, Sphoöaväda.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Mystic yoga—</span><i>yoga</i> performed for the purpose of developing subtle material powers.</p>
<p class="p2"><b>-N-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Näbhi—</span>the saintly king who was the father of Lord Åñabhadeva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nadéyä-nägaré—</span>a so-called party of devotees who worship Viñëupriyä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nadi—</span>river.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nägapatné—</span>a wife of a serpent.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nagara—</span>a town or city.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nägas—</span>a race of serpents.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Näga—</span>a snake. Çeña-näga is the incarnation of Lord Sankarñaëa, or Baladeva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Naimiñäraëya—</span>a sacred forest in central India where the eighteen <i>Puräëas </i>were spoken and which is said to be the hub of the universe.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Naishada—</span>a forest dweller, desdants of Naishada, an ugly dwarf born of the thigh of King Vena.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Naiñkarma—</span>another term for <i>akarma</i>; action for which one suffers no reaction because it is performed in Kåñëa consciousness.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Naiñöhika-brahmacäré—</span>one who has been celibate since birth.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nakñatra—</span>star; also refers to an asterism. In Vedic astrology there are twenty-seven asterisms.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nakula—</span>a mongoose, the enemy of snakes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nakula—</span>the fourth of the Päëòavas. He was the son of Mädré by the twin Açviné Kumära demigods. Nakula and his brother Sahadeva were taken care of by Kunté after Madré entered the funeral fire of Päëòu. Nakula was reputed for being handsome.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Näma-aparädha—</span>an offense against the holy name of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Näma-saìkértana—</span>congregational chanting of the holy names of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, usually accompanied by hand cymbals (<i>karatälas</i>) and clay <i>mådaìga </i>drums. Lord Caitanya and the Vedic literatures recommend this <i>saìkértana </i>as the most effective means of God-realization in the present age of Kali.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nämäbhäsa—</span>the stage just above the offensive stage of chanting the name of God, in which one realizes a dim reflection of the holy name.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nämäcärya—</span><i>äcärya </i>of the chanting of the holy names (Haridäsa Öhäkura).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Namaste—</span>Hindu greetings, meaning "obeisances."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nämmälvära—</span>a famous South Indian devotee who lived before Rämänuja and composed many beautiful prayers.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Namo näräyaëäya—</span>greeting of Mäyävädé <i>sannyäsés </i>meaning "I offer my obeisances to Näräyaëa."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nan—</span>baked leavened bread.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nanda Mahäräja—</span>the king of the cowherd men of Våndävana, Vraja, foster father of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nanda-mahotsava—</span>the festival of Nanda Mahäräja; Kåñëa's birthday.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nanda-nandana—</span>the Supreme Lord, Kåñëa, who is the darling son of Nanda Mahäräja.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nandana-känana—</span>the beautiful forest in the celestial world where Lord Indra sports with his wife and where there is heavenly music and dancing.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nandavana—</span>lower garden.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nanda—</span>one of the chief personal servants of Lord Näräyaëa in His spiritual abode, Vaikuëöha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nändé-çloka—</span>the introductory portion of a drama, which is written to invoke good fortune.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nandi—</span>the bull carrier of Çiva found in many Çiva temples.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nara-deva—</span>the king, who is an earthly god.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nara-Näräyaëa Åñi—</span>an incarnation of the Supreme Lord appearing as two sages to teach by example the practice of austerities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Närada Muni—</span>a pure devotee of the Lord, one of the sons of Lord Brahmä, who travels throughout the universes in his eternal body, glorifying devotional service while delivering the science of <i>bhakti.</i> He is the spiritual master of Vyäsadeva and of many other great devotees; A great sage among the demigods, the favorite son of Brahmä, and one of the foremost authorities on <i>viñëu-bhakti</i>. In <i>Kali-</i><b><i>santaraëa</i></b><i> Upaniñad,</i> Brahmä taught Närada the Hare Kåñëa <b><i>mahä-mantra</i></b>. Närada is famous throughout the universe for his ecstatic chanting of the holy name of Kåñëa. He taught the <i>Närada-païcaratra</i> and the <i>Närada-bhakti-sütra</i> and gives a number of illuminating discourses in <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i> and other <i>Puräëas.</i> Among Närada's prominent disciples are Prahläda, Dhruva, Citraketu (Våträsura), the Haryaçvas, and Vyäsadeva, who compiled all the Vedic scriptures. See Bhakti-yoga, Brahmä, Demigods, Prahläda, Vyäsa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Närada Païcarätra—</span>Närada Muni's book on the processes of Deity worship and <i>mantra</i> meditation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Narädhama—</span>the lowest of mankind, those who are socially and politically developed but have no religious principles.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Narakäsura—</span>the father of King Bhagadatta. He was killed by Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Narakeçvara—</span>a name for the Supreme Lord as well as for Yamaräja, meaning "he who is in charge of the hellish regions".</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Näraké—</span>candidate for hellish life.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Narakuëòa—</span>lake of hell.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Narasiàha, Lord—</span>Nåsiàha-deva-the half-man, half-lion incarnation of Lord Kåñëa, who killed the demon Hiranyakasipu and saved His devotee, Prahlada Mahäräja.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Näräyaëa-paräyaëa—</span>a devotee of Lord Näräyaëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Näräyaëa-para—</span>one who has dedicated his life to the Supreme Lord Näräyana, or Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Näräyaëa—</span>a name for the majestic four-armed form of the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning "He who is the source and goal of all living entities." The resting place of all living entities, who presides over the Vaikuëöha planets; Lord Viñëu, He is an expansion of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nara—</span>the human race or a human being.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Narottama däsa Öhäkura—</span>a renowned Vaiñëava spiritual master in the disciplic succession from Lord Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu, who is famous for his many compositions of devotional songs. He appeared in the 16th century in Khetari. in the West Bengal district of Rajasahi, just north of Nadia. He was devoted to Lord Caitanya from birth. His father was a king and dedicated to Lord Nityänanda. Narottama went to Våndävana and became the initiated disciple of Lokanätha Gosvämé. He studied under Çréla Jéva Gosvämé and preached widely throughout India, making many thousands of disciples.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nañöa-buddhi—</span>bereft of all good sense.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nañöa-prajïa—</span>bereft of all intelligence.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nataräja—</span>Çiva as the cosmic dancer.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Natural theology—</span>A theological movement of the late seventeenth to early nineteenth century that minimized traditional revealed theology. Natural theology was the attempt of rationalist philosophers to acquire and demonstrate God consciousness by innate or natural reason. See Rationalism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nava-yauvana day—</span>the day on which Lord Jagannätha, Çrématé Subhadrä and Lord Balaräma enter seclusion for fifteen days before Ratha-yäträ.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nava-yauvana—</span>the eternal transcendental form of Kåñëa as pre-youth.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Navadvépa—</span>the topmost holy place, ninety miles north of Calcutta. In the 15th and 16th centuries the city became the greatest center of Sanskrit learning in all of India. Lord Caitanya, the <i>yuga-avatära, </i>appeared there in the late 15th century and propagated the chanting of the Holy Names all over India. His appearance made Navadvépa the crest jewel of all holy places in the present age.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Navagraha—</span>nine planets.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Navamé—</span>the ninth day of the waxing and waning moon.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nawab—</span>Muslim ruler or a big landowner</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nawab Hussein Shah—</span>the Muhammdan governor of Bengal during the time of Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu's appearance.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nesis (Gr.)—</span>Factual, intellectual knowledge, as opposed to mere opinion <i>(dxa).</i> See Epistemology.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Neti neti—</span>the negative process of the <i>jïänés:</i> "This is not spirit, this is not Brahman."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Netrotsava festival—</span>the festival of painting the eyes of Lord Jagannätha during the Nava-yauvana ceremony.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Newman, John Henry (1801-1890)—</span>an English cardinal who became one of the most outstanding European religious thinkers and essayists of the 19th century. He spent his life defending Christian truth against various forms of so-called rationalism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">New Philosophy—</span>A European intellectual movement of the seventeenth century that directly led to the rise of modern science, New Philosophy owed much to Descartes' analytical, mechanistic view of the material world. The essential premise of New Philosophy is that knowledge is how something is made. The <i>arcana naturae</i> (secrets of nature) are to be exposed by <i>experimenta lucifera</i> (experiments of light), and the results of such experiments are to be validated by the reproduction of nature's effects with the help of mechanical apparatus.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Newton, Sir Isaac—</span>English scientist who lived from 1643 to 1727. He was a follower of the Unitarian wing of Christianity, and tried to keep his science firmly grounded upon his faith. Newton opposed Descartes, whose philosophy he perceived as leading science away from the Bible.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nidrä—</span>sleep, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nigarbha-yogé—</span>a <i>yogé </i>who worships the Supersoul without form.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nija-dharma—</span>one's constitutional position.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nélä—</span>the Lord's energy that destroys the creation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nilambar Cakravarté—</span>the grand father of Sri Caitanya Maha-prabhu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nilambara Cakravarté—</span>the great astrologer and scholar Vaisnava, Garga Muni, of Krsna-lila.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nimi—</span>a devotee king, ruler of Videha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nimai—</span>Lord Caitanya in His childhood.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nindakas—</span>blasphemers.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nirantara—</span>without cessation, continuously, constantly.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nirgrantha-muni—</span>a completely liberated saint.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nirguëa-brahma—</span>the impersonal conception of the Supreme Truth as being without any qualities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nirguëa—</span>without material qualities; uncontaminated by the three modes of material nature.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nirjala—</span>fasting completely, even from water.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nirmama—</span>consciousness that nothing belongs to oneself.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nirodha—</span>the winding up of all energies employed in creation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nirväëa—</span>the cessation of material activities and existence, which according to Vaiñëava philosophy, does not deny spiritual activities and existence; freedom from and the end of the process of materialistic life; Literally, of, or like, a candle extinguised. A Sanskrit term for deliverance from material identity or extinction of the false ego, <i>nirväna</i> is often identified with Buddhism. However, it is to be found throughout the Vedic literatures, e.g. in <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> <b>2.72</b>, <b>5.24-26</b>, and <b>6.15</b>. See Buddhism, False ego, Liberation, Modes of nature.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nirveda—</span>indifference, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nirviçeña-vädés—</span>impersonalists who accept an Absolute but deny that He has any qualities of His own.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Niçcaya—</span>Correct apprehension. One of the five functions of <i>buddhi.</i> See Buddhi.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Niñiddhäcära—</span>acting in a way forbidden in the <i>çästra</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Niñkäma—</span>free from material desires.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Niñkiïcana—</span>free from all material possessions; having nothing; a renunciant.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nistraiguëya—</span>the transcendental position above the three modes of nature.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nitya-baddha—</span>the eternally conditioned soul, bound in the material world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nitya-lélä—</span>Kåñëa's eternally present pastimes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nitya-muktas—</span>souls who never come in contact with the external energy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nitya-mukta—</span>an eternally liberated soul.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nitya-siddha—</span>one who has attained eternal perfection attained by never forgetting Kåñëa at any time; an ever-purified associate of the Lord</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nityänanda Prabhu—</span>the incarnation of Lord Balaräma who appeared as the principal associate of Lord Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nivätakavacas—</span>a sect of demons who were killed by Arjuna at the request of Indra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nivåtti-märga—</span>the path of renunciation, which leads to liberation; directions for giving up the material world for higher spiritual understanding.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Niyamägraha—</span>either following rules and regulations insufficiently (<i>niyama-agraha</i>) or fanatically without understanding the goal (<i>niyama</i>-<i>ägraha</i>).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Niyama—</span>restraint of the senses.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nå-yajïa—</span>the proper reception of guests; lit. "a sacrifice to satisfy people."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Någa—</span>a king who was cursed to become a snake because of a slight discrepancy in his service to <i>brähmaëas.</i> He was delivered by Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p4">Nrita-mandapa—<span class="s3">dance hall.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nåsiàha Puräëa—</span>one of the eighteen <i>Puräëas. </i>It describes the pastimes of the Supreme Lord in His half-lion, half-man incarnation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nåsiàha-caturdaçé festival—</span>the appearance day of Lord Nåsiàha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nåsiàha-deva—</span>the half-man, half-lion incarnation of Lord Kåñëa, who killed the demon Hiranyakasipu and saved His devotee, Prahlada Mahäräja.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Numinous—</span>Opposite of phenomenal. The root of the word numinous is the Latin <i>numen,</i> nod: a nod as a sign of command. From this comes the sense of a divine will or divine command. Thus the term numinous indicates the felt presence of the divine spirit, the transcendental, the everlasting. See Phenomenalism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nyäya—</span>logic; Gautama Muni-one of the seven sons born from Lord Brahma's mind. He belongs to the family of Aìgirä Åñi and is the author of <i>Nyäya-çästra, </i>the science of logic, which explains that the combination of atoms is the cause of everything; One of the six systems of Vedic philosophy; taught by sage Gautama. See Logic, Six systems.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Nyäyu-çästra<i>—</i></span>the Sanskrit literary works, written by the ancient Åñi<i> </i>Gautama Muni and his followers, that teach the philosophical science of logic. <i>Nyayu </i>(or dialectics) was founded by Gautama and is one of the six major schools of Indian philosophy.</p>
<p class="p2"><b>-O-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Objective reality—</span>The external reality to which our language and perceptions refer.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Occult, Occult quality—</span>References to the occult were made by Aristotle in his <i>Ethics.</i> He considered occult any effect of nature for which a cause could not be demonstrated. Hence, the occult qualities of nature (for instance, magnetism) could not be subject to scientific inquiry. The New Philosophy viewed <i>all</i> natural phenomena to be occult, since it considered science before the seventeenth century hopelessly inadequate for discovering causation. Though nature's qualities were occult, it was believed that scientific inquiry of a more aggressive kind than Aristotle had conceived of could unlock her secrets. See New Philosophy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Oòana-ñañöhé—</span>ceremony at the beginning of winter when Lord Jagannätha gets a winter shawl.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Om tat sat<i>—</i></span>the three transcendental syllables used by <i>brähmaëas </i>for satisfaction of the Supreme when chanting Vedic hymns or offering sacrifice. They indicate the Supreme Absolute Truth, the Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ontology—</span>The study of being. It asks, what does to be, or to exist, really mean? Utilized in this study are terms and categories such as being/becoming, actuality/potentiality, real/apparent, change, time, existence/nonexistence, essence, necessity, being-as-being, self-dependency, self-sufficiency, ultimate and ground. See Epistemology, Philosophy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Oàkära—</span><i>oà, </i>the root of Vedic knowledge; known as the <i>mahä-väkya,</i> the supreme sound; the transcendental syllable which represents Kåñëa, and which is vibrated by transcendentalists for attainment of the Supreme when undertaking sacrifices, charities and penances; The transcendental sound <i>oà,</i> which symbolically denotes the Personality of Godhead as the root of the creation, maintenance and destruction of the cosmic manifestation. </p>
<p class="p2"><b>-P-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Paani—</span>water.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Päda-sevana—</span>the devotional process of serving at the Lord's feet.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Padayäträ—</span>foot journey; to go on pilgrimage by foot.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Paòichä—</span>a superintendent of an Orissan temple.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Padma Puräëa—</span>one of the eighteen Puräëas, or Vedic historical scriptures. It consists of conversation between Lord Çiva and his wife, Pärvati.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Padmanäbha—</span>a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning "He who has a lotus flower sprouting from His navel" or "He whose navel resembles a lotus."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Padma—</span>the lotus flower held by Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pädya—</span>water ceremoniously offered for washing feet.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Paise—</span>100 paise equals one rupee.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pakka—</span>ripe, mature, reliable</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pälana-çakti—</span>the power to rule and maintain the living entities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Palanquin—</span>a seat that can be carried by four men, usually used to transport great personages or ladies.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pälas—</span>attendants who look after a temple's external affairs.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pallavas—</span>South Indian dynasty of rulers.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Païca-gavya—</span>five kinds of products of the cow used to bathe the Deity.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Païca-mahäbhüta—</span>the five gross elements: earth, water, fire, air and ether.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Païca-mahäyajïa—</span>the five daily sacrifices performed by householders to become free from unintentional sins.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Païca-tattva—</span>the Lord-Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu, His plenary portion-Nityänanda Prabhu, His incarnation-Advaita Prabhu, His energy-Gadädhara Prabhu, and His devotee-Çréväsa Öhäkura.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Päïcajanya—</span>the conchshell of Lord Çré Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Päïcäla—</span>the kingdom of King Drupada.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Païcäla—</span>the five sense objects.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Païcämåta—</span>five kinds of nectar used to bathe the Deity.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Païcarätra-vidhi—</span>the standard Vaiñëava method of temple worship taught in the <b><i>Païcarätras</i></b>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Païcarätra—</span>Vedic literatures describing the process of Deity worship. See also: Närada Païcarätra</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Païcarätrika-vidhi—</span>the devotional process of Deity worship and mantra meditation as found in the <b><i>Païcarätra </i></b>literature.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Païcarätrika—</span>the process of worshiping the Deity, as explained by Närada Muni. Also, a five-day fast, as explained by Kauëòilya Åñi.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Païcopäsanä—</span>worship by impersonalist Mäyävädés of five deities (Viñëu, Durgä, Brahmä, Gaëeça and Vivasvän) that is motivated by the desire to ultimately abandon all conceptions of a personal Absolute.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Panch masala—</span>a mixture of five whole spices used in preparing vegetable dishes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Panch puran—</span>Five-spice-two varieties of five-spice are prominent in the world of vegetarian cuisine-Chinese five-spice powder and Indian panch puran, a blend of five whole spices. Chinese five-spice powder is a combination of five dried, ground spices, generally cinnamon, cloves, fennel, star anise, and Sichuan peppercorns, the pungent brown peppercorns native to the Sichuan province. When used as a condiment for fried food, it is used in sparing quantities because it is very potent. Try making your own by grinding together 2 or 3 small sections of cinnamon stick, a dozen cloves, 2 teaspoons of fennel seeds, 2 teaspoons of Sichuan peppercorns, and 3 or 4 star anise. Keep the powder in a well-sealed jar in a cool, dry place. Obtain your ingredients at any Asian grocery store. You can also purchase Chinese five-spice ready-made. Panch puran is most often associated with Bengali cuisine. It is a combination of equal quantities of fenugreek seeds, cumin seeds, fennel seeds, black mustard seeds, and nigella (kalonji) seeds. Panch puran is always fried in ghee or oil before use to release the dormant flavour in the seeds. Mix your own, or purchase it ready-mixed at Indian grocery stores.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Päëòavas—</span>the five pious ksatriya brothers Yudhiñöhira, Bhéma, Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva. They were intimate friends of Lord Kåñëa's and inherited the leadership of the world upon their victory over the Kurus in the Battle of Kurukñetra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Päëòä—</span>a <b><i>brahmäëa </i></b>guide at temples and holy places; see also: Paëòita.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Paëòita-maëi—</span>word indicating that Kåñëa is honored even by learned scholars.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Päëòitaka—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Bhéñma Parva in<b><i> Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Paëòita—</span>a learned scholar.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Paëòita—</span>a scholar learned in Vedic literature, not only academically but also by dint of spiritual realization. Though this is the proper definition of the word, the term is also loosely applied to any scholar.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Päëòu-vijaya—</span>the function of carrying Lord Jagannätha to His car prior to the Ratha-yäträ procession.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Päëòu—</span>a great king of the Kuru dynasty, and the father of the Päëòavas, Yudhisthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula and Sahadeva; the heroes of the Mahäbhärata. He had two wives, Kunté and Mädré. He was a younger brother of Dhåtaräñöra's who died early, leaving his five young sons under the care of Dhåtaräñöra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Päëòyas—</span>the South Indian dynasty that ruled over Madurai and Rämeçvaram in South India.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Panentheism—</span>The belief that all things are imbued with God's presence, because all things are in God (Gr. <b><i>pan</i></b>, all; <b><i>en</i></b>, in, and<b><i> theo</i></b>, God). See Atheism, Theism; The belief that God is identical to the universe. </p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Päìji-öikä—</span>further explanations of a subject.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Panpsychism—</span>The belief that God pervades all things as a psychic force. Hence, God's consciousness is behind the movement of matter; our individual consciousness is an aspect of God's. This falls short of true theism. See Atheism, Theism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Päpahäriëé—</span>a name for the Ekädaçé that occurs during the dark part of the month of Caitra. It means "that which takes away sin." Another name for this day, having the same meaning, is Päpamocani.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Päpänkuñä—</span>the name for the Ekädaçé that occurs during the light part of the month of Açvina. It means "that which has the power to pierce sin personified."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Paradox—</span>From the Greek par, contrary to, and dxa, opinion, paradox originally meant anything that goes against common sense but yet still may be true. Nowadays it more commonly means an insoluble dilemma, or a contradiction.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Parä-prakåti—</span>the superior, spiritual energy or nature of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Para-upakära—</span>helping others.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Para-vidyä—</span>transcendental knowledge.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Para-brahman—</span>the Supreme Brahman, the Personality of Godhead, Çré Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Paraçuräma—</span>the sixth incarnation of Lord Kåñëa, who appeared in ancient times to overthrow the warrior class when they had become degraded, who destroyed twenty-one consecutive generations of lawless members of the ruling class. He taught the science of weapons to Droëa and Karëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Parakéya-rasa—</span>relationship with Kåñëa as His paramour.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Parakéya—</span>the relationship between a married woman and her paramour; particularly the relationship between the damsels of Våndävana and Krñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Param Brahman—</span>the Supreme Brahman, the Personality of Godhead, Lord Çré Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Param dhäma—</span>the eternal planets of the spiritual world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Parama-puruñärtha—</span>the supreme goal of life.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Parama-vidvän—</span>the most learned scholar.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Paramaà padam—</span>the Lord's transcendental abode.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Paraà satyam—</span>the Supreme Truth</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Paramahaàsa Bäbäjé—</span>he who is on the highest platform of spiritual asceticism and who has given up all social and caste designations. The only designation maintained by him is that of being a tiny servant of the unlimited Supreme Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Paramahaàsa-öhäkura—</span>one who acts as an <b><i>äcärya</i></b>, directly presenting Lord Kåñëa by spreading His name and fame.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Paramahaàsa—</span>a topmost, God-realized, swanlike devotee of the Supreme Lord; highest stage of <b><i>sannyäsa</i></b>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Paramätmä—</span>the Supersoul, the localized aspect Viñëu expansion of the Supreme Lord residing in the heart of each embodied living entity and pervading all of material nature. See Supersoul.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Parameçvara—</span>the supreme controller, Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Paramparä—</span>the disciplic succession through which spiritual knowledge is transmitted by bona-fide spiritual masters; Literally, one after the other. It refers to the disciplic succession of spiritual masters and their disciples who became spiritual masters, beginning with Kåñëa and Brahmä, His disciple at the dawn of creation. See Four Vaiñëava Sampradäyas and Siddhäntas.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Parantapa—</span>a name of Arjuna, "chastiser of the enemies."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Parärdha—</span>one half of Brahmä's lifetime of 311 trillion 40 billion years.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Parasara Muni—</span>a great sage, the speaker of the <b><i>Viñëu Puräëa</i></b>, and the father of Çréla Vyäsadeva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Paravyoma—</span>the spiritual sky.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Para—</span>transcendental.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Para-vidyä—</span>Vedic knowledge of transcendence concerning the Supreme Personality of Godhead and His service, as distinct from <b><i>apara-vidyä</i></b>. The <b><i>upäsanä-käëòa</i></b> scriptures make up the <b><i>para-vidyä</i></b> of the <b><i>Vedas</i></b>. See Apara-vidyä, Avidyä, Upäsanä-käëòa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Paricchada—</span>the total aggregate of the senses.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Parikrama—</span>the path that circles a sacred tract such as Vrndavan or Braj</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Parékñit—</span>the son of Abhimanyu and grandson of Arjuna. When the Päëòavas retired from kingly life, he was crowned king of the entire world. He was later cursed to die by an immature brähmaëa boy and became the hearer of <b><i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i></b> from Çukadeva Gosvämé, and thus attained perfection.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pariëäma-väda—</span>the theory of transformation in the creation of the universe.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pärijäta—</span>an extraordinarily fragrant white flower that Lord Kåñëa brought from the heavenly planets for His wife Rukmiëi.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Päriñats—</span>devotees who are personal associates of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Parivräjakäcärya—</span>the third stage of <b><i>sannyäsa</i></b>, wherein the devotee constantly travels and preaches.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Parokña—</span>Knowledge though another's senses. The second of the five stages of Vedic knowledge.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pärtha-särathi—</span>Kåñëa, the chariot driver of Arjuna (Pärtha).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pärvata Muni—</span>a great sage who is a constant companion of Närada.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pärvaté—</span>Sati, Lord Çiva's consort, meaning daughter of the mountain. She was reborn as the daughter of Himälaya after consuming herself in mystic fire at Dakña's sacrificial arena.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Päñaëòa—</span>atheism. </p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Päñaëòé—</span>an "offender," or atheist; a nonbeliever; one who thinks God and the demigods are on the same level, or who considers devotional activities to be material.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Päsa—</span>a mystic noose used to capture Bali Mahäräja.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Päñcälé—</span>another name of Draupadé, the wife of the Päëòavas.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Passion—</span>See Modes of nature (<b><i>Rajo-guëa</i></b>).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Päçupatästra—</span>the ultimate weapon of Lord Çiva. This weapon was used by Arjuna to kill Jayadratha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pataïjali—</span>a great authority and propounder on the añöäìga mystic yoga system and author of the <b><i>Yoga-sütra</i></b>. He imagined the form of the Absolute Truth in everything.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pätälaloka—</span>the lowest of the universe's fourteen planetary systems; also, the lower planets in general; also the seventh tier of the lower planetary systems, where Bali Mahäräja reigns.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Paöhana—</span>a brähmaëa's duty to be conversant with the Vedic scriptures; study of the scriptures.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Patita-pävana—</span>Lord Caitanya, the deliverer of the fallen souls.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pati—</span>a husband.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pätra—</span>players in a drama.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Paugaëòa—</span>the age from five to ten years.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pauëòraka—</span>an enemy of Lord Kåñëa who attempted to imitate Him.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Paura-jana—</span>the seven elements that constitute the body.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pautra—</span>patience and gravity.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pauëòram—</span>the conchshell of Bhémasena.</p>
<p class="p4">Pavitram—<span class="s3">pure.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Personalism—</span>The philosophical position that accepts personality as ultimate. Early Buddhist philosophers, themselves impersonalists, used the term puruña-vädé (Skr. personalist) in reference to the Vedic worshipers of the Mahäpuruña (the Supreme Person). In Western philosophy, personalism is often used as a synonym for relativism. Çréla Prabhupäda used the term in the absolute sense, referring it only to the worship of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, not to the worship of demigods, humans or human ideals. He equated impersonalism with atheism. See Atheism, Impersonalism, Relativism, Theism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Phala-çrutis—</span>Sanskrit verses granting various benedictions.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Phalguna—</span>another name for Arjuna; one of the months corresponding to January/February or February/March.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Phalgu—</span>weak, temporary.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Phenomenalism—</span>A doctrine of sense perception and reality that is associated with the British philosopher John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). For Mill, all knowledge is derived from sense perception. Things are real only when they are perceived. Therefore the material world cannot be said to exist apart from perception. Phenomenalism is closely associated with empiricism and induction. It is not to be confused with phenomenology. See Empiricism, Induction, Numinous.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Phenomenology—</span>A modern development in European rationalism. Its most famous exponents are Franz Brentano (1838-1917), Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), Martin Heidegger (1899-1976), Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) and Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961). Phenomenology investigates consciousness through experience. Some of its theories are reminiscent of Vedic knowledge, for example, the theory of the triumvirate of consciousness: the knower, the act of knowing, and the thing known. In Vedic terminology, these are <b><i>jïätä, jïäna</i></b>, and <b><i>jïeya</i></b>. See Mind/body problem, Rationalism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Philosophy—</span>From the Greek phlos, lover, friend, and sophs, wise, learned. A philosopher is someone who loves wisdom and erudition (sopha). Therefore he devotes himself to knowledge, that it may bloom into wisdom without hindrance. In Bg. <b>7.17</b>, Lord Kåñëa declares that when a sage devotes himself to knowing Him, he becomes very dear to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Phul gobhi—</span>cauliflower</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pika—</span>the Indian cuckoo bird.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Piëòa—</span>an offering made to departed ancestors.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Piçäca—</span>a hobgoblin follower of Lord Çiva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pitäs—</span>forefathers; especially those departed ancestors who have been promoted to one of the higher planets.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Péöha—</span>the pedestal or altar of the Deity. The péöha is in the sanctum sanctorum (inner sanctum)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pitå-yajïa—</span>offering oblations of water before one's forefathers.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pitåloka—</span>the planet of the ancestors, a heavenly planet.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pitta—</span>bile, one of the three main elements of the body.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Plato—</span>Disciple of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle, and a prolific writer (427-347 BC). Almost all that is known about Socrates comes from Plato's works. A Platonic doctrine that resembles the <b><i>Bhagavad-gétä</i></b> philosophy of the three modes of material nature is the care of the soul. The soul is said to work within the body through three faculties: appetite, spiritedness and reason. The appetitive faculty is lowest of the three. It consists of the drives for physical enjoyment (of food and sex) and for the avoidance of pain. Thums, or spiritedness, is the middle faculty. It is excitable, aggressive and pugnacious, and seeks adventure and honor. Highest is the faculty of reason. It expresses itself as inquiry and as worthy activity. Reason seeks beauty, truth and goodness. The appetites can be compared to a herd of sheep, spiritedness to a sheepdog, and reason to a shepherd. Care of the soul means to keep the three faculties in harmony, so that they don't meddle in one another's purpose. The purpose of appetite is to see that the body is properly cared for. Spiritedness's purpose is to fight fear and complacency. The purpose of reason is impose order upon the other two, to maintain harmony, and to care for the soul. Reason gets its sense of correct order and harmony by contemplation of the Good, described as a realm of eternal, unchanging thought-forms. When reason harmonizes human life with the Good, the soul is freed from human ignorance and suffering. British philosopher A.N. Whitehead (1861-1947) said the whole history of Western philosophy consists of nothing more than footnotes to Plato. See Idealism. Plotinus Plotinus lived in Egypt and Rome some two centuries after Christ (204-270 AD) and is the founder of the Neoplatonist school of Greek philosophy. As a young man in Alexandria, he learned philosophy under Ammonius Saccas. There is speculation that Ammonius Saccus was originally from India. Plotinus tried to visit India but failed. Back in the Mediterranean world, he taught that the soul is eternal and transmigrates from body to body (reincarnation). The gradation of species of living entities emanates from the impersonal spiritual essence, God. The philosophical soul gradually ascends to that essence and merges into it. Neoplatonism had a strong influence on the early Christian church. See Mysticism, Plato.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Polenta—</span>a yellow maize or cornmeal grown in northern Italy, where it is regarded as a staple food. Polenta is graded according to its texture and is available fine-, medium-, or coarse-ground. It is available at most supermarkets and health food stores.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Polytheism—</span>The belief in the existence of many gods. See Atheism, Theism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Popper, Karl—</span>Austrian-born philosopher of science (1902-1994) who taught at the University of London. His most influential books are <b><i>Logic of Scientific Discovery, The Open Society and Its Enemies</i></b> and <b><i>Conjectures and Refutations</i></b>. Popper was a staunch opponent of logical positivism, which he challenged with his own theory of falsifiability.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Poñaëa—</span>the Lord's special care and protection for His devotees.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Positivism—</span>A rationalist doctrine founded by French philosopher Auguste Compte (1798-1857), who argued that human thought unavoidably evolves from theological thinking at the lowest stage, through metaphysics (depersonalized philosophy) at the middle stage, to positivism at the highest stage. Positivism consists of the elements of modern science: mathematics, logic, observation, experimentation and control. According to Compte, the highest form of religion is worship of reason and universal humanity, devoid of any reference to God. See Empiricism, Logical positivism, Metaphysics, Rationalism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prabhäsa—</span>a holy place near Dvärakä where the fratricide of the Yadu dynasty took place.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prabhu-datta-deça—</span>a place for preaching given by the spiritual master or Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prabhupäda, Çréla—</span>Çréla Prabhupäda-(1896-1977) His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda. He is the tenth generation from Caitanya Mahäprabhu. The founder-äcärya, spiritual master of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON). Çréla Prabhupäda was the widely-acclaimed author of more than seventy books on the science of pure <b><i>bhakti-yoga</i></b>, unalloyed Kåñëa consciousness. His major works are annotated English translations of the <b><i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i></b>, the <b><i>Çré Caitanya-caritämåta</i></b>, and the <b><i>Bhagavad-gétä As It Is</i></b>. He was the world's most distinguished teacher of Vedic religion and thought. Çréla Prabhupäda was a fully God conscious saint who had perfect realization of the Vedic scriptures. He worked incessantly to spread Kåñëa consciousness all over the world. He guided his society and saw it grow to a worldwide confederation of hundreds of ashrams, schools, temples, institutes, and farm communities. See Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prabhupäda—</span>master at whose feet all other masters surrender.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prabhu—</span>master.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prabodhänanda Sarasvaté—</span>a great Vaiñëava poet-philosopher and devotee of Lord Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu. He was the uncle of Gopäla Bhaööa Gosvämé.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prabodha—</span>awakening, a vyabhicäri-bhäva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Präcénabarhi—</span>a king who, entangled in fruitive activities, received instructions on devotional service from Närada Muni.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pracetäs—</span>the ten sons of King Präcénabarhi. They achieved perfection by worshiping Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pradesh—</span>state in India.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pradhäna—</span>the total material energy in its unmanifest state; The unmanifest (<b><i>avyakta</i></b>) material nature (Gr. chos). See Modes of nature, Tan-mätras.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pradyumna—</span>one of the four original expansions of Lord Kåñëa in the spiritual world; also the first son of Lord Kåñëa by Rukminé. He fought against Çälva in the fight for Dvärakä. (Vana Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prägjyotiñapura—</span>the capital city of Narakäsura and his son Bhagadatta.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pragmatism—</span>A rationalist doctrine founded by American philosopher C.S. Peirce (1839-1914) that attempts to halt all metaphysical speculation about the truth by arguing that practical human activity is the only real test of truth. See Rationalism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prahararäja—</span>a designation given to <b><i>brähmaëas</i></b> who represent the king when the throne is vacant.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prahara—</span>a three-hour period, eight of which make up each day.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prahläda Maharäja—</span>a great devotee of Lord Kåñëa who was persecuted by his atheistic father, Hiraëyakaçipu, but was always protected by the Lord and ultimately saved by the Lord in the form of Nåsiàha-deva; A great devotee of the Lord in His Narasiàha (man-lion) feature, Prahläda is one of the foremost authorities on <b><i>bhakti-yoga</i></b>. Many important verses in <b><i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam </i></b>are spoken by him.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prajalpa—</span>idle talk on mundane subjects.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prajvära—</span>a kind of fever called <b><i>viñëu jvära</i></b>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prajäpatis—</span>the progenitors of living entities, chief of whom is Lord Brahmä; The demigods in charge of populating the universe.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prajäs—</span>citizens (including all species of life).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prakäça-vigrahas—</span>forms of the Lord manifested for His pastimes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Präkämya—</span>the mystic ability to fulfill any of one's desires.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prakaöa-lélä—</span>the manifestation on earth of the Supreme Lord's pastimes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prakara—</span>the high walls surrounding the temple grounds.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Präkåta-bhaktas—</span>materialistic devotees not advanced in spiritual knowledge.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Präkåta-sahajiyäs—</span>pseudo devotees of Kåñëa who take devotional service cheaply and do not follow the regulations of the scripture; materialistic so-called Vaiñëavas who imagine themselves to be confidential devotees.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Präkåta—</span>on the material platform.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prakåti—</span>material nature, the energy of the Supreme (lit., that which is predominated).; the female principle enjoyed by the male <b><i>puruña</i></b>. There are two <b><i>prakrtis-apara-prakåti</i></b>, the material nature, and <b><i>para-prakrti</i></b>, the spiritual nature (living entities)-which are both predominated over by the Supreme Personality of Godhead; One of the five <b><i>tattvas</i></b>, or Vedic ontological truths: (material or spiritual) nature. See Daivi-prakåti, Modes of nature, Tattva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prakñepätmikä-çakti—</span><b><i>mäyä's </i></b>power to throw one into the material world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Praläpa—</span>the ecstatic symptom of talking like a madman.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pramäëa—</span>Evidence, proof. The term refers to sources of knowledge that are held to be valid. In the Brahmä-Madhva-Gauòéya Sampradäya, the school of Vedic knowledge that ISKCON represents, there are three <b><i>pramäëas</i></b>. They are <b><i>pratyakña</i></b> (direct sense perception), <b><i>anumäna</i></b> (reason), and<b><i> çabda</i></b> (authoritative testimony). Of these three <b><i>pramäëas, çabda</i></b> is imperative, while <b><i>pratyakña</i></b> and <b><i>anumäna</i></b> are supportive. See Anumäna, Pratyakña, Çabda.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pramäda—</span>inattention or misunderstanding of reality.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pramadä—</span>woman, to whom a man becomes madly attached.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pramatta—</span>one who is crazy because he cannot control his senses.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pramlocä—</span>the daughter of the sage Kaëòu by the heavenly society girl Märiñä who became the wife of the Pracetäs.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Präëa-maya—</span>(consciousness) absorbed in maintaining one's bodily existence.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Praëava—</span><b><i>Oàkära-oà</i></b>, the root of Vedic knowledge; known as the mahä-väkya, the supreme sound; the transcendental syllable which represents Kåñëa, and which is vibrated by transcendentalists for attainment of the Supreme when undertaking sacrifices, charities and penances.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Präëäyäma—</span>breath control used in yoga practice, especially<b><i> añöäìga-yoga</i></b> (one of the eight parts of the <b><i>añöanga-yoga </i></b>system).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Praëaya—</span>that mellow of love when there is a possibility to receive direct honor, but it is avoided.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Präëa—</span>the life air.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pranava oàkara—</span><b><i>Oàkära-oà</i></b>, the root of Vedic knowledge; known as the <b><i>mahä-väkya</i></b>, the supreme sound; the transcendental syllable which represents Kåñëa, and which is vibrated by transcendentalists for attainment of the Supreme when undertaking sacrifices, charities and penances.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Präpta-brahma-laya—</span>one who has already attained the Brahman position.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Präpta-svarüpas—</span>those merged in Brahman realization.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Präpti-siddhi—</span>mystic perfection of acquisition by which the yogé can reach his hand anywhere and obtain whatever he likes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Präpti—</span>the mystic ability to immediately obtain any material object.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prarocanä—</span>the method inducing the audience to become more and more eager to hear by praising the time and place, the hero and the audience.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Praçänta—</span>undisturbed by the modes of nature.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prasäda, or prasädam—</span>"the mercy of Lord Kåñëa." Food prepared for the pleasure of Kåñëa and offered to Him with love and devotion. Because Kåñëa tastes the offering, the food becomes spiritualized and purifies anyone who eats it. Literally, mercy. When sattvic foods (milk, grains, fruits, vegetables, sugar and legumes) prepared by a devotee are offered to the Deity of Kåñëa as prescribed in the system of <b><i>bhakti-yoga</i></b>, the offering is transformed into prasädam, the mercy of the Lord. Prasädam is delicious, nourishing but most important, transcendental. Ordinary food, unoffered to Kåñëa, breeds karmic reactions for every mouthful that is eaten, because so many living entities gave up their lives during the preparation. But food offered to Kåñëa is freed of sin and invokes an attraction to Kåñëa in whomever accepts it. See Bhakti-yoga. See also: Mahä-prasädam</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prasädé—</span>food offered to Lord Jagannätha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prasannätmä—</span>joyfulness attained when one is relieved from material conceptions.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prasüti—</span>a daughter of Sväyambhuva Manu who was the wife of Dakña.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pratépa—</span>the father of Mahäräja Çantanu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pratibimba-väda—</span>the worship of a form that is the reflection of a false material form.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pratigraha—</span>accepting charity; the duty of a brähmaëa to accept contributions from his followers.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pratikriyä—</span>counteracting agents such as mantras and medicines.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pratiñöhäçä—</span>desire for name and fame or high position.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prativindhya—</span>the son of Draupadé and Yudhiñöhira. He was killed by Açvatthämä while awaking from sleep in his tent.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pratyag-ätmä—</span>the soul, when purified of material attachment.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pratyakña—</span>Direct sense perception. 1) The first of the five stages of Vedic knowledge, considered as a subordinate, not self-evident, proof of knowledge. 2) The first of the three Vaiñëava pramäëas. See Anumäna, Empiricism, Experientia, Pramäëa, Çabda.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pratyähära—</span>withdrawal of the senses from all unnecessary activities, as a means of advancement in the añöäìga-yoga system..</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pravartaka—</span>introduction to a drama, when the players first enter the stage in response to the time.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Praväsa—</span>the condition of separation of lovers who were previously intimately associated.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pravåtti-märga—</span>the path of sense enjoyment in accordance with Vedic regulations.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Präyaçcitta—</span>atonement for sinful acts.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prayäga—</span>(modern Allahabad) a very sacred place, mentioned in the <b><i>Puräëas</i></b>, situated at the confluence of the holy Ganges, Yamunä and Sarasvaté Rivers. A Mägha-melä and a Kumbha-melä are celebrated here. Every year many thousands of pilgrims come to bathe in the holy waters. It was here that Lord Caitanya instructed Çréla Rüpa Gosvämé for ten days.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prayojana—</span>the ultimate goal of life, to develop love of God.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Preyas—</span>activity which is immediately beneficial but not ultimately auspicious.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prema—</span>Love, especially love of Kåñëa. Cc., Adi-lélä <b>4.165</b> distinguishes prema from <b><i>käma</i></b> (lust). <b><i>Prema</i></b> is evinced by service to Kåñëa's senses, whereas <b><i>käma</i></b> is evinced by service to the senses of the material body. See Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prema-bhakti—</span>pure love of Lord Kåñëa, the highest perfectional stage in the progressive development of pure devotional service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prema-saìkértana—</span>congregational chanting in love of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prema-vaicittya—</span>an abundance of love that brings about grief from fear of separation although the lover is present.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prema-vataù—</span>one who has great love for the spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Prema—</span>real love of God, the highest perfectional stage of life.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pretsila Hill—</span>a hill about 540 feet high, located five miles northwest of Gayä in the state of Bihar. Pilgrims perform the çraddha ceremony there. A long flight of steps which leads to the summit and temple was constructed in 1774 by Öhäkura Bhaktivinoda's ancestor Madan Mohan Dutt.</p>
<p class="p4">Priyatama—<span class="s3">dearmost.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Priyavrata—</span>the son of Sväyambhuva Manu and brother of Uttänapäda. He once ruled the universe.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Problem of evil—</span>Professor A.L. Herman, philosopher at the University of Wisconsin, compiled a list of twenty-one attempts to solve the problem of evil put forward by Western philosophers and theologians during the Christian era. He admits that the list is not exhaustive, only representative. Of those he listed, Herman says none will suffice to dissolve the problem, and of unlisted attempts, he comments, I think this result must be inevitable for all such similar attempts undertaken within the context of the traditional Western approach to the problem of evil. The problem stems from three assumptions, only two of which seem to be compatible: 1) God is omnipotent; 2) God is omnibenevolent; 3) Evil exists. For evil to exist, so the argument goes, God must either be less than all-powerful or less than all-good. The Vedic answer is given by Çréla Prabhupäda in <b><i>On the Way to Kåñëa</i></b>, Chapter Three. Accordingly, the human perception of good and evil is due to the influence of the three modes of material nature upon consciousness. These three modes originate in Kåñëa, who is omnipotent and omnibenevolent. Though the modes and their effects are within Kåñëa, He is not in them. Hence, the human perception of good in this world does not correspond to the goodness of Kåñëa, the source of the world. For example, electricity is perceived in the home in terms of heat (in an electric stove) and cold (in a refrigerator). But at the power plant, electricity is not known in terms of the duality of heat and cold. In the home, whether electrical heat and cold are good or bad depends upon ever-changing circumstances and individual opinions. At the power plant, such changing circumstances and differing opinions do not occur. The power plant is not responsible for the reasons that cause people to say electrical heat is good, electrical cold is bad, or vice-versa. Similarly, individuals of different natures, circumstances and opinions define good and evil differently. Death is evil if it happens to me. Death is good if it happens to my enemy. Or death may be good for me if it delivers me from lingering agony, and not good if it does the same for my enemy. Although life and death, or good and evil, are within Kåñëa, His own divine goodness is not within them. The good and evil we ascribe to life and death or anything else are creations of the material mind. See Modes of nature.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Proñita-bhaåtkä—</span>a woman whose husband has left home and gone to a foreign country.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Påñata—</span>the father of King Drupada.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Påçni—</span>the name of Devaké in a previous birth.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Påthä—</span>Kunté, the wife of King Päëòu, mother of the Päëòavas and aunt of Lord Kåñëa. See also: Kunti-devi.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Påthu Mahäräja—</span>an empowered incarnation of Lord Kåñëa who demonstrated how to be an ideal ruler.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Püjäré—</span>priest, one who offers püjä or worships the Deity in a temple.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Püjä—</span>offering of worship.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pulastya (Pulaha)—</span>one of the seven great sages who were born directly from Lord Brahmä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Puàçcalé—</span>a harlot, or unchaste woman.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Puëòarékäkña—</span>a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning "He whose eyes are like the reddish lotus flower."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Puëya-çloka—</span>verses that increase one's piety; one who is glorified by such verses.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Puëya—</span><b><i>karma</i></b>-pious activities, which help to liberate one from the cycle of birth and death in the material world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Puraçcaraëa—</span>a preliminary ritualistic performance for the fulfillment of certain desires.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Puraçcaryä—</span>five preliminary devotional activities performed to qualify for initiation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Puräëa—</span>Literally, very old. Within the <b><i>småti</i></b> section of the Vedic scriptures, there are eighteen <b><i>Mahä-puräëas</i></b> (great books of ancient wisdom). Of these, the greatest is the <b><i>Bhägavata Puräëa</i></b>, also called <b><i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i></b>. See Çrémad-Bhägavatam.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Puräëas—</span>the eighteen major and eighteen minor ancient Vedic literatures compiled about five thousand years ago in India by Srila Vyasadeva that are histories of this and other planets; literatures supplementary to the <b><i>Vedas</i></b>, discussing such topics as the creation of the universe, incarnations of the Supreme Lord and demigods, and the history of dynasties of saintly kings. The eighteen principal<b><i> Puräëas</i></b> discuss ten primary subject matters: 1) the primary creation, 2) the secondary creation, 3) the planetary systems, 4) protection and maintenance by the <b><i>avatäras</i></b>, 5) the Manus. 6) dynasties of great kings, 7) noble character and activities of great kings, 8) dissolution of the universe and liberation of the living entity, 9) the jéva (the spirit soul), 10) the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Puraka—</span>the stage of equilibrium attained by offering the inhaled breath into the exhaled breath.</p>
<p class="p4">Puram—<span class="s3">town.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pura-pälaka—</span>the life air.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pürëam—</span>complete.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pürëa—</span>the complete whole, Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Purnima—</span>the day of the full moon.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Purocana—</span>a minister of King Duryodhana. He died in the fire of the house of lac in Väraëävata.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pürtam—</span>performance of sacrifice.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Puruña-adhama—</span>the Personality of Godhead, under whom all other persons remain.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Puruña-avatäras—</span>the primary expansions of Lord Viñëu who effect the creation, maintenance and destruction of the material universes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Puruña-avatäras—</span>the primary expansions of Lord Viñëu who effect the creation, maintenance and destruction of the material universes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Puruña-sükta—</span>a sacred hymn glorifying the Supersoul of the universe.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Puruñärtha—</span>the goal of life.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Puruña—</span>the enjoyer, or male; the living entity or the Supreme Lord; Viñëu, the incarnation of the Lord for material creation; the male or controlling principle; erson, enjoyer or soul. This term may be applied to both the jéva and the Supreme Personality of Godhead. See Personalism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Puruñottama—</span>Lord Kåñëa, who is the Supreme Person, meaning "the most exalted person."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Purüravä—</span>a king who was captivated by the celestial woman Urvaçé.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Püru—</span>the youngest son of King Yayäti, who agreed to exchange his youth for his father's old age.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pürva-räga—</span>the ecstasy of lovers before their meeting.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pürva-vidhi—</span>the injunction in <b><i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i></b> against praising characteristics or activities of others.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Purväñädhä—</span>one of the twenty-seven asterisms in Vedic astrology.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Puñkara—</span>a lake in western India dear to Lord Brahmä. At this place of pilgrimage is the only authorized temple of Lord Brahmä the world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Puñpa-aïjali—</span>the ceremony of offering flowers to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Puñpadanta—</span>a name for the Supreme Lord meaning "He whose teeth are as white as jasmine flowers." Also, a devotee of Lord Çiva renowned for his poetic skill.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Pütanä—</span>a witch who was sent by Kaàsa to appear in the form of a beautiful woman to kill baby Kåñëa but who was killed by Him and granted liberation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Putra—</span>consciousness.</p>
<p class="p2"><b>-Q-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Quantum mechanical theory—</span>A theory of subatomic physics begun by Max Planck (1858-1947) and developed by Niels Bohr (1885-1962), Ernst Schrodinger (1887-1961), Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976), Paul Dirac (1902-1984) and others. In order to form an elementary understanding of quantum theory, it is useful to compare it to Newtonian and Einsteinian physics. In Newton's classical view, science defines the structure and movement of matter in a very fixed and real sense. Matter is composed of particles that move according to the same forces that govern the movement of billiard balls. Einstein argued that while the structure of matter ought to be considered definite, its movement is not. If particles are like billiard balls in motion, then the billiard table is also in motion. The billiard table is comprised of space and time, which are not two separate entities hence the term <i>spacetime</i> in relativity theory. Even stranger, the movement of the billiard balls creates the spacetime billiard table that is the basis of the balls' movement. Einstein introduced into science the idea that the position of an observer contributes to the reality of the motion observed. When two observers, each in a different position, observe the same event differently, there is no way to determine whether one observation is right and the other wrong. If Newton's theory is compared to a tidy piece of realistic art, then Einstein's theory is more like a puzzle in which the objects look real enough, though their spatial relationships change before our eyes as in the case of a small circle drawn within a cube frame. As we gaze at it, the perspective shifts. The circle appears to be near the back left lower corner of the cube, then near the front left lower corner. But quantum theory can be compared only to an abstract yet suggestive art forma painting that at first glance appears to depict no subject at all, only chaos. Then, during closer scrutiny, forms are seen to emerge out of and merge back into the chaos a face, a hand, a bird or something else. Quantum theory gives no fixed and real definition of either the structure or the motion of matter. It predicts only <i>where</i> a quantum object may be found, or <i>what state of motion</i> it will be in. The <i>where</i> and <i>what state of motion</i> of that object are logically incompatible. Therefore quantum theory speaks of quantum objects as wave-particles. Ordinarily, the motion of objects through space is described in terms of four dimensions: length, breadth, height and duration of time. In quantum theory, as the number of quantum objects to be measured increases, more dimensions of space are added to account for them. But these dimensions are creations of the mind. This brings us to the problem of the interplay between mind and matter in quantum mechanics. There is no settled opinion as to where subjectivity ends and objectivity begins. Consequently, it has been remarked of quantum physics that there is no 'there' there. See Relativity theory.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Quine, W.V.—</span>American philosopher of great repute in the twentieth century (1908-1995). His argument that in scientific theory, any statement can be held true, come what may, if we make drastic enough adjustments elsewhere in the system, is often quoted.</p>
<p class="p2"><b>-R-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rädhä—</span>the wife of Adhiratha, and foster mother of Karëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rädhä-bhäva-mürti—</span>the mood of Rädhäräëé.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rädhä-kuëòa—</span>the bathing place of Çrématé Rädhäräëé, a sacred pond near Govardhana Hill in Vraja that was created by Rädhäräëé and her gopé companions. It is supreme among all the holy places in Vraja and the most exalted holy place for all Gauòéya Vaiñëavas. The eight major Gauòéya Vaiñëava temples of Våndävana also exist at Rädhä-kuëòa, as well as the bhajana-kutéras of Raghunätha däsa Gosvämé and Kåñëadäsa Kaviräja Gosvämé. This is the site of the most intimate loving affairs of Çré Çré Rädhä-Kåñëa, and the waters of Rädhä-kuëòa are considered non-different from Rädhäräëé and productive of love of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rädhäräëé—</span>Lord Kåñëa's most intimate consort, who the personification of the internal, pleasure potency of Lord Kåñëa. She appeared in this world as the daughter of King Våsabhänu and Kirti-devé and is the Queen of Våndävana. The most favorite consort of Kåñëa in Vrindavana, situated on Lord Kåñëa's left on altars and pictures; The feminine counterpart of Lord Kåñëa. She directs the änanda potency (<b><i>hlädiné-çakti</i></b>) for the transcendental pleasure of the Lord. See Daivi-prakåti, Kåñëa, Sac-cid-änanda.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rädhäñtamé—</span>the appearance anniversary of Çrimaté Rädhäräni.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rädhikä—</span>Çrématé Rädhäräëé.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Räga-bhakti—</span>devotional service in transcendental rapture.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Räga-märga—</span>the path of devotional service in spontaneous love of Godhead. [<i>Cc Ädi</i><b> 4.15]</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rägänuga-bhakti—</span>devotional service following the spontaneous loving service of the inhabitants of Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rägätmika-bhakti—</span>spontaneous devotional service of the inhabitants of Våndävana according to their transcendental attachment.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Räga—</span>attachment in ecstatic love of God.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Räghava—</span>Lord Rämacandra, who appeared in the Raghu dynasty, the dynasty of the sun.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Raghunätha Bhaööa Gosvämé—</span>one of the Six Gosvamis of Våndävana. He appeared in 1506 as the son of Tapana Miçra. He first met Lord Caitanya in Benares when the Lord stayed at his father's home for two months. He rendered direct service to the Lord and received His mercy. After the demise of his parents, he went to Puré and associated with the Lord, cooking for Him and taking His remnants. He was especially well-known for his sweetly singing the Bhägavatam to different tunes, his super-excellent cooking and his never hearing, or speaking about, either worldly topics or criticism of Vaiñëavas. On the order of the Lord, he proceeded to Våndävana and associated there with the other Gosvämés. He did not write books. His disciples assisted with the construction of the Govindaji Temple for Rüpa Gosvämé's Deity. He disappeared in 1580 at the age of seventy-four.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Raghunätha däsa Gosvämé—</span>one of the Six Gosvämés of Våndävana. He appeared in 1495. He was the son of the fabulously wealthy Govardhana Majumdara, the younger brother of the then Zamindar Hiraëya Majumdara in the village of Krishnapura in West Bengal. His forefathers were Vaiñëavas, and when he was a boy he got the association and blessings of Çréla Haridäsa Öhäkura. He was mad with the desire to join Lord Caitanya in Jagannätha Puré, but every time he ran away from home his parents would have him captured and brought back. Finally, he was successful. He received the mercy of Lord Caitanya and served for many years as the assistant of Svarüpa Dämodara. He was thus known as the Raghu of Svarüpa. Later, he was sent to Våndävana and lived in Rädhä-kuëòa, performing severe austerities. In his later years he subsisted on just a few drops of buttermilk each day. He wrote important texts on devotion, his only concern being the chanting of the Holy Name. He ascended in 1571 at the age of 76.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rahügaëa Mahäräja—</span>the king who received spiritual instruction from Jaòa Bharata.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Railhead—</span>town or station at the end of the railway line; ending point.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Raita—</span>fruits or semicooked vegetables in lightly seasoned yogurt.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Raivataka—</span>a mountain near Dvärakä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Räja-päla—</span>the governor of the state.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Räja-yoga—</span>Pataïjali's process of imagining a form of the Absolute Truth within many forms.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rajaguëa—</span>the mode of passion of material nature.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Räjarñi—</span>a great saintly king.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Räjasa-ahaìkära—</span>egotism in passion.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Räjasüya-yajïa—</span>an elaborate sacrifice that establishes who is the emperor of the world. It was performed by Mahäräja Yudhiñöhira before the Battle of Kurukñetra and attended by Lord Kåñëa. (Sabhä Parva in <b><i>Mahäbhärata</i></b>)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rajas—</span>the material mode of passion.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Raja—</span>rule or sovereignty. Used to describe the British rule; king or prince.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rajo-guëa—</span>the material mode of passion. See Modes of nature.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Räkñasa-gaëa—</span>man-eating demons.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Räkñasa—</span>a class of asura or ungodly people. The Räkñasa are always opposed to God's will. Generally, they are man-eaters and have grotesque forms.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rakta—</span>red in the Treta-yuga.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Räma-navamé—</span>the appearance anniversary of Lord Rämacandra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Räma-räjya—</span>a perfect, Vedic kingdom following the example of Lord Rämacandra-the incarnation of the Supreme Lord appearing as the perfect king.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rämacandra—</span>the eighteenth incarnation of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, the killer of the tenheaded demon king, Rävaëa. Räma was exiled to the forest on the order of His father, Mahäräja Daçaratha. His wife Sétä was kidnapped by Rävaëa, but by employing a huge army of monkeys, who were the powerful and intelligent offspring of demigods, He regained his wife in battle, and eventually His ancestral kingdom too. This great epic is recounted in Välméki's Rämäyaëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rämänanda Räya—</span>an intimate associate of Lord Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu in His later pastimes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rämänujäcärya—</span>a great eleventh-century Vaiñëava spiritual master of the Çré-sampradäya.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rämäyaëa—</span>the original epic history about Lord Rämacandra and Sétä, written by Välméki Muni.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Räma—</span>name of the Absolute Truth as the source of unlimited pleasure for transcendentalists; incarnation of the Supreme Lord, Lord Rämacandra as a perfect, righteous king, who appeared in Ayodhya in the Tretä-yuga; Literally, the supreme pleasure; a prominent Sanskrit name of the Personality of Godhead. See Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ramä—</span>Lakñmé, the goddess of fortune and eternal consort of the Supreme Lord, Näräyaëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ranaghat—</span>a town in the West Bengal district of Nadia just south of Navadvépa on the railway to Calcutta. Ranaghat is the government headquarters of the Ranaghat subdivision of the Nadia district. It covers an area of about two-and-a-half square miles. Öhäkura Bhaktivinoda's family lived here at different times.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Raìganätha—</span>Deity of Lord Viñëu worshiped in Çré Raìgam.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ranga-bhumi—</span>This is where the wrestling match took place between Krsna, Balaram and the professional wrestlers, Canura and Mustika.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Räsa dance—</span>Lord Kåñëa's pleasure dance with the cowherd maidens of Våndävana, Vrajabhümi. It is a pure exchange of spiritual love between the Lord and His most advanced, confidential servitors.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Räsa-lélä—</span>the group dancing of Kåñëa and His cowherd girlfriends in His Våndävana pastimes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rasa-yäträ—</span>festival of the rasa dancing of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rasäbhäsa—</span>incompatible overlapping of transcendental mellows.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Räsädi-viläsé—</span>the enjoyer of the räsa dance and other pastimes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rasam powder—</span>a South Indian spice blend used to flavour the famous <b><i>rasam</i></b>, a chili-hot soup dish made from toovar (<b><i>arhar</i></b>) <b><i>dal</i></b> lentils. Ingredients vary. The home-made <b><i>rasam</i></b> powder recipe contains mustard seeds, coriander seeds, dried hot red chilies, black peppercorns, fenugreek seeds, and cumin seeds. Rasam powder can be purchased ready-mixed in packets or tins from Indian grocery shops.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rasätala—</span>the lowest planet in the lowest planetary system (Pätäla) ins</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rasa—</span>relationship between the Lord and the living entities; mellow, or the sweet taste of a relationship, especially between the Lord and the living entities. They are of five principal varieties-neutral relationship (<b><i>santa-rasa</i></b>), relationship as servant (<b><i>däsya-rasa</i></b>), as friend (<b><i>sakhya-rasa</i></b>), parent (<b><i>vätsalya-rasa</i></b>) and conjugal lover (<b><i>mädhurya-rasa</i></b>). Eternal spiritual relationship with Kåñëa. There are five <b><i>rasas</i></b>: <b><i>çänta</i></b> (passive awe and reverence); <b><i>däsya </i></b>(servitude); <b><i>sakhya</i></b> (friendship); <b><i>vätsalya</i></b> (parenthood); and <b><i>mädhurya</i></b> (conjugal love). According to his specific kind of <b><i>rasa</i></b>, the soul displays a spiritual form as Kåñëa's eternal servant, friend, parent or conjugal lover. Just as our present material body permits us to engage in karma (physical activities), so the spiritual <b><i>rasa</i></b>-body permits us to engage in <b><i>lélä</i></b> (Kåñëa's endlessly expanding spiritual activities) See Ecstasy, Lélä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ratha-yäträ—</span>the festival celebrating Kåñëa's return to Våndävana; The journey of the chariots, a traditional Vaiñëava festival held every year at Jagannätha Puré in Orissa. In Puré the devotees place the immense Deity forms of Jagannätha, Baladeva and Lady Subhadrä on three towering, huge gaily decorated canopied chariots, each having sixteen wheels. Thousands of people pull these cars to the Guëòicä temple, where Lord Jagannätha abides for seven days, after which there is a return Ratha-yäträ to the Jagannätha Temple. Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu and His associates gathered every year to observe this celebration with a massive festival of <b><i>saìkértana</i></b>. This great celebration of Ratha-yäträ is now being held all over the world by the arrangement of Çréla A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ratha—</span>temple cart or chariot, used during religious festival to carry the Deities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rati—</span>a strong attraction to God that precedes bhäva (mature ecstasy) and prema (mature love of God).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rationalism—</span>The approach to philosophy that holds reason (Lat. ratio) to be the primary cause of knowledge. See Anumäna, Descartes, Existentialism, Hawking, Kant, Marxism, Natural theology, Phenomenology, Positivism, Pragmatism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Raty-äbhäsa—</span>a preliminary glimpse of attachment.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Raudra-rasa—</span>one of the indirect relationships, anger.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rävaëa—</span>a powerful ten-headed demon king of Laìkä who wanted to build a staircase to heaven but was killed by Kåñëa in His incarnation as Lord Rämacandra. The pastime is described in the epic poem Rämäyaëa, by the sage Välméki.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Reality—</span>That which is. Reality is opposite to appearance. The Sanskrit equivalent is tattva. See Tattva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Recaka—</span>the state of equilibrium attained by offering the exhaled breath into the inhaled breath.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Reflective, creative, and critical thinking—</span>Three modes of anumäna. Reflective thinking begins in wonder about something perceived. Out of wonder, questions arise. Creative thinking begins as a mental effort to answer the questions of reflection. Sometimes these questions are answered spontaneously, by intuition, insight or inspiraton, rather than by deliberate effort. At its highest stage of development, creative thinking is <b><i>çästramülaka</i></b> philosophical speculation. Critical thinking examines to what extent an idea or argument fits the evidence and meets the requirements of logic. See Logic.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Reflexivity—</span>The condition in which something is directed (reflected) back to itself. Hence, reflexive criticism is self-defeating. It comes from the Latin reflectare, to bend back.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Reincarnation—</span>From the Latin re (again) and incarnare (make into flesh). Reincarnation it is the return of the soul to a physical body after death, also called transmigration. See Karma, Life after death, Saàsära.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Relativism—</span>Also known as the homo mensura (man is the measure) theory. Relativists reject any truth that is absolute. They argue that because each person sees things differently, truth exists individually for each person. It is therefore false to say one person is right and another is wrong. Relativism in Western philosophy is traced back to Protagoras, a contemporary of Socrates. See Absolute, Humanism. Relativity theory Albert Einstein compared his theory of relativity to a building with two stories. The ground floor is the special theory of relativity. It applies to all physical phenomena except gravitation. The general theory of relativity is the upper floor; it explains the law of gravitation. Einstein's theory combines two principles. One is that motion is relative. For example, when a table-tennis ball rolls across the surface of the playing table, its motion is relative to the table. In the classical physics of Newton, the rolling ball is considered to be the object in motion, and the table is considered to be at rest. However, if at first the ball was at rest on the tabletop, and we were to move the table, then both the table and the ball would move in relation to one another. Relativity theory argues that since all matter in the universe is in motion, the ball rolling upon the surface of a moving table is the actual model for motion in the universe. If space and time are taken to be the table, they contribute motion to the movement of all things. The old model of a ball rolling upon a tabletop at rest is therefore an illusion. The second principle of relativity is that the speed of light is always the same, even when light is emitted from a source that moves at a great speed towards, or away from, the observer. One of the significant differences between relativity theory and classical theory is seen in the calculation of the mass of a physical object. Mass is defined as the amount of matter in a physical object which is measured as that object's resistance to acceleration. Mass is different from, but proportional to, weight. Classical theory attributes a steady mass to any given physical object. Relativity theory predicts that the mass of a thing will vary according to its motion. Relativity is considered an advancement over, but not a replacement of, classical physics, which is still useful. From a logical point of view, the two theories are incompatible. The third important physical theory, quantum mechanics, is likewise incompatible with classical theory, and also differs significantly from relativity theory. See Quantum mechanical theory.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Revelation—</span>Literally, it means an unveiling or a revealing. In Latin, velare means to cover or to veil (from velum, curtain or veil). Thus revelare means to pull back the veil. As light and darkness are separated by a veil, so too are good and evil. To step behind that veil into darkness is evil. By revelation, the veil is pulled back, removing by light the darkness of evil. See Problem of evil.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Åg Veda—</span>one of the four Vedas, the original scriptures spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rickshaw—</span>two or three wheeled passenger vehicle.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rishi—</span>a sage.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Åk-saàhitä—</span>the mantra text of the <b><i>Åg Veda</i></b>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rohiëé—</span>the wife of Vasudeva, and the mother of Lord Balaräma.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Romaharñaëa—</span>the father of Süta Gosvämé. He was killed by Lord Balaräma for his offenses.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Åñabhadeva—</span>an incarnation of the Supreme Lord as a devotee king who, after instructing his sons in spiritual life, renounced His kingdom for a life of austerity.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Åñi—</span>a synonym for a sage who performs austerities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Åtvik—</span>one who acts on behalf of his preceptor.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rüòha-bhäva—</span>the love of the gopés.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rüòha—</span>advanced symptom of conjugal mellow found among the queens of Dvärakä; included in mahäbhäva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rudras—</span>the expansions of Lord Çiva who rule over the material mode of ignorance.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rudra—</span>see: Çiva</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rukmaratha—</span>the son of Çalya, the King of Madras. He was killed by Çveta, the son of Drupada, during the Kurukñetra war.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rukmé—</span>the son of King Bhéñmaka, the King of Vidarbha, and the brother of Rukmiëé, the first wife of Lord Kåñëa. His hatred for Lord Kåñëa eventually got him killed by Lord Baladeva during a chess game.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rukmiëé—</span>Lord Kåñëa's principal queen in Dvärakä; the chief of Lord Kåñëa's wives.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rukmini-Dvarakädhisa—</span>the transcendental couple manifested as Kåñëa, the Lord of Dvärakä, and His queen Rukminé; name of the Deities of ISKCON Los Angeles.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rüpa Gosvämé—</span>chief of the six great spiritual master Gosvämés of Våndävana who were authorized by Lord Caitanya Mahäprabhu to establish and distribute the philosophy of Kåñëa consciousness. He extensively researched the scriptures and established the philosophy taught by Lord Caitanya on an unshakable foundation. Thus Gauòéya Vaiñëavas are known as Rüpänugas, followers of Rüpa Gosvämé. He is also known as the rasäcärya, or the teacher of devotional mellows, as exemplified by his book, Bhakti-rasämåta-sindhu. It is the duty and the aspiration of every Gauòéya Vaiñëava to become his servant and follow his path.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rüpänuga—</span>one who follows in the footsteps of Rüpa Gosvämé.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Rupee—</span>main unit of currency used in India.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Russel, Bertrand—</span>Very influential British philosopher of the twentieth century (1872-1970) who was especially interested in mathematical logic and the basic problems of philosophy (appearance and reality, general principles, the value and limits of philosophy, and so on). In a letter of 20 September 1966, Russel suggested to his editor at Oxford University Press that a book of his then in production ought to have a cover illustration of a monkey tumbling over a precipice and exclaiming, 'Oh dear, I wish I hadn't read Einstein.' On no account should the monkey look like me.</p>
<p class="p2"><b>-S-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çabda-brahma<i>—</i></span>transcendental sound vibration; the injunctions of the <i>Vedas </i>and <i>Upaniñads.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çabda-pramäëa—</span>the evidence of transcendental sound, especially of the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çabda-tanmätra—</span>the material element of sound vibration.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çabda—</span>transcendental sound; Sound, especially the Vedic sound, which is the self-evident proof of knowledge. As an authoritative testimony, the third of the three Vaiñëava <i>pramäëas</i>. See Anumäna, Pramäëa, Pratyakña.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sabji—</span>vegetable or vegetable dish.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sac-cid-änanda-vigraha<i> </i></span>[<i>Bs.</i><b> 5.1]</b><span class="s1">—</span>the Lord's transcendental form, which is eternal and full of knowledge and bliss; the eternal transcendental form of the living entity.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sac-cid-änanda—</span>the natural condition of spiritual life: eternal, full of knowledge and bliss; The three qualities of Kåñëa and His spiritual world: eternality, knowledge and bliss. See Brahmajyoti, Kåñëa, Rädhäräëé.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çacé-devé—</span>the mother of Çri Caitanya Mahäprabhu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çacépati—</span>Indra-the chief demigod of heaven and presiding deity of rain, and the father of Arjuna. He is the son of Aditi.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sacred thread—</span>a thread worn by persons initiated into the chanting of the Gäyatré <i>mantra.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ñaò-aiçvarya-pürëa—</span>the Supreme Lord who is complete with six opulences.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ñaò-bhüja—</span>the form of the Lord with six arms-two arms of Rämacandra, two arms of Kåñëa and two arms of Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çaò-darçana—</span>Six views or systems of Vedic philosophy. See Six systems.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sadäçiva—</span><i>see: </i>Çiva</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sädhaka—</span>a practitioner of <i>sädhana-bhakti</i>; one who is nearing the perfection of Brahman realization; one who is a suitable candidate for liberation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sädhana-bhakti—</span>following the rules and regulations of devotional service to develop natural love for Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sädhana-siddha—</span>one who has attained perfection by executing the rules and regulations of devotional service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sädhana—</span>the beginning phase of devotional service, consisting of regulated practice.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sädhu-nindä—</span>the offense of criticizing a Vaiñëava.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sadhu-saìga—</span>the association of saintly persons<i> </i><b>[</b><b><i>Madh</i></b><i>ya</i><b><i> </i></b><b>22.83]</b>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sädhu-varya—</span>the best of gentlemen.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sädhu—</span>a saint or Krishna conscious devotee, or Vaiñëava. A wandering holy man; A saintly person, a devotee of the Lord; one of the three authorities for a Vaiñëava. See Guru, Çästra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sädhyas—</span>demigods inhabiting the heavenly planets.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sagarbha-yogé—</span>a <i>yogé </i>who worships the Supersoul in the Viñëu form.</p>
<p class="p4">Sagar—<span class="s3">lake.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Saguëa—</span>"possessing attributes or qualities." In reference to the Supreme Lord, the term signifies that He has spiritual, transcendental qualities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sahadeva—</span>Nakula's twin, and the fifth of the sons of Päëòu, and younger brother of Arjuna. He was born of the union of the Açviné-kumära demigods and Kunté. He was reputed for knowledge of scriptures, and he was exceptionally handsome.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sahadeva—</span>the son of Jaräsandha. He took the side of the Päëòavas during the Kurukñetra war and was killed by Droëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sahajiyäs—</span>a class of so-called devotees who, considering God cheap, ignore the scriptural injunctions and try to imitate the Lord's pastimes; an offensive, immature devotee who does not follow proper devotional regulations.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sahasra-çérñä—</span>a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning "He who has a thousand heads;" Ananta-Çeña-an incarnation of the Supreme Lord in the form of His thousand-headed serpent, on which Viñëu rests, and who sustains the planets on His hoods.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sahasra-giti—</span>thousand prayers composed by Nämmälvära.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sahasra-vadana—</span>the thousand-mouthed snake incarnation, called Çeña Näga.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sahib "Lord"—</span>title given to any gentlemen and usually to Europeans. This is a compliment.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çaibyä—</span>one of the great archers on the side of the Päëòavas during the Kurukñetra war; one of the four horses that drove Lord Kåñëa's chariot; one of the wives of Lord Kåñëa, after the Lord's disappearance she entered fire and attained the spiritual world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sainika—</span>the condition of threefold miseries.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sairandhré—</span>a name used by Draupadé during the Päëòavas last year of exile in the kingdom of Viräöa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çaivism—</span>the philosophy of the <i>Çiva-sampradaya, </i>the disciplic succession descending from Lord Çiva</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çaivite—</span>devotee of Lord Çiva; one who worships Çiva as the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sajätéyäçaya-snigdha—</span>pleasing to people of a similar nature.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sajätéya—</span>a person within the intimate circle of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çäka—</span>a leafy vegetable that was a favorite of Lord Caitanya's.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sakäma-bhakta—</span>a devotee with material desires.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sakhé—</span><i>gopés</i> who are close associates of Çrématé Rädhäräëé's and who expand the conjugal love of Kåñëa and His enjoyment among the <i>gopés</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sakhya-prema—</span>love of God in friendship.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sakhya-rasa—</span>a relationship with the Supreme Lord in devotional friendship.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sakhya-rati—</span><i>see: Sakhya-rasa </i>above<i>.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sakhya—</span>the devotional process of maintaining friendship with Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Säkñi-gopäla—</span>the Deity of Kåñëa who acted as a witness to the promise of an elder <i>brähmaëa </i>to a younger one.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çakti-tattva—</span>persons who are plenary expansions of the Lord's internal potency; the various energies of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çaktyäveça-avatära—</span>an empowered living entity who serves as an incarnation of the Lord; empowered by the Supreme Lord with one or more of the Lord's opulences.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çaktyäveça-jévas—</span><i>see: Çaktyäveça-avatära </i>above.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çakuni—</span>the evil brother of Gändhäré and notorious friend of Duryodhana. He master-minded the great gambling match that sent the Päëòavas into exile for 13 years. In the great Kurukñetra war he was killed by Sahadeva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çälagräma-çilä—</span>the worshipable Deity of Lord Näräyaëa in the form of a round stone. It is described in detail in the final canto of the <i>Padma Puräëa.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çäla—</span>a hardwood tree found in northern India.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çala—</span>he was one of the sons of Somadatta, a Kuru King. His brothers were Bhüri and Bhüriçravas. He was killed by Sätyaki during the Kurukñetra war.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sälokya-mukti—</span>liberation of residing on the same planet as the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sälokya—</span>the liberation of residing on the same planet as the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çälva—</span>a demon who desired Ambä for his wife. He was defeated by Bhéñma in his attempt to win Ambä. He attacked Dvärakä with an airship made by the demon Maya. He was killed by Lord Çré Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çalya—</span>the King of Madras. His sister was Mädré who was married to Päëòu. He wanted to join the side of the Päëòavas during the Kurukñetra war, but was tricked by Duryodhana into offering him his services. He was killed by Yudhiñöhira during the Kurukñetra war.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Salvation—</span>See Life after death.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Säma Veda—</span>one of the four original <i>Vedas</i>. It consists of musical settings of the sacrificial hymns. The <i>Säma Veda</i> is rich with beautiful songs played by the various demigods. One of these songs is the <i>Båhat-säma</i>, which has an exquisite melody and is sung at midnight.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sama-darçé—</span>seeing with equal vision. Therefore, one who has knowledge of the soul and how the soul transmigrates from one body to another does not pay attention to the body, which is nothing but a covering dress. <i>Paëòitäù sama-darçinaù</i> <b>[</b><b><i>Bg</i></b><b>. 5.18]</b><i>.</i> Such a person sees the soul, which is part and parcel of the Supreme Lord. Therefore he is a <i>sama-darçi</i>, a learned person.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Samädhi—</span>total absorption and trance of the mind and senses in consciousness of the Supreme Godhead and service to Him. The word <i>samädhi </i>also refers to the tomb where a great soul's body is laid after his departure from this world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Samana-vayu—</span>the internal bodily air which adjusts equilibrium. It is one of the five bodily airs controlled by the breathing exercises of the añtanga-yoga system.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Samatä—</span>stage when one is fully attached to Kåñëa's lotus feet.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sama—</span>control of the mind.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çambhu-tattva—</span>the principle of Lord Çiva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sambandha-jïäna—</span>knowledge of one's original relationship with the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sämba—</span>one of the heroic sons of Lord Kåñëa born of Jämbavaté.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sambhoga—</span>the ecstasy of the meeting and embracing of lovers.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sambhrama-däsya—</span>one of the indirect relationships, respect.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Saàhitäs—</span>supplementary Vedic literatures expressing the conclusions of particular self-realized authorities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sämépya-mukti—</span>liberation of living as a personal associate of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sämépya—</span>the liberation of becoming a personal associate of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sampradäya-äcäryas—</span>founders of the four Vaiñëava schools; they include Çré Rämänujäcärya, Madhväcärya, Viñëu Svämé and Nimbärka.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sampradäya—</span>a disciplic succession of spiritual masters, along with the followers in that tradition, through which spiritual knowledge is transmitted; School of thought. See Four Vaiñëava Sampradäyas and Siddhäntas.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Samprekñya näsikägram—</span>keeping one's eyes half-open in the practice of <i>yoga.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Saàsära—</span>the cycle of repeated birth and death in the material world; The <i>baddha-jéva</i> (conditioned soul), captivated by the modes of material nature, is moved as if on a wheel through 8,400,000 kinds of births, lifetime after lifetime. At the lower range of the cycle are births within aquatic, vegetative and animal forms. At the middle range are births within human forms. At the upper range are births within superhuman forms, such as the demigods. But as high as the soul may reach, even up to the position of Brahmä, there is no freedom from <i>saàsära.</i> Impelled by <i>prakåti, käla</i> and <i>karma,</i> the <i>jéva</i> will surely be forced into another womb, until the day that soul surrenders to the origin of the force that turns the wheel of <i>saàsära</i>the <i>éçvara,</i> Kåñëa. The materialistic theory of evolution put forward by Anaximander and Darwin imperfectly recapitulates the Vedic description of the cycle of birth and death. It is true that we were once microbes, fish, reptiles, mammals and apes. But who are we? We are spirit souls. Materialists have no knowledge of the soul. They are unable to explain how and why dead matter assumes the forms of the gradient species. The Vedas explain that the gradient species mark the evolution and devolution of the soul's material desires. See Evolution, Karma, Life after death, Reincarnation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Saàçaya—</span>Doubt. One of the five functions of <i>buddhi.</i> See Buddhi.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Saàsåti—</span>the cycle of repeated birth and death.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Saàskära—</span>one of the Vedic reformatory rituals performed one by one from the time of conception until death for purifying a human being.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Saàskåta—</span>purified.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Samvit-çakti—</span>the knowledge portion of the Lord's spiritual potency.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sanätana Gosvämé—</span>one of the Six Gosvämés of Våndävana who was authorized by Lord Caitanya Mahäprabhu to establish and distribute the philosophy of Kåñëa consciousness. He was the older brother of Rüpa Gosvämé and was accepted by Rüpa Gosvämé as his spiritual master. He and Rüpa Gosvämé were both ministers in the Mohammedan court in Gauòa, but renounced everything for the service of Lord Caitanya. The two brothers were ordered by Çré Caitanya to write books establishing the philosophy of Gauòéya Vaiñëavism and to excavate the holy places in Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sanätana-dhäma—</span>the eternal abode, the Vaikuëöha<i> </i>planets in the spiritual sky.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sanätana-dharma—</span>literally, the "eternal activity of the soul", or the eternal religion of the living being-to render service to the Supreme Lord, which in this age is executed mainly by chanting the <i>mahä-mantra</i>. <i>See also: Bhägavata-dharma.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sanätana-yoga<i>—</i></span>eternal activities performed by the living entity.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sanätana—</span>eternal, having no beginning or end.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sanctum sanctorum—</span>inner sanctuary or altar room that contains the main Deity of the temple</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sandeça—</span>a delicate sweetmeat made with curd and sugar.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sandhiné-çakti—</span>the existence potency of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Saìgam—</span>meeting point of two or more rivers.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Saïjaya—</span>charioteer and minister to King Dhåtaräñöra. Saïjaya narrated the events of the Kurukñetra war to Dhåtaräñöra by the mercy of Vyäsa; also a former king of the Ikñväku dynasty.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çaìkaräcärya—</span>an incarnation of Lord Çiva who appeared in South India at the end of the 7th century A.D. to re-establish the authority of the Vedic scriptures. He was a philosopher and lived about three hundred years before Rämänuja. He did this at a time when India was under the sway of Buddhism, whose tenets deny the authority of the <i>Vedas. </i>He took <i>sannyäsa </i>at a very tender age and wrote commentaries establishing an impersonal philosophy similar to Buddhism, substituting Brahman (Spirit) for the void. He traveled all over India defeating the great scholars of the day and converting them to his doctrine of Mäyäväda, the <i>advaita</i> (non-dualism) interpretation of the <i>Upaniñads </i>and <i>Vedänta. </i>He left the world at the age of 33; The incarnation of Çiva who appeared about 1400 years ago in South India to propagate Advaita Vedänta. He taught that Brahman is impersonal, there is no individuality apart from Brahman (all souls are really one soul), the cosmic manifestation does not emanate from Brahman, and the cosmic manifestation is without reality, like a hallucination. Though his philosophy is a distortion of the Vedic teachings, his mission was very important. He turned the Indian people away from Buddhism, back to the Vedas. See Advaita, Brahmajyoti, Brahman, Buddhism, Four Vaiñëava Sampradäyas and Siddhäntas, Mäyäväda philosophy, Six systems, Vedänta.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çaìkä—</span>doubt, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çaìkha—</span>a son of King Viraöa. He was killed Droëa during the Kurukñetra war; the conchshell held by Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Saìkara—</span><i>see: </i>Çiva</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Saìkarñaëa—</span>one of the four original expansions of Lord Kåñëa in the spiritual world; also, another name of Balaräma, given by Garga Muni.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Saìkértana-yajïa—</span>the sacrifice prescribed for the Age of Kali, namely, congregational chanting of the name, fame and pastimes of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Saìkhoddhära—</span>the place where the Lord killed Sankhäsura.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Säìkhya-yoga—</span>the process of linking with the Supreme by intellectually tracing out the source of creation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Säìkhya—</span>analytical discrimination between spirit and matter and the path of devotional service as described by Lord Kapila, the son of Devahüti in the <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i>; analytical understanding of the body and the soul. Säìkhya-yoga-the process of linking with the Supreme by intellectually tracing out the source of creation; An analysis of matter and spirit taught by sage Niréçvara Kapila. One of the six systems of Vedic philosophy. See Analysis, Six systems.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Saìkértana—</span>The congregational glorification of the Lord through chanting His holy name. The most recommended process of spiritual upliftment in the present age <i>(Kali-yuga).</i> See Caitanya Mahä-prabhu, ISKCON, Kértana.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Saìkränté—</span>the day when a Bengali month ends. Also, the passage of the sun or any other planet from one Zodiacal sign to another.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çänta-bhaktas—</span>devotees in the neutral stage of devotional service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sannipäti—</span>a convulsive disease caused by combination of <i>kapha, pitta, väyu</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sannyäsa-daëòa—</span>the staff carried by a <i>sannyäsé</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sannyäsa—</span>the renounced order, and fourth stage of Vedic spiritual life in the Vedic system of <i>varëäsrama-dharma,</i> which is free from family relationships and in which all activities are completely dedicated to Kåñëa<i>. </i>It is the order of ascetics who travel and constantly preach the message of Godhead for the benefit of all. The <i>sannyäsé </i>has no other purpose in life but to serve and please the Supreme Personality of Godhead, and he acts as the guru for the other divisions of society; The order of renunciation accepted by males in the Vedic culture. The fourth spiritual devision of life, according to the social system of four <i>äçramas,</i> <i>sannyäsa</i> is meant for ending material existence. It is usually accepted at age fifty, after a man has fulfilled his household responsibilities. The original Vedic <i>sannyäsés</i> carried the <i>tridaëòa,</i> three bamboo rods wrapped together around a fourth, symbolizing that the body, minds and words are dedicated to the Supreme. The fourth stood for the soul. <i>Mäyävädé sannyäsés</i> in the line of Çaìkaräcärya carry only one <i>daëòa;</i> the Buddhists carry none. All bona fide <i>sannyäsés</i> wear orange or saffron robes and keep their heads shaven; all must follow standard principles: no meat-eating, sexual activity, gambling or intoxication, and all are meant to travel and preach as their only duty in life. See Brahmacäré, Gåhastha, Vänaprastha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sannyäsé—</span>one in the <i>sannyäsa</i> (renounced) order.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sanskrit—</span>the oldest language in the world. The <i>Vedas, </i>or India's holy scriptures, are written in Sanskrit; From <i>saàs</i> (together) and <i>kåta</i> (made), hence speech made together (refined), Sanskrit is an ancient language of culture, learning and spiritual wisdom. The Vedas are all written in Sanskrit.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çänta-rasa—</span>the marginal stage of devotional service, passive love of God; the relationship with the Supreme Lord in neutrality.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çänta-rati—</span><i>see: Çänta-rasa </i>above.<i> </i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çantanu—</span>the father of Bhéñma by Gaìgä. He gave Bhéñma the benediction that he could die only when he wanted to. It was said that anything he touched with his two hands would become youthful.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çänta—</span>peaceful.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çäntipur—</span>a village in the Ranaghat subdivision of the West Bengal district of Nadia. It is famous as the home of Çré Advaita Äcärya, the associate of Lord Caitanya and incarnation of Mahä-Visëu. It is close to Mäyäpura.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Santan—</span>Coconut milk-known as <i>santan</i> in Indonesian cooking, this creamy white liquid with a fresh, coconut flavour is extracted from fresh coconut pulp and is used in varieties of South East Asian and Indonesian dishes. It is available in cans from supermarkets and Asian grocers.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çäpa—</span>a <i>brähmaëa's </i>curse.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sapta-dvépa—</span>the seven islands of the earth.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sapta-suta—</span>the seven sons, namely hearing, chanting, remembering, offering prayers, serving the lotus feet of the Lord, worshiping the Deity and becoming a servant of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sapta-täla—</span>the seven palm trees in Rämacandra's forest.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çaradvän—</span>the son of Gautama, and the father of Kåpäcärya.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sära grass—</span>a whitish reed.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Saralatä—</span>simplicity.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sarasvaté—</span>goddess of learning. Wife of Lord Brahmä. She usually sits on a white swan and holds a veena (stringed instrument) in her hands.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sarga—</span>the first material creation by Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çäréraka-bhäñya—</span>Çaìkaräcärya's commentary on the <i>Vedänta-sütra</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çaréré—</span>the soul, owner of the body.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s2">Sari</span><span class="s1">—</span>traditional Indian dress worn by Hindu women-six yards long as a rule; Vedic women's dress.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çärkaräkña—</span>lit. "those who have sand in their eyes"; those situated in the gross bodily conception of life.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sarmiñöhä—</span>the second wife of King Yayäti. On account of overattachment to her, the king was cursed by Çukräcärya to lose his youth.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çärìga—</span>the bow of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Särñöi-mukti—</span>the liberation of achieving opulences equal to those of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Särñöi—</span>the liberation of achieving equal opulence with the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Särüpya-mukti—</span>the liberation of having the same bodily features as the Lord's.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Särüpya—</span>the liberation of attaining a spiritual form like that of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sarva-jïa—</span>omniscient; one who knows everything-past, present and future.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sarva-käma-deha—</span>the body engaged for the satisfaction of all kinds of material desires.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sarva-kämada—</span>a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning "He who fulfills the desires of His devotees."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sarva-käma—</span>one who desires material perfection.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sarva-käraëa-käraëam—</span>Kåñëa, the cause of all causes [<i>Bs.</i> <b>5.1].</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sarva-loka—</span>all the material worlds.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Särvabhauma Bhaööäcärya—</span>a famous logician, adviser to King Pratäparudra of Orissa who surrendered to Lord Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sarvärambha-parityägé—</span>one who is indifferent to both pious and impious activities. <b>[</b><b><i>Bg. </i></b><b>12.16]</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sarvätma-nivedana—</span><i>Ätma-nivedana</i>-the devotional process of surrendering everything to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sarvätmä—</span>Paramätmä-the Supersoul, the localized aspect Viñëu expansion of the Supreme Lord residing in the heart of each embodied living entity and pervading all of material nature.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çästra-cakñuù—</span>seeing everything through the medium of the Vedic literature; <i>Cakñuña</i> means eyes; <i>çästra-cakñuña</i> means seeing through the eyes of scripture, as opposed to gross sense perception or mental speculation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çästra<i>—</i></span>the revealed scriptures, obeyed by all those who follow the Vedic teachings. <i>Çäs </i>means "to regulate and direct" and <i>tra</i> means "an instrument"; Vedic literature; The Vedic scriptures; one of the three authorities for a Vaiñëava. In his purport to <i>Cc., Ädi-lélä</i> <b>17.157</b>, Çréla Prabhupäda writes: The word <i>çästra</i> is derived from the <i>dhätu,</i> or verbal root, <i>ças.</i> <i>Sas-dhätu</i> pertains to controlling or ruling. A government's ruling through force or weapons is called <i>çastra.</i> Thus whenever there is ruling, either by weapons or by injunctions, the <i>ças-dhätu</i> is the basic principle. Between <i>çastra</i> (ruling through weapons) and <i>çästra</i> (ruling through the injunctions of the scriptures), the better is <i>çästra.</i> Our Vedic scriptures are not ordinary law books of human common sense; they are the statements of factually liberated persons unaffected by the imperfectness of the senses. <i>Çästra</i> must be correct always, not sometimes correct and sometimes incorrect. In the Vedic scriptures, the cow is described as a mother. Therefore she is a mother for all time; it is not, as some rascals say, that in the Vedic age she was a mother but she is not in this age. If <i>çästra</i> is an authority, the cow is a mother always; she was a mother in the Vedic age, and she is a mother in this age also. If one acts according to the injunctions of <i>çästra,</i> he is freed from the reactions of sinful activity. For example, the propensities for eating flesh, drinking wine and enjoying sex life are all natural to the conditioned soul. The path of such enjoyment is called <i>pravåtti-märga.</i> The <i>çästra</i> says, <i>pravåttir eñäà bhütänäà nivåttis tu mahä-phalä:</i> [<i>Manu-småti</i> <b>5.56</b>]<b> </b>one should not be carried away by the propensities of defective conditioned life; one should be guided by the principles of the <i>çästras.</i> A child's propensity is to play all day long, but it is the injunction of the <i>çästras</i> that the parents should take care to educate him. The <i>çästras</i> are there just to guide the activities of human society. But because people do not refer to the instructions of <i>çästras,</i> which are free from defects and imperfections, they are therefore misguided by so-called educated teachers and leaders who are full of the deficiencies of conditioned life.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çästramülaka—</span><i>Müla</i> means root; <i>çästramülaka</i> means rooted in scripture, as opposed to <i>laukika.</i> See Laukika.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Säñöänga-pranäma (<i>Daëòavat</i>)—</span>a respectful obeisance executed by prostrating eight limbs of the body, namely the thighs, feet, hands, chest, thoughts or devotion, head, voice, and closed eyes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sat—</span>eternal, unlimited existence.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ñaö-sandarbha<i>—</i></span>six Sanskrit works on the science of devotional service or Vaiñëava philosophy by Çréla Jéva Gosvämé. These works present the entire philosophy and theology of Gauòéya Vaiñëavism in a systematic form. The six <i>Sandarbhas </i>are as follows: <i>Tattva-sandarbha, Bhägavat-sandarbha, Paramätma-sandarbha, Kåñëa-sandarbha, Bhakti-sandarbha </i>and <i>Préti-sandarbha. </i>The <i>Ñaö-sandarbha </i>is also called <i>Bhägavata-sandarbha, </i>as it is an exposition on the <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam </i>The first four <i>Sandarbhas </i>are devoted to <i>sambandha-tattva, </i>which establishes Krñëa as the highest Deity and the most exclusive object of worship. The <i>Bhakti-sandarbha </i>deals with <i>abhidheya-tattva, </i>which is <i>bhakti </i>(devotion to Krñna), and the <i>Préti-sandarbha </i>is concerned with <i>prayojana-tattva</i>, pure love of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çatänéka—</span>the son of Nakula who was killed by Açvatthämä while awaking from sleep in his tent; the brother of King Viräöa. He was killed by Droëa during the Kurukñetra war.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çatarüpä—</span>the wife of Sväyambhuva Manu and mother of Devahüti.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Saté rite—</span>voluntary suicide by a chaste widow at her husband's funeral.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Saté—</span>the wife of Lord Çiva and the daughter of Dakña, who burned herself alive when her father insulted her husband; when a widow burns herself in her husband's cremation/funeral fire.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sattva-guëa—</span>the mode of material goodness, predominated by Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sattvatanu—</span>Viñëu who expands the quality of goodness.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sättvika—</span>symptoms of ecstatic love coming from the transcendental platform; in the mode of goodness.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sätvata-saàhitäs—</span>scriptures that are products of the mode of goodness.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sätvata scriptures—</span>Vedic scriptures meant especially for the devotees of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sätvata-païcarätra—</span>one of the <i>Païcarätras, </i>consisting of a conversation between Närada Muni and Lord Saìkarñaëa describing the rules and regulations of devotional service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Satya-käma—</span>directing all of one's desires to the Supreme Truth.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Satya-yuga—</span>the first and best of the four cyclic ages of a <i>mahä-yuga</i> in the progression of universal time. Satya-yuga is characterized by virtue, wisdom and religion. It is known as the golden age, when people lived as long as one hundred thousand years. It lasts 1,728,000 solar years.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Satyaà param—</span>the Supreme Absolute Truth, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Satyabhämä—</span>one of the principal queens of Lord Kåñëa during His pastimes in the city of Dvärakä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Satyadeva—</span>a warrior from Kaliìga who was killed by Bhéma during the Kurukñetra war.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Satyadhåti—</span>a renowned archer on the side of the Päëòavas. He was killed by Droëa during the Kurukñetra war.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Satyägraha—</span>fasting for political purposes performed by Mahatma Gandhi.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Satyajit—</span>a brother of King Drupada. He was killed by Droëa during the Kurukñetra war.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sätyaki—</span>the son of Çini, and a prominent member of the Yadu dynasty. He was an intimate friend of Lord Kåñëa and student of Arjuna. He fought during the Kurukñetra war and killed many kings on the side of the Kauravas.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Satyaloka—</span>Lord Brahmä's abode, the highest planet in the material universe; also called Brahmaloka.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Satyaratha—</span>a brother of King Suçarma, the King of the Trigartas.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Satyasena—</span>another brother of King Suçarma, the King of the Trigartas. He was killed by Arjuna during the Kurukñetra war.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Satyavarma—</span>another brother of King Suçarma, the King of the Trigartas.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Satyavaté—</span>the daughter of the fisherman King. She was the mother of Vyäsadeva by Paraçara Muni. She later married Mahäräja Çantanu and begot two children, Citräìgada and Vicitravérya.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Satyavrata Manu—</span>one of the administrative demigods who are the fathers and lawgivers of mankind.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Satyavrata—</span>another brother of King Suçarma, the King of the Trigartas.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Satya—</span>truthfulness.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Satyeñu—</span>another brother of King Suçarma, the King of the Trigartas. He was killed by Arjuna during the Kurukñetra war.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Saubhari Muni—</span>a powerful mystic who accidentally fell down to sex attraction.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Saubha—</span>the airship of King Çälva. It was created by the demon Maya, and Çälva used this airship to attack Dvärakä. It was destroyed by Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çaunaka Åñi—</span>one of the chief sages at the conclave of sages gathered at the forest of Naimiñäraëya when Süta Gosvämé spoke <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sauhådya—</span>endeavor.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sauträmaëi—</span>a particular Vedic fire sacrifice offered to Lord Indra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Savitri—</span>lady who saved her husband from death by her chastity.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Säyujya-mukti—</span>the liberation of merging into the Brahman effulgence.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Säyujya—</span>the liberation of merging into the spiritual effulgence of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Scepticism—</span>A state of doubting that may range from a tentative doubt in the process of reaching certainty to complete, total disbelief in everything. Usually, scepticism refers to a philosophy of disbelief, of which there are many. In India, the philosophies of Cärvaka <b>Muni</b>, the Buddhists and the Jains are founded upon disbelief in the Vedas. Mäyävädés claim to accept the Vedas, but they sceptically reject the Vedic philosophy of Vaiñëavism. As Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, a famous Mäyävädé scholar, wrote about the teachings of <i>äcärya</i> Rämänuja: Rämänuja's beautiful stories of the other world, which he narrates with the confidence of one who had personally assisted at the origination of the world, carry no conviction. These are the words of a man confined to a miniscule spectrum of awareness by his <i>pratyakña</i> and <i>anumäna.</i> Yet he thinks he can pass judgement on that which is beyond his senses and mind. There are many forms of Western scepticism as well, which go back to the ancient Greeks. See Buddhism, Materialism, Mäyävädé philosophy, Six systems, Voidism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Semantics—</span>From the Greek <i>sma,</i> sign. The study of how words (or linguistic symbols) make sense, and how words apply to the things they refer to. Semantics attempts to define the conditions under which a statement can be analyzed as true or false.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Semi-deism—</span>A variant of deism in which God, the first cause, is supposed to sometimes intervene in the regular course of nature through geological catastrophes and the sudden rise of species. Noted semi-deists were nineteenth century British natural theologicans William Buckland (1784-1856), Adam Sedgewick (1785-1873), W.D. Conybeare (1787-1857), and Charles Lyell (1797-1875). See Atheism, Deism, Theism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sentimentalism—</span>A mental attitude permeated by or predisposed to emotions produced of sense perception. For example, the sceptic David Hume rejected the standard moral obligations of his time, and argued that morality could only be valid when based upon what he termed sympathy and sentiment.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çeña Näga—</span>an expansion of Lord Balaräma or Saìkarñaëa who takes the form of a many-hooded serpent and serves as Lord Viñëu's couch and other paraphernalia. He also holds the millions of universes on His hoods.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çeña-lélä—</span>the last twenty-four years of Lord Caitanya's pastimes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sevä-aparädha—</span>offenses in Deity worship.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sevä-püjä—</span>Deity worship.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sevaka—</span>a servant.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sevä—</span>devotional service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sevya—</span>one who is served.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Shyama—</span>Krsna appearing bluish in the Dvarapa-yuga.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Shukla—</span>white in the Satya-yuga.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Siddha-deha—</span>a perfected spiritual body.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Siddhaloka—</span>the heavenly planet whose inhabitants possess all mystic powers; the planets of materially perfect beings.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Siddha—</span>a perfected person, or mystic; a demigod from Siddhaloka; one who has realized the Brahman effulgence; a perfect devotee.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Siddhänta—</span>Essential conclusion. See Four Vaiñëava Sampradäyas and Siddhäntas.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Siddhi-lobhé—</span>one who is greedy for material perfection.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Siddhi-traya—</span>philosophical work of Yämunäcärya</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Siddhi-vraja—</span>the mystic perfections.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Siddhis—</span>mystic perfections usually acquired by yoga practice and natural to residents of Siddhaloka: becoming small like a particle (<i>aëimä-siddhi</i>), or lighter than a soft feather (<i>laghimä-siddhi</i>), Get anything from everywhere (<i>präpti-siddhi</i>), becoming heavier than the heaviest (<i>mahimä-siddhi</i>), create something wonderful or annihilate anything at will (<i>éçitva-siddhi</i>), to control all material elements (<i>vaçitva-siddhi</i>), possessing such power as will never be frustrated in any desire (<i>präkämya-siddhi</i>), assuming any shape or form one may even whimsically desire (<i>kämävasäyitä-siddhi</i>).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çikhariëé—</span>a blend of yogurt and sugar candy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sikhaëòé—</span>the son of King Drupada, and the rebirth of Ambä, the daughter of the King of Käçé. He was born to kill Bhéñma, who he hated from his previous life. During the battle of Kurukñetra, he fought in front of Arjuna, while attacking Bhéñma. Bhéñma dropped his weapons and this allowed Arjuna to fill Bhéñma with arrows. Çikhaëòé was later killed by Açvatthämä, while awaking from sleep in the Päëòavas camp.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çikhara—</span>curved temple tower or spire The roof of the <i>sanctum sanctorum</i> It is crowned by a <i>cakra</i> in a Lord Viñëu temple and a trident in a Lord Çiva temple</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çikñä-guru—</span>an instructing spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s2"><b>Çikñäñöaka</b></span><span class="s1">—</span>eight verses by Lord Caitanya Mahäprabhu glorifying the chanting of the Lord's holy name.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Siàha-dvära—</span>the main gate of the Jagannätha temple.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Siàhäsana—</span>sitting place.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çimulé—</span>silk cotton tree.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sindhu—</span>a province in Bharata that was ruled by Jayadratha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çini—</span>the father of Sätyaki, and a king of the Yadu dynasty.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çiçumära-cakra—</span>the orbit of the polestar.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çiçupäla—</span>a king who was an enemy of Kåñëa. The son of Damaghoña and King of Cedi. He was an incarnation of Jaya, a gatekeeper of Vaikuëöha. He was killed by Lord Çré Kåñëa during the Räjasüya sacrifice.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çétä—</span>subordinate ecstatic symptoms including singing, yawning, etc.; a division of <i>anubhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sétä-Räma—</span>the transcendental couple manifested as Lord Rämacandra, Kåñëa's incarnation as the perfect king, and Lord Räma's eternal consort, Sétä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sétä—</span>the beloved consort of Lord Rämacandra. She appeared in the house of Janaka Mahäräja, one of the twelve leading spiritual authorities in the universe. She was abducted by ten-headed demon, Ravana.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çiva-liìga—</span>a rounded stone representation of Lord Çiva's genitals often worshiped as a Deity by Çaivites.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çiva-püjä—</span>worship of Lord Çiva's <i>linga. See above.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çiva-rätré—</span>Lord Çiva's appearance day, celebrating his advent from between Lord Brahmä's eyebrows.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çivatama—</span>the most auspicious.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çiva—</span>the <i>guëa-avatära</i> who is the superintendent of the mode of ignorance <i>(tamoguëa) </i>and who takes charge of destroying the universe at the time of annihilation. He disguised himself as a Kiräta and fought with Arjuna over a boar. Lord Çiva was pleased with Arjuna and gave him a benediction of the <i>Paçupati</i> <i>astra</i> by which he could kill Jayadratha. He also gave a benediction to Açvatthämä that he could kill the remaining soldiers on the side of the Päëòavas while they were sleeping in their tents. He is also considered the <b>greatest</b> Vaiñëava, or devotee, of Lord Kåñëa. He is confused by some with the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sivänanda Sena—</span>a great householder devotee of Lord Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Six Gosvämés—</span>they were deputed to go to Våndävana to excavate the present places of pilgrimage. The present city of Våndävana and the importance of Vrajabhümi were thus disclosed by the will of Lord Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu. <i>See also: Rüpa Gosvämé, Sanätana Gosvämé, Jéva Gosvämé, Gopäla Bhaööa Gosvämé, Raghunätha Däsa Gosvämé and Raghunätha Bhaööa Gosvämé.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Six systems—</span>There are six systems of philosophy associated with the Vedic scriptures. These together are known as the <i>ñaò-darçana.</i> The <i>ñaò-darçana</i> (six views) are: 1) Nyäya (logic), 2) Vaiçeñika (atomic theory), 3) Säìkhya (analysis of matter and spirit), 4) Yoga (the discipline of self-realization), 5) Karma-mémäàsä (the science of fruitive work) and 6) Vedänta (the science of God realization). The <i>ñaò-darçana</i> are termed <i>ästika</i> philosophies (from <i>asti,</i> or it is so), because they all acknowledge the Veda as authoritative, as opposed to the <i>nästika</i> philosophies of the Cärvakas, Buddhists and Jains (<i>nästi,</i> it is not so), who reject the Vedas. Beginning with Nyäya, each of the <i>ñaò-darçana</i> in their turn presents a more developed and comprehensive explanation of the aspects of Vedic knowledge. Nyäya sets up the rules of philosophical debate and identifies the basic subjects under discussion: the physical world, the soul, God and liberation. Vaiçeñika engages the method of Nyäya or logic in a deeper analysis of the predicament of material existence by showing that the visible material forms to which we are all so attached ultimately break down into invisible atoms. Säìkhya develops this analytical process further to help the soul become aloof to matter. Through Yoga, the soul awakens its innate spiritual vision to see itself beyond the body. Karma-mémäàsä directs the soul to the goals of Vedic ritualism. Vedänta ultimately focuses on the supreme spiritual goal taught in the <i>Upaniñads. </i>As can be seen in <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam,</i> the basis of these <i>darçanas</i> was an original, unified spiritual science <i>(bhagavad-tattva-vijïäna)</i> taught in very olden times by the twelve Mahäjanas: Brahmä, Närada, Çiva, Kumäras, Kapila, Manu, Prahläda, Janaka, Bhéñma, Bali, Çukadeva and Yamaräja. But due to the influence of <i>mäyä,</i> scholars who followed the teachings of later sages like Gautama, Kaëäda, Niréçvara Kapila, Pataïjali and Jaimini, became divided and contentious. The Vedic philosophy was misunderstood, and opposing schools came into being to serve sectarian ends. For instance, Karma-mémäàsä (which by 500 BC had become the foremost philosophy of the <i>brähmaëa</i> class) was misused by bloodthirsty priests to justify their mass slaughter of animals in Vedic sacrifices. But the unexpected rise of a novel non-Vedic religion challenged the power of Karma-mémäàsä. This new religion was Buddhism. By 250 BC, the influence of Karma-mémäàsä and other <i>darçanas</i> had weakened considerably. When King Açoka instituted the Buddha's doctrine as the state philosophy of his empire, many <i>brähmaëas</i> abandoned Vedic scholarship to learn and teach <i>nästika</i> concepts of <i>ahiàsä</i> (nonviolence) and <i>çünyatä</i> (voidism). Buddhism in its turn was eclipsed by the teachings of the Vedäntist Çaìkaräcärya, who revived the Vedic culture all over India in the seventh century after Christ. But Çaìkaräcärya's special formulation of Vedänta was itself influenced by Buddhism and is not truly representative of the original Vedänta-<i>darçana. </i>After Çaìkaräcärya, Vedänta was refined by the schools of great teachers <i>(äcäryas)</i> like Rämänuja and Madhva. Having shed the baggage of Çaìkaräcärya's crypto-Buddhism, Vedänta philosophers brought Vedic studies back to their original form as seen in <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i>. See Advaita, Analysis, Dvaita, Four Vaiñëava Sampradäyas and Siddhäntas, Mäyäväda philosophy, Veda, Vedänta.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Skanda Puräëa—</span>one of the eighteen <i>Puräëas</i>, or Vedic historical scriptures<i>. </i>It extensively describes Kali-yuga.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çleñokti—</span>a statement having two meanings.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çloka—</span>a Sanskrit verse.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Smaraëam—</span>the devotional process of remembering the Supreme Lord; constant thinking of Kåñëa (one of the nine methods of devotional service).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Smärta-brähmaëa—</span>a <i>brähmaëa</i> interested more in the external performance of the rules and rituals of the <i>Vedas</i> than in attaining Lord Kåñëa, the goal of the <i>Vedas</i>;<i> </i>one who strictly follows the Vedic principles on the mundane platform.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Smärta-guru—</span>a professional spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Smärta-vidhi—</span>the regulations of mundane religious activity.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Smarta—</span>the popular name for followers of the <i>Vedas</i> who are overly attached to elevation and salvation. They are very careful about the latter, but often not the spirit, of scriptural injunctions, confounding the mundane with the spiritual. They are very fond of the <i>småti-çästras </i>and are thus known as <i>smartas.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Småti—</span>remembrance, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>; revealed scriptures supplementary to the <i>çruti,</i> or original Vedic scriptures, which are the <i>Vedas</i> and <i>Upaniñads</i>; scriptures compiled by living entities under transcendental direction; the corollaries of the <i>Vedas</i>; One of the five functions of <i>buddhi.</i> See Buddhi.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Småti-çästra—</span>A section of the Vedic scriptures including the <i>Mahäbhärata</i> and the <i>Puräëas.</i> See Çästra, Çruti-çästra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Småty-äcärya—</span>a spiritual master expert in the supplementary Vedic literatures.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Snäna-yäträ—</span>the bathing ceremony of Lord Jagannätha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sneha—</span>affection for Kåñëa, at which stage the lover cannot be without the beloved.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Snigdha—</span>very peaceful.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Socrates—</span>Socrates (470-399 BC) is the most influential philosopher in the recorded history of the Western world. Plato was his disciple and Aristotle his grand-disciple. Socrates lived in Athens and taught a doctrine of the soul that is similar in many ways to the Vedic conception. In a 1966 <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> lecture, Çréla Prabhupäda said Socrates was a <i>mukta-puruña</i> (a liberated soul). According to his biographer Plato, Socrates was unjustly convicted for anti-state activities by the Athenean authorities, who ordered him drink poison. He did so cheerfully, and died preaching we are not these bodies to his followers.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Solipsism—</span>From the Latin <i>solus,</i> (alone), and <i>ipse,</i> (self). A Western doctrine stating that the self is all that exists or can be known. There are two forms of solipsism: epistemological and metaphysical. The first form holds that since there is nothing to be known beyond the content of one's own consciousness, one's own consciousness is the underlying justification for, and cause of, the existence and nonexistence of knowledge of anything. The second form holds that there is no reality other than one's own self. All things are creations of one's consciousness at the moment one is conscious of them. In other words, there is no existence apart from my own awareness. Like Mäyäväda philosophy, solipsism arrives at a philosophical dead end. The questions that remain unanswered are: If my consciousness is the only reality, why can't I change the universe at will, simply by thought? And if only I myself truly exist, why am I dependent for my life, learning and happiness upon a world full of living entities that refuse to acknowledge this truth? See Mäyäväda philosophy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s2"><b>Soma-rasa</b></span><span class="s1">—</span>a life-extending heavenly beverage available on the moon to demigods on the higher planets.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Somadatta—</span>the son of King Bälhéka and the grandson of King Pratépa. He had three sons name Bhüri, Bhüriçravas, and Çala. He was killed by Sätyaki during the battle of Kurukñetra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Somaka—</span>a former king of Päïcäla.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Somaräja—</span>Candra, the demigod in charge of the moon.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Soma—</span>the presiding deity of the moon.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Soul—</span>the eternal living entity, who is the marginal energy, eternally part and parcel of the Supreme Lord; Known in Sanskrit as <i>jéva, jéva-ätmä</i> or <i>ätmä,</i> the soul is the eternal individual self, who is a tiny particle of Lord Kåñëa's spiritual potency located in the heart of the material body. The symptom of the soul is consciousness, and the power of the soul is <i>taöastha-çakti,</i> the power of choice. Thus the soul is responsible for his liberation or bondage, though he has no power to either liberate himself or enjoy matter. The result of his choice, whether auspicious or inauspicious, is arranged by the Supersoul. As the air is always different from the smells it carries, so the soul is always different from the material designations it assumes due to the influence of the modes of nature. How a <i>yogé</i> perceives the soul's direct relationship with the Supreme Soul is described in <i>SB </i><b>11.14.45</b>: He sees the individual souls united with the Supreme Soul, just as one sees the sun's rays completely united with the sun. The sun is <i>jyotiñi,</i> the source of light. Similarly, Kåñëa, the Supreme Soul, is the source of the light of consciousness of all living entities. Sunlight is composed of photons, which are tiny units of light. Similarly, each individual soul <i>(jéva-ätmä)</i> is a tiny unit of consciousness. See Consciousness, Ecstasy, Modes of nature, Supersoul.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sparças—</span>the consonants in the Sanskrit alphabet.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Spirit soul—</span><b><i>Jéva</i></b> (<b><i>jévätmä</i></b>)-the living entity, who is an eternal soul, individual but part and parcel of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sphoöaväda—</span>Also known as <i>çabda-tattva,</i> <i>sphoöaväda</i> is the philosophy of a metaphysical school of Sanskrit grammarians that goes back to one Sphoöäyaëa, whose followers include Bhartåhari and Jayanta Bhaööa. The famous <i>karma-mémäàsä</i> philosopher Madana Miçra also accepted the <i>sphoöaväda</i> doctrine, though other teachers of <i>mémäàsä</i> opposed it. Accordingly, there is a continuum of vibration <i>(ekam eva yad ämnätam),</i> which is partless <i>(akhaëòa)</i> and unbroken <i>(akrama),</i> which becomes manifest in sounds <i>(dhvani)</i> or syllables <i>(varëa).</i> The sounds and syllables are not important. They are used as aids to achieve meditation upon the underlying continuum, where the indivisible unit of meaning <i>(sphoöa)</i> is realized through <i>çabda-pürva-yoga.</i> When the <i>sphoöa</i> is realized, liberation is achieved in the monistic absolute. Clearly, this is a form of Mäyäväda philosophy. Interestingly, Çaìkaräcärya rejected the <i>sphoöaväda</i> of the grammarians. Yet he accepted the basis of the <i>sphoöaväda</i> philosophy, which is the <i>çabda-yoga</i> of Pataïjali. In his <i>Prabodhasudhäkara</i> 13.144, Çaìkaräcärya wrote, When one's essential nature is contemplated upon for a moment or half a moment, then the subtle sound called <i>anähata</i> is heard in the right ear. In 148 he explained further: If the mind is completely absorbed for a long time in that Light comprised within the subtle sound, it is surely not slated for the bondage of worldly existence again. Many modern forms of mysticism and meditation can be traced to this doctrine: Transcendental Meditation, Radha-Soami Satsang, Kirpal Singh Satsang, and so on. The subtle sound sought in these systems is the egoistic sound at the root of material existence. Beyond this, however, is the pure name <i>(çuddha-näma),</i> which cannot be extracted from the <i>äkäça</i> by <i>çabda-yoga,</i> but which must be received from the pure devotee of Kåñëa. What these <i>çabda-yogés</i> really seek is explained by Kåñëa Himself: I am the sound in ether. ... Of vibrations I am the syllable <i>oà.</i> ... Of letters I am the letter A, and among compound words I am the dual compound. ... Of poetry I am the Gäyatré <i>mantra.</i> (<i>Bg.</i> <b>7.8</b>, <b>10.33</b>, <b>10.35</b>) Hence, they seek Kåñëa but He is to be known only by pure devotion <i>(bhakti-yoga).</i> See Mäyäväda philosophy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Spiritual world—</span>Referred to as Vaikuëöha, Goloka, the supreme abode <i>(param-dhäma),</i> and the spiritual sky <i>(param-vyoma),</i> it is the transcendental, eternal, three-quarters display of Lord Kåñëa's personal splendor. The names, form, qualities, activities and relationships of the spiritual world are ever-fresh and ever-free of the defects of birth, death, disease, and old age. Here the Lord displays His divine pastimes <i>(lélä)</i> which overflood the spiritual world with the sweetest nectar, the very life and soul of the liberated devotees who dwell there. As a tree on the bank of a river is reflected upside-down in the water, so the material world is a reflection of the spiritual world. What is highest in the spiritual world is lowest here. The highest <i>lélä</i> is Kåñëa's conjugal affairs with the <i>gopés.</i> That is reflected here as sex life, the most entangling activity for the embodied soul. See Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çräddha-pätra—</span>a plate (containing remnants of <i>prasädam</i>) offered to the forefathers and then to the best of the <i>brähmaëas</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çräddha—</span>the ceremony of making offerings to one's ancestors to free them from suffering; firm faith and confidence.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çrama—</span>fatigue, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çrauta-panthä—</span>the acquirement of knowledge by hearing from scriptural authorities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çrauta-väkya—</span>acceptance of the words of the revealed scripture and of the spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sravaëam kértanaà viñëoù<i> </i></span>[<b><i>Bhäg.</i></b><b> 7.5.23</b>]<span class="s1">—</span>the devotional process of hearing and chanting about Lord Viñëu, or Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sravaëam<i>—</i></span>hearing from an authorized source. (This is the chief of the nine methods of devotional service).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sravaëa—</span>the devotional process of hearing about the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çreyas—</span>activities that are ultimately beneficial and auspicious.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çré-bhäñya—</span>the commentary on the <i>Vedänta-sütra</i> by Rämänujäcärya.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çré Kåñëa-vijaya—</span>a book of poems by Guëaräja Khän, considered to be the first poetry book written in Bengal.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çré—</span>the energy of Godhead that maintains the cosmic manifestation; Çréla-a title indicating possession of exceptional spiritual qualities. The most beautiful (spiritual) person.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sri (sree, shree, shri)—</span>honorific prefix, to be used before the Deities name.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çré Saila—</span>sacred hill near Tirupati.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sré-kaëtha—</span>a name for Lord Çiva meaning "he whose throat is beautifully blue."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çrédhara Svämé—</span>the author of the earliest extant Vaiñëava commentaries on <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> and <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam. </i>Though a resident of Benares and a <i>sannyäsé </i>of Çaìkara's Mäyäväda school of philosophy, he taught pure Vaiñëava philosophy. He was a devotee of Lord Nåsiàha-deva, and his works were highly regarded by Lord Caitanya, especially his <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam </i>gloss,<i> Bhävärtha-dépikä. </i>The Lord commented that anyone who wanted to write a commentary on <i>Srémad-Bhagavatam </i>must follow the commentary of Srédhara Svämé.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çréla Prabhupäda—</span>(1896-1977) His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda. He is the tenth generation from Caitanya Mahäprabhu. The founder-<i>äcärya</i>, spiritual master of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON). Çréla Prabhupäda was the widely-acclaimed author of more than seventy books on the science of pure <i>bhakti-yoga, </i>unalloyed Kåñëa consciousness. His major works are annotated English translations of the <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam, </i>the <i>Çré Caitanya-caritämåta, </i>and the <i>Bhagavad-gétä As It Is. </i>He was the world's most distinguished teacher of Vedic religion and thought. Çréla Prabhupäda was a fully God conscious saint who had perfect realization of the Vedic scriptures. He worked incessantly to spread Kåñëa consciousness all over the world. He guided his society and saw it grow to a worldwide confederation of hundreds of ashrams, schools, temples, institutes, and farm communities. See Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çréla—</span>a title indicating possession of exceptional spiritual qualities. The most beautiful (spiritual) person.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çrémad-Bhägavatam—</span>the foremost of the eighteen <i>Puräëas,</i> the complete science of God that establishes the supreme position of Lord Kåñëa.<i> </i>It was glorified by Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu as the <i>amalam puräëam, </i>"the purest <i>Puräëa." </i>It was written by Çréla Vyäsadeva as his commentary on the <i>Vedänta-sütra, </i>and it deals exclusively with topics concerning the Supreme Personality of Godhead (Lord Kåñëa) and His devotees. Çréla Prabhupäda has given Bhaktivedanta purports in English and wonderfully presented it to the modern world, specifically to give a deep understanding of Lord Kåñëa; Also known as the <i>Bhägavata Puräëa,</i> this is a work of eighteen thousand verses compiled by sage Vyäsa as his natural commentary on the <i>Vedänta-sütra.</i> It takes up where the <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> leaves off. In <i>Bg.</i> <b>4.9</b>, Lord Kåñëa says that by knowing His transcendental appearance and activities in this world, one becomes free of the cycle of repeated birth and death. <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i> recounts with great relish the details of the Lord's appearance and activities, beginning with His <i>puruña</i> incarnations and their <i>lélä</i> of cosmic manifestation, and culminating with Kåñëa's own appearance in Våndävana 5000 years ago, and His most sweet <i>rasa-lélä</i> with the His cowherd girlfriends, the <i>gopés</i> headed by Rädhäräëé. See Bhagavad-gétä, Caitanya-caritämåta, Vedänta-sütra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çréniväsa—</span>a name of Viñnu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çréniväsäcärya—</span>a chief follower of the Six Gosvämés of Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çrévatsa—</span>the sign of the goddess of fortune, Lakñmé, on the chest of Lord Viñëu, or Näräyaëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sréväsa Öhäkura—</span>the incarnation of Çri Närada Muni in Lord Caitanya's pastimes. An intimate associate of Lord Caitanya. His courtyard served as the birthplace of Lord Caitanya's <i>saìkértana </i>movement, and his altar was the site of the <i>mahä-prakäça </i>pastime (twenty-one hours of ecstatic manifestation) of Çré Caitanya.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çåìgära—</span>conjugal love of God; an array of garments worn for amorous purposes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Såñöi-çakti—</span>the power to create the cosmic manifestation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çrutäyudha—</span>a king of Kaliìga. He was the son of Varuëa by Parëäçä. He died on the battlefield of Kurukñetra when he released his mace at Lord Çré Kåñëa. His mace could not be thrown at one who was not engaged in combat or it would come back and kill the one who threw it. Since Lord Kåñëa was not engaged in combat, the mace came back and killed Çrutäyudha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çruti-çästra-nindana—</span>offense of blaspheming the Vedic literature.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çruti-çästra—</span>Literally, hearing. The core Vedic literature including the four Vedas <i>(Åg, Säma, Yajur</i> and <i>Atharva)</i> and the <i>Upaniñads.</i> See Çästra, Småti-çästra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çruti-gaëa—</span>the personified <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çruti-mantras—</span>the hymns of the <i>Vedas.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çruti—</span>knowledge via hearing; the original Vedic scriptures (the <i>Vedas</i> and <i>Upaniñads</i>), given directly by the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Srutakarmä—</span>the son of Sahadeva by Draupadé. He fought in the battle of Kurukñetra and was killed by Açvatthämä while rising from sleep in his tent.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Srutakérti—</span>a son of Arjuna by Draupadé. He fought in the battle of Kurukñetra and was killed by Açvatthämä while rising from sleep in his tent.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sthäëu-puruña—</span>mistaking a dry tree without leaves for a person.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sthäna—</span>the maintenance of the universe by Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sthäyi-bhäva—</span>continuous love of Godhead in devotional service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sthita-dhér-muni<i>—</i></span><i>(sthita-</i>steady + <i>dhéra-</i>undisturbed + <i>muni-</i>sage) one who is always fixed in Kåñëa consciousness and as a result is undisturbed by material nature.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sthüla-çaréra—</span>See Gross body.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Stotra-ratna—</span>book of prayers composed by Yamunäcärya.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Stotra—</span>a prayer.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Stré-sambhäñaëa—</span>talking with women.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Stré—</span>women.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Stupa—</span>hemispheric Buddhist monument of worship.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Su-snigdha—</span>affectionate.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Su-viñaya—</span>regulated sense gratification according to the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Subjective—</span>In philosophy, that which is derived from the mind and not external sources, or that which exists in the mind without any external reference or possible confirmation. It also refers to the particular way an individual understands an experience. Even though others experienced the same thing, because of his subjective attitude and outlook, he forms an opinion of what happened that is different from theirs. See Objective reality, Reality.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Subala—</span>the father of Çakuni and Gändhäré. He was the King of Gändhära.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çubha-dä—</span>description of pure devotional service indicating that it bestows all good fortune.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Subhadrä—</span>younger sister of Lord Çré Kåñëa, and an incarnation of Yogamäyä, the internal potency of the Supreme Lord. She married Arjuna, and begot Abhimanyu as her son. She is the yellow Deity found between Lord Jagannätha and Baladeva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Subrahmaëya—</span>Kärtikeya, the son of Lord Çiva. The god of war. Also known as Skanda.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Substance—</span>From the Latin <i>substare,</i> be under, be firm, support. Substance (<i>vastu</i> in Sanskrit) is the underlying support of all phenomena. It is the eternal Brahman, the cause, of which the world is the effect. The Vedic view of the substance of the world is different from the Christian view, called <i>creatio ex nihilo.</i> According to this theory put forward by Augustine (175-242), God created the world out of nothing. Augustine's reasoning was based on the Biblical statement that in the beginning there was only God. <i>Creatio ex nihilo</i> was an attempt to break out of the paradoxical question, If in the beginning there was only God, and God is eternal, why is the world ever-changing? It was assumed that a doctrine of the material world's direct emanation from God's own substance could be true only if the material world had the same nature as God. But since it does not, and since God was alone in the beginning, He must have created the world from nothing. There is a paradox upon which <i>creatio ex nihilo</i> stumbles: <i>ex nihilo, nihil fit,</i> From nothing, nothing comes. According to the Vedic view, the substance of creation is <i>tattva,</i> true, just as God is true. The <i>tattva</i> of matter <i>(prakåti)</i> is eternal, but it assumes temporary forms as God wills. Like a shadow, the material creation resembles the original form of the substance. But it does not have the potency of the original. Yet it has no other source than the substance. Its source is not nothing. See Absolute, Brahman.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Subtle body—</span>Called <i>liìga-çaréra</i> in Sanskrit, and also known as the astral body, the subtle body is the result of the conditioning of consciousness by the three modes of material nature. It includes the false ego, intellect and mind and is composed of <i>cetana,</i> consciousness under material influence. As long as the living entity remains within the cycle of <i>saàsära,</i> the subtle body is retained. But the steady practice of <i>bhakti-yoga</i> dissolves the subtle body, thus freeing consciousness from matter. See Consciousness, Ecstasy, False ego, Gross body, Intellect, Mind, Modes of nature, Saàsära, Soul, Supersoul.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sudakñiëa—</span>a King of Kämbhoja. He brought an <i>akñauhiëé</i> division of troops for Duryodhana. He was killed by Arjuna during Kurukñetra war. (Droëa Parva in Mahäbhärata)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sudämä Vipra—</span>a poor householder friend and devotee of Lord Kåñëa who was given immeasurable riches by the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sudämä—</span>one of the cowherd boy associates of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sudarçana cakra—</span>the disc weapon of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sudarçana—</span>the discus of Lord Çré Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çuddha-bhakti—</span>pure devotional service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çuddha-bhäva—</span>pure consciousness.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çuddha-sattva—</span>the spiritual platform of pure goodness; The transcendental mode of purified goodness. See Kåñëa, Modes of nature.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Süddépta—</span>the manifestation in a devotee of all eight ecstatic symptoms multiplied a thousand times and all visible at once.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sudeñëä—</span>the wife of King Viräöa. Draupadé spent the last year of exile as a maidservant to this queen. (Viräöa Parva in Mahäbhärata)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sudharmä—</span>the royal assembly court of the Yadus at Dvärakä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çüdra-mahäjana—</span>a person born in a low family but raised to the platform of <i>brähmaëa</i> by initiation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çüdräëé—</span>the wife of a <i>çüdra.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çüdra—</span>a member of the fourth social order, laborer class, in the traditional Vedic social system. He is meant to render service to the three higher classes, namely the <i>brähmaëas, </i>the <i>kñatriyas, </i>and the <i>vaiçyas.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sughoña—</span>the conchshell of Nakula.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çuka—</span>parrot.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sukadeva Gosvämé—</span>an exhalted devotee who recited the <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam </i>to King Parékñit during the last seven days of the King's life.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sukham<i>—</i></span>happiness or pleasure.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çukla-yajur Veda—</span>a version of the <i>Yajur Veda</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çukla—</span>a person in the mode of goodness; also, a name for Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çukräcärya—</span>the spiritual master of the demons.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çukra—</span><i>see: above</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sukåtina—</span>pious persons who obey the rules of scripture and are devoted to the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sukåti—</span>auspicious activity; pious persons.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sulocana—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma during the battle of Kurukñetra. (Bhéñma Parva in Mahäbhärata)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sumeru—</span>a great mountain situated at the center of the universe. It is the hub of the chariot of the sun.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sunäbha—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma during the battle of Kurukñetra. (Bhéñma Parva in Mahäbhärata)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sunanda—</span>one of the chief personal servants of Lord Näräyaëa in His spiritual abode, Vaikuëöha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sunéthä—</span>the wife of King Aìga and mother of Vena.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sunéti—</span>the mother of Dhruva Mahäräja.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Suparëa—</span>another name for Garuòa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Supersoul—</span>Paramätmä-the Supersoul, the localized aspect Viñëu expansion of the Supreme Lord residing in the heart of each embodied living entity and pervading all of material nature; Known as <i>Paramätmä</i> in Sanskrit, He is the third of Lord Kåñëa's three <i>puruña</i> incarnations: 1) Mahä-Viñëu, from whom unlimited universes emanate; 2) Garbhodakaçäyé Viñëu, who enters each universe and is the source of birth of Brahmä; and 3) Kñérodakaçäyé Viñëu, who expands into the heart of every living entity and every atom within the universe. The Supersoul dwells within the hearts of all living beings next to the soul. His spiritual form is four-armed and the size of a thumb. From him come the living entity's knowledge, rememberance and forgetfulness. The Supersoul is the witness and permitter of <i>karma.</i> What He witnesses is punished or rewarded by <i>prakåti</i> (see <i>Bg.</i> <b>13.23</b>). See Brahman, Intellect, Éçvara, Karma, Life after death, Kåñëa, Modes of nature, Soul.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Supratéka—</span>the name of King Bhagadatta's elephant that was very formidable during the battle of Kurukñetra. He was killed by Arjuna.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Supti—</span>deep sleep, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çürasena—</span>the father of Vasudeva and Päthä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Surabhé cows—</span>the cows in the spiritual world, which yield unlimited quantities of milk.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Suras—</span>demigods, devotees.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Suruci—</span>the stepmother of Dhruva Mahäräja.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Süryadatta—</span>a brother of King Viräöa. He was killed by Droëa during the battle of Kurukñetra. (Karëa Parva in Mahäbhärata)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Suryaloka—</span>the sun planet.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sürya—</span>the sun-god, who became the father of Karëa. He is said to be the right eye of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Suçarmä—</span>the King of the Trigartas. He was an ally of Duryodhana and brought an <i>akñauhiëé</i> division of troops to Kurukñetra. He was very envious of Arjuna and was ultimately killed by Arjuna.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Suñupti—</span>deep sleep, one of the levels of material consciousness.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Süta Gosvämé—</span>the son of Romaharsaëa. He was the great sage who related the discourse between Parékñit Mahäräja and Çukadeva Gosvämé, which forms the basis of the <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i>;<i>.</i>Naimiñäraëya-a sacred forest in central India where the eighteen <i>Puräëas </i>were spoken and which is said to be the hub of the universe.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sutapä—</span>the name of Vasudeva in a previous birth.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sutasoma—</span>the son of Bhémasena and Draupadé. He was killed by Açvatthämä while awaking from sleep on the last night of the Kurukñetra war.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Suta—</span>the son of Vaidarbhé, or, in other words, one who is somewhat advanced in fruitive activities and who comes in contact with a devotee spiritual master. Such a person becomes interested in the subject matter of devotional service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Süta—</span>a mixture of different castes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sütra—</span>the intermediate manifestation of the <i>mahat-tattva, </i>when it is predominated by the mode of passion; an aphorism expressing essential knowledge in minimum words; a book of such aphorisms.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çva-paca—</span>dog-eater.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sva-sevana-çakti—</span>the power to perform the personal service of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svabhäva—</span>Nature, especially one's individual nature; intuitive psychology; instinct.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sväbhävya—</span>a scripture.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svadharmas<i>—</i></span>specific duties of a particular body performed in accordance with religious principles in order to achieve liberation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svädhyäya—</span>personal study of Vedic literature.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svähä—</span>the wife of Agni, the fire-god.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svakéyä-rasa—</span>relationship with Kåñëa as a formally married wife.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sväàça—</span>Kåñëa's plenary portions.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svämé-näräyaëa—</span>the impersonalist misconception that one can become God simply by adopting the dress of a <i>sannyäsé.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svämé—</span>one fully in control of his senses and mind; title of one in the renounced, or <i>sannyäsa,</i> order; Gosvämé-a person who has his senses under full control: the title of a person in the renounced order of life, <i>sannyasa. (go-</i>senses + <i>svamé-</i>master) master of the senses.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sväìga-viçeñäbhäsa-rüpa—</span>the form by which the Lord begets living entities in the material world .</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sväpa—</span>Sleep, dreaming. One of the five functions of <i>buddhi.</i> See Buddhi.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svarga—</span>Heaven. See Demigods, Life after death, Tri-loka.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sväräjya-lakñmé—</span>the personal spiritual potency of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svaräö—</span>fully independent.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svargaloka—</span>the heavenly planets or abodes of the demigods in the material world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svarüpa Dämodara Gosvämé—</span>the incarnation of the <i>gopé</i> Viçäkha. He served as the secretary and intimate associate of Lord Caitanya at Puré and used to ease the pain of the Lord's feelings of separation by reciting appropriate verses and singing devotional songs.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svarüpa-gata—</span>the stage of understanding Kåñëa in truth while still maintaining some material connection.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svarüpa-lakñaëa—</span>the characteristics of the soul when purified of all material contamination.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svarüpa-sandhi—</span>the meeting of similar ecstasies from separate causes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svarüpa-siddhi—</span>the perfection of one's eternal relationship with the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svarüpa-upalabdhi—</span>realization of one's eternal service relationship with the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svarüpa-vismåti—</span>forgetting one's real constitutional position.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svarüpa<i>—</i></span>the living entity's original eternal relationship of service to the Lord, the real form of the soul.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svar—</span>the upper material planets.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svayaà-rüpa—</span>Kåñëa's original form as a cowherd boy in Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svayaàvara—</span>the ceremony in which a princess is allowed to choose her husband.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sväyambhuva Manu—</span>the Manu who appears first in Brahmä's day and who was the grandfather of Dhruva Mahäräja.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svetäçvatara Upaniñad—</span>one of the 108 <i>Upaniñads. </i>It very clearly presents the Vaiñëava point of view regarding the Lord and the living entity.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Svetadvépa—</span>the spiritual planet where Lord Viñëu resides within the material universe.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Sveta—</span>a son of King Viräöa. He was killed in a ferocious battle with grandfather Bhéñma. (Bhéñma Parva in Mahäbhärata)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Çyämasundara—</span>the name of Kåñëa meaning "He who has a very beautiful blackish form."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Syämänanda Gosvämé </span>(1535-1631)<span class="s1">—</span>one of the great Vaiñëava <i>äcäryas</i> who lived in Våndävana after the time of Çré Caitanya. He received the direct mercy of Rädhäräëé in Våndävana, was tutored in the <i>bhakti-çästras </i>by Jéva Gosvämé and delivered countless souls, especially in Orissa. He was initiated by Hådäya Caitanya däsa and got the name Duùkhi Kåñëadäsa, but later he was called Syämänanda by Jéva Gosvämé, who noted his attraction for the Deity Çyämäsundara.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Syllogism—</span>From the Greek <i>syllogisms</i>, a reckoning all together, it is a logical structure of reasonable thought (step-by-step argument). The Sanskrit equivalent is <i>parärthänumäna,</i> reasoning for others' understanding. See Logic.</p>
<p class="p2"><b>-T-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tad-ekätma-rüpa—</span>forms of the Lord which are nondifferent from His original form, but which have different bodily features and specific activities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tadéya—</span>everything belonging to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Takñaka—</span>the king of the snakes. He killed Mahäräja Parékñit.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Takuwan<i>—</i></span>Japanese white daikon radish, pickled in rice bran and salt.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tamäla—</span>a tree whose color resembles Lord Kåñëa's. It is found mostly in Våndävana, India.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tamasaù—</span>the coverings of the universe.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tamas—</span>the material mode of ignorance.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tamo-guëa<i>—</i></span>the mode of ignorance, or darkness of material nature. It is controlled by Lord Çiva. See Modes of nature.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tänava—</span>the ecstatic symptom of thinness.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Täëòava-nåtya—</span>Lord Çiva's dance, which he performs at the time of universal devastation, and at other times also.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tan-mätras—</span>The five qualities of the <i>mahä-bhütas</i> that subtly manifest in the mind as sound, touch, form, taste and smell. See Mahä-bhütas, Modes of nature, Pradhäna.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tantras—</span>minor scriptures describing various rituals, mostly for persons in the mode of ignorance; Vedic literatures consisting mostly of dialogues between Lord Çiva and Durgä. They contain instructions on Deity worship and other aspects of spiritual practice; special hymns for conjuring magic or producing mystical effects.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tapasvés—</span>persons who undergo severe penances for elevation to higher planets.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tapasya<i>—</i></span>austerity; voluntary acceptance of some material trouble for progress in spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tapas—</span>austerity or penance. There are many rules and regulations in the <i>Vedas</i> which apply here, like rising early in the morning and taking a bath. Sometimes it is very troublesome to rise early in the morning, but whatever voluntary trouble one may suffer in this way is called penance. Similarly, there are prescriptions for fasting on certain days of the month. One may not be inclined to practice such fasting, but because of his determination to make advancement in the science of Kåñëa consciousness, he should accept such bodily troubles when they are recommended<i>.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tapaù—</span>the acceptance of hardships for spiritual realization.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tapoloka—</span>a heavenly planet.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tärä—</span>the wife of Båhaspati. She was kidnapped by the moon-god.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Täruëyämåta—</span>the nectar of youth.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Taöastha-çakti—</span>the living entities, the marginal potency of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tattva-darçé—</span>one who has seen the truth.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tattvas—</span>the Absolute Truth's multifarious categories.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tattvavädés—</span>the followers of Madhväcärya.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tattvavit<i>—</i></span>one who knows the Absolute Truth in His three different features.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tattva—</span>truth, reality. According to Baladeva Vidyäbhüñaëa, Vedic knowledge categorizes reality into five <i>tattvas,</i> or ontological truths: <i>éçvara</i> (the Supreme Lord), <i>jéva</i> (the living entity), <i>prakåti</i> (nature), <i>käla</i> (eternal time) and <i>karma</i> (activity).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tava—</span>a slightly concave cast-iron frying pan used for cooking <i>capatis </i>and other flat Indian breads.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Technology—</span>This term is derived from the Greek <i>tchne,</i> handicraft, skill, and that term in turn is derived from <i>takña</i> (cutting through), the Sanskrit word for the work of a carpenter. Thus modern technology is glorified carpentry.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Teleology—</span>From the Greek <i>tlos,</i> purpose, goal and <i>lgos,</i> knowledge of. The logic of teleology is that one can know the purpose of something by deducing it from its origin. See Deduction.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Theism—</span>According to the <i>Harper Collins Dictionary of Philosophy,</i> p. 120, the philosophy of theism in most interpretations is, God is partly immanent in the universe and partly transcendent. In essence, this definition is the Vedic philosophy of the Supreme Person. As stated in <i>Puruña-çukta</i> (<i>Åg-Veda</i> 10.90.4): With three-fourths of Himself, the Puruña ascended; the other fourth was born here. From here on all sides He moved, toward the living and the non-living. Again and again in the Vedic literatures we find references to <i>tripäda-vibhüti</i> and <i>ekapäda-vibhüti,</i> the three-fourths of the Lord's splendor displayed as the spiritual world, and the one-fourth by which He pervades the material world. About the material manifestation, Lord Kåñëa says in <i>Bg.</i> <b>10.41</b>: yad yad vibhütimat sattvaà çrémad ürjitam eva vä tat tad evävagaccha tvaà mama tejo-'àça-sambhavam. Know that all these opulent, beautiful and glorious creations are born from a part of My total splendor. Because they oppose theism, the theories of deism, monism, pantheism and dualism are actually atheism. Deism separates God completely from His material creation. Monism renders God partless. Pantheism confines Him to the material universe. And dualism divides creation against Him, placing part of it in the hands of a rival. Even major religious traditions like Christianity are influenced by deism and dualism. The English natural theologian Robert Boyle (1627-1691) expressed open contempt for theism as a doctrine of infidels. When he drew up his last will and testament, he bequeathed fifty pounds per annum for ever, or at least for a considerable number of years in order to institute a series of lectures for proving the Christian Religion, against notorious Infidels, viz. Atheists, Theists, Pagans, Jews, and Mahometans. Monotheism and panentheism are synonyms for theism. Monotheism means belief in one God. In the Vedic religion, there is only one God, though He empowers servants who act as demigods on His command. These demigods are worshiped as God only by foolish people. Panentheism teaches that all things are imbued with God's presence, because all things are <i>in</i> God. God is more than all there is. He is all-conscious and the supreme unifying factor. See Atheism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tempo—</span>three-wheeler vehicle used like a small bus.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Theogony—</span>A poem written around 700 BC by the Greek shepherd Hesiod who was inspired by the angelic Muses, the daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne. The <i>Theogony,</i> along with the works of Homer, formed the scriptural basis of the historical Greek religion. There was a religious culture in Greece long before this historical period, but from the empirical point of view, it is largely shrouded in mystery.</p>
<p class="p4">Thes—<span class="s3">God.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Öhäkura Haridäsa—</span>Haridäsa Öhäkura-although born in a Muslim family, he was a confidential associate of Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu. He was so absorbed in the nectar of the Holy Name that he chanted day and night, and it was his regular practice to chant 300,000 names of the Lord daily. Lord Caitanya made him the <i>nämäcärya </i>(teacher of chanting of the holy name).The Muslim government and caste-conscious Hindus attempted to persecute him, but all of their efforts failed, as he was under the direct protection of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Öhäkuräëés—</span>the wives of devotees.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Thali—</span>vegetarian meal which includes many different preparations, usually all you can eat; a low-rimmed metal plate.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Theodore Parker (1810-1860)—</span>an American Unitarian clergyman and social reformer who promoted the antislavery cause.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Öékä—</span>a commentary.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tilaka—</span>sacred clay markings placed on the forehead and other parts of the body to designate one as a follower of Viñëu, Räma, Çiva, Vedic culture, etc.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Timiìgila—</span>a huge aquatic monster that can swallow whales.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tértha (teertha)—</span>a sacred place of pilgrimage associated with a pastime of an incarnation of God, such as a holy river, a temple of the Lord, or the residence or place of meditation of a holy sage or saintly person.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tithis—</span>days of the Vedic calendar measured according to the phases of the moon.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Titikñä—</span>tolerance; endurance of unhappiness.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tonga—</span>two-wheeled horse carriage.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Toovar dal<i>—</i></span>also called <i>arhar dal</i>, <i>toor dal</i>, or pigeon peas, these cream-coloured split lentils, which are paler in colour, flatter, and larger than yellow split peas, are widely used for cooking in Northern and Southwestern India. They have a delightful, slightly sweet flavour and are easy to digest, especially in the famous South Indian soup-like <i>dishes rasam and sambar</i>. <i>Toovar dal</i> is available at Indian grocers.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Öoöä-gopénätha temple—</span>a temple in Jagannätha Puré housing a Deity which was found by Lord Caitanya and given to Gadädhara Prabhu to worship. He also gave Gadädhara a place to live in the garden of Yameçvara, where the temple was later built. Gadädhara Prabhu stayed there for the duration of his life, absorbing himself in the service of Lord Caitanya and Gopénätha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Träsa—</span>shock, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Trayé—</span>the three <i>Vedas.</i> (<i>Åg, Säma</i> and <i>Yajur</i>), which explain fruitive activities for material benefits.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Trayodaçé—</span>the thirteenth day after the new and full moons.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Threefold miseries—</span>This is another feature of the influence of the three modes of material nature. All living entities within this material world are controlled by material nature <i>(prakåti),</i> who subjects them to threefold miseries: <i>adhidaivika-kleça</i> (sufferings caused by the demigods, such as droughts, earthquakes and storms), <i>adhibhautika-kleça</i> (sufferings caused by other living entities like insects or enemies), and <i>adhyätmika-kleça</i> (sufferings caused by one's own body and mind, such as mental and physical infirmities). <i>Daiva-bhütätma-hetavaù:</i> the conditioned souls, subjected to these three miseries by the control of the external energy, suffer various difficulties. This suffering is the impetus for seeking answers to the fundemental questions of life: Who am I? Why am I suffering? How can I get free of suffering? See Modes of nature, Prakåti.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tretä-yuga—</span>the second in the cycle of the four ages of the universe or<i> mahä-yuga</i>. It lasts 1,296,000 years. In this age Lord Rämacandra appeared.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tribunga—</span>Lord Krsna's famous three-curved stance.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tri-daëòa—</span>a staff, made of three rods, carried by Vaiñëava <i>sannyäsés</i> who are devotees of Lord Kåñëa, signifying service with mind, body and words.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tridaëòi-sannyäsé—</span>a member of the renounced order of life who accepts the personal nature of the Absolute Truth.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Trigarta—</span>a province in ancient Bharata. The King of this country, Suçarma, fought on the side of Duryodhana and was killed by Arjuna.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tri-loka—</span>The Sanskrit term <i>tri-loka</i> is often found in Vedic scriptures. <i>Tri-loka</i> means three worlds. The universe is divided into three worlds, or realms of consciousness: <i>bhür, bhuvaù</i> and <i>svaù</i> (the gross region, the subtle region and the celestial region). In Svargaloka or the celestial heaven, superhuman beings called demigods <i>(devatas)</i> exist, enjoying a life that in human terms is almost unimaginable. In the subtle region exist ghosts and elemental beings. And in the gross or earthly realm exist human beings and other creatures with tissue-bodies, including the animals and plants. There is also a subterranean region where powerful demons reside. And there is a region known as <i>naraka,</i> hell. As explained in <i>Bg.</i> <b>3.27</b>, the souls within these regions of material consciousness wrongly identify themselves as the doers of physical and mental activities that are actually carried out by three modes of material nature. This wrong identification is called <i>ahaìkära,</i> or false ego, the basis of our entanglement in material existence. See Demigods, Svarga.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Time—</span>In his purport of <i>SB </i><b>3.10.11</b>, Çréla Prabhupäda writes as follows about time: The impersonal time factor is the background of the material manifestation as the instrument of the Supreme Lord. It is the ingredient of assistance offered to material nature. No one knows where time began and where it ends, and it is time only which can keep a record of the creation, maintenance and destruction of the material manifestation. This time factor is the material cause of creation and is therefore a self expansion of the Personality of Godhead. Time is considered the impersonal feature of the Lord. The time factor is also explained by modern men in various ways. Some accept it almost as it is explained in the <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam.</i> For example, in Hebrew literature time is accepted, in the same spirit, as a representation of God. It is stated therein: God, who at sundry times and in diverse manners spake in time past unto the fathers by the prophets... Metaphysically, time is distinguished as absolute and real. Absolute time is continuous and is unaffected by the speed or slowness of material things. Time is astronomically and mathematically calculated in relation to the speed, change and life of a particular object. Factually, however, time has nothing to do with the relativities of things; rather, everything is shaped and calculated in terms of the facility offered by time. Time is the basic measurement of the activity of our senses, by which we calculate past, present and future; but in factual calculation, time has no beginning and no end. Cäëakya Päëòita says that even a slight fraction of time cannot be purchased with millions of dollars, and therefore even a moment of time lost without profit must be calculated as the greatest loss in life. Time is not subject to any form of psychology, nor are the moments objective realities in themselves, but they are dependent on particular experiences.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tripura—</span>a large district on the far eastern side of Bengal, just south of the Çré Hatta (Sylhet) area of Assam. In olden times Tripura was part of Bengal. The kings of Tripura had a long-standing relationship with Öhäkura Bhaktivinoda and later with Çréla Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Öhäkura.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Triveëé—</span>the confluence of the three sacred rivers Ganges, Yamunä and Sarasvaté at Prayäga.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Trivikrama—</span>a name for the Supreme Lord indicating His incarnation as the dwarf <i>brähmaëa </i>Vämanadeva. Meaning literally "He who took three big steps," this name recalls the Lord's pastime of extending His foot through the coverings of the material universe and into the Causal Ocean.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Triyuga—</span>a name of Viñëu meaning one who appears in only three <i>yugas</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Triyugé—</span>a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning "He who appears in three <i>yugas," </i>namely Satya, Tretä, and Dväpara. The Lord appears in a covered incarnation in Kali-yuga, as Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tåëävarta—</span>a whirlwind-shaped demon who was sent by Kaàsa to kill Kåñëa, but whom Kåñëa killed instead.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Try-adhéçvara—</span>the proprietor of the three worlds.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tulasé—</span>a pure devotee in the form of a basil plant held sacred by the Vaiñëavas and is very dear to Çré Kåñëa. Its leaves and <i>maïjarés</i> (buds) are always offered to His lotus feet; Maïjaré- the small, purplish flowers of the <i>tulasé </i>plant. <i>Maïjarés</i>, along with <i>tulasé </i>leaves, are offered only to the Supreme Personality of Godhead. They must be fresh.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Tyäga<i>—</i></span>renunciation of activities performed with material consciousness.</p>
<p class="p2"><b>-U-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Uccaiùçravä—</span>a horse born from nectar and considered to be a representative of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p4">Ucchåìkhala—<span class="s3">whimsical.</span></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Udäna-väyu—</span>bodily air which moves upwards and which is controlled by the breathing exercises of the añöäìga-yoga system.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Udära—</span>magnanimous.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Udbhäsvara—</span>eternal ecstatic symptoms or bodily transformations which indicate ecstatic emotions in the mind.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Uddhava—</span>a learned disciple of Båhaspati and confidential friend of Lord Kåñëa in Dvärakä; In Kåñëa's Mathurä and Dvärakä lélä, Uddhava is Kåñëa's best friend. He visited the residents of Våndävana to console them in their grief due to Kåñëa's absence. In the Eleventh Canto of Çrémad-Bhägavatam, Kåñëa imparts most important transcendental knowledge to Uddhava.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Uddépta—</span>the manifestation in a devotee of five, six or all eight ecstatic symptoms simultaneously.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Udghätyaka—</span>a dancing appearance of a player in drama.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Udvega—</span>the ecstatic symptom of mental agitation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ugra-karma—</span>evil activities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ugrasena—</span>the King of the Yadus, and the father of Kaàsa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ujjvala-nélamaëi—</span>a Sanskrit work that describes the complete science of mädhurya-rasa, the conjugal relationship with Lord Kåñëa. It was compiled by Çréla Rüpa Gosvämé in the sixteenth century.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ulüka—</span>the son of Çakuni. He was killed by Sahadeva during the battle of Kurukñetra. (Çalya Parva in Mahäbhärata)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Ulüpé—</span>the wife of Arjuna and the mother of Irävän.</p>
<p class="p5">Umä—wife of Lord Çiva. See also: Durgä</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh—</span>the present Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Unmäda—</span>craziness, a vyabhicäri-bhäva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s2"><b>Upadeçämåta</b></span><span class="s1">—</span>a short Sanskrit work by Çréla Rüpa Gosvämé containing important instructions about devotional service to Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Upädhis—</span>material designations.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Upädhyäya—</span>a teacher who makes a living teaching Sanskrit grammar.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Upala-bhoga—</span>morning refreshments offered to Lord Jagannätha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Upaniñads—</span>one-hundred and eight Sanskrit treatises that embody the philosophy of the Vedas. Considered the most significant philosophical sections and crest jewels of the Vedas, the Upaniñads are found in the Äraëyaka and Brähmaëa portions of the Vedas. They are theistic and contain the realizations and teachings of great sages of antiquity; The term upaniñad literally means that which is learned by sitting close to the teacher. The texts of the Upaniñads teach the philosophy of the Absolute Truth (Brahman) to those seeking liberation from birth and death, and the study of the Upaniñads is known as Vedänta, the conclusion of the Veda. The contents of the Upaniñads are extremely difficult to fathom; they are to be understood only under the close guidance of a spiritual master (guru). Because the Upaniñads contain many apparently contradictory statements, the great sage Vyäsa systematized the Upaniñadic teachings in the Vedänta-sütra. His natural commentary on the Vedänta-sütra is the Çrémad-Bhägavatam. See Çrémad-Bhägavatam, Vedänta-sütra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Upaplavya—</span>the capital city of King Viräöa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Uparasa—</span>the first kind of rasäbhäsa, occurring when one tastes one kind of mellow and something extra is imposed.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Upäsanä-käëòa—</span>portions of the Vedas dealing with ceremonies of worship, especially demigod worship; The path of devotional service. One of the three departments of Vedic knowledge, upäsanä-käëòa is taught by Närada Muni. See Bhakti, Jïäna-käëòa, Karma-käëòa, Para-vidyä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Upäsya—</span>worshipable.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Upendra—</span>Vämanadeva, who sometimes appears as the younger brother of Indra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Urugäya—</span>the name of the Lord meaning "He who is glorified with sublime prayers."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Urukrama—</span>the Supreme Lord, who takes wonderful steps (especially as the dwarf brähmaëa incarnation, Vämanadeva).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Urvaçé—</span>one of the heavenly Apsaräs. She tried to seduce Arjuna when he was in the heavenly kingdom. Arjuna refused to satisfy her because he considered her the mother of the Kuru dynasty having taken Puru for her husband. Because of Arjuna's refusal, Urvaçé cursed Arjuna to become a eunuch for one year. This curse took its effect during last year of exile of the Päëòavas in the kingdom of Viräöa; a woman from the heavenly planets who became enamored of King Purüravä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Üti—</span>the urge for creation that is the cause of all inventions.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Utkala—</span>the eldest son of Dhruva Mahäräja.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Uttama-adhikäré—</span>a first-class devotee who is expert in Vedic literature and has full faith in the Supreme Lord; he can deliver the whole world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Uttamaçloka—</span>the Supreme Lord, Kåñëa, who is worshiped by select poetry.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Uttamaujas—</span>a prince of Päïcäla, and a valiant warrior during the Kurukñetra battle. He was killed by Açvatthämä while in his bed during the last night of the Kurukñetra war.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Uttama—</span>the brother of Dhruva Mahäräja.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Uttänapäda—</span>the king who was a son of Sväyambhuva Manu and the father of Dhruva Mahäräja.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Uttara—</span>a son of King Viräöa. He was afraid to confront the Kurus when they stole the cows from his father's kingdom. Arjuna revealed his disguise to this prince and then single-handedly fought with the Kauravas and defeated them all. Uttara was killed in the first day's fighting at Kurukñetra by Çalya.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Uttarä—</span>the daughter of King Viräöa and the wife of Abhimanyu. Viräöa first want Arjuna to marry his daughter, but Arjuna declined and said that his son, Abhimanyu, should marry her. Uttarä became the mother of King Parékñit.</p>
<p class="p2"><b>-V-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Väcäla—</span>a person who can speak according to Vedic authority.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vahana mandapa—</span>where the mount of the Deity <i>(vahana) </i>such<i> </i>as Lord Viñëu carrier's Garuòa or Çiva's bull Nandi is located.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vaibhäñikas<i>—</i></span>a class of philosophers, akin to the Buddhists, who existed when Lord Kåñëa spoke <i>Bhagavad-gétä </i>and who accept that life is a product of a mature combination of material elements.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vaidarbhé<i>—</i></span>the woman who was formerly a man but took birth as a woman in his next life because of too much attachment to woman. <i>Darbha</i> means <i>kuça</i> grass. In fruitive activities, or <i>karma-käëòéya</i> ceremonies, one requires <i>kuça</i> grass. Thus <i>vaidarbhé</i> refers to one who takes birth in a family of <i>karma-käëòéya</i> understanding. However, if by <i>karma-käëòa</i> activities one by chance comes in contact with a devotee, as Vaidarbhé did when she married Malayadhvaja, his life becomes successful. He then pursues the devotional service of the Lord. The conditioned soul becomes liberated simply by following the instructions of the bona fide spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vaidhi-bhakti—</span><i>see: Vidhi-bhakti</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vaidürya-maëi—</span>a spiritual gem that can display different colors.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Väli—</span>name of a monkey who was the son of Indra, the King of heaven, and elder brother of Sugréva, the monkey king in the epic <i>Rämäyaëa</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vaijayanté—</span>a garland containing flowers of five colors and reaching down to the knees. It is worn by Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vaikäli-bhoga—</span>food offered to the Deity at the end of the day.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vaikuëöha lokas—</span>variegated spiritual planets situated in the <i>brahma-jyotir</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vaikuëöha-jagat—</span><i>see: Vaikuëöha lokas above.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vaikuëöha-nätha—</span>the Lord of Vaikuëöha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vaikuëöha—</span>the eternal planets of the spiritual world, the abode of Lord Näräyaëa, which lies beyond the coverings of the material universe. Literally, "the place with no anxiety". See Spiritual world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vaiçya (Vaishyas)—</span>member of the mercantile or agricultural class, according to the system of four social orders and four spiritual orders.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vairägé—</span>a person in the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vairägya—</span>renunciation; detachment from matter and engagement of the mind in spirit.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vaiçeñikä—</span>Kaëäda-the propounder of Vaiçeñika philosophy, which states that atoms are the original cause of the creation; One of the six systems of Vedic philosophy. See Six systems.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vaiñëava-aparädha—</span>an offense to the devotee of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vaiñëava-dharma—</span>the eternal principle of service to the Supreme Lord, Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vaiñëava—</span>a devotee of the Supreme Lord, Viñëu, or Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vaiñëavism—</span>the science of <i>bhakti-yoga, </i>devotional service to Viñëu, or Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vaivasvata Manu—</span>the current Manu, the seventh of fourteen.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vaiyäsaki—</span>Sukadeva Gosvämé-great devotee who recited the <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam </i>to King Parékñit during the last seven days of the King's life.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vajradatta—</span>the son of King Bhagadatta. He fought with Arjuna for the sacrificial horse.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vajra—</span>the great grandson of Lord Çré Kåñëa. He became the king of Mathurä when Lord Kåñëa left this world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Välméki—</span>the author of the original Rämäyaëa-the original epic history about Lord Rämacandra and Sétä, written by Välméki Muni.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vämadeva—</span>a great sage who was a competitor of Gautama Åñi's. He was the secretary of Daçaratha Mahäräja, the father of Lord Räma.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vämanadeva—</span>the Supreme Lord's fifth incarnation as a dwarf <i>brähmaëa,</i> to whom Bali Mahäräja surrendered everything<i>; </i>Trivikrama-a name for the Supreme Lord indicating His incarnation as the dwarf <i>brähmaëa </i>Vämanadeva. Meaning literally "He who took three big steps," this name recalls the Lord's pastime of extending His foot through the coverings of the material universe and into the Causal Ocean.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Väma—</span>left-wing group of <i>gopés, </i>who are eager to be jealously angered.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vänaprastha<i>—</i></span>retired family life, in which one quits home to cultivate renunciation and travels from holy place to holy place in preparation for the renounced order of life; the third order of Vedic spiritual life; A retired householder. A member of the third spiritual devision of life, according to the Vedic social system of four <i>äçramas.</i> See Brahmacäré, Gåhastha, Sannyäsé.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vana—</span>forest.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vandana—</span>the devotional process of offering prayers to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Väëé—</span>the words of the spiritual master, which exist eternally.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vaëik—</span>a merchant.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vapu—</span>the physical presence of the spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Varadaräja—</span>Deity of Lord Viñëu worshiped Käïcépuram.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Väräëasé—</span>one of the oldest and most famous places of pilgrimage in India; also known as Käçé and Benares. It is a center of impersonalistic, or Mäyäväda, philosophy. Here is where Lord Caitanya defeated Prakäçänanda Sarasvati, the leading Mäyävädé of his day.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Väraëävata—</span>the place where Duryodhana built the palace of lac. (Ädi Parva in Mahäbhärata)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Varäha Puräëa—</span>one of the eighteen <i>Puräëas. </i>It deals with the transcendental pastimes of the Lord's boar incarnation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Varäha—</span>the gigantic boar incarnation of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Varëa-saìkara—</span>children conceived without regard for Vedic religious principles; thus, unwanted population.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Varëäçrama-dharma—</span>the system of four social and four spiritual orders established in the Vedic scriptures and discussed by Çré Kåñëa in the Bhagavad-gétä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Varëa—</span>one of the four Vedic social-occupational divisions of society, distinguished by quality of work and situation with regard to the modes of nature (<i>guëas</i>); Brähmaëa-a member of the intellectual, priestly class; a person wise in Vedic knowledge, fixed in goodness and knowledgeable of Brahman, the Absolute Truth; One of the four orders of occupational life, <i>brähmaëa</i>, <i>kñatriya</i>,<i> vaiçya</i> and <i>çüdra</i>. The <i>brähmaëas</i> are the intellectual class and their occupation is hearing Vedic literature, teaching Vedic literature, learning deity worship and teaching deity worship, receiving charity and giving charity. Brähmaëa; Kñatriya-third of the four orders of the <i>varëäçrama</i> system. A warrior who is inclined to fight and lead others. The administrative or protective occupation according to the system of four social and spiritual orders. Kñatriya; Vaiçya (Vaishyas)-member of the mercantile or agricultural class, according to the system of four social orders and four spiritual orders. Vaiçya; Çüdra-a member of the fourth social order, laborer class, in the traditional Vedic social system. He is meant to render service to the three higher classes, namely the <i>brähmaëas, </i>the <i>kñatriyas, </i>and the <i>vaiçyas.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vartma-pradarçaka-guru—</span>the one who first gives information about spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Varuëa—</span>the demigod in charge of the oceans.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Väsanä—</span>a wish or desire.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vasiñöha—</span>a great sage who was a rival of Viçvämitra Muni's. He was the family priest of Mahäräja Daçaratha, the father of Lord Rämacandra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vastra-haraëa-lélä—</span>Kåñëa's pastime of stealing the <i>gopés' </i>clothes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vastu—</span>See Substance.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vastu-gata—</span>the stage of being completely uncontaminated by the material body and mind.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vätsalya-rasa—</span>the relationship with Kåñëa as His parent.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vätsalya-rati—</span><i>see: Vätsalya-rasa above.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Väsudeva-paräyaëa—</span>one whose desire is fixed on the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vasudeva—</span>the father of Kåñëa, and the half-brother of Nanda Mahäräja; the state of pure goodness, which transcends the material modes of nature and in which one can understand the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Väsudeva—</span>the Supreme Lord, Kåñëa, son of Vasudeva, and proprietor of everything, material and spiritual.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vasundharä—</span>a name for mother earth meaning "she who has very fertile soil and unlimited wealth.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vasuñeëa—</span>a name for Karëa during his younger years.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vatsäsura—</span>a demon who came to Våndävana in the form of a calf to kill Kåñëa but who was instead killed by Him.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Väyu—</span>air, one of the three major elements of the gross body; the demigod in charge of the wind. He was the father of Bhéma and Hanumän.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Veda-cakñuù—</span>literally, seeing through the eyes of the <i>Vedas.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Veda-väda-rata—</span>one who gives his own explanation of the <i>Vedas </i>a <i>smärta; </i>fruitive workers<i> </i>who become entangled in material activities disguised as spiritual activities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vedäçraya-nästikya-väda—</span>agnosticism under the shelter of Vedic culture.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vedänta-darçana—</span>the philosophy of Çréla Vyäsadeva, which culminates in <i>bhakti-yoga.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vedänta-sütra (Brahma-sütra)—</span>Çréla Vyäsadeva's conclusive summary of Vedic philosophical knowledge, written in brief codes. The philosophy of the Absolute Truth, which finds implicit expression in the <i>Vedas </i>and the <i>Upaniñads, </i>was put into a systematic and more explicit form in the <i>Vedänta-sütra.</i> All apparent contradictory statements of the vast literature of the <i>Vedas</i> are resolved by the great Vyäsa in this work. In this work there are four divisions 1) reconciliation of all scriptures; 2) the consistent reconciliation of apparently conflicting hymns; 3) the means or process of attaining the goal (spiritual realization); and 4) the object (or desired fruit) achieved by the spiritual process. The <i>Vedänta-sütra </i>establishes that Godhead exists, that devotion is the means of realizing transcendental love for Godhead, and that this love is the final object of man's endeavors. This book is the textbook of all theistic philosophy, and, as such, many commentators have elaborated on the significance of its conclusions; This most important work of <i>nyäya-prasthäna</i> (Vedic logic), which is also known as <i>Brahma-sütra, Çäréraka, Vyäsa-sütra, Bädaräyaëa-sütra, Uttara-mémäàsä</i> and <i>Vedänta-darçana,</i> was composed by the great sage Vyäsa 5000 years ago. <i>Sütra</i> means code. The <i>Vedänta-sütra</i> is a book of codes that present, in concise form, <i>brahma-jïäna,</i> i.e. conclusive Vedic knowledge. These codes are very terse, and without a fuller explanation, their meaning is difficult to grasp. In India there are five main schools of Vedänta, each established by an <i>äcärya</i> (founder) who explained the <i>sütras</i> in a <i>bhäñya</i> (commentary). The natural commentary on the <i>Vedänta-sütra</i> is the <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam.</i> See Advaita, Dvaita, Brahmajyoti, Brahman, Four Vaiñëava Sampradäyas and Siddhäntas, Çaìkaräcärya, Six systems, Çrémad-Bhägavatam, Upaniñads, Vedänta, Vyäsa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vedänta—</span>the conclusion of Vedic philosophy; the philosophy of the <i>Vedänta-sütra </i>of Çréla Vyäsadeva, containing a conclusive summary of Vedic philosophical knowledge and showing Kåñëa as the goal; One of the six systems of Vedic philosophy; taught by the great sage Vyäsadeva. Vedänta (literally the end of all knowledge or the conclusion of the Veda) is the highest degree of Vedic education, traditionally reserved for the <i>sannyäsés</i> (renunciates). Vedänta is mastery of the texts known as the <i>Upaniñads.</i> See Six systems, Vyäsa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vedänté—</span>a person who knows <i>Vedänta, </i>that is, who perfectly knows Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vedas<i>—</i></span>the original <i>Veda</i> was divided into four by Çréla Vyäsadeva. The four original Vedic scriptures, <i>Saàhitäs (Åg, Säma, Atharva</i> and <i>Yajur) </i>and the 108 <i>Upaniñads, Mahäbhärata, Vedänta</i>-<i>sütra</i>, etc<i>. </i>The system of eternal wisdom compiled by Çréla Vyäsadeva, the literary incarnation of the Supreme Lord, for the gradual upliftment of all mankind from the state of bondage to the state of liberation. The word <i>veda</i> literally means "knowledge", and thus in a wider sense it refers to the whole body of Indian Sanskrit religious literature that is in harmony with the philosophical conclusions found in the original four Vedic <i>Saàhitäs </i>and <i>Upaniñads. </i>The message of the transcendental realm that has come down to this phenomenal world through the medium of sound is known as the <i>Veda</i>. Being the very words of Godhead Himself, the <i>Vedas </i>have existed from eternity. Lord Kåñëa originally revealed the <i>Vedas </i>to Brahmä, the first soul to appear in the realm of physical nature, and by him they were subsequently made available to other souls through the channel of spiritual disciplic succession; Veda, Vedas, Vedic knowledge. The Sanskrit root of the word Veda is <i>vid,</i> knowledge. This root is widespread even in modern Western language: e.g. video (from the Latin word to see) and idea (Gr. <i>ida</i>). The term <i>Vedic</i> refers to the teachings of the Vedic literatures. From these literatures we learn that this universe, along with countless others, was produced from the breath of Mahä-Viñëu some 155,250,000,000,000 years ago. The Lord's divine breath simultaneously transmitted all the knowledge mankind requires to meet his material needs and revive his dormant God consciousness. This knowledge is called <i>Veda. </i>Caturmukha (four-faced) Brahmä, the first created being within this universe, received Veda from Viñëu. Brahmä, acting as an obedient servant of the Supreme Lord, populated the planetary systems with all species of life. He spoke four Vedas, one from each of his mouths, to guide human beings in their spiritual and material progress. The Vedas are thus traced to the very beginning of the cosmos. Some of the most basic Vedic teachings are: 1) every living creature is an eternal soul covered by a material body; 2) as long as the souls are bewildered by <i>mäyä</i> (the illusion of identifying the self with the body) they must reincarnate from body to body, life after life; 3) to accept a material body means to suffer the four-fold pangs of birth, old age, disease and death; 4) depending upon the quality of work <i>(karma)</i> in the human form, a soul may take its next birth in a subhuman species, or the human species, or a superhuman species, or it may be freed from birth and death altogether; 5) <i>karma</i> dedicated in sacrifice to Viñëu as directed by Vedic injunctions elevates and liberates the soul.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Veda—</span><i>see: Vedas above.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vedic culture—</span>life-style based on the tenets of the four original scriptures of India, the Vedas.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vedic—</span>pertaining to a culture in which all aspects of human life are under the guidance of the <i>Vedas.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vena—</span>the demoniac son of King Aìga and father of King Påthu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Veìkateçvara—</span>Deity of Lord Viñëu worshiped at Tirupati.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vidyanagara—</span>at the time of cosmic desolution, Lord Matsya preserves the Vedic wisdom.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vébhatsu—</span>one of the ten names of Arjuna.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vibhäva—</span>the causes or bases for relishing transcendental mellows.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vibhéñaëa—</span>a grandson of Pulastya Muni and the pious brother of Rävaëa. He was a staunch devotee of Lord Räma, who offered him the kingdom of Çré Lankä for four <i>yugas. </i>He is one of eight personalities who lives for more than one cycle of four <i>yugas.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vibhinnäàça—</span>the separated expansions of the Supreme Lord, the minute living entities, who are part and parcel of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vibhu-ätmä<i>—</i></span>the Supersoul.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vibhüti—</span>a secondary incarnation indirectly empowered by the Supreme Lord; opulence by which Kåñëa controls the entire material manifestation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vicära—</span>Consideration, philosophical speculation, as opposed to mental speculation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vidyanagara—</span>at the time od cosmic desolution, Lord Matsya preserves the Vedic wisdom.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vidagdha-mädhava—</span>a seven-act play written by Çréla Rüpa Gosvämé describing the pastimes of Çré Kåñëa in Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vidagdha—</span>one who is expert in the art of attracting women.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vidarbha—</span>an ancient province of old India. Rukmiëé, the wife of Lord Kåñëa, was the daughter of the King of this province.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vidarbha-räjasiàha—</span>the best of persons who are expert in fruitive activities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viddha-bhakti—</span>mixed devotional service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Videharäja Nimi—</span>a devotee king, ruler of Videha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Videha—</span>the kingdom of Mithilä in India ruled by King Nimi.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vidhi-bhakti—</span>devotional service under scheduled regulations.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vidhi-märga—</span><i>see vidhi-bhakti </i>above</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vidüra-vigata—</span>Caëòäla-an outcaste or untouchable; dog-eaters, the lowest class of human beings.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vidura—</span>the son of Vyäsadeva by a maidservant of Ambalikä and the half brother of Dhåtaräñöra. He was an incarnation of the great devotee mahäjana, Yamaräja, and an uncle of the Päëòavas. A great devotee of Kåñëa who inquired and heard <i> </i>from Maitreya Muni, as narrated in Çrémad-Bhägavatam. He was cursed to become a Çüdra by Mäëòavya Muni. He was constantly trying to restrain Dhåtaräñöra from mistreating the Päëòavas. In the end when Dhåtaräñöra lost everything Vidura was able to deliver his brother to the path of self-realization.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vidyädharas—</span>a race of celestial beings who are attendants of Lord Çiva and who possess material mystic knowledge.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s2"><b>Vidyäpati</b></span><span class="s1">—</span>an author of Vaiñëava poetry who was particularly admired by Lord Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vidyä—</span>knowledge.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vihara—</span>Buddhist monastery</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vijara—</span>not subjected to the miseries of old age.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vijätéya—</span>one who is outside devotional service.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vijayä-daçamé—</span>the celebration of the conquest of Laìkä by Lord Rämacandra.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vijayadhvaja Tértha—</span>a Vaiñëava spiritual master in the line of Madhväcärya. He was a commentator on <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vijighatsa—</span>free from desire for material enjoyment.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vijita-ñaò-guëa—</span>one who has conquered the six material qualities.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vijitäçva—</span>the eldest son of King Påthu (also known as Antardhäna).</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vijïänam<i>—</i></span>specific knowledge of spirit soul, his constitutional position and his relationship with the Supreme Soul.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vijïänamaya—</span>with full knowledge, that is, conscious of the self as different from matter.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vijïäna—</span>the practical realization of spiritual knowledge; Transcendental knowledge of the self's relationship to the Supreme Self. See Jïäna.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vikarëa—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was the only one to stand up in defense of Draupadé during the gambling match. He was killed by Bhéma during the battle of Kurukñetra. (Droëa Parva in Mahäbhärata)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vikarma—</span>unauthorized or sinful work, performed against the injunctions of revealed scriptures.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viläsa-vigrahas—</span>expansions of the Lord who manifest bodily differences.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viläsa—</span>symptoms manifested in a woman's body when she meets her lover.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vimänam—</span>the tower over the sanctum of the deity; an airplane.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vimüòhas—</span>foolish rascals.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Véëä—</span>a stringed musical instrument.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vinda—</span>a prince of Avanti. He was the bother of Mitravindä, a queen of Lord Kåñëa. He was very envious of Lord Kåñëa and Arjuna. He was killed along with his brother Anuvinda during the Kurukñetra war. Both brothers were killed by Arjuna.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vindhyäcala—</span>a range of mountains west of the Himälayas; Agastya Muni-a great sage who authored many Vedic hymns and writings on Äyurvedic<i> </i>medicine. The son of Mitra and Varuëa, he was born from a water jar. Once he swallowed the ocean and forced the Vindhya mountain range to prostrate itself before him.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viparyäsa—</span>Misapprehension. One of the five functions of <i>bu-ddhi.</i> See Buddhi.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vipralambha—</span>ecstasy in separation.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vipralipsä—</span>the cheating propensity.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vipra—</span>Brähmaëa-a member of the intellectual, priestly class; a person wise in Vedic knowledge, fixed in goodness and knowledgeable of Brahman, the Absolute Truth; One of the four orders of occupational life, <i>brähmaëa</i>, <i>kñatriya</i>,<i> vaiçya</i> and <i>çüdra</i>. The <i>brähmaëas</i> are the intellectual class and their occupation is hearing Vedic literature, teaching Vedic literature, learning deity worship and teaching deity worship, receiving charity and giving charity.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Véra-rasa—</span>chivalry, one of the indirect relationships with Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Véra-vrata—</span>fully determined.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vérabhadra—</span>the demon created by Lord Çiva to destroy the sacrifice of Mahäräja Dakña.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Véraräghava Äcärya—</span>a Vaiñëava spiritual master in the line of Rämänujäcärya, and commentator on <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viraha—</span>transcendental bliss in separation from the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Virajä River—</span>the river that divides the material world from the spiritual world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Virakti—</span>detachment.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viräö-puruña—</span>the universal form of the Supreme Lord as the totality of all material manifestations.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viräö-rupa—</span>the universal form of the Supreme Lord. <i>See also: Viçva-rüpa</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viräöa—</span>the King of the Matsyas. He unknowingly sheltered the Päëòavas during their last year of exile. He took the side of the Päëòavas and was killed by Droëa during the Kurukñetra war.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vérya—</span>one who has mercy.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Visrama-ghata—</span>After Varaha killed Hiranyaksa, He spoke the <i>Ädi-varaha-Purana</i> to mother Bhumi (Earth) while relaxing at Visrama-ghata. Thousands of years He rested here after killing Kamsa and dragging his body to shores of the Yamuna.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viñäda—</span>moroseness, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viñaya-taraìga—</span>the waves of material existence.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viñaya—</span>the object of worship; an object of material sense gratification.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viñayé—</span>one who is interested only in material sense gratification.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Visrama-ghata—</span>After Varaha killed Hiranyaksa, He spoke the <i>Ädi-varaha-Purana</i> to mother Bhumi (Earth) while relaxing at Visrama-ghata. Thousands of years He rested here after killing Kamsa and dragging his body to shores of the Yamuna.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Visarga—</span>the secondary creation by Brahmä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viçiñöädvaita-väda—</span>the Vaiñëava philosophy established by Rämänujäcärya's <i>Çré-bhäñya </i>commentary on the <i>Vedänta-sütra</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viñëoù smaraëa—</span>the devotional process of remembering.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viñëu-bhaktas—</span>devotees in Kåñëa consciousness.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viñëu-bhakti—</span>devotional service to Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viñëu-dharma—</span>one of the eighteen <i>Puräëas, </i>or Vedic historical scriptures.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viñëu-mürté—</span>the Deity form of the Lord worshiped in the temple.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viñëu-purana—</span>scripture describing the glories of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viñëu-tattva—</span>a primary expansion of Kåñëa having full status as Godhead. The term applies to primary expansions of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viñëu-yajïa—</span>a sacrifice performed for the satisfaction of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viñëudütas—</span>the messengers of Lord Viñëu who come to take perfected devotees back to the spiritual world at the time of death, the personal servants of Lord Viñëu, they closely resemble If Him in appearance.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viñëuloka—</span>the abode of Lord Viñëu, the Supreme Personality of Godhead. <i>See also: Vaikuntha</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viñëupriyä-devé—</span>the second wife of Lord Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu, whom He left to accept <i>sannyäsa,</i> the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viñëu—</span>the Supreme Personality of Godhead in His four-armed expansion in Vaikuëöha; A plenary expansion of the original Supreme Personality of Godhead, Çré Kåñëa. Viñëu supervises the maintenance of the created universe, and enters into the material universe before creation. He is worshiped by all the demigods and sages, and described throughout the <i>Vedas </i>as the summum <i>bonum </i>of all knowledge-the Absolute Truth; Literally, the all-pervading God; a prominent Sanskrit name of the Personality of Godhead. See Kåñëa, Supersoul, Vaiñëava.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viçoka—</span>callous to material distress and happiness.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viçoka—</span>the charioteer of Bhéma.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viçrambha—</span>devotional service devoid of a respectful attitude toward the Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viçruta—</span>the son begotten by the Pracetäs through Märiñä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viçuddha-sattva—</span>the spiritual platform of pure goodness.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viçva-rüpa<i> </i>(viraö-rüpa)—</span>the universal form of Lord Kåñëa, as described in the Eleventh Chapter of <i>Bhagavad-gétä.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viçva-dharma<i>—</i></span>universal religion.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viçvakarmä—</span>the architect of the <i>devas</i> or demigods. He built the city of Indraprastha for the Päëòavas at the request of Lord Çré Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viçvakoça<i>—</i></span>an ancient Sanskrit dictionary.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viçvambhara—</span>one who maintains the entire universe and who leads all living beings; the name of Lord Caitanya before He entered the renounced order.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viçvämitra—</span>a prominent sage and rival of Vasiñöha Muni.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viçvanätha Cakravarté Öhäkura—</span>a great <i>äcärya </i>in the Caitanya school of Vaiñëavism and the most prominent <i>äcärya </i>after Narottama däsa Öhäkura. On the order of his guru he went to Våndävana and by his life's end he had composed twenty-four valuable books on the science of <i>bhakti</i>. He established the Gokulänanda Temple. In his final years he lived at Rädhä-kuëòa; he has written commentaries on <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam and Çrémad Bhagavad-gétä.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viçväsa—</span>a government secretary; confidence.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Visvarupa—</span>brother of Lord Caitanya, he took sanyassa at an early age; the life-breath of Nimai.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viçvävasu—</span>a leader of the Gandharvas, singers in the heavenly planets.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vitarka—</span>argument, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Véthé—</span>beginning of a drama consisting of only one scene.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viväha-yajïa—</span>the sacrifice of marriage.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vivarta-väda—</span>the erroneous concept; propounded by Çaìkaräcärya, that God is no longer complete after He expands His energies for creation; the Mäyävädé interpretation of the <i>Vedänta-sütra</i> that the Supreme Lord becomes changed when He expands and that all manifest varieties are unreal.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vivarta—</span>illusion; also, sorrow and confusion due to nonfulfillment of material desires.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vivasvän—</span>the name of the present sun-god, to whom <i>Bhagavad-gétä </i>was instructed at least 120,400,000 years ago.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viviàçati—</span>one of the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra. He was killed by Bhéma. (Droëa Parva in Mahäbhärata)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Viyoga—</span>the stage of separation when the mind is fully absorbed in thoughts of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Voidism—</span>The mind has two functions, accepting and rejecting. Voidism is the result of total frustration, when the mind negates and rejects everything as just too troublesome. Voidism in Sanskrit is <i>çünyaväda,</i> a doctrine associated with Buddhism. As the <i>Bodhicaryävatära-panjikä,</i> a Buddhist scripture, puts it, <i>niùsvabhävavatä çünyatä </i>the absence of the self-existence of all things, voidness is the <i>paramärtha</i> (supreme goal) of Buddhism. In ancient Greece, Democritus and other atomists reduced reality down to atoms and the void. Modern physicists propose scenarios of the universe popping out of a primordial void. Çréla Prabhupäda writes: The Çaìkarites and Buddhists claim that the world beyond is void, but <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> does not disappoint us like this. The philosophy of voidness has simply created atheists. We are spiritual beings, and we want enjoyment, but as soon as our future is void, we will become inclined to enjoy this material life. In this way, the impersonalists discuss the philosophy of voidism while trying as much as possible to enjoy this material life. One may enjoy speculation in this way, but there is no spiritual benefit. (<i>Beyond Birth and Death,</i> Chap. Four) The ultimate paradox of voidism is that if everything is void, then there is nothing to philosophize about. Consequently, those professing voidism logically ought to behave as Cratylus did. See Buddhism, Cratylus, Impersonalism, Mäyäväda philosophy, Mind, Çaìkaräcärya, Scepticism.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vrajabhümi—</span>Våndävana-Kåñëa's eternal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness; the village on this earth in which He enacted His childhood pastimes five thousand years ago; the topmost transcendental abode of the Supreme Lord. It is His personal spiritual abode descended to the earthly plane. It is situated on the Western bank of the river Yamunä. He was present on earth about 5,000 years ago. Also see Vraja-the 168-square-mile (84 <i>kroça</i>) area in the district of Mathurä where five thousand years ago Lord Krñëa displayed His pastimes. It is the principal holy place of pilgrimage for all Vaiñëavas. It is said in the <i>çästras </i>that Vraja is the essence and sum total of all holy places.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vraja—</span>the 168-square-mile (84 <i>kroça</i>) area in the district of Mathurä where five thousand years ago Lord Krñëa displayed His pastimes. It is the principal holy place of pilgrimage for all Vaiñëavas. It is said in the <i>çästras </i>that Vraja is the essence and sum total of all holy places. <i>See also: Våndävana.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vrajendra-kumära—</span>Kåñëa, the child of King Nanda.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vrajendra-nandana—</span>Kåñëa, the son of Nanda Mahäräja.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vrajendra—</span>Nanda Mahäräja, the foster father of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Våddhakñatra—</span>the father of Jayadratha.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vréòä—</span>shame, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Våkodara—</span>a name for Bhémasena meaning "he of the voracious appetite."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Våndävana däsa Öhäkura—</span>the incarnation of Vedavyäsa in Lord Caitanya's pastimes and the author of <i>Caitanya-bhagavata, </i>one of the earliest biographies of Lord Caitanya, in which he especially describes Caitanya Mahäprabhu's early pastimes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Våndävana-vihära—</span>the pastimes of Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Våndävana—</span>Kåñëa's eternal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness; the village on this earth in which He enacted His childhood pastimes five thousand years ago; the topmost transcendental abode of the Supreme Lord. It is His personal spiritual abode descended to the earthly plane. It is situated on the Western bank of the river Yamunä. He was present on earth about 5,000 years ago. Also see Vraja.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Våñasena—</span>the son of Karëa. He was considered a Mahärathi. He was killed by Arjuna in the presence of his father Karëa. (Karëa Parva in Mahäbhärata)</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Våñëi—</span>a famous king of the Yadu dynasty. Lord Kåñëa took birth in his dynasty.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Våtra—</span>Våträsura, a great demon killed by Indra. He was actually the devotee Citraketu, who had been cursed to take a low birth.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vyabhicäré-bhävas—</span>the thirty-three transitory bodily symptoms manifest in ecstatic love.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vyädhi—</span>disease, a <i>vyabhicäri-bhäva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vyakta—</span>material creation when it is manifested from the total energy of <i>mahat-tattva</i>.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vyäna-väyu<i>—</i></span>one of the internal bodily airs which is controlled by the <i>añöäìga-yoga </i>system. The <i>vyäna-väyu </i>acts to shrink and expand.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vyäsa-püjä—</span>worship of the compiler of the <i>Vedas, </i>Vyäsadeva; worship of the bona fide spiritual master as the representative of Vyäsadeva on his appearance day.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vyäsadeva (Vyäsa)—</span>the literary incarnation of God, and the greatest philosopher of ancient times. The son of Paräçara, and the compiler of the original Vedic scriptures, including the eighteen <i>Puräëas, Vedänta-sütra, </i>the <i>Mahäbhärata, </i>and the <i>Upaniñads.</i> He played a very important part in guiding the Päëòavas during crucial times. He gave the vision of the battle of Kurukñetra to Saïjaya so that he could relate it to Dhåtaräñöra. He is still living in this world.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vyäsäsana—</span>the seat of Vyäsa, on which the representative of Vyäsadeva sits.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Vyäsa—</span>Vyäsadeva (Vyäsa)-the literary incarnation of God, and the greatest philosopher of ancient times. The son of Paräçara, and the compiler of the original Vedic scriptures, including the eighteen <i>Puräëas, Vedänta-sütra, </i>the <i>Mahäbhärata, </i>and the <i>Upaniñads.</i> He played a very important part in guiding the Päëòavas during crucial times. He gave the vision of the battle of Kurukñetra to Saïjaya so that he could relate it to Dhåtaräñöra. He is still living in this world; The son of Paräçara Muni and Satyavaté-devé, Vyäsa is the empowered <i>(çaktyäveça-)avatära</i> of God who rendered the Vedic <i>çabda</i> into written texts some 5000 years ago. He is also known as Vedavyäsa, Bädaräyaëa and Dvaipäyana. See Avatära (Çaktya-aveça), Çrémad-Bhägavatam, Veda, Vedänta-sütra.</p>
<p class="p2"><b>-W-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Wittgenstein, Ludwig—</span>Austrian-born logician and philosopher (1889-1951) who taught at Cambridge University. He is probably the most influential theorist of language in the twentieth century. In <i>Tractatus Logico-philosophicus</i> he wrote, My propositions serve as elucidations in the following way: anyone who understands me eventually recognizes them as nonsensical. ... He must transcend these propositions, and then he will see the world aright.</p>
<p class="p2"><b>-Y-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yädava dynasty—</span><i>see: Yadu dynasty </i>below.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yadavadri—</span>town of Melkot in South India.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yädava—</span>a name for the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning "He who appears in the Yadu dynasty."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yadu (Yädava) dynasty—</span>the dynasty in which Lord Kåñëa appeared.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yadu-kumära—</span>Kåñëa as the young darling of the Yadus in Mathurä and Dvärakä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yadupati—</span>the name of Kåñëa meaning "King of the Yadu dynasty."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yadus—</span>the descendants of Yadu.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yadu—</span>one of the sons of King Yayäti. He was the founder of the Yadu dynasty.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yadvä-tadvä kavi—</span>one who writes poetry without proper knowledge.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yajamänas—</span>those for whom a priest executes sacrifices.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yajana—</span>the duty of a <i>brähmaëa </i>to perform Vedic rituals.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yajïa-puruña—</span>the supreme enjoyer of all sacrifices.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yajïa—</span>a Vedic sacrifice; also, a name for the Supreme Lord meaning "the personification of sacrifice"; the goal and enjoyer of all sacrifices.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yajïeçvara—</span>an epithet of Kåñëa, "Lord of sacrifice."</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yakña—</span>ghostly followers of the demigod Kuvera, the treasurer of the demigods. They were born from the feet of Lord Brahmä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yamadütas—</span>the messengers of Yamaräja, the lord of death.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yamaräja—</span>the demigod of death, who passes judgment on non-devotees at the time of death. He is the son of the sun-god and the brother of the sacred river Yamunä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yama—</span>the process of controlling the senses.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yämunäcärya—</span>a great Vaiñëava spiritual master and author in the Çré-sampradäya<i>, </i>one of the important disciplic lines.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yamunä—</span>the sacred river where Kåñëa performed many pastimes. One of the holy rivers of India, flowing through Våndävana. It was here that Lord Çré Kåñëa sported when He was a young child. The personification of the Yamunä River, known as Kälindé, is the daughter of the sun god and the sister of Yamaräja, the god of death. She is also called Yamé. In Krñëa-lélä she became one of Krñëa's queens at Dvärakä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yaçodä-nandana—</span>the Supreme Lord, Kåñëa, who played as the son of Yaçodä.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yaçodä—</span>the foster mother of Kåñëa, who was the Queen of Vraja and wife of Mahäräja Nanda.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yäträ—</span>a journey.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yavana—</span>a class of humans fallen from the Vedic culture; a low-class person, generally a meat-eater; a barbarian.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yavana—</span>the servant of Yamaräja.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yayäti—</span>the king who, because of his lust, was cursed by Çukräcärya to prematurely accept old age.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yoga-märga—</span>the path of developing mystic powers.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yoga-mäyä—</span>the internal, spiritual energy of the Supreme Lord, to which the external energy, <i>mahä-mayä, </i>is subordinate, and which hides Him from non devotees..</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yoga-nidrä—</span>mystic slumber in which Mahä-Viñëu creates universes.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yoga-siddhis—</span>mystic perfections; mystic powers.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yogarudha—</span>the highest stage of <i>yoga.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yogarurukña<i>—</i></span>the beginning stage of <i>yoga.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yoga—</span>a spiritual discipline meant for linking one's consciousness with the Supreme Lord, Kåñëa; Literally, connection; the discipline of self-realization. One of the six systems of Vedic philosophy, taught by Pataïjali. According to <i>Bhagavad-gétä,</i> the most sublime form of <i>yoga</i> is <i>bhakti-yoga</i> (the <i>yoga</i> of pure devotion). Through the process of <i>bhakti-yoga,</i> the consciousness of the individual soul connects with its source, Kåñëa. This is called Kåñëa consciousness. By Kåñëa consciousness, the soul rids itself of the bondage of the three modes of material nature and returns back home, Back to Godhead. See Bhakti-yoga, Six systems.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yogeçvara—</span>the supreme master of all mystic powers, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yogendras—</span>nine devotee sons of Åñabhadeva.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yogé—</span>a transcendentalist who practices one of the many authorized forms of <i>yoga, </i>or processes of spiritual purification; those who practice the eight-fold mystic <i>yoga </i>process to gain mystic <i>siddhis </i>or Paramätmä realization.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yojana—</span>a standard Vedic measurement equal to eight miles.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yuddha—</span>the Sanskrit word for war.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yudhämanyu—</span>a prince of Päïcäla. He fought on the side of the Päëòavas and was killed on the last night of the battle when Açvatthämä entered his tent severed his head.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yudhiñöhira—</span>the eldest of the Päëòavas in the Mahäbhärata, and the son of Dharmaräja or Yamaräja, the god of death. It was the dispute over his succession to the throne in India that led to the Battle of Kurukñetra; he ruled the earth after the Kurukñetra war.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yuga-avatära—</span>an incarnation of the Lord in each millennium who prescribes the appropriate process of self-realization for that age.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yuga-dharma—</span>the religion for the age.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yugala-piréti—</span>the conjugal love between Rädhä and Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yuga<i>—</i></span>one of the four ages of the universe, which differ in length and which rotate like calendar months. <i>See also: Satya-yuga, Treta-yuga, Dväpara-yuga and Kali-yuga.</i></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yukta-vairägya—</span>befitting, real renunciation, in which one utilizes everything in the service of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1">Yuyutsu—</span>a son of Dhåtaräñöra by a Vaiçya wife. He took the side of the Päëòavas during the Kurukñetra war. He lived through the battle and performed the last funeral rites for the slain warriors on the side of Kurus.</p>
<p class="p2"><b>-Z-</b></p>
<p class="p3"><span class="s1"><b>Zamindär—</b></span><b>a wealthy landowner.</b></p>
<p class="p6"><br></p>
<p class="p7"><b>Bhagavad-gétä As It Is </b><span class="s5"><b>1972</b></span></p>
<p class="p8"><br></p>
<p class="p9"><b>A</b></p>
<p class="p10"><i>Äcärya</i>—a spiritual master who teaches by his own example.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Acintya</i>—inconceivable.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Acintya-bhedäbheda-tattva</i>—Lord Caitanya’s “simultaneously one and different” doctrine, which establishes the inconceivable simultaneous existence of the Absolute Truth as both personal and impersonal.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Acyuta</i>—(lit., one who never falls down) infallible, an attribute of Kåñëa’s.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Adhibhütam</i>—the physical nature.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Adhidaivatam</i>—the universal form of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Adhiyajïa</i>—the Supersoul, the plenary expansion of the Lord in the heart of every living being.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Adhyätma-cetasä</i>—one who depends solely on Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p10">Aditi—the mother of the demigods.</p>
<p class="p10">Ädityas— the demigod sons of Aditi.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Advaita</i>—nondual (indicating, when referring to the Lord, that there is no difference between His body and He Himself).</p>
<p class="p10">Advaitäcärya—one of the four principal associates of Lord Caitanya Mahäprabhu.</p>
<p class="p10">Agni—the demigod who controls fire.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Agnihotra-yajïa</i>—fire sacrifice.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Ahiàsä</i>—nonviolence.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Ajam</i>—unborn.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Akarma (naiñkarma)</i>—action for which one suffers no reaction because it is performed in Kåñëa consciousness.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Änanda</i>—transcendental bliss.</p>
<p class="p10">Ananta—the name of the serpent with unlimited heads on which Viñëu rests.</p>
<p class="p10">Anantavijaya—name of King Yudhiñöhira's conchshell.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Aëu-ätmä</i>—the minute spirit soul, who is part and parcel of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Apäna-väyu</i>—one of the internal bodily airs which is controlled by the <i>añöäìga-yoga</i> system. The <i>apäna-väyu</i> travels downwards.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Aparä prakåti</i>—the inferior, material nature of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Apauruñeya</i>—not made by man (that is, revealed by God).</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Arcanä</i>—the process of Deity worship, or engaging all the senses in the service of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Arcä-vigraha</i>—the incarnation of the Supreme Lord in a form apparently made of matter to facilitate worship by neophyte devotees.</p>
<p class="p10">Aryan—one who knows the value of life and has a civilization based on spiritual realization.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Asäìga</i>—detachment from material consciousness.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Asat</i>—temporary.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Äçrama</i>—one of the four spiritual orders of life—brahmacäré-açrama, or student life; <i>gåhastha-açrama</i>, or married life; <i>vänaprastha-açrama</i>, or retired life; and <i>sannyäsa-äçrama</i>, or the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Añöäìga-yoga</i>—(<i>añöa</i>—eight + <i>aìga</i>—part) a mystic <i>yoga</i> system propounded by Pataïjali in his <i>Yoga-sütras</i> and consisting of eight parts—<i>yama, niyama, äsana, präëäyäma, pratyähära, dhäraëä, dhyäna </i>and<i> samädhi</i>.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Asura</i>—(<i>a</i>—not +<i> sura</i>—godly) demon, one who does not follow the principles of scripture.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Asuraà bhavam äçrita</i>—persons who are openly atheistic.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Ätmä</i>—the self (refers sometimes to the body, sometimes to the soul, and sometimes to the senses).</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Avatära</i>—(lit., one who descends) an incarnation of the Lord who descends from the spiritual sky to the material universe with a particular mission described in scriptures.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Avidyä</i>—(<i>a</i>—non + <i>vidyä</i>—knowledge) nescience, ignorance.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Avyakta</i>—unmanifested.</p>
<p class="p11"><br></p>
<p class="p12"><b>B</b></p>
<p class="p10"><i>Bhagavän</i>—(<i>bhaga</i>—opulence + <i>van</i>—possessing) the possessor of all opulences, which are generally six—wealth, strength, fame, beauty, knowledge and renunciation; an epithet of the Supreme Person.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Bhakta</i>—a devotee, or one who practices devotion (<i>bhakti</i>).</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Bhakti</i>—love of God; purified service of the senses of the Lord by one’s own senses.</p>
<p class="p10">Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Gosvämé Mahäräja Prabhupäda—the spiritual master of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda.</p>
<p class="p10">Bhaktivinode Öhäkur—the grand-spiritual master of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Bhakti-yoga</i>—the system of cultivation of <i>bhakti</i>, or pure devotional service, which is untinged by sense gratification or philosophical speculation.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Bhäva</i>—the preliminary stage of transcendental love of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p10">Bhéma—one of the five Päëòava brothers.</p>
<p class="p10">Bhéñma—a great devotee and senior family member of the Kuru dynasty.</p>
<p class="p10">Brahmä—the first created living being.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Brahma-bhüta</i>—state of being freed from material contamination. One in this state is characterized by transcendental happiness, and he engages in the service of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Brahmacäré</i>—celibate student under the care of a bona fide spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Brahmäcarya</i>—the vow of strict abstinence from sex indulgence.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Brahma jijïäsä</i>—spiritual inquiry into one’s own identity.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Brahmajyoti</i>—(<i>brahma</i>—spiritual + <i>jyoti</i>—light) the impersonal effulgence emanating from the body of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Brahmaloka</i>—the abode of Lord Brahmä.</p>
<p class="p10">Brahman—(1) the infinitesimal spiritual soul; (2) the all-pervading impersonal aspect of Kåñëa; (3) the Supreme Personality of Godhead; (4) the total material substance.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Brähmaëa</i>—the intelligent class of men, according to the system of social and spiritual orders.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Brahma-saàhitä</i>—a very ancient Sanskrit scripture of the prayers of Brahmä to Govinda, recovered from a temple in South India by Lord Caitanya.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Brahmä-sütra</i>—see <i>Vedänta-sütra</i>.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Buddhi-yoga</i>—(<i>buddhi</i>—intelligence + <i>yoga</i>—mystic elevation) the practice of devotional service. Action in Kåñëa consciousness is <i>buddhi-yoga</i>, for that is the highest intelligence.</p>
<p class="p11"><br></p>
<p class="p12"><b>C</b></p>
<p class="p10"><i>Caitanya-caritämåta</i>—the authoritative scripture by Kåñëadäsa Kaviräja which describes Lord Caitanya’s teachings and pastimes.</p>
<p class="p10">Caitanya Mahäprabhu—an incarnation of Kåñëa Himself who appeared in the 15th Century at Navadvépa in Bengal. He was the inaugurator of the congregational chanting of the <i>mahä-mantra</i>, Hare Kåñëa, and His life was the most perfect example of the practice of the teachings of <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i>.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Caëòälas</i>—dog-eaters, the lowest class of human beings.</p>
<p class="p10">Candra—the demigod who rules the moon.</p>
<p class="p10">Candraloka—the moon.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Cäturmäsya</i>— a vow of austerity accepted for four months during the year.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Citi-çakti</i>—(<i>citi</i>—knowledge + <i>sakti</i>—potency) internal or enlightening potency of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p13"><br></p>
<p class="p12"><b>D</b></p>
<p class="p10"><i>Daçendriya</i>—the ten sense organs: ear, eye, tongue, nose, skin, hands, legs, speech, anus and genitals.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Deva</i>— a demigod or godly person.</p>
<p class="p10">Devaki—the mother of Lord Kåñëa. When Kåñëa appears in the material world, He first sends some of His devotees to act as His father, mother, etc.</p>
<p class="p10">Devaké-nandana—(<i>Devaki</i>—Kåñëa’s mother + <i>nandana</i>—joy) Kåñëa, the joy of <i>Devaki</i>.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Dharma</i>—the capacity to render service, which is the essential quality of a living being.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Dharmakñetra</i>—a holy place of pilgrimage.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Dhéra</i>—one who is undisturbed by the material energy.</p>
<p class="p10">Dhåñöadyumna—the son of Drupada who arranged the military phalanx of the Päëòavas on the Battlefield of Kurukñetra.</p>
<p class="p10">Dhåtaräñöra—the father of the Kurus. <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> was related to Dhåtaräñöra by his secretary as it was being spoken on the Battlefield of Kurukñetra.</p>
<p class="p10">Draupadé—daughter of King Drupada and wife of the Päëòavas.</p>
<p class="p10">Droëäcärya—the military teacher of Arjuna and the other Päëòavas and the commander-in-chief of the Kurus on the Battlefield of Kurukñetra.</p>
<p class="p10">Drupada—a warrior for the Päëòavas on the Battlefield of Kurukñetra. His daughter Draupadé was the wife of the Päëòavas, and his son Dhåñöadyumna arranged their military phalanx.</p>
<p class="p10">Duryodhana—the chief of the evil-minded sons of Dhåtaräñöra. It was for the sake of establishing Duryodhana as king of the world that the Kurus fought the Battle of Kurukñetra.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Duñkåtam</i>— miscreants who do not surrender to Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p10">Dväpara-yuga—the third age of the cycle of a <i>mahä-yuga.</i> It lasts more than 4,320,000 years.</p>
<p class="p13"><br></p>
<p class="p12"><b>E</b></p>
<p class="p10"><i>Ekädaçé</i>—a special day for increased remembrance of Kåñëa which devotees observe twice a month by fasting and hearing and chanting the glories of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p13"><br></p>
<p class="p12"><b>G</b></p>
<p class="p10">Gandharvas—the celestial singers of the heavenly planets.</p>
<p class="p10">Gäëòéva—the name of Arjuna’s bow.</p>
<p class="p10">Ganges—the sacred river which runs throughout the entire universe, beginning from the lotus feet of Viñëu. One is recommended to bathe in the Ganges for purification.</p>
<p class="p10">Garbhodakaçäyé Viñëu—the Viñëu expansion of the Supreme Lord who enters each universe to create diversity.</p>
<p class="p10">Garuòa—a giant eagle who acts as the carrier of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Gäyatré</i>—a transcendental vibration chanted by the duly qualified twice-born classes for spiritual realization.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Godäsa</i>—servant of the senses.</p>
<p class="p10">Goloka—a name of the planet of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Gosvämé</i>—(<i>go</i>—senses + <i>svämé</i>—master) master of the senses.</p>
<p class="p10">Govinda—name of Kåñëa. “One who gives pleasure to the land, the cows and the senses.”</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Gåhastha</i>—householder stage of life. One who lives in God conscious married life and raises a family in Kåñëa consciousness.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Guëa</i>—a material quality, of which there are three—ignorance, passion and goodness.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Guëävatäras</i>—the three incarnations who control the three modes of material nature. Brahmä controls passion, Viñëu goodness, and Çiva ignorance.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Guru</i>—spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p13"><br></p>
<p class="p12"><b>H</b></p>
<p class="p10">Hanumän—the famous monkey devotee who served the Supreme Lord in His incarnation as Lord Rämacandra and assisted Him in defeating the demon Rävaëa.</p>
<p class="p10">Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare/Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare—the <i>mahä-mantra</i>, or great chant for deliverance. Kåñëa and Räma are names of the Lord, and Hare addresses the energy of the Lord. These names have been particularly recommended for chanting in this age.</p>
<p class="p10">Haridäsa Öhäkur—a great devotee recommended by Lord Caitanya as <i>nämäcärya</i> (teacher of chanting of the holy name).</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Haöha-yoga</i>—a system of bodily exercises to help control the senses.</p>
<p class="p10">Hiraëyakaçipu—a great atheist killed by Kåñëa in His incarnation as Nåsiàhadeva. Hiraëyakaçipu’s son was the great devotee Prahläda Mahäräja.</p>
<p class="p10">Håñékeça—a name of Kåñëa, the master of all senses.</p>
<p class="p13"><br></p>
<p class="p12"><b>I</b></p>
<p class="p10">Ikñväku—a son of Manu who received the knowledge of <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> in the past.</p>
<p class="p10">Indra—the King of the heavenly planets.</p>
<p class="p10">Indraloka—the planet where Lord Indra resides.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Éçävasya</i>—(<i>éça</i>—the Lord + <i>väsya</i>—control) the concept that everything is owned and controlled by the Lord and should be used in His service.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Éçvara</i>—a controller. Kåñëa is <i>parameçvara</i>, the supreme controller.</p>
<p class="p13"><br></p>
<p class="p12"><b>J</b></p>
<p class="p10">Janaka—a great self-realized king and father-in-law of Lord Rämacandra.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Japa</i>—soft chanting of the holy names of God performed with the aid of 108 prayer beads.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Jéva (jévätmä)</i>—the soul or atomic living entity.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Jïäna</i>—knowledge. Material <i>jïäna </i>does not go beyond the material body. Transcendental <i>jïäna</i> discriminates between matter and spirit. Perfect <i>jïäna</i> is knowledge of the body, the soul and the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Jïäna-käëòa</i>—the division of the <i>Vedas</i> which deals with empirical speculation in pursuit of truth.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Jïäna-yoga</i>—the predominantly empirical process of linking with the Supreme, which is executed when one is still attached to mental speculation.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Jïäné</i>—one who is engaged in the cultivation of knowledge (especially by philosophical speculation). Upon attaining perfection, a <i>jïäné</i> surrenders to Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p13"><br></p>
<p class="p12"><b>K</b></p>
<p class="p10"><i>Kaivalyam</i>—the state of realization of one’s constitutional position as part and parcel of the Supreme Lord, which is preliminary to manifestation of activities on the platform of devotional service.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Kala</i>— eternal time.</p>
<p class="p10">Kälé—a demigoddess to whom worshipers may offer meat.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Kali-yuga</i>—the age of quarrel, the fourth and last age in the cycle of a <i>mahä-yuga</i>. This is the age in which we are now living. It lasts 432,000 years, of which 5,000 years have already passed.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Kalpa</i>—a day in the time calculation of Lord Brahmä.</p>
<p class="p10">Kaàsa—Kåñëa’s uncle, who was always trying to kill Him.</p>
<p class="p10">Kapila—an incarnation of Kåñëa who appeared in Satya-yuga as the son of Devahüti and Kardama Muni and expounded the devotional <i>Säìkhya</i> philosophy. (There is also an atheist named Kapila, but he is not an incarnation of the Lord.)</p>
<p class="p10">Käraëodakaçäyé Viñëu (Mahä-Viñëu)—the Viñëu expansion of Lord Kåñëa from whom all the material universes emanate.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Karma</i>—(1)<i> </i>material action performed according to scriptural regulations; (2)<i> </i>action pertaining to the development of the material body; (3)<i> </i>any material action which will incur a subsequent reaction; (4)<i> </i>the material reaction one incurs due to fruitive activities. </p>
<p class="p10"><i>Karma-kanda</i>—the division of the <i>Vedas</i> which deals with fruitive activities performed for the purpose of gradual purification of the grossly entangled materialist.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Karma-yoga</i>—(1) action in devotional service; (2) action performed by one who knows that the goal of life is Kåñëa but who is addicted to the fruits of his activities.</p>
<p class="p10">Karëa—son of Kunté and half brother of Arjuna. He fought against the Päëòavas on the Battlefield of Kurukñetra.</p>
<p class="p10">Kaunteya—the son of Kunté (Arjuna).</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Kértana</i>— glorification of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Kåpaëa</i>—one who is miserly and does not make use of valuable assets; specifically, one who wastes his life by not striving for spiritual realization.</p>
<p class="p10">Kåñëa—the original name of the Supreme Lord in His original transcendental form; the Supreme Personality of Godhead, speaker of <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i>.</p>
<p class="p10">Kåñëadäsa Kaviräja Gosvämi— the author of <i>Caitanya-caritämåta</i>. </p>
<p class="p10"><i>Kåñëa-karma</i>—doing all work for the sake of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p10">Kåñëaloka—the planet in the spiritual world where Kåñëa resides.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Kñara</i>— perishable.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Kñatriya</i>—the administrative or protective occupation according to the system of four social and spiritual orders.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Kñetra</i>—field of activities, the body of the conditioned soul. </p>
<p class="p10"><i>Kñetrajïa</i>—(<i>kñetra</i>— field or body + <i>jïa</i>— knowing) one who is conscious of the body. Both the soul and the Supersoul are <i>kñetrajïa</i>, for the individual soul is conscious of his own particular body and the Supersoul is conscious of the bodies of all living beings.</p>
<p class="p10">Kñérodakaçäyé Viñëu—the Viñëu expansion of the Supreme Lord who enters within each atom and between each atom of the universe and enters the heart of every living entity. He is also called the Supersoul.</p>
<p class="p10">Kumäras—four great impersonalist sages, sons of Lord Brahmä, who became great devotees of the Lord and great authorities on devotional service.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Kumbhaka-yoga</i>—complete stoppage of the air currents within the body as part of the eightfold mystic process.</p>
<p class="p10">Kunté—Påthä, the mother of Arjuna and aunt of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p10">Kurukñetra—name of a place of pilgrimage held sacred since ancient times. It is located near modern New Delhi, India.</p>
<p class="p10">Kurus—all of the descendants of King Kuru, but specifically the 100 sons of Dhåtaräñöra. The Päëòavas were also descendants of King Kuru, but Dhåtaräñöra wished to exclude them from the family tradition.</p>
<p class="p10">Kuvera—the treasurer of the demigods.</p>
<p class="p13"><br></p>
<p class="p12"><b>L</b></p>
<p class="p10">Lakñmé— the goddess of fortune, consort of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Lélä</i>— pastime.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Lélävatäras</i>—innumerable incarnations, like Matsya, Kürma, Räma and Nåsiàha, who descend to display the spiritual pastimes of the Personality of Godhead in the material world.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Loka</i>—planet.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Lokäyatikas</i>—a class of philosophers, akin to the Buddhists, who existed when Lord Kåñëa spoke <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> and who accept that life is a product of a mature combination of material elements.</p>
<p class="p13"><br></p>
<p class="p12"><b>M</b></p>
<p class="p10">Madhusüdana—a name of Kåñëa, “killer of the Madhu demon.”</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Mahäbhärata</i>—great epic poem written by Vyäsadeva and describing the adventures of the Päëòavas. <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> is included within <i>Mahäbhärata</i>.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Mahäbhüta</i>—(<i>mahä</i>—great + <i>bhuta</i>—element) the five great material elements: earth, water, fire, air and ether.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Mahä-mantra</i>—the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare/Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Mahätma</i>—a great soul, one who factually understands that Kåñëa is everything and who therefore surrenders unto Him.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Mahät-tattva</i>—the total material energy.</p>
<p class="p10">Mahä-Viñëu—See Käraëodakaçäyé Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Mantra</i>—(<i>man</i>—mind + <i>tra</i>—deliverance) a pure sound vibration to deliver the mind from its material inclinations.</p>
<p class="p10">Manu—the administrative demigod who is the father of mankind.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Manu-saàhitä</i>—the lawbook for mankind which was written by Manu.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Manvantara-avatäras</i>—the Manu incarnations, fourteen of whom appear in one day of Brahmä.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Mäyä</i>—(<i>mä</i>—not + <i>yä</i>—this) illusion; an energy of Kåñëa’s which deludes the living entity into forgetfulness of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p10">Mayävädé—impersonalist or voidist adhering to the belief that ultimately God is formless and without personality.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Mukti</i>—liberation, freedom from material consciousness.</p>
<p class="p10">Mukunda—name of Kåñëa, “giver of liberation.”</p>
<p class="p10">Muni—a sage or self-realized soul.</p>
<p class="p13"><br></p>
<p class="p12"><b>N</b></p>
<p class="p10"><i>Naiñkarma</i>—<i>see Akarma</i>.</p>
<p class="p10">Nakula—one of the younger brothers of Arjuna.</p>
<p class="p10">Nanda Mahäräja—Lord Kåñëa’s foster father.</p>
<p class="p10">Närada Muni—a great devotee of the Supreme Lord who can travel anywhere in the spiritual or material worlds to preach the glories of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Narädhama</i>—(lit., “lowest of mankind”) those who are socially and politically developed but have no religious principles.</p>
<p class="p10">Näräyaëa—the four-handed expansion of the Supreme Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Nirguëa</i>—(<i>nir</i>—without + <i>guëa</i>—quality) not possessing attributes (when applied to God, refers to the appearance of material attributes).</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Nirmama</i>—consciousness that nothing belongs to oneself.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Nirväëa</i>—the end of the process of materialistic life.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Nitya-baddha</i>—eternally conditioned.</p>
<p class="p10">Nåsiàha—an incarnation of Lord Kåñëa in the form of half-lion, half-man.</p>
<p class="p13"><br></p>
<p class="p12"><b>O</b></p>
<p class="p10"><i>oàkära—om</i>, the transcendental syllable which represents Kåñëa and which is vibrated by transcendentalists for attainment of the Supreme when undertaking sacrifices, charities and penances.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>om tat sat</i>—the three transcendental syllables used by <i>brähmaëas</i> for satisfaction of the Supreme when chanting Vedic hymns or offering sacrifice. They indicate the Supreme Absolute Truth, the Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p13"><br></p>
<p class="p12"><b>P</b></p>
<p class="p10">Päïcajanya—the conchshell of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Païca-mahäbhüta</i>—the five gross elements: earth, water, fire, air and ether.</p>
<p class="p10">Päëòavas—the five sons of King Päëòu: Yudhiñöhira, Arjuna, Bhéma, Nakula and Sahadeva.</p>
<p class="p10">Päëòu—a younger brother of Dhåtaräñöra’s who died early, leaving his five young sons, the Päëòavas, under the care of Dhåtaräñöra.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Parag-ätmä</i>—the soul, when attached to sense enjoyment.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Paramahaàsa</i>—the topmost class of God realized devotees.</p>
<p class="p10">Paramätmä—the Supersoul, the localized aspect of the Supreme Lord within the heart of all living entities.</p>
<p class="p10">Param Brahman—the Supreme Brahman, the Personality of Godhead, Çré Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Param dhäma</i>—the eternal planets of the spiritual world.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Paramparä</i>—the disciplic succession through which spiritual knowledge is transmitted.</p>
<p class="p10">Parantapaù—a name of Arjuna, “chastiser of the enemies.”</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Para-Prakåti</i>— the superior, spiritual energy or nature of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p10">Paräçara Muni—a great sage, the father of Vyäsadeva.</p>
<p class="p10">Paraçuräma—an incarnation of Lord Kåñëa who appeared in ancient times to overthrow the warrior class when they had become degraded.</p>
<p class="p10">Partha-sarathi—Kåñëa, the chariot driver of Arjuna (Pärtha).</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Päñaëòé</i>—an atheist who thinks God and the demigods to be on the same level.</p>
<p class="p10">Pataïjali—a great authority on the <i>añöäìga-yoga</i> system and author of the <i>Yoga-sütra</i>.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Pavitram</i>—pure.</p>
<p class="p10">Pitåloka—the planet of the departed forefathers.</p>
<p class="p10">Prajäpati—(l) a progenitor of living entities; (2) Lord Brahmä.</p>
<p class="p10">Prahläda Mahäräja—a great devotee of Lord Kåñëa who was persecuted by his atheistic father but was always protected by the Lord.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Prakåti</i>—nature (lit., that which is predominated). There are two <i>prakåtis</i>—<i>apara-prakåti</i>, the material nature, and <i>para-prakåti</i>, the spiritual nature (living entities)—which are both predominated over by the Supreme Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Präëa</i>—the life air.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Praëava oàkära</i>—see <i>Oàkära</i>.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Präëäyäma</i>—control of the breathing process (one of the eight parts of the <i>añöäìga-yoga</i> system).</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Prasädam</i>—food offered to Kåñëa, which becomes spiritual when offered and which can purify the living entity.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Pratyag-ätmä</i>—the soul, when purified of material attachment.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Pratyähära</i>—withdrawal from sensual activities (one of the eight parts of the <i>añöäìga-yoga</i> system).</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Premä</i>—real love of God, the highest perfectional stage of life.</p>
<p class="p10">Påthä—the wife of King Päëòu, mother of the Päëòavas and aunt of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Püraka</i>—the stage of equilibrium attained by offering the inhaled breath into the exhaled breath.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Puräëas</i>—the eighteen very old books which are histories of this and other planets.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Pürëam</i>—complete.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Puruñam</i>—supreme enjoyer.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Puruñävatäras</i>—the primary Viñëu expansions of Kåñëa who are involved in the creation, maintenance and destruction of the material universe.</p>
<p class="p13"><br></p>
<p class="p12"><b>R</b></p>
<p class="p10"><i>Rajo-guëa</i>—the mode of passion of material nature.</p>
<p class="p10">Räma—(1) name of the Absolute Truth as the source of unlimited pleasure for transcendentalists; (2) incarnation of the Supreme Lord as a perfect king (Lord Rämacandra).</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Rasa</i>—relationship between the Lord and the living entities. They are of five principal varieties—neutral relationship (<i>çänta-rasa</i>), relation-ship as servant (<i>däsya-rasa</i>), as friend (säkhya-rasa), parent (<i>vätsalya-rasa</i>) and conjugal lover (<i>mädhurya-rasa</i>).</p>
<p class="p10">Rävaëa—a powerful demon who wanted to build a staircase to heaven but was killed by Kåñëa in His incarnation as Lord Rämacandra.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Recaka</i>—the state of equilibrium attained by offering the exhaled breath into the inhaled breath.</p>
<p class="p10">Rüpa Gosvämé—chief of the six great spiritual masters of Våndävana who were authorized by Lord Caitanya Mahäprabhu to establish and distribute the philosophy of Kåñëa consciousness.</p>
<p class="p13"><br></p>
<p class="p12"><b>S</b></p>
<p class="p10"><i>Çabda-brahma</i>—the injunctions of the <i>Vedas</i> and <i>Upaniñads</i>.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Sac-cid-änanda vigraha</i>—(<i>sat</i>—eternal existence + <i>cit</i>—knowledge + <i>änanda</i>—bliss; <i>vigraha</i>—form) the eternal form of the Supreme Lord, which is full of bliss and knowledge; or, the eternal transcendental form of the living entity.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Sädhaka</i>—one who is a suitable candidate for liberation.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Sädhu</i>—holy man, devotee.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Saguëa</i>—possessing attributes (when applied to God, refers to spiritual qualities).</p>
<p class="p10">Sahadeva—one of the younger brothers of Arjuna.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Samädhi</i>—trance, absorption in consciousness of God.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Samäna-väyu</i>—the internal bodily air which adjusts equilibrium. It is one of the five bodily airs controlled by the breathing exercises of the <i>añöäìga-yoga</i> system.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Sanätana</i>—eternal.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Sanätana-dhäma</i>—the eternal abode, the Vaikuëöha planets in the spiritual sky.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Sanätana-dharma</i>—the eternal religion of the living being—to render service to the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p10">Sanätana Gosvämé—one of the six great spiritual masters of Våndävana who were authorized by Lord Caitanya Mahäprabhu to establish and distribute the philosophy of Kåñëa consciousness.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Sanätana-yoga</i>—eternal activities performed by the living entity.</p>
<p class="p10">Saïjaya—the secretary of Dhåtaräñöra who related <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> to Dhåtaräñöra as it was being spoken on the Battlefield of Kurukñetra.</p>
<p class="p10">Çaìkaräcärya—an incarnation of Lord Çiva who appeared in the Eighth Century to propagate an impersonalist philosophy with the aim of erasing Buddhism from India and reestablishing the authority of the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Säìkhya</i>—(1) the devotional <i>yoga</i> process described by Lord Kapila in <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i>; (2) analytical understanding of the body and the soul.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Saìkértana-yajïa</i>—the sacrifice prescribed for the age of Kali; that is, congregational chanting of the name, fame and pastimes of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Sannyäsa</i>—the renounced order of life, which is free from family relationships and in which all activities are completely dedicated to Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p10">Sarasvaté—the demigoddess in charge of learning.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Çästra</i>—revealed scripture.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Sattva</i>—the mode of goodness of material nature.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Satya-yuga</i>—the first of the four ages of a <i>mahä-yuga</i>. Satya-yuga is characterized by virtue, wisdom and religion, and it lasts 1,728,000 years.</p>
<p class="p10">Sétä—the wife of Lord Rämacandra, an incarnation of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p10">Çiva—the personality in charge of the mode of ignorance and the destruction of the material universe.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Smaraëam</i>— constant thinking of Kåñëa (one of the nine methods of devotional service).</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Småti</i>—scriptures compiled by living entities under transcendental direction.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Soma-rasa</i>—a heavenly beverage available on the moon.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Sravaëam</i>— hearing from an authorized source. (This is the chief of the nine methods of devotional service).</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i>—the scripture composed by Vyäsadeva to describe and explain Kåñëa’s pastimes.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Çruti</i>—scriptures received directly from God.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Sthita-dhéra-muni</i>—(<i>sthita</i>— steady + <i>dhéra</i>—undisturbed + <i>muni</i>—sage) one who is always fixed in Kåñëa consciousness and as a result is undisturbed by material nature,</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Çüdra</i>—the laborer class of men, according to the system of four social orders and four spiritual orders of life.</p>
<p class="p10">Sukadeva Gosvämé—great devotee who recited the <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i> to King Parékñit during the last seven days of the King’s life.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Sukham</i>—happiness or pleasure.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Sukåtina</i>—pious persons who obey the rules of scripture and are devoted to the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Surabhé</i>— the cows in Kåñëaloka, They can give unlimited milk.</p>
<p class="p10">Suryaloka—the sun planet.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Svadharmas</i>—specific duties of a particular body performed in accordance with religious principles in order to achieve liberation.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Svämé</i>— one who can control his mind and senses.</p>
<p class="p10">Svargaloka—the heavenly planets or abodes of the demigods.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Svarüpa</i>—(<i>sva</i>—own + <i>rüpa</i>—form) the living entity’s eternal relationship of service to the Lord, the real form of the soul.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Svarüpa-siddhi</i>— perfection of one’s constitutional position.</p>
<p class="p10">Çyämasundara—(<i>çyäma</i>—black + <i>sundara</i>—very beautiful) a name of the original form of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p13"><br></p>
<p class="p12"><b>T</b></p>
<p class="p10"><i>Tamo-guëa</i>—the mode of ignorance of material nature. </p>
<p class="p10"><i>Tapasya</i>—voluntary acceptance of some material trouble for progress in spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Tattvavit</i>—one who knows the Absolute Truth in His three different features.</p>
<p class="p10">Tretä-yuga—the second age in the cycle of a <i>mahä-yuga</i>. It lasts for 864,000 years.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Tulasé</i>—a great devotee in the form of a plant. This plant is very dear to the Lord, and its leaves are always offered to His lotus feet.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Tyäga</i>—renunciation of activities performed with material consciousness.</p>
<p class="p13"><br></p>
<p class="p12"><b>U</b></p>
<p class="p10">Uccaiùçravä—a horse born from nectar and considered to be a representative of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Udäna-Väyu</i>—bodily air which moves upwards and which is controlled by the breathing exercises of the <i>añöäìga-yoga</i> system.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Upaniñads</i>—the philosophical portions of the <i>Vedas</i>, as <i>Éça Upaniñad, Kena Upaniñad</i>, etc. They are 108 in number.</p>
<p class="p13"><br></p>
<p class="p12"><b>V</b></p>
<p class="p10"><i>Vaibhäñikas</i>—a class of philosophers, akin to the Buddhists, who existed when Lord Kåñëa spoke <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> and who accept that life is a product of a mature combination of material elements.</p>
<p class="p10">Vaikuëöhas—(lit., without anxiety) the eternal planets of the spiritual sky.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Vairägya</i>—detachment from matter and engagement of the mind in spirit.</p>
<p class="p10">Vaiñëava—a devotee of the Supreme Lord Viñëu, or Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Vaiçya</i>—the class of men involved in business and farming, according to the system of four social orders and four spiritual orders.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Vänaprastha</i>—retired life, in which one quits home and travels from holy place to holy place in preparation for the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p10">Varäha—the incarnation of Lord Kåñëa as a gigantic boar.</p>
<p class="p10">Vasudeva—the father of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p10">Väsudeva—(l) Lord Kåñëa, “the son of Vasudeva”; (2) the state of pure goodness, which transcends the material modes of nature and in which one can understand the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Vedänta-sütra (Brahmä-sütra)</i>— the philosophical treatise written by Vyäsadeva to give the conclusion of all the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Vedas</i>—the four Vedic scriptures (<i>Åg, Yajur, Säma</i> and <i>Atharva-Vedas</i>) and their supplements, the <i>Puräëas, Mahäbharata, Vedänta-sütra</i>, etc.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Vibhu-ätmä</i>— the Supersoul.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Vibhüti</i>—opulence by which Kåñëa controls the entire material manifestation.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Vidyä</i>—knowledge.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Vijïänam</i>—specific knowledge of spirit soul, his constitutional position and his relationship with the Supreme Soul.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Vikarma</i>—unauthorized or sinful work, performed against the injunctions of revealed scriptures.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Viräö-rüpa</i>—see <i>Visva-rüpa</i>.</p>
<p class="p10">Viñëu—the all-pervading Personality of Godhead (a plenary expansion of Kåñëa) who enters into the material universe before creation.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Viñëu-tattva</i>—innumerable primary or Viñëu expansions of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Viçvakoça</i>—an ancient Sanskrit dictionary.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Visva-rüpa (virata-rüpa)</i>—the universal form of Lord Kåñëa, as described in the Eleventh Chapter of <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i>.</p>
<p class="p10">Vivasvän—the name of the present sun-god, to whom <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> was instructed at least 120,400,000 years ago.</p>
<p class="p10">Våndävana—the site of Kåñëa’s transcendental village pastimes, exhibited when He was present on earth about 5,000 years ago.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Vyäna-väyu</i>—one of the internal bodily airs which is controlled by the <i>añöäìga-yoga</i> system. The <i>vyäna-väyu</i> acts to shrink and expand.</p>
<p class="p10">Vyäsadeva—the greatest philosopher of ancient times. He was an incarnation of Viñëu empowered for literary activities, and he compiled the <i>Vedas, Puräëas, Mahäbharata, Vedänta-sütra</i>, etc.</p>
<p class="p11"><br></p>
<p class="p12"><b>Y</b></p>
<p class="p10"><i>Yajïa</i>—sacrifice.</p>
<p class="p10">Yajïeçvara—an epithet of Kåñëa, “Lord of sacrifice.”</p>
<p class="p10">Yamaräja—the demigod who punishes sinful living entities after their deaths.</p>
<p class="p10">Yämunäcärya—a great spiritual master in the <i>Çré-sampradäya</i>, one of the important disciplic lines.</p>
<p class="p10">Yaçodä—Lord Kåñëa’s foster mother.</p>
<p class="p10">Yaçodä-nandana—the child of Yaçodä, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Yoga</i>—linking of the consciousness of the infinitesimal living entity with the supreme living entity, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Yoga-mäyä</i>—the internal potency of the Lord, which hides Him from nondevotees.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Yogärüòha</i>—the highest stage of <i>yoga</i>.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Yogärurukña</i>—the beginning stage of <i>yoga</i>.</p>
<p class="p10">Yogeçvara—name of Kåñëa, “the master of all mystic power.”</p>
<p class="p10">Yudhiñöhira— the eldest of the five Päëòava brothers.</p>
<p class="p10">Yuga—one of the four ages of the universe, which differ in length and which rotate like calendar months. <i>See also</i> Satya-yuga, Treta-yuga, Dväpara-yuga and Kali-yuga.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Yugävatäras</i>—the incarnations of the Lord who appear for each of the four different millenniums to prescribe the appropriate form of spiritual realization for that age.</p>
<p class="p8"><br></p>
<p class="p7"><b>Çrémad-Bhägavatam <br>
</b><span class="s6"><b>First Canto—Part </b></span><span class="s7"><b>Three</b></span></p>
<p class="p8"><br></p>
<p class="p14"><b>Glossary</b></p>
<p class="p15"><b>A</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Äcärya</i>—an authorized teacher of a particular cult.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Adbhuta</i>—the <i>rasa</i> of wonder.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ädi-rasa</i>—original pure sex psychology.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ahaìkära</i>—the meeting point of matter and spirit.</p>
<p class="p16">Ajita—Kåñëa, the unconquerable.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Akiïcanas</i>—those who have no material assets.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Anarthas</i>—unwanted habits.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Anna-präçana</i>—ceremony or <i>saàskära</i> of offering solid food to a teething child at the age of six to seven months.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Äpad-dharma</i>—duty in emergencies.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Aparä</i>—material inferiority.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Apauruñeya</i>—not made by man (transcendental).</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Apavarga</i>—the perfect stage of liberation.</p>
<p class="p16">Apsaräs—the society girls of heaven.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Arcä</i>—a form of the Lord manifested through a material agency such as mind, metal, earth, paint, wood, stone, jewel or drawing. It is accepted as an incarnation of Godhead and worshiped according to regulations.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Archan</i>—the procedures followed in connection with worshiping the area. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Artha</i>—economic development.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Äçrama</i>—orders of life in connection with self-realization.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Añöa-siddhi</i>—the eightfold mystic perfections.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Asura</i>—one who is against the service of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16">Äçutoña—Çiva, who is easily pleased.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Açvamedha-yajïas</i>—horse sacrifices.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ätma-mäyä</i>—Kåñëa’s internal potency.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ätmäräma</i>—self-satisfied in spiritual values.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ätma-tattva</i>—knowledge concerning liberation.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ätma-vidyä</i>—knowledge of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Avatära</i>—(lit., one who descends) an incarnation of God.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Äveça</i>—an incarnation of Godhead partially empowered.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Avidyä</i>—nescience.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ayodhyä-loka</i>—the Vaikuëöha planet of Lord Rämacandra. </p>
<p class="p14"><b>B</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bala</i>—spiritual strength.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhagavata</i>—in relation with the Personality of Godhead. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhägavata-saìgi</i>—one who is always in Kåñëa's association.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhakta-vatsala</i>—Kåñëa, lover of His devotee.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhakti</i>—activities of the purified senses.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhakti-vedäntas</i>—pure devotees who are followers of <i>Vedänta</i>. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhakti-yoga</i>—direct attachment to Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhava</i>—the stage of transcendental ecstasy experienced after transcendental affection.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhayänaka</i>—the rasa of ghastliness.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhogé</i>—a person who engages only in sense gratification.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhütanätha</i>—Çiva, lord of the common people.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brahmä</i>—the first created being of a universe.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brahma-bandhu</i>—unqualified once-born sons of <i>brähmaëas</i>. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brahma-bhüta</i>—self-satisfaction.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brahmacarya</i>—student life of celibacy and study of <i>çästras</i> under a spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p16">Brahman—the Absolute Truth.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brähmaëa</i>—a person in the mode of goodness.</p>
<p class="p16">Brahma-sampradäya—the disciplic succession descending from Lord Brahmä.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brahmästra</i>—a nuclear weapon released by chanting certain hymns. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brahma-sukham</i>—absolute happiness.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>C</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Caëòäla</i>—dog-eater.</p>
<p class="p16">Candraloka—the moon.</p>
<p class="p16">Cärudeñëa—a son of Kåñëa and Rukminé.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Cintämaëi-dhäma</i>—the abode of the Lord, Kåñëaloka.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>D</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Däsya</i>—the <i>rasa</i> of servitorship.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dayä</i>—the <i>rasa</i> of mercy.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Deva</i>—a demigod or godly person.</p>
<p class="p16">Devaké—the mother of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16">Devaké-nandana—Kåñëa, the joy of Devaké.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Devata</i>—a person obedient to the service of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dharma</i>—the capacity to render service, which is the essential quality of a living being.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dharmasya-gläëiù</i>—misuse of human energy. <span class="s3">[<i>Bg</i>. 4.7]</span></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dhenukäsura</i>—a demon killed by Lord Baladeva.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dhéra</i>—one who is undisturbed by the material energy.</p>
<p class="p16">Dhåñöadyumna—the son of Mahäräja Drupada and brother of Draupadé. </p>
<p class="p16">Dhåtaräñöra—the father of the Kurus and brother of Vidura. </p>
<p class="p16">Draupadé—daughter of King Drupada and wife of the Päëòavas. </p>
<p class="p16">Droëäcärya—the military teacher of Arjuna and commander-in-chief of the Kurus in the Battle of Kurukñetra.</p>
<p class="p16">Durgä-çakti—the material energy.</p>
<p class="p16">Duryodhana—chief of the evil-minded sons of Dhåtaräñöra.</p>
<p class="p16">Dvärakä—a fortified city built by Kåñëa within the sea.</p>
<p class="p16">Dväpara-yuga—the third age of the cycle of a <i>mahä-yuga</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dvija</i>—twice-born.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>E</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ekadaëòa-svämé</i>—an impersonalist in the renounced order.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>G</b></p>
<p class="p16">Gandharvas—the celestial singers of the heavenly planets.</p>
<p class="p16">Ganges—the sacred river which runs throughout the entire universe. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Garbhädhäna-saàskära</i>—the seed-giving reformatory process. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Garbha-sthuti</i>—hymns glorifying Garbhodakaçäyé Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16">Garbhodakaçäyé Viñëu—the Viñëu expansion who enters each universe to create diversity.</p>
<p class="p16">Gayä—Lord Buddha’s birthplace.</p>
<p class="p16">Goloka—a name of the planet of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Gosvämé</i>—master of the senses.</p>
<p class="p16">Govinda—a name of Kåñëa, “one who gives pleasure to the land, the cows, and the senses.”</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Gåhastha</i>—the householder stage of life.</p>
<p class="p16">Gåtsamada—the scholar entrusted by Vyäsadeva with the <i>Åg-veda</i>.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>H</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Häsya</i>—the <i>rasa</i> of comedy.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Hiraëmayena-pätreëa</i>—the veil of impersonal Brahman which covers the personal feature of the Absolute.</p>
<p class="p16">Hiraëyakaçipu—a great atheist killed by Lord Nåsiàhadeva. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Hlädiné</i>—the potency of the Supreme Personality of Godhead for spiritual bliss.</p>
<p class="p16">Håñékeça—a name of Kåñëa, “master of all senses.”</p>
<p class="p14"><b>I</b></p>
<p class="p16">Indra—the King of the heavenly planets.</p>
<p class="p16">Indraloka—the planet where Lord Indra resides.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Éçvara</i>—controller.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Itihäsas</i>—Vedic histories.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>J</b></p>
<p class="p16">Jagannätha Miçra—the father of Lord Caitanya.</p>
<p class="p16">Jaimini—the scholar entrusted by Vyäsadeva with the <i>Säma-veda. </i></p>
<p class="p16">Jamadagni—the father of Lord Paraçuräma.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Jatakäma</i>—a purificatory process at birth.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Jitendriyä</i>—one who has full control over his senses.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Jéva</i>—the soul or atomic living entity.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Jévanmukta</i>—a liberated person.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Jïäna</i>—transcendental knowledge.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Jïäna-yoga</i>—the empirical process of linking with the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Jïäné</i>—one engaged in the cultivation of knowledge.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>K</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Käla</i>—eternal time.</p>
<p class="p16">Kali-yuga—the age in which quarrel is a common affair.</p>
<p class="p16">Kalki—an incarnation of the Lord who appears at the end of Kali-yuga. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Kalpa</i>—millennium or material manifestation during the day of Brahma. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Käma</i>—lust and desire.</p>
<p class="p16">Kämadeva—Cupid.</p>
<p class="p16">Kaàsa—Kåñëa’s uncle, who was always trying to kill Him.</p>
<p class="p16">Kaëäda—author of Vaiçeñika philosophy.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Kaniñöhädhikäré</i>—third-grade devotee.</p>
<p class="p16">Käraëodakaçäyé Viñëu—the Viñëu expansion from whom all the material universes emanate.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Karatälas</i>—hand cymbals used by devotees.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Karca</i>—authorized recorded notes.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Karma</i>—material activities subject to reaction.</p>
<p class="p16">Kazi—a Muslim magistrate.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Kértana</i>—chanting of the glories of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16">Kåpäcärya—Mahäräja Parékñit’s spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p16">Kåpé—the mother of Açvatthämä.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Kåñëa-kathä</i>—narrations spoken by or about Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Kñatriya</i>—the martial caste, which is in the mode of passion. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Kñattra-bandhavas</i>—unworthy sons of the royal order.</p>
<p class="p16">Kñérodakaçäyé Viñëu—the Supersoul.</p>
<p class="p16">Kunté—the mother of Arjuna and aunt of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16">Kuvera—the treasurer of the demigods.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>L</b></p>
<p class="p16">Lakñmé—the goddess of fortune, eternal consort of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Näräyaëa.</p>
<p class="p16">Lakñmépriyä—the first wife of Lord Caitanya.</p>
<p class="p16">Laìka—the kingdom of the demon Rävaëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Lélä</i>—transcendental pastimes of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>M</b></p>
<p class="p16">Madana-Mohana—Kåñëa, who attracts the mind of Cupid. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mädhurya</i>—conjugal love of God.</p>
<p class="p16">Madhusüdana—Kåñëa, killer of the Madhu demon.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Madhyaloka</i>—the middle planets in the universe. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Madhyam-adhikäré</i>—second-grade devotee.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mahäbhärata</i>—epic poem written by Vyäsadeva.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mahämantra</i>—the great chant for deliverance, the <i>Hare Kåñëa mantra. </i></p>
<p class="p16">Mahäpauruñikas—the inhabitants of the Vaikuëöha planets.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mahätmä</i>—a devotee of the Lord constantly engaged in His service. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mahat-tattva</i>—the total material energy.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Makhan-Cora</i>—Kåñëa, the butter thief.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mänasa-putras</i>—the mental sons of Brahmä.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mantras</i>—transcendental sound or Vedic hymns.</p>
<p class="p16">Manu—the father of mankind.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Manu-saàhitä</i>—the lawbook for mankind.</p>
<p class="p16">Mäyäpura—the birthplace of Lord Caitanya.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mäyäväda</i>—the system of philosophy propounded by the impersonalists. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mådaìga</i>—a particular type of drum specially made in Bengal. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mukti</i>—recovery from material existence and reinstatement in one’s original form.</p>
<p class="p16">Muktipäda—Lord Viñëu, whose lotus feet are worshiped by the liberated souls.</p>
<p class="p16">Mukunda—Kåñëa, giver of liberation.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Muni</i>—a sage or self-realized soul.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>N</b></p>
<p class="p16">Nägas—celestial serpents.</p>
<p class="p16">Nakula—one of Arjuna’s younger brothers.</p>
<p class="p16">Nanda Mahäräja—Lord Kåñëa’s foster father.</p>
<p class="p16">Näräyaëa—the four-handed expansion of the Supreme Lord Kåñëa. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Näräyaëa-paräyaëa</i>—a self-surrendered devotee of Kåñëa. </p>
<p class="p16">Näräyaëa-småti—constant remembrance of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16">Narottama—a first-class human being.</p>
<p class="p16">Nimäi Paëòit—a name of Lord Caitanya before His acceptance of the renounced order.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Nirväëa</i>—cessation of material existence.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Nitya-baddha</i>—eternally conditioned souls.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Nivåttas</i>—liberated souls.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Nivåtti-märga</i>—the path of renunciation.</p>
<p class="p16">Nåsiàha—half-man, half-lion incarnation of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>P</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Parä</i>—transcendental superiority.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Param brahma</i>—the Supreme Brahman, the Personality of Godhead. </p>
<p class="p16">Paramätmä—the Supersoul, or localized aspect of the Lord. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Paramparä</i>—disciplic succession.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Param satyam</i>—the Supreme Truth.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Parä-prakåti</i>—the superior potency of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Paravyoma</i>—the kingdom of God.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Päñaëòé</i>—an offender to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16">Pätäla—the lowest planetary system within the universe.</p>
<p class="p16">Pataïjali—the author of the <i>Yoga-sütras</i>.</p>
<p class="p16">Phälguni Pürëimä—the full moon night in the month of Phälguni (Feb.-March).</p>
<p class="p16">Ptåloka—the planet of the departed forefathers.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Prabhupäda</i>—a representative of the lotus feet of the Lord. Prakåta-sahajiyä—pseudo-devotees of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Prakåti</i>—energy or nature.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Prasädam</i>—mercy; divine remnants of foodstuffs offered to the Deity. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Pravåtti-märga</i>—the path of sense enjoyment.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Premä</i>—spontaneous attraction of love.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Puräëas</i>—supplements of the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p16">Puruña—an incarnation of Godhead for material manifestation.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>R</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Räjarñi</i>—a great saint ruling as king.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Rasa</i>—a spiritual relationship through spiritual sense perception. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ratha-yäträ</i>—a car festival in which the Jagannätha Deity is paraded. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Raudra</i>—the <i>rasa</i> of anger. </p>
<p class="p16">Rävaëa—a powerful atheist killed by Lord Rämacandra.</p>
<p class="p16">Rohiëé—the mother of Baladeva.</p>
<p class="p16">Rüpa Gosvämé—chief of the six Gosvämés of Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>S</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sac-cid-änanda vigraha</i>—the eternal form of the Lord, full of bliss and knowledge.</p>
<p class="p16">Çacédevé—the mother of Lord Caitanya.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sädhu</i>—great sage.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Säkhya</i>—the <i>rasa</i> of fraternity.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Samädhi</i>—trance, or absorption in the service of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16">Sämba—a son of Kåñëa and Jämbavaté.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Saàskäras</i>—purificatory processes.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Saàvit</i>—the knowledge potency of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sanätana-dharma</i>—man's eternal engagement.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sandhiné</i>—the eternal existence potency of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16">Sandépani Muni—teacher of Kåñëa and Baladeva.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sannyäsa</i>—the renounced order of life for spiritual culture.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çänta</i>—the <i>rasa</i> of neutrality.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çästras</i>—revealed scriptures or Vedic literatures.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sattva</i>—the material mode of goodness.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sätvatas</i>—eternal devotees of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Satyaloka</i>—the topmost planetary system within the universe. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Satya-yuga</i>—the first of the four ages of a mahä-yuga.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Säyujya</i>—impersonal liberation.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çikñäñöakam</i>—the eight <i>çlokas</i> of Lord Caitanya.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Simanta-nayanam</i>—a <i>saàskära</i> performed during pregnancy.</p>
<p class="p16">Çiva—the predominating deity of the mode of ignorance.</p>
<p class="p16"><span class="s8"><b><i>Soma-rasa</i></b></span>—a beverage drunk by demigods.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çravaëa</i>—hearing.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çåìgära</i>—the <i>rasa</i> of conjugal love.</p>
<p class="p16">Çåìgi—the <i>brähmaëa</i> boy who cursed Mahäräja Parékñit.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çruti</i>—direct Vedic injunctions.</p>
<p class="p16">Sudarçana-cakra—the wheel weapon used by Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Suddha-sattva</i>—the purified state of the soul freed from matter. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çüdras</i>—persons in the mode of ignorance, the laborer class.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Surabhé</i>—the cows herded by Govinda.</p>
<p class="p16">Çürasena—the father of Vasudeva and grandfather of Lord Kåñëa. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Suryaloka</i>—the sun.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Svargaloka</i>—the heavenly planets.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Svarüpa</i>—original spiritual form.</p>
<p class="p16">Svarüpa Dämodara Gosvämé—Lord Caitanya’s private secretary. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Svayaàvara</i>—a ceremony in which a girl selects a husband. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çyämasundara</i>—a name for the original form of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>T</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Tamas</i>—darkness or ignorance of the undeveloped mind.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Tamo-guëa</i>—the ignorant mode of nature.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Tapasya</i>—voluntary acceptance of some material trouble for progress in spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Täräka-Brähman</i>—transcendence that delivers the soul.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Tatasthä-çakti</i>—the marginal potency of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Tértha</i>—holy place, or a saint able to deliver fallen souls.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Tretä-yuga</i>—the second age in the cycle of a <i>mahä-yuga</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Tridaëòi gosvämé</i>—a devotee of the Lord who is in the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>U</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Upaniñads</i>—the philosophical portions of the <i>Vedas</i>. They are 108 in number.</p>
<p class="p16">Urukrama—the Supreme Lord, whose activities are glorious. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Uttama-adhikäré</i>—an advanced devotee of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>V</b></p>
<p class="p16">Vaikuëöha—the spiritual world, where there is no anxiety. </p>
<p class="p16">Vaiñëavas—devotees of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vaiçya</i>—the mercantile caste, who are in the modes of passion and ignorance. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Varëas</i>—castes or sections of society in terms of qualification and occupation.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Varëa-saìkara</i>—unwanted children.</p>
<p class="p16">Vasudeva—the father of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16">Väsudeva—Lord Kåñëa, the son of Vasudeva.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vätsalya</i>—the <i>rasa</i> of parenthood.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vibhatsa</i>—the rasa of shock.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vibhüti</i>—specific power deputed to a living being.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vipras</i>—graduates of Vedic knowledge.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Véra</i>—the <i>rasa</i> of chivalry.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Viñëu-jana</i>—devotees of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Viñëu-mäyä</i>—sense enjoyment.</p>
<p class="p16">Viñëupriyä Devé—the second wife of Lord Caitanya.</p>
<p class="p16">Viñëurata—one who is always protected by Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16">Viñëu-tattva—the status of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Viçva-dharma</i>—universal religion.</p>
<p class="p16">Våndävana—the village where Kåñëa lived as a child; the topmost transcendental abode of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vyäsäsana</i>—the seat of Çré Vyäsadeva or his genuine representative.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>Y</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yajïa</i>—sacrifice.</p>
<p class="p16">Yogeçvara—the Supreme Lord, who is the beneficiary of all sacrifices. </p>
<p class="p16">Yamaräja—the demigod who punishes sinful living entities after death. </p>
<p class="p16">Yaçodä—Lord Kåñëa’s foster mother.</p>
<p class="p16">Yaçodä-nandana—the child of Yaçodä, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yoga</i>—that which links with the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yoga-nidrä</i>—mystic slumber.</p>
<p class="p16">Yogeçvara—the master of all mystic powers, the Supreme Lord, Kåñëa. </p>
<p class="p16">Yudhiñöhira—the eldest of the five Päëòava brothers.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yuga</i>—one of the four ages of the universe.</p>
<p class="p17"><span class="s9"><b>Çrémad-Bhägavatam </b></span><b>Fifth Canto—Part One</b></p>
<p class="p14"><b>Glossary</b></p>
<p class="p14"><b>A</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Äcärya</i>—a spiritual master who teaches by his own example.</p>
<p class="p16">Adhokñaja —the Supreme Lord, who cannot be seen with material eyes. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ahaà brahmäsmi</i>—the realization that “I am spirit soul.”</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ahaà mämeti</i>—the false conception of “I” and “mine.” [<i>Bhäg.</i> 5.5.8]</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Akäma</i>—freedom from material desire.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Änanda</i>—spiritual bliss.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Apavarga</i>—liberation from pavarga, the miseries of material existence. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Apipätä</i>—desiring only to perform devotional service to Kåñëa. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Apräkåta</i>—transcendental to material nature.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Aprameya</i>—immeasurable.</p>
<p class="p16">Apsaräs—the society girls of the heavenly planets.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Arcä-vigraha</i>—the Deity form of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Artha</i>—economic development.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Asat</i>—temporary.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Äçrama</i>—one of the four orders of spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ätmä</i>—the self.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ätmä-tattva</i>—spiritual science.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Avadhüta</i>—a great saintly person who has surpassed the need for regulative principles.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Avara</i>—material.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Avatära</i>—an incarnation of the Lord who descends from the spiritual sky.</p>
<p class="p14">B</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhagavad-bhakti</i>—See: <i>Bhakti-yoga</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhagavän</i>—Kåñëa, who is full in six opulences.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhakta</i>—a devotee.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhakti-yoga</i>—devotional service to Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brahma-bandhu</i>—a fallen member of a brähmaëa family.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brahma-bhüta</i>—the joyful state of being free from material contamination. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brahmacarya</i>—the vow of strict abstinence from sex indulgence.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brahma-jijïäsä</i>—inquiry into the Absolute Truth.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brahmajyoti</i>—the effulgence emanating from the body of the Lord. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brahma-satra</i>—meditating on the Supreme Lord always.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brahmacäré</i>—a celibate student under the care of a bona fide spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brähmaëa</i>—the intelligent class of men.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>C</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Caëòäla</i>—an outcaste or untouchable; a dog-eater.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>D</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Daiva-varëäçrama</i>—the transcendental system of four social orders and four spiritual orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dama</i>—sense control; a quality of <i>brähmaëas</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Daëòavat</i>—offering respect to a superior by falling flat like a stick. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dasyu-dharma</i>—the occupational duty of rogues and thieves.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Devas</i>—demigods.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dharä-maëòala</i>—a planet.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dharma</i>—the capacity to render service, which is the essential quality of a living being.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dharmänvekñamäëah</i>—strictly according to religious principles.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dhéra</i>—a sober person who has controlled senses.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dvija</i>—a <i>brähmaëa</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dvija-bandhu</i>—See: <i>Brahma-bandhu</i>.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>G</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Garbhädhäna-saàskära</i>—Vedic ceremony of purification performed by the parents before conceiving a child.</p>
<p class="p16">Govinda—a name of Kåñëa meaning He who gives pleasure to the cows and the senses.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Gåhastha</i>—one who lives in God conscious married life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Gåhavrata</i>—one who has taken a vow to execute family duties.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Guëas</i>—the modes of nature.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Guru</i>—a bona fide spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Guru-dakñiëä</i>—a gift given to one's spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Gurukula</i>—the place of the spiritual master, where his disciples come to study and perform devotional service.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>H</b></p>
<p class="p16">Hari—a name of Kåñëa meaning He who removes all inauspicious things from the heart.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Hari-näma-saìkértana</i>—<i>See: Saìkértana</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Hådaya-granthi</i>—the hard knot of family attachment in the heart.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>I</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Éçitva</i>—in mystic <i>yoga</i>, the perfection of control over others.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>J</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Jévan-mukta</i>—a person who is already liberated even while living in this body.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Jitendriya</i>—one who has conquered the senses.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Jïäna-käëòa</i>—the division of the <i>Vedas</i> dealing with empirical speculation in pursuit of the truth.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Jïäné</i>—one who is engaged in the cultivation of knowledge.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Jyoti-çästra</i>—the Vedic science of astronomy.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>K</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Kaitava-dharma</i>—cheating religion.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Käla-sarpa</i>—the snakelike time factor.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Käma</i>—lust.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Karma</i>—fruitive activities and their subsequent reactions.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Karma-bandha</i>—the bondage of fruitive activities.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Karma-käëòa</i>—the performance of fruitive sacrifices according to Vedic in-junctions.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Karmätmaka</i>—one whose mind is colored with fruitive activity. Karmendriyas—the working senses.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Karmés</i>—fruitive workers.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Kértana</i>—the devotional process of chanting.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Krpä-siddihi</i>—perfection attained simply by the blessings of a superior per-son.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Kñatriya</i>—the administrative class of men.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Kuìkuma</i>—a red cosmetic powder.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>L</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Laghimä</i>—in mystic <i>yoga</i>, the perfection of becoming the heaviest.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>M</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mahä-bhägavata</i>—a great devotee.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mahä-mantra</i>—the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare/ Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mahätmä</i>—a great soul.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Manéñäyä</i>—by intelligence.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mantra</i>—a transcendental sound heard and chanted to purify one's con-sciousness and raise it to the spiritual platform.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Martya-loka</i>—the earth planet, where death is very prominent.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mäyä</i>—the energy of the Lord which deludes the living entities who desire to forget Him.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mlecchas</i>—those who cannot follow Vedic regulative principles; meat-eaters. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Moha</i>—illusion.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mokña</i>—liberation.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Müòhas</i>—fools and rascals.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mukti</i>—liberation from material bondage.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Muni</i>—a sage or self-realized soul.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Muni-putra</i>—the son of a saintly person.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>N</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Naiñöhika-brahmacäré</i>—one who has been celibate since birth.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Nirguëa</i>—without material qualities.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Niñkiïcana</i>—having no desire for material comfort.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Nistraiguëya</i>—the transcendental position above the three modes of nature. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Nitya-baddha</i>—an eternally conditioned soul.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Nitya-mukta</i>—an eternally liberated soul.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Nivåtti-märga</i>—the path of renouncing sense enjoyment.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>O</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Oàkära</i>—the primal sound chanted in Vedic hymns which represents Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>P</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Païcarätrika-vidhi</i>—the devotional process of Deity worship.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Para</i>—transcendental.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Parä bhakti</i>—transcendental devotional service of the Supreme Lord. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Paramahaàsa</i>—a <i>sannyäsé</i> or devotee on the highest spiritual platform. </p>
<p class="p16">Paramätmä—the Supersoul, the localized aspect of the Supreme Lord. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Piëòa</i>—<i>prasäda</i> from Lord Viñëu offered to the forefathers.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Pitäs</i>—forefathers.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Pitåloka</i>—the planet where the forefathers live in great delight as long as they are remembered by their descendants.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Präkämya</i>—in mystic <i>yoga</i>, the perfection of automatically realizing any desire.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Pramatta</i>—one who is crazy because he cannot control his senses. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Prajäpatis</i>—the progenitors of mankind.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Präpti</i>—in mystic <i>yoga</i>, the perfection of obtaining anything simply by reaching out.</p>
<p class="p16">Prasäda—the remnants of food offered to Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Pravåtti-märga</i>—the path by which the living entities are given a chance to enjoy and at the same time are regulated so that they can eventually come to spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Puàçcalé</i>—a woman who is easily carried away by men. not to be trusted. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Pürëa</i>—the complete whole, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Puruña-avatäras</i>—the primary Viñëu expansions of Kåñëa who are involved in the creation of the universe.</p>
<p class="p16">Puruñottama—the greatest living personality, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>R</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Räjarñis</i>—great saintly kings.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Rajo-guëa</i>—the material mode of passion.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>S</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çabda-brahma</i>—transcendental sound vibration.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sac-cid-änanda-vigraha</i>—the eternal form of the Lord which is full of bliss and knowledge.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sädhu</i>—a great saintly person.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sadhu-saìga</i>—the association of liberated persons.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çälagräma-çilä</i>—a Deity incarnation of Näräyaëa in the form of a stone. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çama</i>—fixed in mind control; a quality of <i>brähmaëas</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sama-darçénaù</i>—seeing with equal vision.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Samädhi</i>—trance, absorption in God consciousness.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Samprekñya näsikägram</i>—keeping eyes half-open in practice of yoga. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Saàsära</i>—the cycle of birth and death in the material world.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Saìkértana</i>—congregational chanting of the holy name of the Lord. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sannyäsé</i>—one in the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çänta</i>—peaceful.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sarva-käraëa-käraëam</i>—the cause of all causes, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çästras</i>—revealed scriptures.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sattva-guëa</i>—the material mode of goodness.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Satya</i>—truthfulness; a quality of brähmaëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Satya-käma</i>—all of one's desires being directed to the Supreme Truth. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sevä</i>—devotional service.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sevaka</i>—a servant.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sevya</i>—one who is served.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Siddhis</i>—mystic powers or perfections.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çivatama</i>—the most auspicious.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Småti</i>—scriptures compiled by living entities under transcendental direction. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çräddha</i> ceremony—the offering of <i>viñëu-prasäda</i> to one's forefathers. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sravaëa</i>—the devotional process of hearing.</p>
<p class="p16">Çrévatsa—the sign of the goddess of fortune on the chest of Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çruti</i>—scriptures received directly from God.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Stré</i>—woman.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çüdra</i>—the laborer class of men.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çukla</i>—a person in the mode of goodness; also a name of Viñëu. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sukåtinaù</i>—pious persons.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sväàça</i>—nondifferent plenary expansions of the Lord. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Svarüpa-vismåti</i>—forgetting one's real constitutional position.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>T</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Tamo-guëa</i>—the material mode of ignorance.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Tapasya</i>—voluntary acceptance of some material trouble for progress in spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Tilaka</i>—sacred clay used to mark twelve temples of Viñëu on the body of a devotee.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Titikñä</i>—tolerance; a quality of <i>brähmaëas</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Tulasé</i>— Kåñëa's favorite plant.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>U</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ugra-karma</i>—horrible activities which are the basis of a demoniac civilization.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Upäsanä-käëòa</i>—worship of demigods, ultimately of Viñëu, as prescribed in the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Upädhis</i>—material designations.</p>
<p class="p16">Urukrama— Kåñëa, who performs wonderful feats.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>V</b></p>
<p class="p16">Vaikuëöha—the spiritual sky, where there is no anxiety.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vairägya</i>—the spirit of renunciation.</p>
<p class="p16">Vaiñëava—a devotee of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vaiñëava-aparädha</i>—an offense at the lotus feet of a Vaiñëava. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vaiçya</i>—the class of men involved in business and farming. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vänaprastha</i>—retired life in which one travels to holy places in preparation for the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Varëa</i>—the four divisions of society according to quality of work and situa-tion in the modes of nature.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Varëa-saìkara</i>—unwanted children produced from illicit sex. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Varëäçrama-dharma</i>—See <i>Daiva-varëäçrama</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vibhinnäàça</i>—separated expansions of the Lord, the minute living entities. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vidagdha</i>—one who is expert in the art of flattering women.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vidüra-vigata</i>—See: <i>Caëòäla</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vijara</i>—not subjected to the miseries of old age.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vijighatsa</i>—free from desire for material enjoyment.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vijïäna</i>—practical knowledge.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vimåtyu</i>—not subjected to death and rebirth.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vimüòha</i>—See: <i>Pramatta</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Viñaya</i>—material affairs of sense gratification.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Viñaya-taraìga</i>—the waves of material existence.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Viçoka</i>—callous to material distress and happiness.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Viñëu-tattvas</i>—the innumerable plenary expansions of Kåñëa, each of whom is also God.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>Y</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yajïa</i>—Vedic sacrifice.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yajïa-puruña</i>—the enjoyer of all Vedic sacrifices, Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yogamäyä</i>—the internal potency of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16">Yogeçvara — Kåñëa, who is the master of all mystic powers.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yojana</i>—eight miles.</p>
<p class="p16">Yuga—the four ages of the universe.</p>
<p class="p8"><br></p>
<p class="p18"><b>Çrémad-Bhägavatam Fifth Canto—Part </b><span class="s5"><b>Two</b></span></p>
<p class="p14"><b>Glossary</b></p>
<p class="p14"><b>A</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Äcärya</i>—a bona fide spiritual master who teaches by his personal example. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Acintya-çakti</i>—the inconceivable energy of the Supreme Lord. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Adhibhautika</i>—miseries inflicted by other living entities. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Adhidaivika</i>—miseries caused by natural disturbances such as floods and ex-cessive heat or cold.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Adhyätmika</i>—miseries arising from own's own body and mind. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ädi-puruña</i>—Kåñëa, the original person.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ahaìkära</i>—the principle of ego.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Akäma-bhakta</i>—one who serves the Lord without any motives. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Akarma</i>—Kåñëa conscious activity for which one suffers no reaction. </p>
<p class="p16">Akiïcana-gocara—Kåñëa, who is easily approached by those who are materially exhausted.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Aàça</i>—See: <i>Viñëu-tattva</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Aëimä</i>—the mystic perfection of becoming so small that one can enter into a stone.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Antarikña</i>—outer space.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Arcana</i>—the devotional process of worshiping the Lord in the temple. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Arcä-vigraha</i>—the Deity form of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Asuras</i>—demons.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ätma-nivedana</i>—the devotional process of surrendering everything to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>B</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhägavata-dharma</i>—the science of devotional service to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhaktas</i>—devotees.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhukti</i>—material enjoyment.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bila-svarga</i>—the subterranean heavens.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brahma-bhüta</i>—the joyful state of being freed from material contamination. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brahmajyoti</i>—the personal effulgence emanating from the body of Kåñëa. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brähmaëas</i>—the intelligent class of men.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brahmäëòa bhramaëa</i>—wandering up and down throughout the universe. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brahma-saukhya</i>—spiritual happiness which is unobstructed and eternal.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>C</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Channävatära</i>—a concealed incarnation.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>D</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Daihika</i>—the bodily necessities of life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Daivé mäyä</i>—the external or illusory energy of the Lord who governs the material world.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Däsya</i>—the devotional process of rendering service to the Lord. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dhéra</i>—one who remains unagitated even when there is cause for agitation.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>G</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Grämya-karma</i>—mundane activities.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Gåhastha-äçrama</i>—the householder stage of spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Guru</i>—a bona fide spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>H</b></p>
<p class="p16">Hari—Kåñëa, who removes all inauspicious things from the heart. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Hari-cakra</i>—Kåñëa's Sudarçana weapon, the wheel of time. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Håta-jïäna</i>—bereft of intelligence.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>J</b></p>
<p class="p19">Jagad-éça—the Supreme Lord who is the proprietor of all the universes. </p>
<p class="p19"><i>Jévätmä</i>—the spirit soul.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Jïäna</i>—knowledge.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>K</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Kaivalya</i>—the illusion of becoming one with the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Karma</i>—fruitive activities and their subsequent reactions. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Karma-käëòa</i>—the division of the <i>Vedas</i> which deals with fruitive activities.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Karmés</i>—fruitive workers.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Koöé</i>—ten million.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Kåpaëa</i>—a miserly man who wastes his life by not striving for spiritual realization.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Kåñëa-prasäda</i>—<i>See: Prasäda</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Kñatriya</i>—the class of administrators and fighters.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>L</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Laghimä</i>—the mystic perfection of entering into the sun planet by using the rays of the sunshine.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Lélävatära</i>—an incarnation to display pastimes.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>M</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mahä-bhägavatas</i>—the topmost devotees of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mahätmä</i>—a great soul, or devotee of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mäyä</i>—the energy of Kåñëa which deludes the living entity who desires to forget the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mäyä-sukha</i>—illusory happiness.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Moha</i>—illusion.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Müòha—See: Vimüòhas</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Muhürta</i>—a period of forty-eight minutes.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mukta-puruñas</i>—liberated persons.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mukti</i>—liberation from material bondage.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>N</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Nakñatras</i>—the stars.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Näma-aparädha</i>—offenses in the chanting of the holy name.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Nara-deva</i>—the king, who is an earthly god.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Narädhama</i>—the lowest of mankind.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Nañöa-buddhi</i>—bereft of all good sense.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Nirviçeña-vädés</i>—impersonalists who accept an Absolute, but deny that He has any qualities of His own.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Niñkäma</i>—free from material desires.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>P</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Païcarätrika-vidhi</i>—the authorized process of Deity worship. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Paramahaàsa</i>—a first-class devotee of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Paramparä</i>—the disciplic succession through which spiritual knowledge is received.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Parä prakåti</i>—the superior energy of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Päñaëòés</i>—atheists; those who think God and the demigods to be on the same level.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Prakåti</i>—female, to be enjoyed by the puruña.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Pramadä</i>—the beauty of the opposite sex.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Prasäda</i>—sanctified remnants of food offered to the Lord. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Präçänta</i>—undisturbed by the modes of nature.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Priyatama</i>—dearmost.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Puëya-çloka</i>—verses that increase one's piety; one who is glorifed by such verses.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Puruña</i>—male, the enjoyer.</p>
<p class="p20"><b>R</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Rajo-guëa</i>—the material mode of passion.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Räkñasas</i>—man-eating demons.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>S</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sac-cid-änanda-vigraha</i>—the eternal form of the Supreme Lord which is full of bliss and knowledge.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ñaò-bhüja-mürti</i>—the six-armed form of Lord Caitanya.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sädhu</i>—a holy man.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sakäma-bhakta</i>—a devotee with material desires.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sakhya</i>—the devotional process of making friends with the Lord. Samädhi—trance, absorption in God consciousness.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sannyäsa</i>—the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çästras</i>—revealed scriptures.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sattva-guëa</i>—the material mode of goodness.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Smaraëa</i>—the devotional process of remembering the Lord. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Småti</i>—scriptures compiled by living entities under trancendental direction.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Soma-rasa</i>—an intoxicant taken on the heavenly planets.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sravaëam kértanaà viñëoù</i> [7.5.23]—hearing and chanting about Viñëu. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çuddha-sattva</i>—the platform of pure goodness.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çüdra</i>—the laborer class of men who serve the three higher classes.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Suras</i>—demigods, devotees.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sväàça—See: Viñëu-tattva</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Svarga-loka</i>—the heavenly planetary system.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>T</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Tamo-guëa</i>—the material mode of ignorance.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Tattva-darçé</i>—one who has seen the truth.</p>
<p class="p16">Trivikrama—Lord Vämana, the incarnation who performed three heroic deeds.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>U</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Udära</i>—magnanimous.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Upäsya</i>—worshipable.</p>
<p class="p16">Uttamaçloka—Kåñëa, who is worshiped by select poetry.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>V</b></p>
<p class="p16">Vaikuëöha—the spiritual sky, where there is no anxiety.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vaiçya</i>—the class of men involved in business and farming.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vänaprastha</i>—retired life in which one travels to holy places in preparation for the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vandana</i>—the devotional process of offering prayers to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vaëik</i>—the mercantile community.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Varëäçrama-dharma</i>—the scientific system of four social and four spiritual orders in human society.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vikarma</i>—sinful work performed against the injunctions of revealed scrip-tures.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vimüòhas</i>—foolish rascals.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Viraha</i>—transcendental bliss in separation from the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Viräö-rupa</i>—the universal form of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Véra-vrata</i>—fully determined.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Viñëu-tattva</i>—the plenary expansions of Kåñëa, each of whom is also God. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Viväha-yajïa</i>—the sacrifice of marriage.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>Y</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yajïa</i>—sacrifice.</p>
<p class="p16">Yamadütas—messengers of Yamaräja, the lord of death.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yoga</i>—linking the consciousness of the living entity with the Supreme Lord. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yogamäyä</i>—the internal potency of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yojana</i>—eight miles.</p>
<p class="p8"><br></p>
<p class="p18"><b>Çrémad-Bhägavatam Sixth Canto—Part One</b></p>
<p class="p14"><b>Glossary</b></p>
<p class="p14"><b>A</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Äcärya</i>—a spiritual master who teaches by example.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Adharma</i>—irreligion.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Adhibhautika</i>—material suffering caused by other living entities. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Adhidaivika</i>—material suffering caused by natural occurrences. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Adhidaivika</i>—material suffering caused by one's own body and mind. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Advaita-vädés</i>—atheistic philosophers who say that any distinction must be material.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ajïäta-sukåti</i>—pious deeds performed accidentally, without knowledge of their effect.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ärati</i>—a ceremony for greeting the Lord with offerings of food, lamps, fans, flowers and incense.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Arcanä</i>—the devotional process of regulated Deity worship.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Äçrama</i>—an order of spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>B</b></p>
<p class="p16">Balaräma, Lord—Kåñëa's first expansion and elder brother.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhagavad-gétä</i>—the basic directions for spiritual life spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhägavata-dharma</i>—the eternal religion or occupational duty of service to the Supreme Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhakta</i>—a devotee.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhakti-yoga</i>—devotional service.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhoga</i>—sense gratification; food not offered to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brahmacarya</i>—celibate student life; the first order of Vedic spiritual life. </p>
<p class="p16">Brahmaloka—the abode of Lord Brahma; the highest planetary system. </p>
<p class="p16">Brahman—the Absolute Truth; especially, the impersonal aspect of the Absolute.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brähmaëa</i>—a person in the mode of goodness; first Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>C</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Caitanya-caritämåta</i>—Çréla Kåñëadäsa Kaviräja's authorized biography of Lord Caitanya Mahäprabhu, presenting the Lord's pastimes and teachings.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Cakra</i>—the Lord's personal disc weapon.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>D</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Daivé mäyä</i>—the Lord's divine deluding potency, the material energy. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Daridra-näräyaëa</i>—(lit., poor Näräyaëa), the false conception that the Supreme Lord can fall to the status of an ordinary conditioned soul. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dharma</i>—one's innate eternal activity.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dharma-çästras</i>—religious scriptures that prescribe regulations of social organization and religion.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dharmé</i>—one who abides by Vedic law.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dhéra</i>—one who is undisturbed in all circumstances.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>G</b></p>
<p class="p16">Gauòéya-Mädhva-sampradäya—the authorized disciplic succession from Madhväcärya through Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu.</p>
<p class="p16">Goloka Våndävana—the highest spiritual planet, the personal abode of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Gåhamedhi</i>—a person who is envious because of too much attachment to family life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Gåhastha</i>—one who follows regulated householder life according to Vedic principles.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Guru</i>—a spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>H</b></p>
<p class="p16">Hari—the Supreme Lord, Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>J</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Jéva-tattva</i>—the living entities, who are small parts of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Jïäna</i>—speculative knowledge.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Jïäna-yoga</i>—the process of approaching the Supreme by the cultivation of knowledge.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>K</b></p>
<p class="p16">Kali-yuga—the present age of quarrel, which began 5,000 years ago.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Karma</i>—fruitive work, for which there is always reaction, good or bad.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Karma-käëòa</i>—the parts of the <i>Vedas</i> that describe fruitive activities for improving one's material standard of life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Karma-yoga</i>—the process of linking with the Supreme by offering all the fruits of one's work.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Karmé</i>—one who is satisfied with working hard for material results.</p>
<p class="p16">Kåñëaloka—See: Goloka Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Kñatriya</i>—a warrior or administrator; the second Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>L</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Liìga</i>—the subtle body: mind, intelligence and false ego.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>M</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mahäjanas</i>—great souls who have established the science of devotional service.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mahä-mantra</i>—the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare/ Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mahätmä</i>—a great liberated personality.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mantra</i>—a sound vibration for liberating the mind.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Manu-saàhitä</i>—the original lawbook written by Svayambhuva Manu for humanity.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Manvantara</i>—the duration of the life of each Manu (progenitor of man-kind); standard unit of measurement for universal time.</p>
<p class="p16">Marudloka—the planet of the Maruts, associates of King Indra.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mäyä</i>—the external, illusory energy of the Lord, comprising this material world.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mäyä-sukha</i>—illusory, temporary happiness.</p>
<p class="p16">Mäyävädés—impersonal philosophers who say that the Lord cannot have a transcendental body.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mémäàsakas</i>—atheistic philosophers who say that even if God exists, He is obliged to reward us the fruits of our work.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mlecchas</i>—meat-eaters, who are outside Vedic society.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mådaìga</i>—a clay drum used for congregational chanting.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mukti</i>—liberation.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>N</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Näma-aparädha</i>—offense against the holy name of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16">Näräyaëa—the Supreme Lord in His majestic four-armed form, an expan-sion of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Nitya-muktas</i>—eternally liberated souls.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Nivåtti-märga</i>—the path of liberation.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Nyäya-çästras</i>—Vedic textbooks of logic.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>O</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Oàkära</i>—the sound incarnation of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>P</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Païcopäsanä</i>—worship by impersonalists of five deities (Viñëu, Durgä, Brahmä, Gaëeça and Vivasvän) that is motivated by the desire to ultimately abandon all conceptions of a personal Absolute. </p>
<p class="p16">Parabrahman— Kåñëa, who is the Supreme Absolute Truth.</p>
<p class="p16">Paramätmä—the Supersoul, Lord Viñëu, in the heart of all living entities. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Paramparä</i>—the chain of spiritual masters in disciplic succession. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Prajäpatis</i>—the progenitors of the universal population.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Prajäs</i>—citizens (including all species of life).</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Prakåti</i>—nature, the Lord's energy.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Prasäda</i>—food spiritualized by being offered to the Lord. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Pravåtti-märga</i>—the path of material enjoyment.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Präyaçcitta</i>—atonement to counteract sinful acts.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Puräëas</i>—Vedic histories of the universe.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Puruña</i>—the supreme enjoyer; the Lord of the universe.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>R</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Rajo-guëa</i>—the material mode of passion.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Åñis</i>—great sages.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>S</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sac-cid-änanda-vigraha</i>—the Lord's transcendental form, which is eternal, full of knowledge and bliss.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sädhu</i>—a saintly person.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sampradäya</i>—a disciplic succession.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Saàsåti</i>—the cycle of repeated birth and death.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sanätana-dharma</i>—eternal religion.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Säìkhya</i>—analytical study of the material world.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Saìkértana</i>—public chanting of the names of God, the approved yoga process for this age.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sannyäsa</i>—the renounced order of spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çästra</i>—revealed scripture.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sattva-guëa</i>—the material mode of goodness.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Siddha</i>—a perfected living being.</p>
<p class="p16">Siddhaloka—the heavenly planet whose inhabitants possess all mystic powers.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Smärta-brähmaëas</i>—nondevotees who strictly follow the <i>Vedas</i> for material benefit.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Småti-çästra</i>—Vedic scriptures other than the original <i>Vedas, Upaniñads</i> and <i>Vedänta-sütra</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sravaëam kértanaà viñëoù</i> [7.5.23]—hearing and chanting about Lord Viñëu. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çuddha-sattva—See: Viçuddha-sattva</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çüdra</i>—a laborer; the fourth of the Vedic social orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Suñupti</i>—deep sleep, one of the levels of material consciousness.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sväàça</i>—Godhead in one of His personal expansions.</p>
<p class="p16">Svargaloka—the heavenly planets of the material world.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>T</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Tamo-guëa</i>—the material mode of ignorance.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Tapasya</i>—austerity; accepting some voluntary inconvenience for a higher purpose.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Tilaka</i>—auspicious clay marks that sanctify a devotee's body as a temple of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Trayé</i>—one who follows the three Vedas (<i>Åg, Säma</i> and <i>Yajur</i>), which ex-plain fruitive activities for material benefits.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>U</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Upaniñads</i>—the most significant philosophical sections of the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>V</b></p>
<p class="p16">Vaikuëöha—the planets of the spiritual sky, where there is no anxiety. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vairägya</i>—renunciation of material pleasure.</p>
<p class="p16">Vaiñëava—a devotee of Lord Viñëu, or Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vaiçyas</i>—farmers and merchants; the third Vedic social order. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vänaprastha</i>—one who has retired from family life; the third order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Varëäçrama</i>—the Vedic social system of four social and four spiritual orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Väsudeva-paräyaëa</i>—one whose desire is fixed on the Supreme Lord. </p>
<p class="p16">Vedänta—the philosophy that describes the end of all knowledge, pure devotional service to the Supreme Lord, Çré Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vedas</i>—the original revealed scriptures, first spoken by the Lord Himself. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vibhinnäàça</i>—the separated expansions of the Lord, the minute living entities.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vibhüti</i>—the Lord's glory and opulence.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vipra</i>—<i>See: Brähmaëa</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Viräö-rupa</i>—Lord Viñëu's universal form.</p>
<p class="p16">Viñëudütas—the order carriers of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Viçuddha-sattva</i>—the spiritual platform of pure goodness.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>Y</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yajïa</i>—sacrifice; work done for the satisfaction of Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16">Yamadütas—the messengers of Yamaräja, the lord of death.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yavanas</i>—those outside the Vedic social system.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yogé</i>—a transcendentalist who is striving to reestablish his link with the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p18"><b>Çrémad-Bhägavatam Sixth Canto—Part </b><span class="s5"><b>Two</b></span></p>
<p class="p14"><b>Glossary</b></p>
<p class="p14"><b>A</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Äcamana</i>—purification performed by sipping water and chanting names of Viñëu before engaging in sacrifices.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Äcärya</i>—a spiritual master who teaches by example.</p>
<p class="p16">Ädityas—the demigods who are descendants of Kaçyapa Muni's wife, Aditi. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Aëimä</i>—the mystic power of becoming the smallest.</p>
<p class="p16">Apsaräs—heavenly society girls.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ärati</i>—a ceremony for greeting the Lord with offerings of food, lamps, fans, flowers and incense.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Arcanä</i>—the devotional practice of Deity worship.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Äçrama</i>—a spiritual order of life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Asuras</i>—atheistic demons.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Avatära</i>—a descent of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>B</b></p>
<p class="p16">Balaräma, Lord—Kåñëa's first expansion and elder brother in Våndävana. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhagavad-gétä</i>—the basic directions for spiritual life spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhakta</i>—a devotee.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhakti-yoga</i>—linking with the Supreme Lord in ecstatic devotional service. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brahmacarya</i>—celibate student life; the first order of Vedic spiritual life. </p>
<p class="p16">Brahman—the Absolute Truth; especially, the impersonal aspect of the Absolute.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brähmaëa</i>—a person in the mode of goodness; first Vedic social order. </p>
<p class="p16">Buddha, Lord— Kåñëa's incarnation in Kali-yuga for bewildering the atheists who were misusing the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>D</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Däna</i>—charity, one of the six duties of a <i>brähmaëa</i>.</p>
<p class="p16">Dänavas—a race of demons.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Daëòavats</i>—respectful obeisances, falling flat like a rod.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Däsya-rasa</i>—affection of servitude toward the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16">Dhanvantari— Kåñëa's incarnation as the father of the science of medicine.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dharma</i>—eternal occupational duty; religious principles.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dhéra</i>—one who is undisturbed in all circumstances.</p>
<p class="p16">Dhruvaloka—the polestar, which is a spiritual planet within the material universe, presided over by Dhruva Maharaja.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>E</b></p>
<p class="p16">Ekädaçé—a special fast day for increased remembrance of Kåñëa, which comes on the eleventh day of both the waxing and waning moon.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>G</b></p>
<p class="p16">Gandharvas—the singers among the demigods.</p>
<p class="p16">Garbhodakaçäyé Viñëu—the second Viñëu expansion, who enters each universe and, by His glance, creates the diverse material manifestations.</p>
<p class="p16">Goloka (Kåñëaloka)—the highest spiritual planet, containing Kåñëa's personal abodes, Dvärakä, Mathurä and Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Gopés</i>—Kåñëa's cowherd girl friends who are His most confidential servitors.</p>
<p class="p16">Govinda—Kåñëa, who gives pleasure to the land, the cows and the senses.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Gåhastha</i>—regulated householder life; the second order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Guëas</i>—the three modes of material nature: goodness, passion and ignorance.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Guru</i>—a spiritual master or superior person.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>H</b></p>
<p class="p16">Hayagriva, Lord—Kåñëa's horse-headed incarnation, who returned the stolen <i>Vedas</i> to Brahmä.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>J</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Jéva-tattva</i>—the living entities, who are small parts of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>K</b></p>
<p class="p16">Kali-yuga (Age of Kali)—the present age, which is characterized by quarrel. It is last in the cycle of four and began five thousand years ago.</p>
<p class="p16">Kalki, Lord—Lord Kåñëa's incarnation, at the end of the last of the four ages, who annihilates all the remaining atheists.</p>
<p class="p16">Kapila, Lord—Lord Kåñëa's incarnation to teach Säìkhya philosophy, a com-bination of devotional service and mystic realization.</p>
<p class="p16">Käraëodakaçäyé Viñëu—See: Mahä-Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Karatälas</i>—hand cymbals used in <i>kértana</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Karma</i>—fruitive action, for which there is always reaction, good or bad.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Karmé</i>—a person who is satisfied with working hard for flickering sense</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Kértana</i>—chanting the glories of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16">Kåñëaloka—See: Goloka.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Kñatriyas</i>—a warrior or administrator; the second Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p16">Kñérodakaçäyé Viñëu—the third Viñëu incarnation, who is the Supersoul living in the heart of each living entity.</p>
<p class="p16">Kuça grass—a sacred grass used in Vedic sacrifices.</p>
<p class="p16">Kürma, Lord—Kåñëa's tortoise incarnation.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>L</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Laghimä</i>—the mystic power of becoming the lightest.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>M</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mädhurya-rasa</i>—conjugal affection for the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mahäbhärata</i>—the history of greater India compiled by Çréla Vyäsadeva, which includes <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mahä-mantra</i>—the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare/ Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mahä-puruña</i>—the Supreme Lord, who is the supreme enjoyer.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mahat-tattva</i>—the total material energy before the manifestation of diverse elements.</p>
<p class="p16">Mahä-Viñëu (Käraëodakaçäyé Viñëu)—the first Viñëu incarnation, who lies down in the Causal Ocean and dreams the innumerable material universes.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mantra</i>—a sound vibration that can deliver the mind from illusion.</p>
<p class="p16">Maruts—the associates of King Indra.</p>
<p class="p16">Mathurä—Lord Kåñëa's abode, surrounding Våndävana, where He took birth and later returned to after performing His Våndävana pastimes.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mäyä</i>—(<i>mä</i>—not; <i>yä</i>—this), illusion; forgetfulness of one's relationship with Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16">Mäyävädés—impersonal philosophers who say that the Lord cannot have a transcendental body.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mådaìga</i>—a clay drum used for congregational chanting.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>N</b></p>
<p class="p16">Närada Muni—Lord Brahma's son and disciple, who travels freely all over the cosmic manifestation preaching Kåñëa consciousness.</p>
<p class="p16">Näräyaëa, Lord—Kåñëa's four-armed expansion who displays His full opulence as the Supreme Lord of the spiritual kingdom.</p>
<p class="p16">Nåsiàhadeva, Lord—Kåñëa's half-man, half-lion incarnation.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>P</b></p>
<p class="p16">Parabrahman—the Supreme Absolute Truth, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16">Paramätmä—the Supreme Lord as the Supersoul in the heart of each embodied living entity.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Paramparä</i>—the chain of spiritual masters in disciplic succession.</p>
<p class="p16">Paraçuräma, Lord—Kåñëa's incarnation who destroyed twenty-one consecutive generations of unlawful members of the ruling class.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Päñaëòés</i>—atheists.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Paöhana</i>—studying the scriptures, one of the six duties of a <i>brähmaëa</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Päöhana</i>—teaching, one of the six duties of a <i>brähmaëa</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Prasäda</i>—food spiritualized by being offered to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Pratigraha</i>—accepting charity, one of the six duties of a <i>brähmaëa</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Puräëas</i>—Vedic supplements in the form of histories of the universe.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Puruña-avatäras</i>—the three Viñëu incarnations, Mahä-Viñëu, Garbhodakaçäyé Viñëu and Kñérodakaçäyé Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>R</b></p>
<p class="p16">Räkñasas—man-eating demons.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Rasa</i>—the loving mood or mellow relished in the exchange of love with the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16">Åñabhadeva, Lord—Kåñëa's incarnation to teach religious principles as the ideal monarch.</p>
<p class="p16">Rudras—the expansions of Lord Siva who rule over the material mode of ignorance.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>S</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sac-cid-änanda-vigraha</i> [<i>Bs.</i> 5.1]—the Lord's transcendental form, which is eternal, full of knowledge add bliss.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sakhya-rasa</i>—fraternal affection for the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sälokya</i>—the liberation of gaining entrance into the Lord's own abode.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Samädhi</i>—perfect trance in yoga.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sämépya</i>—the liberation of eternal association with the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sanätana-dharma</i>—eternal religion.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Saìkértana</i>—public chanting of the names of God, the approved <i>yoga</i> process for this age.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sannyäsa</i>—renounced life; the fourth order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çänta</i>—neutral affection for the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Särñöi</i>—the liberation of achieving equal opulence with the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Särüpya</i>—the liberation of obtaining bodily features like the Lord's.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çästras</i>—revealed scriptures.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Säyujya</i>—the impersonal liberation, rejected by devotees, of merging into the rays of the Lord's bodily effulgence.</p>
<p class="p16">Çeña—the expansion of Saìkarñaëa who, in the form of a couch of snakes, personally serves the Supreme Personality of Godhead and holds up all the worlds on his numberless hoods.</p>
<p class="p16">Siddhas—a race of demigods who possess all mystic yoga powers.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Soma-rasa</i>—the heavenly beverage taken by demigods for increased span of life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sravaëam kértanaà viñëoù</i> [7.5.23]—the devotional processes of hearing and chanting about Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16">Çrévatsa—the mark of the resting place of the goddess of fortune on the chest of Lord Näräyaëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çüdra</i>—a laborer; the fourth of the Vedic social orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Svämé</i>—one who controls his mind and senses; title of one in the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>T</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Tapasya</i>—austerity; accepting some voluntary inconvenience for a higher purpose.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Tilaka</i>—auspicious clay marks that sanctify a devotee's body as a temple of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>U</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Upaniñads</i>—the most significant philosophical sections of the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>V</b></p>
<p class="p16">Vaikuëöha—the spiritual world, where there is no anxiety.</p>
<p class="p16">Vaiñëava—a devotee of Lord Viñëu, or Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vaiçyas</i>—farmers and merchants; the third Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p16">Vämana, Lord—Kåñëa's incarnation as a dwarf brähmaëa,.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vänaprastha</i>—one who has retired from family life; the third order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Varëa</i>—a social class whose members are distinguished by their quality of work and situation in the modes of nature.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Varëäçrama</i>—the Vedic social system of four social and four spiritual orders.</p>
<p class="p16">Varuëa—the demigod who is the presiding deity of the oceans.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vätsalya-rasa</i>—paternal affection for the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vedänta-sütra</i>—Çréla Vyäsadeva's philosophical exposition of the Absolute Truth, written in brief codes.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vedas</i>—the original revealed scriptures, first spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16">Viñëu, Lord—Kåñëa's first expansion for the creation and maintenance of the material universes.</p>
<p class="p16">Våndävana —Kåñëa's personal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness.</p>
<p class="p16">Vyäsadeva —Kåñëa's incarnation, at the end of Dväpara-yuga, for compiling the Vedas.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>Y</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yajamänas</i>—those for whom a priest executes sacrifices.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yajïas</i>—sacrifice, work done for the satisfaction of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yogé</i>—a transcendentalist who, in one way or another, is striving for union with the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yugas</i>—ages in the life of a universe, occuring in a repeated cycle of four.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>Z</b></p>
<p class="p16">Zamindar —in Bengal, a wealthy landowner.</p>
<p class="p8"><br></p>
<p class="p18"><b>Çrémad-Bhägavatam Sixth Canto—Part </b><span class="s5"><b>Three</b></span></p>
<p class="p14"><b>Glossary</b></p>
<p class="p14"><b>A</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Äcärya</i>—a spiritual master who teaches by example.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Adhibhautika</i>—misery inflicted by other living beings.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Adhidaivika</i>—miseries of nature inflicted by demigods.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Adhyätmika</i>—misery caused by the body or mind.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Änandamaya</i>—(lit., full of bliss), spiritual realization; Kåñëa consciousness. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Aëimä</i>—the mystic power to become as small as an atom.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Annamaya</i>—(lit., consisting of food), consciousness absorbed only in eating. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Ärati</i>—a ceremony for greeting the Lord with offerings of food, lamps, fans, flowers and incense.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Arcanä</i>—the devotional practice of Deity worship.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Äçrama</i>—a spiritual order of life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Asura</i>—atheistic demons.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Avatära</i>—a descent of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>B</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhagavad-gétä</i>—the basic directions for spiritual life spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16">Bhagavän—the Supreme Lord, who possesses six opulences: wealth, strength, fame, beauty, knowledge and renunciation.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhakta</i>—a devotee.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Bhakti-yoga</i>—linking with the Supreme Lord in ecstatic devotional service. </p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brahmacarya</i>—celibate student life; the first order of Vedic spiritual life. </p>
<p class="p16">Brahman—the Absolute Truth; especially, the impersonal aspect of the Absolute.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Brähmaëa</i>—a person in the mode of goodness; first Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>C</b></p>
<p class="p16">Cäraëaloka—the heavenly planet of the Cäraëa demigods.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>D</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Dharma</i>—eternal occupational duty; religious principles.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>E</b></p>
<p class="p16">Ekädaçé—a special fast day for increased remembrance of Kåñëa, which comes on the eleventh day of both the waxing and waning moon.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>G</b></p>
<p class="p16">Goloka (Kåñëaloka)—the highest spiritual planet, containing Kåñëa's personal abodes, Dvärakä, Mathurä and Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Gopés</i>—Kåñëa's cowherd girl friends who are His most confidential servitors.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Gåhastha</i>—regulated householder life; the second order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Guru</i>—a spiritual master or superior person.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>H</b></p>
<p class="p16">Hare Kåñëa <i>mantra</i>—See: <i>Mahä-mantra</i></p>
<p class="p14"><b>J</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Jéva-tattva</i>—the living entities, who are small parts of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Jïäné</i>—one who cultivates knowledge by empirical speculation.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>K</b></p>
<p class="p16">Kali-yuga (Age of Kali)— the present age, which is characterized by quarrel. It is last in the cycle of four, and began five thousand years ago.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Karatälas</i>—hand cymbals used in <i>kértana</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Karma</i>—fruitive action, for which there is always reaction, good or bad.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Karmé</i>—one who is satisfied with working hard for flickering sense gratification.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Kértana</i>—chanting the glories of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16">Kåñëaloka—See: Goloka</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Kñatriyas</i>—a warrior or administrator; the second Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>L</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Laghimä</i>—the mystic power to become as light as a feather.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>M</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mahäbhärata</i>—the history of greater India compiled by Çréla Vyäsadeva. It includes <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mahä-mantra</i>—the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare/ Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mahat-tattva</i>—the total material energy before the manifestation of diverse elements.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Manomaya</i>—(lit., consisting of mind), consciousness absorbed in mental activity.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mantra</i>—a sound vibration that can deliver the mind from illusion.</p>
<p class="p16">Mathurä—Lord Kåñëa's abode, surrounding Våndävana, where He took birth and later returned to after performing His Våndävana pastimes.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mäyä</i>—(<i>mä</i>—not; <i>yä</i>—this), illusion; forgetfulness of one's relationship with Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16">Mäyävädés—impersonalist philosophers who say that the Lord cannot have a transcendental body.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Mådaìga</i>—a clay drum used for congregational chanting.</p>
<p class="p20"><b>P</b></p>
<p class="p16">Paramätmä—Lord Viñëu expanded into everyone's heart.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Paramparä</i>—the chain of spiritual masters in disciplic succession.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Präëamaya</i>—(lit., consisting of life), consciousness absorbed in maintaining one's bodily existence.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Prasäda</i>—food spiritualized by being offered to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Puräëas</i>—Vedic supplements in the form of histories.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>R</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Åñi</i>—sage or mystic.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>S</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sac-cid-änanda-vigraha</i>—the Lord's transcendental form, which is eternal, full of knowledge and bliss.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Samädhi</i>—fixed mind for understanding the self; trance; absorption in the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Saìkértana</i>—public chanting of the names of God, the approved <i>yoga </i>process for this age.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sannyäsa</i>—renounced life; the fourth order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çästras</i> —revealed scriptures.</p>
<p class="p16">Siddhaloka—heavenly planet where residents have all eight mystic powers.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Sravaëam kértanaà viñëoù</i> [7.5.23]—the devotional processes of hearing and chanting about Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Çüdra</i>—a laborer; the fourth of the Vedic social orders.</p>
<p class="p16">Svämé—one who controls his mind and senses; title of one in the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>T</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Tapasya</i>—austerity; accepting some voluntary inconvenience for a higher purpose.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Tilaka</i>—auspicious clay marks that sanctify a devotee's body as a temple of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>V</b></p>
<p class="p16">Vaikuëöha—the spiritual world, where there is no anxiety.</p>
<p class="p16">Vaiñëava—a devotee of Lord Viñëu, or Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vaiçyas</i>—farmers and merchants; the third Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vänaprastha</i>—one who has retired from family life; the third order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Varëäçrama</i>—the Vedic social system of four social and four spiritual orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vedas</i>—the original revealed scriptures, first spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16">Vidyädharas—a race of celestial beings.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Vijïänamaya</i>—(lit., full of knowledge), consciousness of the self as different from matter.</p>
<p class="p16">Viñëu, Lord—Kåñëa's first expansion for the creation and maintenance of the material universes.</p>
<p class="p16">Våndävana—Kåñëa's personal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness.</p>
<p class="p16">Vyäsadeva—Kåñëa's incarnation, at the end of Dväpara-yuga, for compiling the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>Y</b></p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yajïa</i>—sacrifice, work done for the satisfaction of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yogé</i>—a transcendentalist who, in one way or another, is striving for union with the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p16"><i>Yugas</i>—ages in the life of a universe, occuring in a repeated cycle of four.</p>
<p class="p8"><br></p>
<p class="p18"><b>Çrémad-Bhägavatam Seventh Canto—Part </b><span class="s5"><b>One</b></span></p>
<p class="p14"><b>Glossary</b></p>
<p class="p14"><b>A</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äcärya</b>—a spiritual master who teaches by example. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Acintya-bhedäbheda-</b>tattva—the Supreme Lord is inconceivably, simultaneously one with His material and spiritual energies and different from them.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Aëimä</b>—yogic power to become as small as an atom.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Antaryämé</b>—the expansion of the Supreme Lord situated in everyone's heart (Supersoul).</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ärati</b>—a ceremony for greeting the Lord with offerings of food, lamps, fans, flowers and incense.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Arcanä</b>—the devotional practice of Deity worship.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äçrama</b>—a spiritual order of life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Asuras</b>—atheistic demons.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ätmäräma</b>—one who is self-satisfied, free from external material desires. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Avatära</b>—a descent of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>B</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhagavad-gétä</b>—the basic directions for spiritual life spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakta</b>—a devotee.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakti-yoga</b>—linking with the Supreme Lord in ecstatic devotional service. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhäva</b>—the preliminary stage of ecstatic love of </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhüti</b>—opulence.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahmacarya</b>—celibate student life; the first order of Vedic spiritual life. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahman</b>—the Absolute Truth; especially, the impersonal aspect of the Absolute.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brähmaëa</b>—a person in the mode of goodness; first Vedic asocial order.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>D</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Däsya-rasa</b>—the servitor relationship with the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Dhäma</b>—abode, place of residence; usually referring to the Lord's abodes. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Dharma</b>—eternal occupational duty; religious principles.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Duñkåtés</b>—miscreants.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>E</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ekädaçé</b>—a special fast day for increased remembrance of Kåñëa, which comes on the eleventh day of both the waxing and waning moon.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>G</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Goloka (Kåñëaloka)</b>—the highest spiritual planet, containing Kåñëa's personal abodes, Dvärakä, Mathurä and Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gopés</b>—Kåñëa's cowherd girl friends, His most confidential servitors. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gåhastha</b>—regulated householder life; the second order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Guru</b>—a spiritual master or superior person.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Guru-kula</b>—school of Vedic learning; boys begin at the age of five and live as celibate students, guided by a spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>H</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Hare Kåñëa mantra</b>—<i>See: Mahä-mantra</i></p>
<p class="p14"><b>J</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jévätmä</b>—the minute living entity, part and parcel of the Supreme Lord. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jéva-tattva</b>—the living entities, who are small parts of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>K</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kali-yuga (Age of Kali)</b>—the present age, which is characterized by quarrel. It is last in the cycle of four, and began five thousand years ago. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karatälas</b>—hand cymbals used in <i>kértana</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karma</b>—fruitive action, for which there is always reaction, good or bad. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karma-käëòa</b>—the section of the <i>Vedas</i> describing fruitive activities for elevation to a higher material position. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karmé</b>—one who is satisfied with working hard for flickering sense</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kértana</b>—chanting the glories of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kåñëaloka</b>—<i>See:</i> Goloka</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kñatriyas</b>—a warrior or administrator; the second Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p20"><b>L</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Laghimä</b>—the yogic power to become as light as a feather.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>M</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mädhurya-rasa</b>—conjugal love relationship with the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahä-bhägavata</b>—a pure devotee of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahä-mantra</b>—the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare/ Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahämäyä</b>—the illusory material energy of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mantra</b>—a sound vibration that can deliver the mind from illusion.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mathurä</b>—Lord Kåñëa's abode, surrounding Våndävana, where He took birth and later returned to after performing His Våndävana pastimes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mauñala-lélä</b>—pastime of the Yadu dynasty's departure from the earth.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mäyä</b>—(<i>mä</i>—not; <i>yä</i>—this), illusion; forgetfulness of one's relationship with Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mäyävädés</b>—impersonal philosophers who say that the Lord cannot have a transcendental body.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mådaìga</b>—a clay drum used for congregational chanting.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>P</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Païca-mahäyajïa</b>—the five daily sacrifices performed by householders to become free from unintentionally committed sins.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Parakéya-rasa</b>—the relationship between a married woman and her paramour, particularly the relationship between Kåñëa and the damsels of Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Paramparä</b>—the chain of spiritual masters in disciplic succession.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Prakåti</b>—the energy of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Prasäda</b>—food spiritualized by being offered to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Puräëas</b>—Vedic histories of the universe in relation to the Supreme Lord and His devotees.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>R</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Räga-märga</b>—the path of spontaneous love of Godhead. [<i>Cc Ädi</i> 4.15]</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Räkñasas</b>—man-eating demons.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>S</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sac-cid-änanda-vigraha</b> [<i>Bs.</i> 5.1]—the Lord's transcendental form, which is eternal, full of knowledge and bliss.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sädhu</b>—a saintly man.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sakhya-rasa</b>—friend relationship with the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sälokya-mukti</b>—the liberation of residing on the same planet as the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Samadhi</b>—trance; mind fixed on the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sämépya-mukti</b>—the liberation of becoming a personal associate of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Saàsära</b>—the cycle of repeated birth and death.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Saìkértana</b>—public chanting of the names of God, the approved yoga process for this age.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sannyäsa</b>—renounced life; the fourth order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Särñöi-mukti</b>—the liberation of having the same opulences as the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Särüpya-mukti</b>—the liberation of getting a form similar to the Lord's.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çästras</b>—revealed scriptures.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Säyujya-mukti</b>—the liberation of merging into the existence of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sravaëam kértanaà viñëoù</b> [7.5.23]—the devotional processes of hearing and chanting about Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çüdra</b>—a laborer; the fourth of the Vedic social orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Svämé</b>—one who controls his mind and senses; title of one in the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p20"><b>T</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tapasya</b>—austerity; accepting some voluntary inconvenience for a higher purpose.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tilaka</b>—auspicious clay<span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>that sanctify a devotee's body as a temple of</p>
<p class="p16">the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>V</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaikuëöha</b>—the spiritual world, where there is no anxiety.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaiñëava</b>—a devotee of Lord Viñëu, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaiçyas</b>—farmers and merchants; the third Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vänaprastha</b>—one who has retired from family life; the third order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Varëäçrama</b>—the Vedic social system of four social and four spiritual orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vätsalya-rasa</b>—parental relationship with the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vedas</b>—the original revealed scriptures, first spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vibhüti</b>—the opulence and power of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëu, Lord</b>—Kåñëa's first expansion for the creation and maintenance of the material universes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëuloka</b>—the abode of Lord Viñëu, the Supreme Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Våndävana</b>—Kåñëa's personal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vyäsadeva</b>—Kåñëa's incarnation, at the end of Dväpara-yuga, for compiling the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>Y</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yajïa</b>—sacrifice, work done for the satisfaction of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yogamäyä</b>—the internal spiritual energy of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yogé</b>—a transcendentalist who, in one way or another, is striving for union with the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yugas</b>—ages in the life of a universe, occurring in a repeated cycle of four.</p>
<p class="p8"><br></p>
<p class="p18"><b>Çrémad-Bhägavatam Seventh Canto—Part </b><span class="s5"><b>Two</b></span></p>
<p class="p14"><b>Glossary</b></p>
<p class="p14"><b>A</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äcärya</b>—a spiritual master who teaches by example. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Anubhäva</b>—the bodily symptoms of ecstatic love for Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ärati</b>—a ceremony for greeting the Lord with offerings of food, lamps, fans, flowers and incense.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Arcanä</b>—the devotional practice of Deity worship.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Artha</b>—economic development.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äçrama</b>—a spiritual order of life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Asuras</b>—atheistic demons.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ätmä</b>—the self (the body, the mind, or the soul). </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Avatära</b>—a descent of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>B</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhagavad-gétä</b>—the basic directions for spiritual life spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhägavata-dharma</b>—religiousprinciples enunciated by the SupremeLord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakta</b>—a devotee.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakti</b>—pure devotional service to Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakti-yoga</b>—linking with the Supreme Lord in ecstatic devotional service. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhäva</b>—the preliminary stage of ecstatic love of God.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhüti</b>—opulence.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahmacarya</b>—celibate student life; the first order of Vedic spiritual life. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahman</b>—the Absolute Truth; especially, the impersonal aspect of the Absolute.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brähmaëa</b>—a person in the mode of goodness; first Vedic asocial order.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>D</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Dharma</b>—eternal occupational duty; religious principles.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>E</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ekädaçé</b>—a special fast day for increased remembrance of Kåñëa, which comes on the eleventh day of both the waxing and waning moon.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>G</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Goloka (Kåñëaloka)</b>—the highest spiritual planet, containing Kåñëa's per-sonal abodes, Dvärakä, Mathurä and Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gopés</b>—Kåñëa's cowherd girl friends, His most confidential servitors. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gåhamedhis</b>—materialistic householders.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gåhastha</b>—regulated householder life; the second order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Guru</b>—a spiritual master or superior person.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>H</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Hare Kåñëa mantra</b>—See: Mahä-mantra</p>
<p class="p14"><b>J</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jéva-tattva</b>—the living entities, who are small parts of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jïäna</b>—theoretical knowledge.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jïäné</b>—one who cultivates knowledge by empirical speculation.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>K</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kali-yuga (Age of Kali)</b>—the present age, which is characterized by quarrel. It is last in the cycle of four, and began five thousand years ago. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Käma</b>—lust.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karatälas</b>—hand cymbals used in <i>kértana</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karma</b>—fruitive action, for which there is always reaction, good or bad. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karma-käëòa</b>—the section of the <i>Vedas</i> describing fruitive activities for elevation to a higher material position. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karmé</b>—one who is satisfied with working hard for flickering sense</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kértana</b>—chanting the glories of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kåñëaloka</b>—<i>See: Goloka</i></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kñatriyas</b>—a warrior or administrator; the second Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>L</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Lélä</b>—pastimes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Lélä-çakti</b>—theenergy of Kåñëa which helps to enact His pastimes.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>M</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahä-bhägavata</b>—a pure devotee of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahäjana</b>—the Lord's authorized devotee who by his teachings and behavior establishes the true purpose of religious principles.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahä-mantra</b>—the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare/ Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mantra</b>—a sound vibration that can deliver the mind from illusion.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mathurä</b>—Lord Kåñëa's abode, surrounding Våndävana, where He took birth and later returned to after performing His Våndävana pastimes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mauñala-lélä</b>—pastime of the Yadu dynasty's departure from the earth.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mäyä</b>—(<i>mä</i>—not; <i>yä</i>—this), illusion; forgetfulness of one's relationship with Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mäyävädés</b>—impersonal philosophers who say that the Lord cannot have a transcendental body.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mådaìga</b>—a clay drum used for congregational chanting.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>P</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Paramahaàsa</b>—topmost class ofdevotees.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Paramätmä</b>—the Supersoul, an expansion ofthe Supreme Lord situated in every living entity'sheart and in every atom.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Paramparä</b>—the chain of spiritual masters in disciplic succession.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Prasäda</b>—food spiritualized by being offered to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>R</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Räkñasas</b>—man-eating demons.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Åñi</b>—a greatsage.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>S</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sac-cid-änanda-vigraha</b> <span class="s3">[<i>Bs.</i> 5.1]</span>—the Lord's transcendental form, which is eternal, full of knowledge and bliss.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Säìkhya</b>—the analytical study of matter and spirit.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Saìkértana</b>—public chanting of the names of God, the approved <i>yoga</i> process for this age.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sannyäsa</b>—renounced life; the fourth order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çästras</b>—revealed scriptures.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çräddha</b>—ritualistic ceremony of offering oblations to one's deceased ancestors to free them from possible hellish conditions in their next lives.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sravaëam kértanaà viñëoù</b> <span class="s3">[7.5.23]</span>—the devotional processes of hearing and chanting about Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çüdra</b>—a laborer; the fourth of the Vedic social orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Svämé</b>—one who controls his mind and senses; title of one in the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>T</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tantras</b>—Vedic literatures consisting mostly of dialogues between Lord Çiva and Durgä.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tapasya</b>—austerity; accepting some voluntary inconvenience for a higher purpose.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tilaka</b>—auspicious clay<span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>that sanctify a devotee's body as a temple of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>V</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaikuëöha</b>—the spiritual world, where there is no anxiety.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaiñëava</b>—a devotee of Lord Viñëu, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaiçyas</b>—farmers and merchants; the third Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vänaprastha</b>—one who has retired from family life; the third order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Varëas</b>—-the four occupational divisions of society: the intellectual class, the administrative class, the mercantile and agricultural class, and the laborer class.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Varëäçrama</b>—the Vedic social system of four social and four spiritual orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vedas</b>—the original revealed scriptures, first spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëu, Lord</b>—Kåñëa's first expansion for the creation and maintenance of the material universes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëudütas</b>—the messengers of Lord Viñëu who come to take perfected devotees back to the spiritual world at the time of death.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Våndävana</b>—Kåñëa's personal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vyäsadeva</b>—Kåñëa's incarnation, at the end of Dväpara-yuga, for compiling the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>Y</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yajïa</b>—sacrifice, work done for the satisfaction of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yogamäyä</b>—the internal spiritual energy of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yogi</b>—a transcendentalist who, in one way or another, is striving for union with the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yugas</b>—ages in the life of a universe, occurring in a repeated cycle of four.</p>
<p class="p8"><br></p>
<p class="p18"><b>Çrémad-Bhägavatam Seventh Canto—Part </b><span class="s5"><b>Three</b></span></p>
<p class="p14"><b>Glossary</b></p>
<p class="p14"><b>A</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äcärya</b>—a spiritual master who teaches by example.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äjagara-våtti</b>—the life pattern of a python.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Antyajas</b>—one of the seven mixed castes lower than <i>çüdra</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ärati</b>—a ceremony for greeting the Lord with offerings of food, lamps, fans, flowers and incense.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Arcanä</b>—the devotional process of Deity worship.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Artha</b>—economic development.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äçrama</b>—the four spiritual orders of life: celibate student, householder, retired life and renounced life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Añöakä</b>—the eighth day after the full moon.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Asuras</b>—atheistic demons.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Avatära</b>—a descent of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>B</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bäbäjé</b>—one who dwells alone in one place, performing severe austerities and penance.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bahüdaka</b>—the second stage of the <i>sannyäsa</i> order, in which one begs from door to door.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhagavad-gétä</b>—the basic directions for spiritual life spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakta</b>—a devotee.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakti-yoga</b>—linking with the Supreme Lord by devotional service.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahma-bandhu</b>—one who has taken birth in a <i>brähmaëa</i> family but lacks brahminical qualifications.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahmacarya</b>—celibate student life; the first order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahma-jijïäsä</b>—inquiry into the Absolute Truth.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahman</b>—the Absolute Truth; especially the impersonal aspect of the Absolute.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brähmaëa</b>—one wise in the <i>Vedas</i>, who can guide society; the first Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>C</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Caëòäla</b>—lowborn person accustomed to filthy habits such as dog-eating.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>D</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Daëòa</b>—a staff carried by those in the renounced orders of life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Daça-vidhä-saàskära</b>—ten Vedic rituals performed for the purification of children from the time of conception to early childhood.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Dharma</b>—eternal occupational duty; religious principles.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>E</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ekädaçé</b>—a special fast day for increased remembrance of Kåñëa, which comes on the eleventh day of both the waxing and waning moon.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>G</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ghee</b>—clarified butter.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Goloka (Kåñëaloka)</b>—the highest spiritual planet, containing Kåñëa's personal abodes, Dvärakä, Mathurä and Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gopés</b>—Kåñëa's cowherd girl friends; His most confidential servitors.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gosvämé</b>—(<i>go</i>—senses; <i>svämé</i>—controller), title of one in the <i>sannyäsa</i> order.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gåhastha</b>—regulated householder life; the second order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Guru</b>—a spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Guru-kula</b>—the school of Vedic learning; boys begin at the age of five and live as celibate students, guided by a spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>H</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Hare Kåñëa mantra</b>—<i>See: Mahä-mantra</i> </p>
<p class="p14"><b>J</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jéva-tattva</b>—the living entities, atomic parts of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jïäna-käëòa</b>—the <i>Upaniñad</i> portion of the <i>Vedas</i> containing knowledge of Brahman, spirit.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>K</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kali-yuga (Age of Kali)</b>—the present age, which is characterized by quarrel. It is last in the cycle of four, and began five thousand years ago.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Käma</b>—lust.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kamaëòalu</b>—water pot carried by <i>sannyäsés</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karatälas</b>—hand cymbals used in <i>kértana</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karma</b>—fruitive action, for which there is always reaction, good or bad. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karma-käëòa</b>—the section of the <i>Vedas</i> describing fruitive activities for elevation to a higher material position. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karmé</b>—one who is satisfied with working hard for flickering sense</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kértana</b>—chanting the glories of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kåñëaloka</b>—<i>See:</i> Goloka</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kñatriyas</b>—a warrior or administrator; the second Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kuöécaka</b>—the first stage of the <i>sannyäsa</i> order; the <i>kuöécaka</i> lives in a hut nearby his village and his family brings him food.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>M</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahä-mantra</b>—the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare/ Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahätmä</b>—a self-realized soul.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mantra</b>—a sound vibration that can deliver the mind from illusion.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Maöhas</b>—monasteries.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mathurä</b>—Lord Kåñëa's abode, surrounding Våndävana, where He took birth and later returned to after performing His Våndävana pastimes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mäyä</b>—(mä—not; <i>yä</i>—this), illusion; forgetfulness of one's relationship with Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mäyävädés</b>—impersonal philosophers who say that the Lord cannot have a transcendental body.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mlecchas</b>—meat-eaters.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mokña</b>—liberation into the spiritual effulgence surrounding the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mådaìga</b>—a clay drum used for congregational chanting.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>P</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Païcarätrika-vidhi</b>—rules and regulations as found in the 108 Païcarätra saàhitäs.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Paramahaàsa</b>—the highest stage of the <i>sannyäsa</i> order; a topmost de-votee of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Paramparä</b>—the chain of spiritual masters in disciplic succession.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Parivräjakäcärya</b>—the third stage of the <i>sannyäsa</i> order; the <i>parivräjakäcärya</i> constantly travels throughout the world, preaching the glories of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Pradhäna</b>—the total material energy in its unmanifest state.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Präëäyäma</b>—control of the breathing process; performed in <i>añöanga-yoga</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Prasäda</b>—food spiritualized by being offered to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Puräëas</b>—Vedic supplementary histories in relation to the Supreme Lord and His devotees.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>S</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sac-cid-änanda-vigraha</b> <span class="s3">[<i>Bs.</i> 5.1]</span>—the Lord's transcendental form, which is eternal, full of knowledge and bliss.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çälagräma-çilä</b>—the Supreme Lord in the form of a black stone, worshiped by <i>brähmaëas</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Saìkértana</b>—public chanting of the names of God, the approved <i>yoga</i> process for this age.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sannyäsa</b>—renounced life; the fourth order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sütras</b>—revealed scriptures.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Småti</b>—supplementary explanations of the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çräddha</b>—ceremony performed to release one's forefathers from hellish conditions of life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sravaëam kértanaà viñëoù</b> <span class="s3">[7.5.23]</span>—the devotional processes of hearing and chanting about Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çruti</b>—the original <i>Veda</i>, given to Brahma by the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çüdra</b>—a laborer; the fourth of the Vedic social orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Svämé</b>—one who controls his mind and senses; title of one in the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>T</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tapasya</b>—austerity; accepting some voluntary inconvenience for a higher purpose.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tilaka</b>—auspicious clay marks that sanctify a devotee's body as a temple of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>U</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Upäsanä-käëòa</b>—section of the <i>Vedas</i> prescribing worship of demigods for fruitive results.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>V</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaikuëöha</b>—the spiritual world, where there is no anxiety.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaiñëava</b>—a devotee of Lord Viñëu, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaiçyas</b>—farmers and merchants; the third Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vänaprastha</b>—one who has retired from family life; the third order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Varëas</b>—the four occupational divisions of society: the intellectual class, the administrative class, the mercantile and agricultural class, and the laborer class.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Varëa-saìkara</b>—children born of parents who did not follow Vedic rules for procreation or purification.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Varëäçrama</b>—the Vedic social system of four social and four spiritual orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vedas</b>—the original revealed scriptures, first spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëu, Lord</b>—Kåñëa's first expansion for the creation and maintenance of the material universes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëu-tattva</b>—personal expansions of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Våndävana</b>—Kåñëa's personal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>Y</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yajïa</b>—sacrifice, work done for the satisfaction of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yavanas</b>—lowborn persons who do not follow Vedic regulations.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yogamäyä</b>—internal spiritual potency of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yogé</b>—a transcendentalist who, in one way or another, is striving for union with the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yugas</b>—ages in the life of a universe, occurring in a repeated cycle of four.</p>
<p class="p8"><br></p>
<p class="p18"><b>Çrémad-Bhägavatam Eighth Canto—Part </b><span class="s5"><b>One</b></span></p>
<p class="p14"><b>Glossary</b></p>
<p class="p14"><b>A</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äcärya</b>—a spiritual master who teaches by example.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ärati</b>—a ceremony for greeting the Lord with offerings of food, lamps, fans, flowers and incense.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Arcanä</b>—the devotional process of Deity worship.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äçrama</b>—the four spiritual orders of life: celibate student, householder, retired life and renounced life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Asuras</b>—atheistic demons.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Avatära</b>—a descent of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>B</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhagavad-gétä</b>—the basic directions for spiritual life spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakta</b>—a devotee.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakti-märga</b>—the path of developing devotion to Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakti-yoga</b>—linking with the Supreme Lord by devotional service.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahmacarya</b>—celibate student life; the first order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahman</b>—the Absolute Truth; especially the impersonal aspect of the Absolute.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brähmaëa</b>—one wise in the <i>Vedas</i>, who can guide society; the first Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>C</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Cakra</b>—the wheel held by Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>D</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Devas</b>—demigods.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Dharma</b>—eternal occupational duty; religious principles.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Dvijas</b>—<i>brähmaëas</i>.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>E</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ekädaçé</b>—a special fast day for increased remembrance of Kåñëa, which comes on the eleventh day of both the waxing and waning moon.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>G</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gadä</b>—the club held by Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Goloka (Kåñëaloka)</b>—the highest spiritual planet, containing Kåñëa's personal abodes, Dvärakä, Mathurä and Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gopés</b>—Kåñëa's cowherd girl friends; His most confidential servitors.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gåhastha</b>—regulated householder life; the second order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Guëa-avatäras</b>—the three incarnations of Viñëu who control the three modes of material nature; Viñëu controls goodness, Brahmä passion and Çiva ignorance.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gosvämé</b>—(<i>go</i>—senses; <i>svämé</i>—controller), title of one in the sannyäsa order.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Guru</b>—a spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>H</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Hare Kåñëa mantra</b>—<i>See: Mahä-mantra</i> </p>
<p class="p21"><br></p>
<p class="p14"><b>J</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jéva-tattva</b>—the living entities, atomic parts of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jévätmä</b>—the infinitesimal soul, the living entity.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jïäna</b>—knowledge of matter, spirit and the controller of both.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>K</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kali-yuga (Age of Kali)</b>—the present age, which is characterized by quarrel. It is last in the cycle of four, and began five thousand years ago.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karatälas</b>—hand cymbals used in <i>kértana</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karma</b>—fruitive action, for which there is always reaction, good or bad. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karmé</b>—one who is satisfied with working hard for flickering sense</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kértana</b>—chanting the glories of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kåñëaloka</b>—<i>See: Goloka</i></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kñatriyas</b>—a warrior or administrator; the second Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>L</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Lélä-avatäras</b>—innumerable incarnations of the Lord who descend to the material world to display spiritual pastimes.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>M</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahäjanas</b>—great souls, spiritual authorities.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahä-mantra</b>—the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare/ Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahat-tattva</b>—the total material energy.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mantra</b>—a sound vibration that can deliver the mind from illusion.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Manvantara-avatäras</b>—the Manu incarnations, administrators of the universe.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mathurä</b>—Lord Kåñëa's abode, surrounding Våndävana, where He took birth and later returned to after performing His Våndävana pastimes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mäyä</b>—(<i>mä</i>—not; <i>yä</i>—this), illusion; forgetfulness of one's relationship with Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mäyävädés</b>—impersonal philosophers who say that the Lord cannot have a transcendental body.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mådaìga</b>—a clay drum used for congregational chanting.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Muni</b>—a great thinker.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>N</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Nirguëa</b>—transcendental to the modes of material nature; free from all material contamination.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>P</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Padma</b>—the lotus flower held by Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Paramahaàsa</b>—the highest stage of the sannyäsa order; a topmost devotee of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Paramparä</b>—the chain of spiritual masters in disciplic succession.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Prajäpatis</b>—the demigods in charge of populating the universe.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Prasäda</b>—food spiritualized by being offered to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Puruña</b>—the Supreme Personality of Godhead, the supreme enjoyer.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>R</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Åñis</b>—great sages.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>S</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sac-cid-änanda-vigraha</b> <span class="s3">[<i>Bs.</i> 5.1]</span>—the Lord's transcendental form, which is eternal, full of knowledge and bliss.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çakti-tattva</b>—the various energies oftheLord. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sampradäya</b>—achain ofspiritual masters.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çaìkha</b>—the conchshell held by Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Saìkértana</b>—public chanting of the names of God, the approved <i>yoga</i> process for this age.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sannyäsa</b>—renounced life; the fourth order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çästras</b>—revealed scriptures<span class="s10">.</span></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sravaëam kértanaà viñëoù</b> <span class="s3">[7.5.23]</span>—the devotional processes of hearing and chanting about Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çruti-mantra</b>—the hymns of the <i>Vedas</i> and <i>Upaniñads</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Stotra</b>—a prayer.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çüdra</b>—a laborer; the fourth of the Vedic social orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Svämé</b>—one who controls his mind and senses; title of one in the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>T</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tantras</b>—Vedicliteratures consisting mostly of dialogues between Lord Çiva and Durgä.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tapasya</b>—austerity; accepting some voluntary inconvenience for a higher purpose.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tattvas</b>—the Absolute Truth'smultifarious categories.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tilaka</b>—auspicious clay marks that sanctify a devotee's body as a temple of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>V</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaikuëöha</b>—the spiritual world, where there is no anxiety.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaiñëava</b>—a devotee of Lord Viñëu, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaiçyas</b>—farmers and merchants; the third Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vänaprastha</b>—one who has retired from family life; the third order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Varëäçrama</b>—the Vedic social system of four social and four spiritual orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vedas</b>—the original revealed scriptures, first spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viräö-rüpa</b>—the all-pervading universal form of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëu, Lord</b>—Kåñëa's first expansion for the creation and maintenance of the material universes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëu-tattva</b>—personal expansions of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Våndävana</b>—Kåñëa's personal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vyäsadeva</b>— Kåñëa's incarnation, at the end of Dväpara-yuga, for compiling the Vedas.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>Y</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yajïa</b>—sacrifice, work done for the satisfaction of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yoga</b>—the process of linking with the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yogamäyä</b>—internal spiritual potency of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yogé</b>—a transcendentalist who, in one way or another, is striving for union with the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yuga-avatäras</b>—the four incarnations of the Lord which appear in the four yugas or millenniums to prescribe the appropriate method of spiritual realization for that age.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yugas</b>—ages in the life of a universe, occurring in a repeated cycle of four.</p>
<p class="p8"><br></p>
<p class="p18"><b>Çrémad-Bhägavatam Eighth Canto—Part </b><span class="s5"><b>Two</b></span></p>
<p class="p14"><b>Glossary</b></p>
<p class="p14"><b>A</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äcamana</b>—purification by sipping water and chanting the names of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äcärya</b>—a spiritual master who teaches by example.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Acit</b>—without life or consciousness.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ärati</b>—a ceremony for greeting the Lord with offerings of food, lamps, fans, flowers and incense.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Arcana</b>—the devotional process of Deity worship.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Artha</b>—economic development.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Asat</b>—not eternal.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äçrama</b>—(1) the four spiritual orders of life: celibate student, house-holder, retired life and renounced life. (2) the residence of a saintly person.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Asuras</b>—atheistic demons.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Avatära</b>—a descent of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>B</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhagavad-gétä</b>—the basic directions for spiritual life spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakta</b>—a devotee.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakti-yoga</b>—linking with the Supreme Lord by devotional service.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahmacarya</b>—celibate student life; the first order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahman</b>—the Absolute Truth; especially the impersonal aspect of the Absolute.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brähmaëa</b>—one wise in the <i>Vedas</i> who ran guide society; the first Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahmästra</b>—a nuclear weapon produced by chanting <i>mantras</i>.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>C</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Chandas</b>—the different meters of Vedic hymns.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Cit</b>—alive and conscious.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>D</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Dharma</b>—eternal occupational duty; religious principles.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Dvädaçé</b>—the twelfth day after the full or new moon.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>E</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ekädaçé</b>—a special fast day for increased remembrance of Kåñëa, which comes on the eleventh day of both the waxing and waning moon.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>G</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Goloka (Kåñëaloka)</b>—the highest spiritual planet, containing Kåñëa's personal abodes, Dvärakä, Mathurä and Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gopés</b>—Kåñëa's cowherd girl friends; His most confidential servitors.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gåhastha</b>—regulated householder life; the second order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Guru</b>—a spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>H</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Hare Kåñëa mantra</b>—<i>See: Mahä-mantra</i></p>
<p class="p14"><b>J</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jagat</b>—the material universe.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jéva-tattva</b>—the living entities, atomic parts of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jïäna-kanda</b>—the portion of the <i>Vedas</i> containing knowledge of Brahman, spirit.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jïäné</b>—one who cultivates knowledge by empirical speculation.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>K</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kali-yuga (Age of Kali)</b>—the present age, characterized by quarrel; it is last in the cycle of four and began five thousand years ago.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Käma</b>—lust.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karatälas</b>—hand cymbals used in <i>kértana</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karma</b>—fruitive action, for which there is always reaction, good or bad.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karma-käëòa</b>—a section of the <i>Vedas</i> prescribing fruitive activities for elevation to a higher material position.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karmé</b>—a person satisfied with working hard for flickering sense gratification.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kértana</b>—chanting the glories of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kåñëaloka</b>—<i>See: Goloka</i></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kñatriyas</b>—a warrior or administrator; the second Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>M</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahä-mantra</b>—the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare/ Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mantra</b>—a sound vibration that can deliver the mind from illusion.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Manvantara</b>—the duration of each Manu's reign (306,720,000 years); used as a standard division of history.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mathurä</b>—Lord Kåñëa's abode, surrounding Våndävana, where He took birth and later returned to after performing His Våndävana pastimes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mäyä</b>—(<i>mä</i>—not; <i>yä</i>—this), illusion; forgetfulness of one's relationship with Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mäyävädés</b>—impersonal philosophers who say that the Lord cannot have a transcendental body.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mokña</b>—liberation.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mådaìga</b>—a clay drum used for congregational chanting.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>P</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Paramparä</b>—the chain of spiritual masters in disciplic succession.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Prajäpatis</b>—the demigods in charge of populating the universe.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Prasäda</b>—food spiritualized by being offered to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>R</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Räsa</b>—the nonmaterial taste of a personal relationship with the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Åñi</b>—a sage.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>S</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sac-cid-änanda-vigraha</b> <span class="s3">[<i>Bs.</i> 5.1]</span>—the Lord's transcendental form, which is eternal, full of knowledge and bliss.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Saìkértana</b>—public chanting of the names of God, the approved yoga process for this age.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sannyäsa</b>—renounced life; the fourth order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çästras</b>—revealed scriptures.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sat</b>—eternal.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Småti scriptures</b>—supplementary explanations of the Vedas.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sravaëam kértanaà viñëoù</b> <span class="s3">[7.5.23]</span>—the devotional processes of hearing and chanting about Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çruti scriptures</b>—the original Vedic literatures: the four and the Upaniñads.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çüdra</b>—a laborer; the fourth of the Vedic social orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Svämé</b>—one who controls his mind and senses; title of one in the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>T</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tapasya</b>—austerity; accepting some voluntary inconvenience for a higher purpose.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tilaka</b>—auspicious clay marks that sanctify a devotee's body as a temple of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>U</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Upäsanä-käëòa</b>—a section of the <i>Vedas</i> prescribing worship of demigods.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>V</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaikuëöha</b>—the spiritual world, where there is no anxiety.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaiñëava</b>—a devotee of Lord Viñëu, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaiçyas</b>—farmers and merchants; the third Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vänaprastha</b>—one who has retired from family life; the third order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Varëa</b>—the four occupational divisions of society: the intellectual class, the administrative class, the mercantile and agricultural class, and the laborer class.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Varëäçrama</b>—the Vedic system of four social and four spiritual orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vedas</b>—the original revealed scriptures, first spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëu, Lord</b>—Kåñëa's first expansion for the creation and maintenance of the material universes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëu-tattva</b>—the original Personality of Godhead's primary expansions, each of whom is equally God.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Våndävana</b>—Kåñëa's personal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vyäsadeva</b>— Kåñëa's incarnation, at the end of Dväpara-yuga, for compiling the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>Y</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yajïa</b>—sacrifice; work done for the satisfaction of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yoga-siddhis</b>—mystic powers.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yogé</b>—a transcendentalist who, in one way or another, is striving for union with the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yugas</b>—ages in the life of a universe, occurring in a repeated cycle of four.</p>
<p class="p18"><b>Çrémad-Bhägavatam Eighth Canto—Part </b><span class="s5"><b>Three</b></span></p>
<p class="p14"><b>Glossary</b></p>
<p class="p14"><b>A</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äcärya</b>—a spiritual master who teaches by example.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ärati</b>—a ceremony for greeting the Lord with offerings of food, lamps, fans, flowers and incense.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Arcana</b>—the devotional process of Deity worship.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Arghya</b>—the ceremonious offering of water or of other auspicious items in a conchshell.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Artha</b>—economic development.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äçrama</b>—the four spiritual orders of life: celibate student, householder, retired life and renounced life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Asuras</b>—atheistic demons.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Avatära</b>—a descent of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>B</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhagavad-gétä</b>—the basic directions for spiritual life spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakta</b>—a devotee.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakti-yoga</b>—linking with the Supreme Lord by devotional service.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahmacarya</b>—celibate student life; the first order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahman</b>—the Absolute Truth; especially the impersonal aspect of the Absolute.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brähmaëa</b>—one wise in the <i>Vedas</i> who can guide society; the first Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>D</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Dama</b>—control of the senses.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Dharma</b>—eternal occupational duty; religious principles.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>E</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ekädaçé</b>—a special fast day for increased remembrance of Kåñëa, which comes on the eleventh day of both the waxing and waning moon.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>G</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Goloka (Kåñëaloka)</b>—the highest spiritual planet, containing Kåñëa's per-sonal abodes, Dvärakä, Mathurä and Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gopés</b>—Kåñëa's cowherd girl friends; His most confidential servitors.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gåhastha</b>—regulated householder life; the second order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Guru</b>—a spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Guru-püjä</b>—worship of the spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>H</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Hare Kåñëa mantra</b>—<i>See: Mahä-mantra</i></p>
<p class="p14"><b>J</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jaya</b>—an exclamation meaning “All victory to you!” or “All glories to you!”</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jéva-tattva</b>—the living entities, atomic parts of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jïäna</b>— theoretical knowledge.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>K</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kali-yuga (Age of Kali)</b>—the present age, characterized by quarrel; it is last in the cycle of four and began five thousand years ago. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kalpa</b>—daytime of Brahmä, 4,320,000,000 years.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Käma</b>—lust.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kamaëòalu</b>—water pot carried by <i>sannyäsés</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karatälas</b>—hand cymbals used in kértana.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karma</b>—fruitive action, for which there is always reaction, good or bad. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karma-käëòa</b>—a section of the <i>Vedas</i> prescribing fruitive activities for elevation to a higher material position.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karmé</b>—a person satisfied with working hard for flickering sense gratification.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kértana</b>—chanting the glories of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kåñëaloka</b>—<i>See: Goloka</i></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kñatriyas</b>—a warrior or administrator; the second Vedic social order. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kuça</b>—auspicious grass used in Vedic rituals.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>L</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Lokas</b>—planets.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>M</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahäjana</b>—the Lord's authorized devotee, who by his teachings and behavior establishes the path of religion.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahä-mantra</b>—the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare/ Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mantra</b>—a sound vibration that can deliver the mind from illusion.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Manus</b>—fathers of the human species.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Manvantara</b>—the duration of each Manu's reign; used as a standard measurement of history.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mathurä</b>—Lord Kåñëa's abode, surrounding Våndävana, where He took birth and later returned to after performing His Våndävana pastimes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Maya</b>—illusion; forgetfulness of one's relationship with Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mäyävädés</b>—impersonal philosophers who say that the Lord cannot have a transcendental body.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mådaìga</b> —a clay drum used for congregational chanting.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Munis</b>—sages.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>O</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Oàkära</b>—the sacred sound vibration from which expand all the <i>Vedas</i>; chanted as an invocation to all<i> mantras</i>.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>P</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Pädya</b>—water ceremoniously offered for washing feet.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Paramparä</b>—the chain of spiritual masters in disciplic succession.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Prajäpatis</b>— the populators of the universe.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Prasäda</b>—food spiritualized by being offered to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>R</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Åñis</b>—sages.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>S</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sac-cid-änanda-vigraha</b> <span class="s3">[<i>Bs.</i> 5.1]</span>—the Lord's transcendental form, which is eternal, full of knowledge and bliss.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çama</b>—control of the mind.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Saàhitäs</b>—supplementary Vedic literatures expressing the conclusions of particular self-realized authorities.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Saìkértana</b>—public chanting of the names of God, the approved yoga process for this age.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sannyäsa</b>—renounced life; the fourth order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çästras</b>—revealed scriptures.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Satya-yuga</b>—the first of the cycle of four ages of the universe.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çloka</b>—a Sanskrit rhymed and metered verse.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Smärtas</b>—those who strictly follow Vedic injunctions without realization of the final conclusion of Vedic knowledge, devotional service to the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Soma</b>—a heavenly elixir available on the moon.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sravaëam kértanaà viñëoù</b> <span class="s3">[7.5.23]</span>—the devotional processes of hearing and chanting about Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çüdra</b>—a laborer; the fourth of the Vedic social orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Svämé</b>—one who controls his mind and senses; title of one m the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>T</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tapasya</b>—austerity; accepting some voluntary inconvenience for a higher purpose.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tilaka</b>—auspicious clay marks that sanctify a devotee's body as a temple of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Titikñä</b>—the godly quality of tolerance.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>V</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaikuëöha</b>—the spiritual world, where there is no anxiety.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaiñëava</b>—a devotee of Lord Viñëu, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaiçyas</b>—farmers and merchants; the third Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vänaprastha</b>—one who has retired from family life; the third order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Varëa</b>—the four occupational divisions of society: the intellectual class, the administrative class, the mercantile and agricultural class, and the laborer class.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Varëäçrama</b>—the Vedic system of four social and four spiritual orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vedas</b>—the original revealed scriptures, first spoken by the Lord Him-self.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Veda-väda-ratäs</b>—<i>See: Smärtas</i></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëu, Lord</b>—Kåñëa's expansion for the creation and maintenance of the material universes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëu-bhakti</b>—devotional service to Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëu-tattva</b>—the original Personality of Godhead's primary expansions, each of whom is equally God.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Våndävana</b>—Kåñëa's personal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vyäsadeva</b>— Kåñëa's incarnation, at the end of Dväpara-yuga, for compiling the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vyäsa-püjä</b>—worship of the compiler of the <i>Vedas</i>, Vyäsadeva; worship of the bona fide spiritual master as the representative of Vyäsadeva.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>Y</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yajïa</b>—sacrifice; work done for the satisfaction of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yogé</b>—a transcendentalist who, in one way or another, is striving for union with the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yugas</b>—ages in the life of a universe, occurring in a repeated cycle of four.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yukta-vairägya</b>—real renunciation by utilizing everything in the service of God.</p>
<p class="p18"><b>Çrémad-Bhägavatam Ninth Canto—Part </b><span class="s5"><b>One</b></span></p>
<p class="p14"><b>Glossary</b></p>
<p class="p14"><b>A</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äcärya</b>—a spiritual master who teaches by example.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ärati</b>—a ceremony for greeting the Lord with offerings of food, lamps, fans, flowers and incense.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Arcanä</b>—the devotional process of Deity worship.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äçrama</b>—the four spiritual orders of life: celibate student, householder, retired life and renounced life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Asuras</b>—atheistic demons.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Avatära</b>—a descent of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>B</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhagavad-gétä</b>—the basic directions for spiritual life spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakta</b>—a devotee.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakti-yoga</b>—linking with the Supreme Lord by devotional service.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahmacarya</b>—celibate student life; the first order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahman</b>—the Absolute Truth; especially the impersonal aspect of the Absolute.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brähmaëa</b>—one wise in the <i>Vedas</i> who can guide society; the first Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>C</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Caëòäla</b>—lowborn person accustomed to filthy habits such as dog-eating.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>D</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Dakñiëä</b>—disciple's gift to his spiritual master, collected by begging</p>
<p class="p16">and given as a token of gratitude.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Dharma</b>—eternal occupational duty; religious principles.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Dvi-parärdha</b>—the duration of Brahmä's life.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>E</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ekädaçé</b>—a special fast day for increased remembrance of Kåñëa, which comes on the eleventh day of both the waxing and waning moon.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>G</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Goloka (Kåñëaloka)</b>—the highest spiritual planet, containing Kåñëa's per-sonal abodes, Dvärakä, Mathurä and Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gopés</b>—Kåñëa's cowherd girl friends; His most confidential servitors.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gåhastha</b>—regulated householder life; the second order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Guru</b>—a spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>H</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Hare Kåñëa mantra</b>—<i>See: Mahä-mantra</i></p>
<p class="p14"><b>J</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jéva-tattva</b>—the living entities, atomic parts of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jïäna</b>— theoretical knowledge.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>K</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kali-yuga (Age of Kali)</b>—the present age, characterized by quarrel; it is last in the cycle of four and began five thousand years ago. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karatälas</b>—hand cymbals used in kértana.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karma</b>—fruitive action, for which there is always reaction, good or bad. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karmé</b>—a person satisfied with working hard for flickering sense gratification.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kértana</b>—chanting the glories of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kåñëa-kathä</b>—words spoken by Kåñëa or about Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kåñëaloka</b>—<i>See: Goloka</i></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kñatriyas</b>—a warrior or administrator; the second Vedic social order. </p>
<p class="p14"><b>M</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahä-mantra</b>—the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare/ Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mantra</b>—a sound vibration that can deliver the mind from illusion.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mathurä</b>—Lord Kåñëa's abode, surrounding Våndävana, where He took birth and later returned to after performing His Våndävana pastimes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mäyä</b>—illusion; forgetfulness of one's relationship with Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mäyävädés</b>—impersonal philosophers who say that the Lord cannot have a transcendental body.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mådaìga</b>—a clay drum used for congregational chanting.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mukti</b>—liberation from birth and death.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Muni</b>—a sage.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>P</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Paramparä</b>—the chain of spiritual masters in disciplic succession.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Prasäda</b>—food spiritualized by being offered to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>R</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Åñis</b>—sages.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>S</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sac-cid-änanda-vigraha</b> <span class="s3">[<i>Bs.</i> 5.1]</span>—the Lord's transcendental form, which is eternal, full of knowledge and bliss.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sälokya</b>—the liberation of residing on the same planet as the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sämépya</b>—the liberation of becoming a personal associate of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Saìkértana</b>—public chanting of the names of God, the approved yoga process for this age.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sannyäsa</b>—renounced life; the fourth order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Särñti</b>—the liberation of having the same opulences as the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Särüpya</b>—the liberation of having a form similar to the Lord's.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çästras</b>—revealed scriptures.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Saté rite</b>—voluntarysuicide byawidow at her husband's funeral.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Satyägraha</b>—fasting for political purposes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Soma-rasa</b>—a heavenly elixir available on the moon.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sravaëam kértanaà viñëoù</b> <span class="s3">[7.5.23]</span>—the devotional processes of hearing and chanting about Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çüdra</b>—a laborer; the fourth of the Vedic social orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Svämé</b>—one who controls his mind and senses; title of one m the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>T</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tapasya</b>—austerity; accepting some voluntary inconvenience for a higher purpose.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tilaka</b>—auspicious clay marks that sanctify a devotee's body as a temple of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>V</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaikuëöha</b>—the spiritual world, where there is no anxiety.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaiñëava</b>—a devotee of Lord Viñëu, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaiçyas</b>—farmers and merchants; the third Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vänaprastha</b>—one who has retired from family life; the third order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Varëa</b>—the four occupational divisions of society: the intellectual class, the administrative class, the mercantile and agricultural class, and the laborer class.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Varëäçrama</b>—the Vedic system of four social and four spiritual orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vedas</b>—the original revealed scriptures, first spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëu, Lord</b>—Kåñëa's expansion for the creation and maintenance of the material universes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Våndävana</b>—Kåñëa's personal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vyäsadeva</b>— Kåñëa's incarnation, at the end of Dväpara-yuga, for compiling the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>Y</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yajïa</b>—sacrifice; work done for the satisfaction of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yogé</b>—a transcendentalist who, in one way or another, is striving for union with the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yugas</b>—ages in the life of a universe, occurring in a repeated cycle of four.</p>
<p class="p8"><br></p>
<p class="p18"><b>Çrémad-Bhägavatam Ninth Canto—Part </b><span class="s5"><b>Two</b></span></p>
<p class="p14"><b>Glossary</b></p>
<p class="p14"><b>A</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äcärya</b>—a spiritual master who teaches by example.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ahaìgraha-upäsäna</b>—self-worship, not recommended for anyone other than God.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Anima</b>—the mystic perfection of becoming smaller than the smallest.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ärati</b>—a ceremony for greeting the Lord with offerings of food, lamps, fans, flowers and incense.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Arcana</b>—the devotional process of Deity worship.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Artha</b>—economic development.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Asana</b>—a sitting posture in <i>yoga</i> practice.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äçrama</b>—the four spiritual orders of life: celibate student, householder, retired life and renounced life. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Asuras</b>—atheistic demons.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Avatära</b>—a descent of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>B</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhagavad-gétä</b>—the basic directions for spiritual life spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakta</b>—a devotee.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakti-yoga</b>—linking with the Supreme Lord by devotional service.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahmacarya</b>—celibate student life; the first order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahman</b>—the Absolute Truth; especially the impersonal aspect of the Absolute.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brähmaëa</b>—one wise in the <i>Vedas</i> who ran guide society; the first Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahmarñi</b>—atitle meaning "sage among the <i>brähmaëas</i>."</p>
<p class="p14"><b>D</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Dharma</b>—eternal occupational duty; religious principles.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>E</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ekädaçé</b>—a special fast day for increased remembrance of Kåñëa, which comes on the eleventh day of both the waxing and waning moon.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>G</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Goloka (Kåñëaloka)</b>—the highest spiritual planet, containing Kåñëa's personal abodes, Dvärakä, Mathurä and Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gopés</b>—Kåñëa's cowherd girl friends; His most confidential servitors.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gåhastha</b>—regulated householder life; the second order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Guru</b>—a spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>H</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Hare Kåñëa mantra</b>—<i>See: Mahä-mantra</i></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Hlädiné</b>—the Lord's pleasure potency.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>J</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jévan-mukta</b>—one liberated even in this life by practical engagement in devotional service.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jéva-tattva</b>—the living entities, atomic parts of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jïäna</b>—theoretical knowledge.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jïäné</b>—one who cultivates knowledge by empirical speculation.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>K</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kali-yuga (Age of Kali)</b>—the present age, characterized by quarrel; it is last in the cycle of four and began five thousand years ago.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kalpa</b>—daytime of Brahmä, 4,320,000,000 years.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Käma</b>—lust.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kämadhenu</b>—spiritual cows, in the spiritual world, which yield unlimited quantities of milk.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kaniñöha-adhikärés</b>—neophyte devotees.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karatälas</b>—hand cymbals used in <i>kértana</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karma</b>—fruitive action, for which there is always reaction, good or bad.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karmé</b>—a person satisfied with working hard for flickering sense gratification.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kértana</b>—chanting the glories of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kåñëaloka</b>—<i>See:</i> Goloka</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kñatriyas</b>—a warrior or administrator; the second Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kuça</b>—auspicious grass used in Vedic rituals.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>L</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Laghimä</b>—the yogic power to become as light as a feather.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>M</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahä-mantra</b>—the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare/ Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mantra</b>—a sound vibration that can deliver the mind from illusion.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Marakata-maëi</b>—an emerald.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mathurä</b>—Lord Kåñëa's abode, surrounding Våndävana, where He took birth and later returned to after performing His Våndävana pastimes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mäyä</b>—illusion; forgetfulness of one's relationship with Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mäyävädés</b>—impersonal philosophers who say that the Lord cannot have a transcendental body.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mokña</b>—liberation into the spiritual effulgence surrounding the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mådaìga</b>—a clay drum used for congregational chanting.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>P</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Parambrahma</b>—the Supreme Absolute Truth,Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Paramparä</b>—the chain of spiritual masters in disciplic succession.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Pätäla</b>—the lowest oftheuniverse'sfourteen planetary systems. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Prakaöa-lélä</b>—the manifestation on earth oftheLord's pastimes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Prasäda</b>—food spiritualized by being offered to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>R</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Räjarñi</b>—a great saintly king.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Rasätala</b>—the lowest planet in the Pätäla system <i>(see above)</i>.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>S</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sac-cid-änanda-vigraha</b> <span class="s3">[<i>Bs.</i> 5.1]</span>—the Lord's transcendental form, which is eternal, full of knowledge and bliss.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Saìkértana</b>—public chanting of the names of God, the approved yoga process for this age.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sannyäsa</b>—renounced life; the fourth order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çäpa</b>—a <i>brähmaëa's </i>curse.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çästras</b>—revealed scriptures.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sravaëam kértanaà viñëoù</b> <span class="s3">[7.5.23]</span>—the devotional processes of hearing and chanting about Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çüdra</b>—a laborer; the fourth of the Vedic social orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Surabhi cows</b>—<i>See:</i> Kämadhenu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Svämé</b>—one who controls his mind and senses; title of one in the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sväyamhhuva-manvantara</b>—the duration of Sväyambhuva Manu's reign, approximately 308,500,000 years.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>T</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tapasya</b>—austerity; accepting some voluntary inconvenience for a higher purpose.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tilaka</b>—auspicious clay marks that sanctify a devotee's body as a temple of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>V</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaidurya-maëi</b>—a spiritual gem which can display different colors.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaikuëöha</b>—the spiritual world, where there is no anxiety.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaiñëava</b>—a devotee of Lord Viñëu, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaiçyas</b>—farmers and merchants; the third Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vänaprastha</b>—one who has retired from family life; the third order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Varëa</b>—the four occupational divisions of society: the intellectual class, the administrative class, the mercantile and agricultural class, and the laborer class.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Varëäçrama</b>—the Vedic system of four social and four spiritual orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vedas</b>—the original revealed scriptures, first spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëu, Lord</b>—Kåñëa's first expansion for the creation and maintenance of the material universes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëu-tattva</b>—the original Personality of Godhead's primary expansions, each of whom is equally God.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëu-yajïa</b>—a sacrifice performed for the satisfaction of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Våndävana</b>—Kåñëa's personal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vyäsadeva</b>— Kåñëa's incarnation, at the end of Dväpara-yuga, for compiling the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>Y</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yajïa</b>—sacrifice; work done for the satisfaction of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yavana</b>—a lowborn personwho does not follow Vedic regulations.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yogé</b>—a transcendentalist who, in one way or another, is striving for union with the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yugas</b>—ages in the life of a universe, occurring in a repeated cycle of four.</p>
<p class="p8"><br></p>
<p class="p18"><b>Çrémad-Bhägavatam Ninth Canto—Part </b><span class="s5"><b>Three</b></span></p>
<p class="p14"><b>Glossary</b></p>
<p class="p14"><b>A</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äcärya</b>—a spiritual master who teaches by example.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Agnihotra-yajïa</b>—a sacrificial ceremony in which a sacred fire is kindled.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Apsarä</b>—beautiful female demigoddesses residing on the heavenly planet Apsaroloka.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ärati</b>—a ceremony for greeting the Lord with offerings of food, lamps, fans, flowers and incense.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Arcanä</b>—the devotional process of Deity worship.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äçrama</b>—the four spiritual orders of life: celibate student, householder, retired life and renounced life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Asuras</b>—atheistic demons.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Avatära</b>—a descent of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>B</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhagavad-gétä</b>—the basic directions for spiritual life spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakta</b>—a devotee.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakti-yoga</b>—linking with the Supreme Lord by devotional service.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahmacarya</b>—celibate student life; the first order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahman</b>—the Absolute Truth; especially the impersonal aspect of the Absolute.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brähmaëa</b>—one wise in the <i>Vedas</i> who can guide society; the first Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahmästra</b>—a nuclear weapon produced by chanting <i>mantras</i>.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>C</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Caëòäla</b>—a lowborn person accustomed to filthy habits such as dog-eating.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>D</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Deva-gaëa</b>—a type of demigod.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Dharma</b>—eternal occupational duty; religious principles.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>E</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ekädaçé</b>—a special fast day for increased remembrance of Kåñëa, which comes on the eleventh day of both the waxing and waning moon.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>G</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Goloka (Kåñëaloka)</b>—the highest spiritual planet, containing Kåñëa's personal abodes, Dvärakä, Mathurä and Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gopés</b>—Kåñëa's cowherd girl friends; His most confidential servitors.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gåhastha</b>—regulated householder life; the second order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Guru</b>—a spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>H</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Hare Kåñëa mantra</b>—See: Mahä-mantra</p>
<p class="p14"><b>J</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jäta-karma</b>—a purificatory ceremony performed at the birth of a child.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jéva-tattva</b>—the living entities, atomic parts of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>K</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kali-yuga (Age of Kali)</b>—the present age, characterized by quarrel; it is last in the cycle of four and began five thousand years ago. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karatälas</b>—hand cymbals used in <i>kértana</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karma</b>—fruitive action, for which there is always reaction, good or bad. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karmé</b>—a person satisfied with working hard for flickering sense gratification.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kértana</b>—chanting the glories of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kåñëaloka</b>—<i>See:</i> Goloka</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kñatriyas</b>—a warrior or administrator; the second Vedic social order. </p>
<p class="p14"><b>M</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahä-mantra</b>—the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare/ Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahätmäs</b>—self-realizedsouls.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mantra</b>—a sound vibration that can deliver the mind from illusion.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Manuñya-gaëa</b>—mankind.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mathurä</b>—Lord Kåñëa's abode, surrounding Våndävana, where He took birth and later returned to after performing His Våndävana pastimes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mäyä</b>—illusion; forgetfulness of one's relationship with Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mäyävädés</b>—impersonal philosophers who say that the Lord cannot have a transcendental body.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mådaìga</b> —a clay drum used for congregational chanting.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>P</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Paramparä</b>—the chain of spiritual masters in disciplic succession.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Paramparä</b>—the chain of spiritual masters in disciplic succession.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Parivräjakäcärya</b>—the third stage of the <i>sannyäsa</i> order; the <i>parivräjakäcärya</i> constantly travels throughout the world, preaching the glories of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Prasäda</b>—food spiritualized by being offered to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>R</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Rakñasa-gaëa</b>—man-eating demons.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>S</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sac-cid-änanda-vigraha </b><span class="s3">[<i>Bs.</i> 5.1]</span>—the Lord's transcendental form, which is eternal, full of knowledge and bliss.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Saìkértana</b>—public chanting of the names of God, the approved <i>yoga </i>process for this age.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sannyäsa</b>—renounced life; the fourth order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çara grass</b>—awhitish reed.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Särüpya</b>—theliberation of having aform similar to the Lord's.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çästras</b>—revealed scriptures.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sravaëam kértanaà viñëoù</b> <span class="s3">[7.5.23]</span>—the devotional processes of hearing and chanting about Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çüdra</b>—a laborer; the fourth of the Vedic social orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Svämé</b>—one who controls his mind and senses; title of one in the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>T</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tapasya</b>—austerity; accepting some voluntary inconvenience for a higher purpose.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tilaka</b>—auspicious clay marks that sanctify a devotee's body as a temple of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>V</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaikuëöha</b>—the spiritual world, where there is no anxiety.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaiñëava</b>—a devotee of Lord Viñëu, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaiçyas</b>—farmers and merchants; the third Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vänaprastha</b>—one who has retired from family life; the third order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Varëa</b>—the four occupational divisions of society: the intellectual class, the administrative class, the mercantile and agricultural class, and the laborer class.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Varëäçrama</b>—the Vedic system of four social and four spiritual orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vedas</b>—the original revealed scriptures, first spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viräö-rüpa</b>—the conception likening the physical form of the universe to the Lord's bodily form.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëu, Lord</b>—Kåñëa's expansion for the creation and maintenance of the material universes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Våndävana</b>—Kåñëa's personal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vyäsadeva</b>— Kåñëa's incarnation, at the end of Dväpara-yuga, for compiling the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>Y</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yajïa</b>—sacrifice; work done for the satisfaction of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yogé</b>—a transcendentalist who, in one way or another, is striving for union with the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yugas</b>—ages in the life of a universe, occurring in a repeated cycle of four.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yukta-vairägya</b>—real renunciation by utilizing everything in the service of God.</p>
<p class="p8"><br></p>
<p class="p18"><b>Çrémad-Bhägavatam Tenth Canto—Part </b><span class="s5"><b>One</b></span></p>
<p class="p14"><b>Glossary</b></p>
<p class="p14"><b>A</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äcärya</b>—a spiritual master who teaches by example.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ärati</b>—a ceremony for greeting the Lord with offerings of food, lamps, fans, flowers and incense.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Arcanä</b>—the devotional process of Deity worship.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Artha</b>—economic development.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Äçrama</b>—the four spiritual orders of life: celibate student, householder, retired life and renounced life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Asuras</b>—atheistic demons.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Avatära</b>—a descent of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>B</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhagavad-gétä</b>—the basic directions for spiritual life spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhagavän</b>—one who unlimitedly possesses all opulences; a term of address for the Supreme Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhägavata-saptäha</b>—a seven-day discourse on Çrémad-Bhägavatam.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhagavat-svarüpa</b>—the personal form of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakta</b>—a devotee.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakti-yoga</b>—linking with the Supreme Lord by devotional service.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahmacarya</b>—celibate student life; the first order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahman</b>—the Absolute Truth; especially the impersonal aspect of the Absolute.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brähmaëa</b>—one wise in the <i>Vedas</i> who can guide society; the first Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahmäëòas</b>—the universes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahmästra</b>—a nuclear weapon produced by chanting <i>mantras</i>.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>C</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Catur-vyüha</b>—the Lord's plenary expansions Väsudeva, Saìkarñaëa, Pradyumna and Aniruddha</p>
<p class="p14"><b>D</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Daivas</b>—the demigods or godly persons.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Daridra-näräyaëa</b>—"poor Näräyaëa," an offensive term used byMäyävädés to equate poor men with the Supreme Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Däsya-rasa</b>—the servitorship relationship with theLord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Dharma</b>—eternal occupational duty; religious principles.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>E</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ekädaçé</b>—a special fast day for increased remembrance of Kåñëa, which comes on the eleventh day of both the waxing and waning moon.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>G</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Garbhädhäna-saàskära</b>—Vedicpurificatory ritual for obtaininggood progeny; performed by husband and wife before child'sconception.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Goloka (Kåñëaloka)</b>—the highest spiritual planet, containing Kåñëa's per-sonal abodes, Dvärakä, Mathurä and Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gopés</b>—Kåñëa's cowherd girl friends; His most confidential servitors.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gåhastha</b>—regulated householder life; the second order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Guëé-bhüta</b>—the first stage of <i>bhakti</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Guru</b>—a spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>H</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Hare Kåñëa mantra</b>—See: Mahä-mantra</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Hlädiné-çakti</b>—the Lord's pleasure potency.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>J</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jéva-tattva</b>—the living entities, atomic parts of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jïäné</b>—one who cultivates knowledge by empirical speculation.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>K</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Käla-cakra</b>—the wheel of time.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kali-yuga (Age of Kali)</b>—the present age, characterized by quarrel; it is last in the cycle of four and began five thousand years ago. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Käma</b>—lust.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karatälas</b>—hand cymbals used in <i>kértana</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karma</b>—fruitive action, for which there is always reaction, good or bad. </p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karma-käëòa-vicära</b>—the rituals for material prosperity prescribed in the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Karmé</b>—a person satisfied with working hard for flickering sense gratification.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kevala</b>—the third and highest stage of <i>bhakti</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kértana</b>—chanting the glories of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kåñëaloka</b>—See: Goloka</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kñatriyas</b>—a warrior or administrator; the second Vedic social order. </p>
<p class="p14"><b>L</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Loka</b>—a planet.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>M</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mädhurya-rasa</b>—conjugal love relationship with the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahä-mantra</b>—the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare/ Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahä-roga</b>—a severe illness.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahat-tattva</b>—the total material energy, from which the material world is manifested.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mantra</b>—a sound vibration that can deliver the mind from illusion.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mathurä</b>—Lord Kåñëa's abode, surrounding Våndävana, where He took birth and later returned to after performing His Våndävana pastimes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mäyä</b>—illusion; forgetfulness of one's relationship with Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mäyävädés</b>—impersonal philosophers who say that the Lord cannot have a transcendental body.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mådaìga</b>—a clay drum used for congregational chanting.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Müòha</b>—a fool.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Muni</b>—a sage.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>N</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Namaskära</b>—a polite greeting or address.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>P</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Paraà brahma</b>—the Supreme Absolute Truth, Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Paramparä</b>—the chain of spiritual masters in disciplic succession.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Pradhäna</b>—the total material energy in its unmanifest state.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Pradhäni-bhüta</b>—the second and intermediate stage of bhakti.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Prajäpatis</b>—the populators of the universe.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Präëäyäma</b>—control of the breathing process; performed in añöänga-yoga.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Prasäda</b>—food spiritualized by being offered to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>R</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Rakñasas</b>—man-eating demons.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>S</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sac-cid-änanda-vigraha</b> <span class="s3">[<i>Bs.</i> 5.1]</span>—the Lord's transcendental form, which is eternal, full of knowledge and bliss.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sädhu</b>—a saintly person.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sakhya-rasa</b>—friend relationship with the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çaktyäveça-avatära</b>—an empowered incarnation of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Saìkértana</b>—public chanting of the names of God, the approved yoga process for this age.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sannyäsa</b>—renounced life; the fourth order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çänta-rasa</b>—neutral relationship with the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çästras</b>—revealed scriptures.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sravaëam kértanaà viñëoù</b> <span class="s3">[7.5.23]</span>—the devotional processes of hearing and chanting about Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sudarçana-cakra</b>—the disc weapon of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Suddha-sattva</b>—the state of pure, transcendental goodness (not to be confused with material goodness).</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çüdra</b>—a laborer; the fourth of the Vedic social orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Svämé</b>—one who controls his mind and senses; title of one in the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Svarüpa-siddhi</b>—the perfection of attaining one's original, spiritual</p>
<p class="p16">form.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>T</b></p>
<p class="p16">Tapasya—austerity; accepting some voluntary inconvenience for a higher purpose.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tilaka</b>—auspicious clay marks that sanctify a devotee's body as a temple of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>U</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ugra-karma</b>—evil activities.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>V</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaikuëöha</b>—the spiritual world, where there is no anxiety.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaiñëava</b>—a devotee of Lord Viñëu, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vaiçyas</b>—farmers and merchants; the third Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vänaprastha</b>—one who has retired from family life; the third order of Vedic spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Varëa</b>—the four occupational divisions of society: the intellectual class, the administrative class, the mercantile and agricultural class, and the laborer class.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Varëäçrama</b>—the Vedic system of four social and four spiritual orders.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vätsalya-rasa</b>—parental relationship with the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vedas</b>—the original revealed scriptures, first spoken by the Lord Himself.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vimuktas</b>—persons liberated from the material world.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëu, Lord</b>—Kåñëa's expansion for the creation and maintenance of the material universes.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëu-mürtis</b>—the various forms of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëu-tattva</b>—the original Personality of Godhead's primary expansions, each of whom is equally God.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Våndävana</b>—Kåñëa's personal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vyäsadeva</b>—Kåñëa's incarnation, at the end of Dväpara-yuga, for compiling the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>Y</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yajïa</b>—sacrifice; work done for the satisfaction of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yogé</b>—a transcendentalist who, in one way or another, is striving for union with the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yugas</b>—ages in the life of a universe, occurring in a repeated cycle of four.</p>
<p class="p8"><br></p>
<p class="p18"><b>Çrémad-Bhägavatam Tenth Canto—Part </b><span class="s5"><b>Three</b></span></p>
<p class="p8"><br></p>
<p class="p14"><b>Glossary of Personal Names</b></p>
<p class="p14"><b>A</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ädi-puruña</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, the original person.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Aghäsura</b>—the python-shaped demon sent by Kaàsa to kill Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Aja</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is unborn.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Ajämila</b>—a fallen <i>brähmaëa</i> who was saved by calling the name Näräyaëa at the time of death.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Änakadundubhi</b>—another name of Vasudeva, the father of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Arjuna</b>—one of the five Päëòava brothers; Kåñëa became his chariot driver and spoke to him the <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i>.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>B</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bakäsura</b>—a demon who was shaped like a huge duck and who tried to kill Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Balaräma (Baladeva)</b>—a plenary expansion of the Personality of Godhead appearing as the son of Rohiëé and elder brother of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhakta-vatsala</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who favors His devotees.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Öhäkura</b>—the spiritual master of His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Bhaktivinoda Öhäkura</b>—a great spiritual master in the line of disciplic succession from Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Brahmä</b>—the first created living being and secondary creator of the material universe.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>C</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Caitanya Mahäprabhu</b>—the incarnation of Lord Kåñëa who descended to teach love of God through the <i>saìkértana</i> movement.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Cakré</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, the carrier of the disc.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>D</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Dämodara</b>—Kåñëa in His pastime of being bound by mother Yaçodä.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Devaké</b>—wife of Vasudeva and mother of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Devarñi Närada</b>—<i>See:</i> Närada Muni</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Dharä</b>—the name of mother Yaçodä in a previous birth.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Dhruva Mahäräja</b>—a great devotee who as a child was denied his father's kingdom but who was later given an entire planet and the opportunity to associate personally with the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Droëa</b>—the name of Mahäräja Nanda in a previous birth.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>G</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gadädharé</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, the carrier of the club.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gargamuni</b>—family priest of the Yadu dynasty.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Garuòa</b>—the great eagle who acts as the eternal carrier of Lord Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gaurasundara</b>—a name of Lord Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu, indicating His beauty and His golden complexion.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Giridhäré</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, the lifter of Govardhana Hill.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gokuleçvara</b>—Kåñëa, the master of Gokula.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gopäla</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who protects the cows.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Gopé-jana-vallabha</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who maintains and gives pleasure to the <i>gopés</i>.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Govinda</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who gives pleasure to the land, the cows and the senses.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>H</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Haladhara</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who, in the form of Balaräma, bears a plow in His hands.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Hari</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who removes all obstacles to spiritual progress.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Hiraëyakaçipu</b>—a demoniac king killed by the Lord's incarnation as Nåsiàhadeva.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>I</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Indra</b>—chief of the administrative demigods and king of the heavenly planets.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Éça</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, the supreme controller.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Éçvara</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, the supreme controller.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>J</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jaya</b>—a doorkeeper of Vaikuëöha who attained särüpya-mukti after three births in the material world.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Jéva Gosvämé</b>—one of the six Vaiñëava spiritual masters who directly followed Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu and systematically presented His teachings.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>K</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kaàsa</b>—a demoniac king of the Bhoja dynasty and maternal uncle of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Keçava</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who has fine black hair.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kåñëa</b>—the Supreme Personality of Godhead, appearing in His original, two-armed form.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kunté</b>—the mother of the Päëòavas; a pure devotee and aunt of Lord Kåñëa's.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kürma</b>—the tortoise incarnation of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Kuvera</b>—treasurer of the demigods; father of Nalaküvara and Maëigréva.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>L</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Lakñmé</b>—the goddess of fortune and eternal consort of the Supreme Personality of Godhead Näräyaëa.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>M</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Madhusüdana</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, the killer of the demon Madhu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Madhväcärya</b>—a thirteenth-century Vaiñëava spiritual master who preached the theistic philosophy of pure dualism.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mahädeva</b>—a name of Lord Çiva.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Maëigréva</b>—a son of Kuvera cursed by Närada Muni to take birth as an arjuna tree; ultimately liberated by Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Maëimän</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is always ornamented with brilliant jewels.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Matsya</b>—the fish incarnation of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Mukunda</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, the giver of liberation.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>N</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Nalaküvara</b>—a son of Kuvera cursed by Närada Muni to take birth as an arjuna tree; ultimately liberated by Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Nanda Mahäräja</b>—the King of Vraja and foster-father of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Närada Muni</b>—a pure devotee of the Lord who travels throughout the universes in his eternal body, glorifying devotional service.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Näräyaëa</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is the source and the goal of all living beings.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Narottama däsa Öhäkura</b>—a Vaiñëava spiritual master in the disciplic succession from Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu; disciple of Kåñëadäsa Kaviräja Gosvämé and spiritual master of Viçvanätha Cakravarté Öhäkura.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Nåsiàhadeva</b>—Lord Kåñëa in His incarnation as half-man and half-lion, who descended to kill the demon Hiraëyakaçipu.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>P</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Parékñit Mahäräja</b>—the emperor of the world who heard <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i> from Çukadeva Gosvämé and thus attained perfection.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Pärvaté</b>—wife of Lord Çiva.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Prahläda Mahäräja</b>—a devotee persecuted by his demoniac father but protected and saved by the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Påçnigarbha</b>—the name of Devaké in a previous birth.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Påthä</b>—the mother of the five Päëòava brothers.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Pütanä</b>—a witch who was sent by Kaàsa to appear in the form of a beautiful woman to kill baby Kåñëa but who was killed by Lord Kåñëa and granted liberation.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>R</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Räma</b>—another name of Balaräma given by Gargamuni.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Rämacandra</b>—an incarnation of Lord Kåñëa as a perfect king.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Rohiëé</b>—one of Vasudeva's wives, residing under the care of Nanda Mahäräja. Rohiëé is the mother of Balaräma.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Åñabhadeva</b>—an incarnation of the Personality of Godhead as a devotee and king who gave important spiritual instructions to His sons and then renounced His kingdom for a life of severe austerity.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Rukminé</b>—Lord Kåñëa's principal queen in Dvärakä.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Rüpa Gosvämé</b>—the chief of the six Vaiñëava spiritual masters who directly followed Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu and systematically presented His teachings.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>S</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çakaöäsura</b>—a ghost who took shelter of a bullock cart with the intention to kill Lord Kåñëa but who instead was killed by the Lord.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çambhu</b>—a name of Lord Çiva.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sanätana Gosvämé</b>—one of the six Vaiñëava spiritual masters who directly followed Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu and systematically presented His teachings.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Saìkarñaëa</b>—another name of Balaräma given by Gargamuni.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çaunaka</b>—the chief of the sages assembled at Naimiñäraëya forest who heard <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i> from Süta Gosvämé.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çiva</b>—the demigod in charge of the mode of ignorance and the destruction of the material manifestation.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çukadeva Gosvämé</b>—the sage who originally spoke <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i> to King Parékñit prior to the King's death.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sürya</b>—the demigod of the sun.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Süta Gosvämé</b>—the sage who recounted the discourses between Parékñit and Çukadeva to the sages assembled in the forest of Naimiñäraëya.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Sutapä</b>—the name of Vasudeva in a previous birth.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Svayambhü</b>—a name of Lord Brahmä.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Çyämasundara</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is blackish and very beautiful.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>T</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Tåëävarta</b>—a demon, in the shape of a whirlwind, sent by Kaàsa to kill Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>U</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Uddhava</b>—a confidential friend of Çré Kåñëa's in Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Upänanda</b>—the brother of Nanda Mahäräja and oldest and most knowledgeable of the cowherd men of Gokula.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Upendra</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who sometimes appears as the younger brother of Indra.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Urugäya</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is worshiped by sublime prayers.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Urukrama</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who takes wonderful steps (especially as the dwarf-incarnation, Vämanadeva).</p>
<p class="p14"><b>V</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Varäha</b>—the incarnation of the Supreme Personality of Godhead as a boar.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vasudeva</b>—the father of Kåñëa and half-brother of Nanda Mahäräja.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Väsudeva</b>—Kåñëa, son of Vasudeva.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vatsäsura</b>—a calf-shaped demon who came to Våndävana to kill Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vijaya</b>—a doorkeeper of Vaikuëöha who attained särüpya-mukti after three births in the material world.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vijayadhvaja Tértha</b>—a Vaiñëava spiritual master and commentator on Çrémad-Bhägavatam in the disciplic succession from Madhväcärya.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viñëu</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Viçvanätha Cakravarté Öhäkura</b>—a Vaiñëava spiritual master and commentator on <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i> in the disciplic succession from Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Våträsura</b>—a demon killed by Indra.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Vyäsadeva</b>—the original compiler of the <i>Vedas</i> and <i>Puräëas</i>, and author of the <i>Vedänta-sütra</i> and <i>Mahäbhärata</i>.</p>
<p class="p14"><b>Y</b></p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yajïa</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, the goal and enjoyer of all sacrifices.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yamaräja</b>—the god of death who punishes the sinful.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yaçodä</b>—the foster-mother of Kåñëa; the Queen of Vraja and wife of Mahäräja Nanda.</p>
<p class="p16"><b>Yogamäyä</b>—Lord Kåñëa's spiritual deluding energy, who appears as the Lord's younger sister in His pastimes.</p>
<p class="p8"><br></p>
<p class="p18"><b>Çré Éçopaniñad - </b><span class="s5"><b>1969</b></span><b> Edition</b></p>
<p class="p22"><i>Äcärya</i>—One who teaches by example. The bona fide spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Akarma or Naiñkarma</i>—Actions which free one from the cycle of birth and death.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Antaryämi</i>—The Lord in His plenary expansion within the heart, the Witness of all we do.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Anupaçyati</i>—To see or observe. It is used for one who observes the Supreme Lord within everything. This means one must follow the previous <i>äcärya</i>, the perfected teacher, not to see as one does with the materially defective naked eye but by hearing from a Superior Source.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Apäpaviddham</i>—Description of Supreme Lord—sin cannot touch Him.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Aparä</i>—Inferior energy of the Supreme Lord. Also called <i>avidyä</i>.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Aparä Prakåti</i>—Inferior or material energy of the Lord; the elements of Nature are earth, fire, water, air, ether, mind, intelligence, and false ego.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Apauruñeya</i>—Not delivered by any person of the mundane world—words spoken by the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Arcä</i>—The Appearance of the Supreme Lord in a Deity Form engraved from wood, stone, or other matter.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Asambhüti</i>—Those who have no independent existence.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Asura</i>—Those ignorant or neglectful of Krsna conscious responsibilities.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Ätma-bhüta</i>—or <i>Brahma-bhüta</i>—Joyful transcendental realization that one's self is not the body but spirit soul; after <i>ätma-bhüta</i> or <i>Brahma-bhüta</i>, the next, step is realizing one's loving service relationship unto the Supreme <i>Ätman</i> or Supreme Brahman, the Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Ätma-hana</i>—The killer of the soul, who, for failing to use the human form of life for self-realization, must enter into the planets of darkness and ignorance.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Avidyä</i>—Ignorance, nescience.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Avyakta</i>—The non-manifested stage when all living beings are merged into devastating water, during the night time of Brahmä. During this time no living beings remain manifested, although spiritually they continue to exist in a dormant state.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Bhagavän</i>—The Possessor of all opulences or all fortune, the Supreme Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Brahmä</i>—The first living entity; as empowered by the Supreme Lord, Brahmä creates the material worlds and is their chief administrator.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Brahma-bhüta</i>—See <i>Ätma-bhüta</i>.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Brahman</i>—Impersonal, unmanifest realization of the Absolute Truth. Realization of the <i>Brahman</i> aspect of the Absolute Truth is not complete unless one progresses to understand <i>Paramätmä </i>and <i>Bhagavän</i>. Understanding of <i>Brahman</i> is compared to understanding only the effulgent aspect of the Sun. One who knows not only the sunshine but also the sun globe knows more and is compared to the <i>yogi</i>. One who actually goes to the sun planet and meets the sun god knows all about the sun, sun globe, and sunshine—and he is compared to a devotee of the Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Brahmäcärya</i>—Student life according to Vedic system—characterized by celibacy. The student is always engaged in study and devotional service under the bona fide spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Brahma-randhra</i>—Highest circle of air located on top of the head. The perfect <i>yogi</i> can transfer his soul through this circle and leave the material body to take a spiritual body which never has to meet death or change.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Brahma-jyoti</i>—Effulgence emanating from the Body of the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Perfection of realization of the Absolute Truth necessitates going beyond the glaring effulgence to perceive the Supreme Personality of Godhead as He is and to render Him eternal loving service.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Brahma-saàhitä</i>—Important Vedic scripture written by Lord Brahmä, the first living entity, in which are disclosed Activities of Goloka, Kåñëa's Abode.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Brähmaëa</i>—The learned, spiritual class, responsible for guiding all other classes for spiritual upliftment. <i>Brähmaëa</i> status is determined by quality, not birth.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Bhakti</i>—Devotional service to the Supreme Lord. It is stated in <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> that one surpasses all the stages of transcendental progressions by simple adoption of the devotional attitude; and without the injection of<i> bhakti</i>, there is no success in any transcendental process.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Buddha</i>—Really learned. Arjuna became <i>buddha</i> by hearing the Vedic knowledge of <i>Bhagavad-gétä </i>and becoming a worshiper of the Supreme Lord, Çré Kåñëa. Also, Lord Buddha, listed in the <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i> as an incarnation of the Personality of Godhead, appearing in the beginning of <i>Kali-yuga</i> and preaching the doctrine of nonviolence to all living entities.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Complete Whole</i>—Refers to the Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Controller</i>—God is the Controller. The individual entities are controlling their own bodies only, but God is controlling all bodies including planetary systems, stars, moons, the cosmic manifestation, time, space and the activities of the material and spiritual energies.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Garbhodaka-çäyi Viñëu</i>—An expansion from the Prime <i>Puruña</i> Avatär, Mahä Viñëu. (See <i>Karanodaka-çäyi Viñëu</i>.) <i>Garbhodaka-çäyi Viñëu</i> enters into each universe and lies down on the <i>Garbha</i> Ocean; from His navel a lotus stem sprouts and on this lotus Brahmä, the lord of the material universe, is born.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Gopés</i>—Cowherd girl friends of Kåñëa in Våndävan. The purest devotees of Lord Kåñëa, who are unapproachable in terms of their highest standard of pure devotion for the Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Govardhana Hill</i>—Hill in Våndävan where Lord Kåñëa had transcendental Pastimes with cows and cowherds boys. The nature of Govardhana is that it is non-different from Kåñëa Himself. The Absolute Truth is non-different from His Name, Fame, Land, devotees, Entourage.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Govinda</i>—A Name for Kåñëa, the Cowherd Boy, the Pleaser of the senses.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Hiraëmaya Pätra</i>—The dazzling covering preventing the impersonalists from seeing the Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Hiraëyakaçipu</i>—The most powerful materialist of his time. He tried to be immortal for the sake of material enjoyment but was killed by the Claws of Lord Nåsiàha, the <i>avatära</i> of Godhead in the Form of half-lion, half-man.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Iconoclasts</i>—Those who refuse to accept that God can appear in the Form of Deities supposedly made of earth or stone. They do not accept as reality the inconceivable potencies of God, by which He, as the one Source of all energies, can convert material energy into spiritual energy according to His own will.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Isäväsya</i>—God-centered. <i>Éçopaniñad</i> instructs there is no harm in any activity such as family life or politics, provided the center of the activity is God.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Jïänins</i>—Persons engaged in mental speculation as a means to realizing the Absolute Truth, such as philosophers and metaphysical poets. By the <i>jïäna</i> process one can reach to the realization of the Absolute Truth as <i>Brahman</i>.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Kaniñöha Adhikäri</i>—A person in the lowest stage of realization of God, who worships in the temple or church according to routine formulas but who does not realize the respective advancement of different devotees or the Spiritual Nature of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p22">Karanodaka-çäyi Viñëu or <i>Mahä-Viñëu</i>—The gigantic expansion of the Lord Who lies down in the Causal Ocean in a section of the Spiritual Sky. Innumerable universes are generated from the pores of His body when He breathes, and they exist only during the period of His outgoing breath. All this is related in <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i>.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Karma</i>—Actions done in terms of prescribed duties mentioned in scriptures. By the law of <i>karma </i>every action in the material world has a reaction, pious or impious. In <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i>, the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Çré Kåñëa, promises release from all material reaction to whomever surrenders unto Him.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Karma-bandhana</i>—The bondage to one's material work, by which the eternal living being is forced to transmigrate within the material world.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Karma-yoga</i>—Offering the fruit of one's work to Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Karmis</i>—Those engaged in activities of sense gratification and the resultant reactions. The <i>karmi</i> desires to work hard and enjoy the fruits of his labor without surrendering his all to God as the Owner and Controller of everything that be.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Kñérodaka-çäyé Viñëu</i>—The expansion of the Lord Who is residing on an island of white sand in an ocean of milk within the material universe, on a planet called <i>Çvetadvépa</i>. He is also the Maintainer of the Universe and is in charge of the modes of goodness.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Mädhurya</i>—The spiritual relationship of conjugal love with the Supreme Personality of Godhead, as enjoyed by the cowherd girls of Våndävan. The sex attraction as known in the material world is a perverted reflection of the original spiritual relationship of <i>Mädhurya</i> existing eternally in the Spiritual World between the Lord and His conjugal Associates.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Madhyam Adhikäri</i>—Devotees in the intermediate stage of devotional service, who save their love for the Supreme Lord, make loving friendships with devotees, teach the innocent and avoid the outright atheists.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Mahäbhägavata</i>—Great personality who sees everything in relation to the Supreme Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Martya Loka</i>—The place of death. Refers to the whole material world.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Material Nature</i>—Stringent laws operating on all living beings horn into the material world, by which they evolve through the species of life, suffering in the cycles of repeated births and deaths. Vedic scriptures state that the only hope of permanently quitting the material world is to surrender to Kåñëa, the Absolute Truth.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Mäyayä apahåta-jnäna</i>—Class of men who think that they themselves are God, and that there is no necessity of worshiping any other God. They are unable, however, to answer how they have come under the control of the illusory energy, subject to the conditions of birth, death, disease and old age and restricted by the modes of goodness, passion and ignorance. God Himself, even when He visits this planet, is never subjected to its material laws, nor is He forced to take a body by His past actions, as are the ordinary living entities or the <i>mäyayä apahåta jïäna</i>.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Müòhas</i>—Asses. The word is used in the <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> to describe those engaged in the pursuit of sense gratification.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Närada</i>—The great sage who travels through the universe playing his <i>véëä</i> and distributing the <i>Hare Kåñëa</i> chant. He is called the original spiritual muster; many great devotees are his disciples, such as Vyäsudeva and Prahläd!</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Narädhama</i>—The lowest of human beings. Refers to those who do not use the human form of life for going back to Godhead.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Näräyaëa</i>—Plenary manifestation of Lord Kåñëa, thus Näräyaëa and Kåñëa are one and the same. Näräyaëa existed before creation, and He created the cosmic manifestation by His self-desire.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Nirguëa</i>—Without attributes, without material qualifications. Is also used to mean that the Supreme Person's qualities are beyond estimation.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Paramätman</i> (the Supersoul)—Expansion of the Supreme Lord by which He is appearing locally in the heart of all living entities, giving them memory and forgetfulness. The individual souls are <i>ätman</i>. The principal <i>ätman</i>, who controls them all, is Supersoul, <i>Paramätman</i>.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Param Brahman</i>—The Supreme Spirit. <i>Param Brahman</i> is as much a Person as the individual living entities. As each individual is constitutionally a minute spirit soul, so He is the Supreme Soul, full in <i>Sac-cid-änanda-vigraha </i><span class="s3">[<i>Bs.</i> 5.1]</span>. Minute <i>Brahman</i> spirit souls exist for the Pleasure of <i>Param Brahman</i>.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Paramparä</i>—Line of disciplic succession. Only from a bona fide spiritual master in the authorized, unbroken chain of disciplic succession, coming down from Kåñëa, can the Vedic knowledge by realized.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Parä Prakåti</i>—The superior spiritual energy of the Lord—the living beings belong to the <i>Parä Prakåti</i>, but are under the proprietary right of the Supreme Being; due to contact with material nature, the living entities' higher nature is suspended, under the influence of the material modes of goodness, passion and ignorance.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Parä Çakti</i>—Superior energy different from this material inferior Nature. Superior energy is eternal and deathless—this is the original nature of all the living entities. Also <i>Parä Prakåti</i>.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Paribhü</i>—Description of Godhead. The greatest of all; no one is greater than He.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Prahläd Mahäräj</i>—The boy devotee who was saved from his demoniac father Hiraëyakaçipu by Lord Nåsiàha, half-lion, half-man incarnation of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Präna Vayu</i>—Movements of different kinds of air within the body. The <i>yogis</i> study to control these airs and move the soul, which is supposed to rise from one circle of air to another.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Prasädam</i>—Mercy of God. Food offered to the Lord and distributed by the devotee as Divine remnants. In the <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> the Lord says that He accepts fruits, vegetables, and grains from the hands of the pure devotee.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Puräëas</i>—Supplimentary Vedic literature. There are eighteen <i>Puräëas</i>, intended for the gradual upliftment of the conditioned soul to spiritual life. Six <i>Puräëas </i>are meant for the understanding of those in the modes of ignorance, six for the understanding of those in passion, and six for those in the mode of goodness-culminating in "the spotless <i>Puräëa</i>," <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i>, which is the ripened fruit of all Vedic literature.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Purnam</i>—All-perfect, the Supreme Lord. There is no chance of His being subject to the laws of material Nature.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Puruña</i>—Enjoyer, Male. Used for the Supreme Lord. Lord Kåñëa in His original Form never leaves Våndävan in the Spiritual Sky; all the affairs of His different creations are carried out by His plenary expansion or <i>Puruña</i> incarnation. The ordinary conditioned living entity tries to imitate the <i>Puruña</i> as the enjoyer of the material world, but his real eternal position is as eternal servant of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Räsa Dance</i>—The sublime and spiritual Pastime of the Supreme Lord with the <i>gopés</i>, conducted on the exchange of conjugal love without any of the inebrieties of lust as found in the material world. <i>Räsa </i>dance has to be understood from the lips of a pure devotee of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Åñis</i>—Philosophers, mystics. Used generally for those thinkers who try to reach the Absolute by their tiny brain power. They can reach only negative definitions of the Absolute. The Absolute Truth, Personality of Godhead, is revealed only to the devotee engaged in transcendental devotional service.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Rudra</i>—Lord Çiva, controller of the material modes of ignorance; at the time of dissolution of the material worlds, Çiva is in charge of destruction.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Saguëa</i>—With qualities. The worship of the Supreme Lord with attributes, as in worship of the Deity in the temple, does not mean that the Lord comes under the laws of material nature, although He has qualities and appears in the material form (wood, stone, etc.). For Him there is no difference between material and spiritual energies, as He is the Source and Controller of both.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Säkhya</i>—Relationship of friendship with the Supreme Lord. Arjuna had this relationship.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Sambhüti</i>—The Absolute Personality of Godhead Who is absolutely independent.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Sambhavät</i>—Worship of the Supreme Cause.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Sannyäsa</i>—Renounced order of life. <i>Sannyäsa</i> does not mean to go off to the jungle and renounce all activity, but to surrender everything to Kåñëa. Even a householder or married man living in the world can do this, under the instructions of a bona fide spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Sac-cid-änanda-vigraha—</i>Eternal, knowing and blissful<i>—</i>in full form. Both the Supreme Personality of Godhead and the living entities share this nature; but His nature is infinite, and His parts and parcels are infinitesimal. <span class="s3">[<i>Bs.</i> 5.1]</span></p>
<p class="p22"><i>Çänkara</i>—Impersonalist <i>äcärya</i> who taught supremacy of <i>Brahmajyoti</i>, the effulgence emanating from the Body of the Supreme Lord. Although he does not belong to the personalist cult, <i>Çänkara</i> has admitted that Näräyaëa and Kåñëa are one and that Näräyaëa is the Supreme Personality of Godhead, transcendental to the material modes.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Çänta</i>—The spiritual relationship of calmness or the neutral relationship between the Supreme Lord and His loving associates, as had by the four Kumära sages who were always in meditation on the greatness of God.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Sense enjoyment</i>—illusory life of trying to enjoy with the body, without surrendering to the Complete Whole.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Çréla Bhaktivinode Öhäkur</i>—Great <i>Äcarya</i> in disciplic succession from Lord Caitanya, pioneer of Kåñëa Consciousness in the modern age. Father of Bhakti Siddhänta Sarasvaté, the spiritual master of A.C. Bhaktivedänta Swämé.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Çrématam</i>—A Vaiçya, member of mercantile community.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Çuci</i>—A spiritually advanced <i>Brähmaëa</i>.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Çuddham</i>—Most purified. Descriptive Name of Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Çukadeva Gosvämé—</i>The great spiritual master who related the <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i> for the first time to Mahäräj Parékñit. He is the son of Vyäsadeva.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Sura</i>—Godly. One who knows and carries out the responsibility of God-consciousness.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Tri-päda-vibhuti—</i>The Spiritual Nature beyond the jurisdiction of Brahmä—the superior energy of the Lord. Also called <i>Parä Prakåti</i>.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Vaikuëöha-lokas—</i>Spiritual planets situated in the spiritual sky; planetary Abodes of the Supreme Personality of Godhead. The only places of permanence, without any anxieties.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Vätsalya—</i>Relationship of paternal affection with the Supreme Lord, as had by Nanda and Yaçodä, who enjoyed the Childhood Pastimes of Kåñëa as His father and mother in Våndävan.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Vedabädaratä—</i>Those who study the <i>Vedas</i> for attaining results such as heaven. Also called <i>Vidyärata</i> they are condemned by <i>Éçopaniñad</i> for studying the <i>Vedas</i> in an unauthorized way, without knowing the goal of the <i>Vedas</i>, the Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Vedic knowledge—</i>Transcendental knowledge spoken by the Supreme Lord and compiled in scripture; perfect knowledge coming down through unbroken disciplic succession.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Vidyä—</i>Knowledge.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Vikarma—</i>Actions done in misuse of one's freedom, or prohibitive acts, which direct oneself to the lower regions of life.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Vinäça—</i>Temporary material manifestation.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Viräöa Form—</i>The Universal Form of God. This Form is mainly for the neophyte who cannot understand Kåñëa as the Supreme Spiritual Entity. The <i>Viräöa</i> Form is composed of the entire material ingredients of the Universe, seen as the body of the Lord-but it is not His eternal Form.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Viñëu-tattva—</i>A plenary portion of the Supreme Lord, Çré Kåñëa. These expansions are the same in potency, but Kåñëa is the original Personality of Godhead. For example, many candles may be lit from one candle and the candles are equal in illumination to the original, but they are still not the original. The Original Personality of Godhead, the Source of all <i>Viñëu-tattvas</i> is Çré Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Våndävana—</i>Place in India where Lord Kåñëa displayed His eternal, transcendental Pastimes 5,000 years ago. Våndävana is also the name of Kåñëa's Abode in the topmost spiritual planet, Goloka. The pure devotee is able to see the Våndävana within this material world as non-different from Våndävan in the spiritual sky. His Land, Våndävan, is non-different from Himself.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Vyäsadeva—</i>The literary incarnation of Kåñëa who compiled all the Vedic literatures.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Yogis—</i>Those who practice the yoga process (linking with the Supreme). The purpose of the <i>Haöha</i> and <i>Añöänga-yoga</i> systems, i.e., sitting postures, breath control, meditation, is to control the senses and see the Form of the Personality of Godhead within the heart.</p>
<p class="p22"><i>Yoga-bhrañöas—</i>Souls fallen from the path of self realization.</p>
<p class="p18"><b>The Nectar of Instruction - </b><span class="s5"><b>1976</b></span><b> Edition</b></p>
<p class="p23"><b>A</b></p>
<p class="p24"><i>Äcärya</i>—a spiritual master who teaches by example.<br>
<i>Adhibhautika-kleça</i>—sufferings caused by other living entities.<br>
<i>Adhidaivika-kleça</i>—sufferings caused by supernatural occurrences.<br>
<i>Adhyätmika-kleça</i>—sufferings caused by one's own body and mind.<br>
<i>Ahaìkära</i>—false ego, the meeting point of matter and spirit.<br>
<i>Antaraìga-çakti</i>—the spiritual, internal potency of the Supreme Lord.<br>
<i>Äçrama</i>—a spiritual order of life.<br>
<i>Añöakäléya-lélä</i>—the eternal, eightfold daily pastimes of Rädhä-Govinda.<br>
<i>Ätma-tattva</i>—the science of the soul.<br>
<i>Atyähära</i>—collecting more than necessary.<br>
<i>Avidyä</i>—ignorance.</p>
<p class="p23"><b>B</b></p>
<p class="p24"><i>Bahiraìga-çakti</i>—the material, external potency of the Supreme Lord.<br>
<i>Bhajana-kriyä</i>—the practice of devotional service.<br>
<i>Bhaktas </i>—devotees.<br>
<i>Bhakti</i>—devotion to the Supreme Lord.<br>
<i>Bhäva</i>—the preliminary stage of love of God.<br>
<i>Bhukti-kämés</i>—persons interested in material happiness.<br>
Brahmä—the first created living being, who creates the planets and the bodies for all species of life.<br>
<i>Brahmacäré</i>—a celibate student under the care of a spiritual master.<br>
<i>Brahmacarya</i>—the vow of strict abstinence from sex indulgence.<br>
<i>Brähmaëa</i>—the intelligent class of men, first of the four Vedic social orders.</p>
<p class="p23"><b>D</b></p>
<p class="p24"><i>Däsya-rasa</i>—relationship of servitorship with the Supreme Lord.<br>
<i>Dékña</i>—spiritual initiation.<br>
<i>Durätmä</i>—a cripple-minded person who is under the control of the external potency of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p23"><b>E</b></p>
<p class="p24">Ekädaçé—(eleventh day of the bright and dark fortnights) a special fast day for increased remembrance of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p23"><b>G</b></p>
<p class="p24"><i>Go-däsa</i>—servant of the senses.<br>
<i>Gopés</i>—Kåñëa's cowherd girl friends who are related with the Lord in conjugal love.<br>
Gosvämés of Våndävana—six of the principal followers of Caitanya Mahäprabhu, who wrote books on the <i>bhakti</i> cult and excavated the lost holy places of Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p23"><b>H</b></p>
<p class="p24"><i>Hari-näma</i> initiation—initiation into the chanting of the Hare Kåñëa <i>mahä-mantra</i>.<br>
<i>Häté-mätä</i>—the "mad elephant" offense committed against a Vaiñëava, which destroys one's devotional creeper.</p>
<p class="p23"><b>I</b></p>
<p class="p24">Indra—the king of the demigods.</p>
<p class="p23"><b>J</b></p>
<p class="p24"><i>Jana-saëga</i>—association with persons not interested in Kåñëa consciousness.<br>
Janmäñöamé—Kåñëa's appearance day.<br>
<i>Japa-mälä</i>—string of 108 prayer beads for chanting the Hare Kåñëa <i>mahä-mantra</i>.<br>
<i>Jévätmäs</i>—minute living entities.<br>
<i>Jïäné</i>—one engaged in the cultivation of knowledge.</p>
<p class="p23"><b>K</b></p>
<p class="p24"><i>Kaniñöha-adhikäré</i>—a neophyte devotee, whose faith is not firm. <br>
<i>Karmés</i>—fruitive workers.<br>
<i>Kértana</i>—glorification of the Supreme Lord.<br>
<i>Krodha</i>—anger.<br>
<i>Kåñëa-kathä</i>—topics spoken by or about Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p23"><b>L</b></p>
<p class="p24">Lakñmé—the goddess of fortune.</p>
<p class="p23"><b>M</b></p>
<p class="p24"><i>Mädhurya-rasa</i>—the mellow of conjugal love with the Supreme Lord, as best exhibited by the gopis.<br>
<i>Madhyama-adhikäré</i>—a second-class devotee, who has received spiritual initiation and is fully engaged in devotional service.<br>
<i>Mahä-bhägavata</i>—a greatly advanced devotee.<br>
<i>Mahä-mantra</i>—the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare/ Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare.<br>
<i>Mahätmä</i>—a great soul, or devotee.<br>
<i>Maìgala-ärati</i>—the early morning ceremony to greet the Lord.<br>
<i>Maïjarés</i>—maidservants of the gopis.<br>
<i>Mano-vega</i>—the urges of the restless mind.<br>
<i>Mantra</i>—a pure sound vibration that delivers the mind from material contamination.<br>
<i>Martya-loka</i>—the place of death, or the earth planet.<br>
<i>Mäyä</i>—(<i>mä</i>-not; <i>yä</i>-this) illusion; forgetfulness of one's relationship with Kåñëa.<br>
<i>Mukti-kämés</i>—persons desiring liberation by merging into the impersonal existence of Brahman.</p>
<p class="p23"><b>P</b></p>
<p class="p24"><i>Paramahaàsas</i>—the topmost swanlike class of devotees.<br>
<i>Patita-pävana</i>—deliverer of the fallen souls.<br>
<i>Prajalpa</i>—unnecessary talking.<br>
<i>Präkåta-sahajiyäs</i>—materialistic pseudo devotees.<br>
<i>Prasäda</i>—the remnants of food offered to Kåñëa.<br>
<i>Prayäsa</i>—unnecessary endeavor.<br>
<i>Präyaçcitta</i>—atonement.<br>
<i>Prema</i>—matured pure love of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p23"><b>R</b></p>
<p class="p24"><i>Räga-bhakti</i>—devotional service in spontaneous love.<br>
<i>Rägänuga-bhakti</i>—spontaneous devotional service in which the devotee follows in the footsteps of one of the eternal associates of Kåñëa in Våndävana.<br>
<i>Rasa</i>—the particular loving mood or attitude relished in the exchange of love with the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p23"><b>S</b></p>
<p class="p24"><i>Sädhu</i>—a saintly person, or devotee.<br>
<i>Sädhya</i>—the stage of having achieved God realization.<br>
<i>Sakhya-rasa</i>—relationship with the Supreme Lord in friendship.<br>
<i>Samädhi</i>—the state of trance when the consciousness is absorbed in the Supreme.<br>
<i>Saìkértana</i>—congregational chanting of the holy names.<br>
<i>Sannyäsa</i>—the renounced order of life.<br>
<i>Çänta-rasa</i>—passive or neutral relationship with the Supreme Lord.<br>
<i>Çästras</i>—revealed scriptures.<br>
<i>Siddhi-kämés</i>—persons desiring the perfection of mystic yoga.<br>
<i>Smaraëa</i>—devotional process of remembering.<br>
<i>Çraddhävän</i>—a faithful person.<br>
<i>Çravaëa</i>—devotional process of hearing.<br>
<i>Svämé</i>—one who controls the mind and the senses; title of a person in the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p23"><b>T</b></p>
<p class="p24"><i>Tapasya</i>—voluntary acceptance of some material inconvenience for progress in spiritual life.<br>
<i>Taöastha-çakti</i>—the marginal potency of the Supreme Lord.<br>
<i>Tyägis</i>—those in the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p23"><b>U</b></p>
<p class="p24"><i>Utsäha</i>—enthusiasm.<br>
<i>Uttama</i>-<i>adhikäré</i>—a first-class devotee who is very advanced in devotional service and has attained pure Kåñëa consciousness.<br>
<i>Uttamä bhakti</i>—unalloyed devotion unto the Supreme Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p23"><b>V</b></p>
<p class="p24"><i>Vaidé bhakti</i>—following the principles of regulated devotional service by the order of the spiritual master or according to the injunctions of revealed scriptures.<br>
<i>Vaiñëava</i> <i>aparädha</i>—an offense against a devotee of the Lord.<br>
<i>Vätsalya-rasa</i>—parental relationship with the Supreme Lord.<br>
<i>Vikarmés</i>—fruitive actors who don't follow the Vedic directions.<br>
<i>Vipralambha-sevä</i>—thinking of Kåñëa in separation.<br>
<i>Viçuddha-sattva</i>—the platform of pure goodness.</p>
<p class="p23"><b>Y</b></p>
<p class="p24"><i>Yoga-siddhi</i>—mystic perfection.</p>
<p class="p18"><b>Easy Journey to other planets (</b><span class="s5"><b>1970</b></span><b>)</b></p>
<p class="p25"><i>Aparä Prakåti</i>—Inferior or material energy.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Añöäìga</i>-<i>yoga</i>—The materialistic art of controlling the airs of the body for transferal to any planet desired.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Avidyä</i>—Nescience.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Bhagavän</i>—The opulent one, the living being who is the fountainhead of all energies.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Bhakti-yoga</i>—Loving devotional service unto Kåñëa—the activity of superior energy.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Bhäva</i>—Attachment, the stage prior to love of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Brahmä</i>—The first living being in the created material world, the presiding deity of this universe.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Brahman</i>—Effulgence emanating from the transcendental body of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Brahmajyoti</i>—The spiritual bodily effulgence of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Brahma-pada</i>—Occupation of the post of Brahmä.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Brahma-randhra</i>—Hole on the topmost part of the skull. By lifting the vital force to the <i>Brahma-randhra</i>, a <i>yogé</i> can leave the gross and subtle bodies and reach the transcendental Vaikuëöha planets.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Dhüma</i>—Dark, moonless fortnight. Those who die during this opportune period for death may rise up to higher planets, only to return again, after death, to the earthly planet.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Guëas</i>—The modes of nature.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Hare</i>—A form of address to the energy of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Jéva</i>—The living spirit or vital force.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Käla</i>—Eternal time.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Parä Prakåti</i>—Superior form of energy which creates the anti-material world.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Para-vyoma</i>—Thevariegated spiritual planetary system which comprises the major three-fourths part of the Supreme Lord’s creative energy. Also called <i>Vaikuëöhaloka</i>.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Pitås</i>—Bygone forefathers.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Pratyähäna</i>—The process of closing all the doors of the senses and fixing the mind on the heart and the life air at the top of the head, thus establishing oneself in <i>yoga</i>.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Rajas</i>—The material mode of passion.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Sanätana</i>—Eternal, that which has neither beginning nor end.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Sanätana</i>-<i>dhäma</i>—The eternal nature, the antimaterial sky beyond the material universe.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Sanätana-dharma</i>—The eternal nature of the living being, to render service.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Säìkhyas</i>—Speculators who scrutinize the material principles with minute analysis and synthesis.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Sattva</i>—The material mode of goodness.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Satyaloka</i>—The topmost planet of the material world. Also called Brahmaloka.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Siddhaloka</i>—Planets of materially perfect beings who have full capacities to control gravity, space, time, etc.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Soma-rasa</i>—A celestial beverage drunk on the moon.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Tamas</i>—The material mode of ignorance.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Uttaräyaëa</i>—Period when the sun passes towards the northern side, in which the deities of fire and effulgence control the atmosphere, the opportune time for persons who have realized the transcendence to leave their material bodies and reach the anti-material world.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Vaikuëöhaloka</i>—See <i>Para-vyoma</i>.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Vibhüti-bhinnam</i>—Specific variegated endowment by which each planet has its own atmosphere, making bodily or psychological change necessary for the organism of one planet to adapt to life on another planet.</p>
<p class="p25"><i>Viñëumürti</i>—The form of Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p18"><b>Elevation to Kåñëa Consciousness (</b><span class="s5"><b>1973</b></span><b>)</b></p>
<p class="p26"><i>Änanda</i>—spiritual bliss, pleasure.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Atatära</i>—an incarnation of God who descends from the spiritual world.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Bhagavad-gétä</i>—the book which records the spiritual instructions given by Kåñëa to His friend Arjuna on the Battlefield of Kurukñetra.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Bhakti</i>—devotional service to God.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Brähmaëas</i>—the intellectual class in human society.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Cätur-varëyam</i>—divisions of labor in human society as described in the Vedic literatures.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Dharma</i>—the natural occupation of the living entity, which is to serve God.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Gopés</i>—cowherd girl friends of Kåñëa described in the Vedic literatures.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Govinda</i>—Krsna, who gives pleasure to the senses.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Guru</i>—spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Jagadéça</i>—the Lord of the universe, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Jévas</i>—living entities or souls.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Jïänés</i>—speculative philosophers.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Karma</i>—fruitive activities or their reactions.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Karmés</i>—fruitive laborers.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Kñatriyas</i>—the administrative and military class in human society.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Kñetrajïa</i>—the individual spirit soul who is the know-er of the field of the body.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Lélä</i>—transcendental pastimes of the Lord. </p>
<p class="p26"><i>Lélä-puruñottama</i>—the Personality of Godhead, who is by His own nature always engaged in transcendental pastimes.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Mantra</i>—a transcendental sound vibration. </p>
<p class="p26"><i>Mäyä</i>—material atmosphere in which the conditioned soul tries to enj oy without God.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Näras</i>—living beings.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Prakåti</i>—material nature.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Sac-cid-änanda-vigraha</i>—description of God as a fully cognizant and eternally joyful personality with a full sense of His identity. <span class="s3">[<i>Bs.</i> 5.1]</span></p>
<p class="p26"><i>Çüdras</i>—the common laborer class in human society.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Vaiçyas</i>—the mercantile and agricultural class in human society.</p>
<p class="p18"><b>Kåñëa Consciousness<br>
The Matchless Gift (</b><span class="s5"><b>1974</b></span><b>)</b></p>
<p class="p26"><i>Adhéra</i>—one who is not sober and is always disturbed. </p>
<p class="p26"><i>Adhokñaja</i>—not approachable or understandable by the material mind and senses; a name for Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Ädi-puruña</i>—Kåñëa, the Supreme Primeval Person.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Ahaà brahmäsmi</i>—"I am pure spirit soul." </p>
<p class="p26"><i>Avidyä</i>—ignorance, lack of knowledge. </p>
<p class="p26"><i>Bhagavad-gétä</i>—the scripture that records Lord Kåñëa's eternal instructions to His friend Arjuna on the Battlefield of Kurukñetra.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Bhaktas</i>—devotees of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Bhakti-yoga</i>—devotional service to the Supreme Lord. </p>
<p class="p26"><i>Brahma-bhütaù</i>—the stage of liberation in which one realizes the Supreme Brahman and becomes free from hankering and lamentation.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Brahmacäré</i>—a celibate student. </p>
<p class="p26"><i>Brahmacarya</i>—complete celibacy, the first principle of austerity.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Brahman</i>—the all-pervading impersonal aspect of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Brähmaëa</i>—a liberal, broad-minded person who knows the Absolute Truth.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Dhéra</i>—one who is sober or undisturbed in spite of provocation.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Gopés</i>—the spiritual cowherd girl friends of Kåñëa. </p>
<p class="p26"><i>Gåhasthas</i>—Kåñëa conscious householders. </p>
<p class="p26"><i>Guru</i>—spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Jïäna</i>—knowledge.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Jïäna-vairägyam</i>—that knowledge by which one becomes detached from material allurement. </p>
<p class="p26"><i>Jïänés</i>—mental speculators.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Karma</i>—any material action which will incur a subsequent reaction.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Karma-bandhanaù</i>—work which binds one to this material world.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Karmé</i>—one who works to enjoy the fruits of his labor.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Kevala bhakti</i>—pure unalloyed devotional service in which there is no desire but to please Kåñëa. </p>
<p class="p26"><i>Kértanam</i>—glorification of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Kåpaëa</i>—a miserly man who does not use his human life for self-realization.</p>
<p class="p26">Kåñëaloka—the eternal planet of Lord Kåñëa in the spiritual sky.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Mahä-mantra</i>—the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare/ Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare. </p>
<p class="p26"><i>Mahätmas</i>—great souls.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Manu-saàhitä</i>—the Vedic lawbook for mankind. </p>
<p class="p26"><i>Mäyä</i>—the illusory energy which causes the soul to forget God.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Mukti</i>—liberation.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Paramparä</i>—disciplic succession, the process of hearing from Kåñëa or His representatives and repeating exactly what they have said</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Prasäda</i>—spiritual food which has been offered to Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Åñis</i>—great learned scholars and devotees. </p>
<p class="p26"><i>Sac-cid-änanda-vigraha</i>—spiritual form full of eternity, knowledge and bliss. <span class="s3">[<i>Bs.</i> 5.1]</span></p>
<p class="p26"><i>Samädhi</i>—trance, absorption in God consciousness. </p>
<p class="p26"><i>Sannyäsa</i>—the renounced order of life, free from family relationships.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Çästras</i>—revealed scriptures.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Smaraëam</i>—always remembering Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Çravaëam</i>—hearing from an authorized source. </p>
<p class="p26"><i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i>—the Vedic scripture which specifically describes the pastimes of Lord Kåñëa and His devotees.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Tapasvé</i>—one who performs austerities. </p>
<p class="p26"><i>Tapasya</i>—austerity.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Tyäga</i>—renunciation of the material world. </p>
<p class="p26">Vaikuëöhas—the eternal planets of the spiritual sky.</p>
<p class="p26">Vaiñëava—a devotee of the Supreme Lord, Kåñëa. </p>
<p class="p26"><i>Väsudeva-paräyaëäù</i>—those who are devoted to Lord Kåñëa (Väsudeva).</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Vimüòhas</i>—materialistic persons who have unnecessarily burdened themselves for temporary happiness. </p>
<p class="p26"><i>Våndävana</i>—the site of Kåñëa's pastimes when He appeared on earth 5,000 years ago.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Yajïa</i>—sacrifice, work done for Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Yoga</i>—the process of linking with the Supreme Lord. </p>
<p class="p26"><i>Yogamäyä</i>—the eternal creative potency of Kåñëa which obscures Him to the unintelligent.</p>
<p class="p18"><b>Perfect Questions Perfect Answers (</b><span class="s5"><b>1977</b></span><b>)</b></p>
<p class="p10"><i>Äcärya</i>—a spiritual master who teaches by example.<br>
<i>Ärati</i>—a ceremony for greeting the Lord with offerings of food, lamps, fans, flowers and incense.<br>
<i>Arcanä</i>—the devotional practice of Deity worship.<br>
<i>Äçrama</i>—a spiritual order of life.<br>
<i>Asuras</i>—atheistic demons.<br>
<i>Avatära</i>—a descent of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Bhagavad-gétä</i>—the basic directions for spiritual life spoken by the Lord Himself.<br>
<i>Bhakta</i>—a devotee.<br>
<i>Bhakti-yoga</i>—linking with the Supreme Lord in ecstatic devotional service.<br>
<i>Brahmacarya</i>—celibate student life; the first order of Vedic spiritual life.<br>
Brahman—the Absolute Truth; especially, the impersonal aspect of the Absolute.<br>
<i>Brähmaëa</i>—a person in the mode of goodness; first Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Dharma</i>—eternal occupational duty; religious principles.</p>
<p class="p10">Ekädaçi—a special fast day for increased remembrance of Kåñëa, which comes on the eleventh day of both the waxing and waning moon.</p>
<p class="p10">Goloka (Kåñëaloka) —the highest spiritual planet, containing Kåñëa's personal abodes, Dvärakä, Mathurä and Våndävana.<br>
<i>Gopés</i>—Kåñëa's cowherd girl friends who are His most confidential servitors.<br>
<i>Gåhastha</i>—regulated householder life; the second order of Vedic spiritual life.<br>
<i>Guru</i>—a spiritual master or superior person.</p>
<p class="p10">Hare Kåñëa <i>mantra</i>—See: <i>Mahä-mantra</i></p>
<p class="p10"><i>Jéva-tattva</i>—the living entities, who are small parts of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p10">Kali-yuga (Age of Kali) —the present age, which is characterized by quarrel. It is last in the cycle of four, and began five thousand years ago.<br>
<i>Karatälas</i>—hand cymbals used in kértana.<br>
<i>Karma</i>—fruitive action, for which there is always reaction, good or bad.<br>
<i>Karmé</i>—one who is satisfied with working hard for flickering sense gratification.<br>
<i>Kértana</i>—chanting the glories of the Supreme Lord.<br>
Kåñëaloka—<i>See</i>: Goloka<br>
<i>Kñatriyas</i>—a warrior or administrator; the second Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Mahä-mantra</i>—the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare/ Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare.<br>
<i>Mantra</i>—a sound vibration that can deliver the mind from illusion.<br>
Mathurä—Lord Kåñëa's abode, surrounding Våndävana, where He took birth and later returned to after performing His Våndävana pastimes.<br>
<i>Mäyä</i>—(mä—not; <i>yä</i>—this), illusion; forgetfulness of one's relationship with Kåñëa.<br>
Mäyävädés—impersonal philosophers who say that the Lord cannot have a transcendental body.<br>
<i>Mådaìga</i>—a clay drum used for congregational chanting.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Paramparä</i>—the chain of spiritual masters in disciplic succession.<br>
<i>Prasäda</i>—food spiritualized by being offered to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p26"><i>Sac-cid-ananda-vigraha</i>—the Lord's transcendental form, which is eternal, full of knowledge and bliss.<br>
<i>Saìkértana</i>—public chanting of the names of God, the approved <i>yoga</i> process for this age.<br>
<i>Sannyäsa</i>—renounced life; the fourth order of Vedic spiritual life.<br>
<i>Çästras</i>—revealed scriptures.<br>
<i>Çravaëaà kértanaà viñëoù</i>—the devotional processes of hearing and chanting about Lord Viñëu. <span class="s3">[<i>Bhäg.</i> 7.5.23]</span></p>
<p class="p27"><i>Çüdra</i>—a laborer; the fourth of the Vedic social orders.<br>
<i>Svämé</i>—one who controls his mind and senses; title of one in the renounced order of life.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Tapasya</i>—austerity; accepting some voluntary inconvenience for a higher purpose.<br>
<i>Tilaka</i>—auspicious clay marks that sanctify a devotee's body as a temple of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p10">Vaikuëöha—the spiritual world, where there is no anxiety.<br>
Vaiñëava—a devotee of Lord Viñëu, or Kåñëa.<br>
<i>Vaiçyas</i>—farmers and merchants; the third Vedic social order.<br>
<i>Vänaprastha</i>—one who has retired from family life; the third order of Vedic spiritual life.<br>
<i>Varëäçrama</i>—the Vedic social system of four social and four spiritual orders.<br>
<i>Vedas</i>—the original revealed scriptures, first spoken by the Lord Himself.<br>
Viñëu, Lord—Kåñëa's first expansion for the creation and maintenance of the material universes.<br>
Våndävana—Kåñëa's personal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness.<br>
Vyäsadeva—Kåñëa's incarnation, at the end of Dväpara-yuga, for compiling the <i>Vedas</i>.</p>
<p class="p10"><i>Yajïa</i>—sacrifice, work done for the satisfaction of Lord Viñëu.<br>
<i>Yogi</i>—a transcendentalist who, in one way or another, is striving for union with the Supreme.<br>
<i>Yuga</i>—ages in the life of a universe, occurring in a repeated cycle of four.</p>
<p class="p18"><b>The Science of Self-Realization (</b><span class="s5"><b>1977</b></span><b>)</b></p>
<p class="p28">Words in SMALL CAPITALS are defined elsewhere in the Glossary.</p>
<p class="p29"><b>A</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>adhibhautika</b>—miseries caused by conflict with other living entities.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>adhidaivika</b>—miseries caused by the forces of nature.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>adhyätmika</b>—miseries caused by one’s own mind and body.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Advaita Äcärya</b>—an incarnation of the Lord who appeared as a principal associate of another incarnation, Lord CAITANYA MAHÄPRABHU.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Age of Kali</b>—See KALI-YUGA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Akrüra</b>—an uncle of Lord KÅÑËA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Änandagiri</b>—a prominent follower of ÇAÌKARÄCÄRYA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>apavarga</b>—See MUKTI.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Arjuna</b>—one of the five PÄËÒAVA brothers; Lord KÅÑËA became his chariot driver during the battle of KURUKÑETRA and spoke to him the <i>BHAGAVAD-GÉTÄ</i>.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>ashrams</b>—the four Vedic developmental divisions of the human life-cycle which are meant to elevate one to spiritual perfection; these begin with <i>brahmacarya</i> (celibacy and study), proceed to <i>gåhastha</i> (married life), and <i>vänaprastha</i> (retirement), and culminate in <i>sannyäsa</i> (complete renunciation of family life and material obligations). See also VARËÄÇRAMA-DHARMA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>añöäìga-yoga</b>—the eight-step process of meditation, beginning with sitting postures and breath-control, and culminating with realization of the Lord’s form within one’s heart.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Açvatthämä</b>—the nefarious son of the great military teacher DRONA who murdered the children of the PÄËÒAVA brothers.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>ätmä</b>—See JÉVA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>avatära</b>—a “descent,” or appearance on earth of the Supreme Lord or His representative.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>B</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Bädaräyana</b>—See VYÄSADEVA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Baladeva</b>—See JAGANNÄTHA, BALADEVA, AND SUBHADRÄ.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Bhagavad-gétä</b></span>—the paramount scripture of the Vedic tradition, embodying the teachings of Lord KÅÑËA to His devotee ARJUNA and expounding devotion to the Supreme Lord as both the principal means and the ultimate end of spiritual perfection.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Bhagavän</b>—the Supreme Lord, who is the ultimate possessor of all varieties of opulences.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Bhägavatam, Bhägavata Puräëa</b></span>—See ÇRÉMAD-BHÄGAVATAM. </p>
<p class="p26"><b>bhakta</b>—a devotee of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>bhakti (bhakti-yoga)</b>—the practice of devotional service to the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Bhakti-rasämåta-sindhu</b></span>—RUPA GOSWAMI’s definitive explanation of devotional service to the Supreme Lord, beginning with the most elementary practices and ending with the ultimate perfection of personal relationships with the Lord.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté</b>—(1874-1936) the “grandfather” of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness; the spiritual master of His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Bhaktivedänta</b>—a title meaning “one who has realized that devotional service to the Supreme Lord is the end of all knowledge.” </p>
<p class="p26"><b>Bhaktivinoda Öhäkura</b>—(1838-1915) the “great-grandfather” of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness; the spiritual master of Çréla BHAKTISIDDHÄNTA SARASVATÉ.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Bhärata</b>—a name of ARJUNA meaning “descendant of Bharata.” </p>
<p class="p26">Bharata Mahäräja—a great devotee of the Lord who because of neglect of spiritual duties took birth as a deer; in his following birth, as a human, he attained perfection.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Bhärata-varña</b>—the traditional, scriptural name for India.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Bhéñma</b>—the most powerful and oldest warrior in the Battle of KURUKÑETRA; he is recognized as one of the chief authorities on devotional service to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Brahmä</b>—the first created living being in the universe; he creates the multiplicity of life-forms, planets, and living conditions under the supervision of the Supreme Lord. </p>
<p class="p26"><b>brahmacäré, brahmacarya</b>—See ASHRAMS. </p>
<p class="p26"><b>brahmajyoti</b>—the bodily effulgence of the Supreme Lord. Brahman—the impersonal, all-pervasive aspect of the Supreme Lord. </p>
<p class="p26"><b>brähmaëa</b>—See VARNAS.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Brahma-saàhitä</b></span>—a nutshell description of the glories of the Lord, including prayers to the Lord by BRAHMÄ.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Båhan-näradéya Puräëa</b>—See PURÄËAS.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Buddha</b>—a disguised incarnation of the Supreme Lord who preached atheism in order to divert the people of that time from misusing the ritualistic sacrifices of the VEDAS as a license for animal slaughter.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>C</b></p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Caitanya-caritämåta</b></span>—Kåñëadäsa Kaviräja Goswami’s presentation of the life and philosophy of Lord CAITANYA MAHÄPRABHU.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Caitanya Mahäprabhu</b>—the incarnation of the Supreme Lord disguised as His own devotee, who descended to teach love of God through the process of congregational chanting of the holy names of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>caitya-guru</b>—the Supreme Lord, advising an advanced devotee from within the heart.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Cäëüra</b>—a powerful wrestler and a servant of the demonic KAÀSA; Lord KÅÑËA as a young boy killed him.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Cärväka</b>—an atheistic philosopher whose motto was “Beg, borrow, or steal, but somehow or other enjoy material life.”</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Chändogya Upaniñad</b></span>—See UPANIÑADS.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>D</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>daridra-näräyaëa</b>—the misconception that since the Supreme Lord is in everyone’s heart, therefore any man can be accepted as God, and thus worship of the poor is the same as worship of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Devaké</b>—the wife of VASUDEVA and mother of Lord KÅÑËA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Devé</b>—See DURGÄ.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>dharma</b>—the eternal function of the living entity.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Dhåtaräñöra</b>—the father who collaborated with his sons to cheat the PÄËÒAVA brothers of their kingdom and fight against them in the Battle of KURUKÑETRA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Droëa</b>—the military teacher of the PÄËÒAVA brothers who was obliged to fight against them in the Battle of KURUKÑETRA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Durgä</b>—the personified material energy of the Lord, and the wife of the demigod ÇIVA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Duryodhana</b>—the son of DHÅTARÄÑÖRA who led the fight against the PÄËÒAVA brothers in the Battle of KURUKÑETRA.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>G</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Gadädhara Paëòita</b>—a principal associate of Lord CAITANYA MAHÄPRABHU.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Gaëeça</b>—the demigod in charge of material wealth.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Ganges (Gaïgä)</b>—India’s most sacred river.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Gargamuni</b>—the family priest of the Yadu dynasty, the dynasty Lord KÅÑËA chose to incarnate in.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Gauòéya Maöha (Gauòéya Mission)</b>—the Kåñëa consciousness association of temples and preaching institutions established by Çréla BHAKTISIDDHÄNTA SARASVATÉ in the early part of the twentieth century.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Gauräìga</b>—See CAITANYA MAHÄPRABHU.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Goloka</b>—the supreme planet in the spiritual world, VAIKUËÖHA. </p>
<p class="p26"><b>Gopäla Bhaööa Goswami</b>—one of the six Vaiñëava spiritual masters who directly followed Lord CAITANYA MAHÄPRABHU and systematically presented His teachings. </p>
<p class="p26"><b>gopés</b>—the cowherd girl friends of Lord KÅÑËA in VÅNDÄVANA, who are His most surrendered and confidential devotees. </p>
<p class="p26"><b>goswami</b>—See SWAMI.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Govinda</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning “one who gives pleasure to the land, the cows, and the senses.” </p>
<p class="p26"><b>gåhastha</b>—See ASHRAMS.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>guru</b>—a spiritual master who is perfectly God-realized and who only speaks and acts in accordance with the scriptures. </p>
<p class="p26"><b>guru-kula</b>—a school of Vedic learning; boys begin at the age of five and live as celibate students, guided by a spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>H</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Hare (Harä)</b>—See RÄDHÄ.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Hari</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning “He who removes all obstacles to spiritual progress.”</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Haridäsa Öhäkura</b>—a great devotee of Lord CAITANYA MAHÄPRABHU famous for chanting three hundred thousand names of God every day.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>hari-kértana</b>—See KÉRTANA.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Hari-vaàça</b></span>—a supplement to the MAHÄBHÄRATA.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>I</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Indra</b>—the king of the heavenly planets and chief of the administrative demigods.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b><i>Éç</i></b></span><b><i>opaniñad</i></b>—See UPANIÑADS.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>J</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Jagad-guru</b>—’’spiritual master of the universe.”</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Jagannätha, Baladeva, and Subhadrä</b>—the Deity of Lord KÅÑËA as Jagannätha (“Lord of the Universe”), together with His brother, Baladeva and sister Subhadrä.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Jagannätha Puré</b> <b>(Jagannätha-dhäma)</b>—a city on the coast of Orissa, a province in eastern India; the holy city of the temple and Deity of Lord JAGANNÄTHA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Jayadratha</b>—a chief enemy of the PÄËÒAVAS in the battle of KURUKÑETRA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>jéva</b>—the individual living entity, who is an eternal minute part of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Jéva Goswami</b>—one of the six Vaiñëava spiritual masters who directly followed Lord CAITANYA MAHÄPRABHU and systematically presented His teachings.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>jïäné</b>—one who tries to reach the Supreme Absolute by cultivation of empirical, speculative knowledge.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>K</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Kälé</b>—See DURGÄ.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Kali-yuga</b>—the current Vedic historical age (fourth and last in a cycle of four progressively degenerating ages) characterized by a progressive decline in spiritual knowledge and, consequently, the degeneration of human civilization.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>kalpa-taru</b>—a “desire tree,” which grows in the spiritual world and can immediately yield any fruit desirable.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>käma</b>—material desire; lust.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Kaàsa</b>—a demonic king who, after instigating many fruitless attempts to kill KÅÑËA, was himself killed by Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>karma</b>—activity in the material world, which always entangles one in some reaction, whether good or bad.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>karma-käëòa</b>—rituals recommended in the VEDAS for those interested in material benefits.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>karmé</b>—a person who is trying to enjoy the results of his material activities.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Karëa</b>—a stepbrother of the PÄËÒAVAS who fought against them in the Battle of KURUKÑETRA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Kaöha Upaniñad</b>—See UPANIÑADS.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Keçava Käçméré</b>—a famous scholar defeated in a poetry competition by Lord CAITANYA MAHÄPRABHU.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>kértana</b>—singing or speaking in glorification of the Supreme Lord. See also SAÌKÉRTANA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Kåpa</b>—a great warrior who fought against the PÄËÒAVA brothers in the battle of KURUKÑETRA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Kåñëa</b>—the Supreme Personality of Godhead, appearing in His original, two-armed form, which is the origin of all of the Lord’s other forms and incarnations.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Kåñëaloka</b>—See GOLOKA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>kåñëa-prasäda</b>—See PRASÄDA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>kåñëa-premä</b>—See PREMÄ.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>kñatriya</b>—See VARËAS.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Kunté</b>—the mother of the PÄËÒAVAS, and an aunt of Lord KÅÑËA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Kurukñetra</b>—an ancient pilgrimage site near New Delhi where the Battle of Kurukñetra was fought and the BHAGAVAD-GÉTÄ was spoken. See also DHÅTARÄÑÖRA and PÄËÒAVAS.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>L</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Lakñmé</b>—the goddess of fortune and the eternal consort of the Supreme Personality of Godhead NÄRÄYANA.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>M</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Madhväcärya</b>—a thirteenth-century Vaiñëava spiritual master who preached the theistic philosophy of “pure dualism,” which maintains that the Lord and the living entities are always distinct from one another.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Mahäbhärata</b></span>—VYÄSADEVA’s epic history of ancient India, within which he included the BHAGAVAD-GÉTÄ.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>mahäjanas</b>—the chief authorities on the process of devotional service to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>mahä-mantra</b>—the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Mahäräja</b>—a title. See specific names.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>mahätmä</b>—a “great soul”; devotee of God.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Mäëdükya Upaniñad</b></span>—See UPANIÑADS.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>mantra</b>—a syllable, word, or verse with special spiritual potency chanted or meditated upon to invoke spiritual understanding and realization.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Manu-saàhitä</b></span>—the ancient Vedic lawbook for human society.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Martya-loka</b>—”the world of death”; the planet earth.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Marut (Väyu)</b>—the demigod in charge of the wind.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>mäyä</b>—the material energy; the illusory energy of the Lord that deludes the living entity into forgetfulness of his real, spiritual nature.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Mäyäväda</b>—the monistic philosophy that there is no difference between God and the living entities. See also ÇAÌKARÄCÄRYA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>mleccha</b>—one who does not follow Vedic culture.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>mådaìga</b>—a clay drum used in musical glorification of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>mukti</b>—liberation from the cycle of repeated birth and death.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Muëòaka Upaniñad</b></span>—See UPANIÑADS.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>N</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Nanda Mahäräja</b>—the king of VRAJA and the foster-father of Lord KÅÑËA.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Närada-païcarätra</b></span>—Närada Muni’s book containing instructions for practicing devotional service to the Lord.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Näräyana</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning “one who is the source and the goal of all living beings.”</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Navadvépa</b>—a city in the Nadia province of West Bengal which is the birthplace of Lord CAITANYA MAHÄPRABHU.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>The Nectar of Devotion</b></span>—a summary study by His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda of the book BHAKTI-RASÄMÅTA SINDHU by RÜPA GOSWAMI.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>New Våndävana</b>—the first farm-community, located in West Virginia, of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Nimäi Paëòita</b>—the name of Lord CAITANYA MAHÄPRABHU during His pastimes as a young scholar.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Nityänanda Prabhu</b>—an incarnation of the Lord who appeared as the chief associate of another incarnation, Lord CAITANYA MAHÄPRABHU.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>O</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>oàkära</b>—the sacred sound <i>oà</i>, which is the beginning of many Vedic mantras, and which represents the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>P</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Padma Puräëa</b>—See PURÄËAS.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Päëòavas</b>—YUDHIÑÖHIRA, Bhéma, ARJUNA, Nakula, and Sahadeva: the five warrior-brothers who were intimate friends of Lord KÅÑËA and who fought to regain their kingdom from the sons of DHÅTARÄÑÖRA in the Battle of KURUKÑETRA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Para-brahman</b>—the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is superior to His impersonal aspect of BRAHMAN.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Paramätmä</b>—the form of the Supreme Lord that dwells in the heart of and accompanies every living entity as the living entity transmigrates from body to body in the material world.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Paräçara Muni</b>—the father of VYÄSADEVA and original narrator of several of the PURÄËAS.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Parékñit Mahäräja</b>—a great Vedic king and devotee of the Lord who heard SRÉMAD-BHÄGAVATAM from ÇUKADEVA GOSWAMI and thus attained perfection.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Pataïjali</b>—the author of the original yoga system.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Prahläda Mahäräja</b>—a devotee of the Lord who was persecuted by his demonic father but protected and saved by the Lord.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Prakäçänanda Sarasvaté</b>—an impersonalist SANNYÄSÉ who, after being defeated in scriptural argument by Lord CAITANYA MAHÄPRABHU, became a disciple along with his forty thousand followers.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>prakåti</b>—the predominated energies of the Supreme Lord, of which there are two: the living entities, and material nature, or dead matter. See also PURUÑA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>praëava</b>—See OMKÄRA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>prasäda</b>—food which is sanctified by being first offered to the Lord for His enjoyment.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Prayäga</b>—a pilgrimage site near Allahabad, where the two holy rivers the GANGES and Yamunä flow together.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>premä</b>—love of God that is free from any selfish motive.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Puräëas</b></span>—the eighteen texts expounding the teachings of the VEDAS through historical and allegorical narrations.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>puruña</b>—the Supreme Lord as the supreme predominator of PRAKÅTI.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Pütanä</b>—a demonic witch who wanted to kill Lord KÅÑËA during His childhood pastimes, but who was killed by the Lord.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Puré</b>—See JAGANNÄTHA PURÉ.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>R</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Rädhä (Rädhäräné)</b>—Lord KÅÑËA’s most intimate eternal consort, who is the personification of His spiritual pleasure potency. </p>
<p class="p26"><b>Raghunätha Bhaööa Goswami and Raghunätha däsa Goswami</b>—two of the six Vaiñëava spiritual masters who directly followed Çré CAITANYA MAHÄPRABHU and systematically presented His teachings.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>rajas</b>—the material mode of passion, characterized by materialistic endeavor and desire for sense gratification.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Räma</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead meaning “the source of all pleasure.”</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Rämacandra</b>—an incarnation of the Lord who demonstrated the behavior of a perfect king.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Rämänanda Räya</b>—a confidential associate of Lord CAITANYA MAHÄPRABHU.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Rämänujäcärya</b>—an eleventh-century Vaiñëava spiritual master who began the theistic attack against ÇAÌKARÄCÄRYA’s philosophy of monism.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>rasa</b>—the specific “taste” of a specific personal relationship with the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Ratha-yäträ</b>—the annual festival of Lord JAGANNÄTHA, in which the Deity is carried on huge carts in a parade.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Åg Veda</b></span>—one of the four original VEDAS, containing hymns to different demigods.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Rudra</b>—See ÇIVA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Rüpa Goswami</b>—the chief of the six Vaiñëava spiritual masters who directly followed Lord CAITANYA MAHÄPRABHU and systematically presented His teachings.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>S</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>çabda-brahma</b>—the VEDAS, which are considered purely spiritual sound vibration.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>sac-cid-änanda</b>—perfect spiritual existence, which is eternal (<i>sat</i>), fully knowledgeable (<i>cit</i>), and completely happy (<i>änanda</i>).</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Çalya</b>—an uncle of the PÄËÒAVA brothers who fought against them in the battle of KURUKÑETRA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>samädhi</b>—fixed meditation on the personal form of the Lord.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Säma Veda</b></span>—one of the four original VEDAS, containing sacrificial prayers and their melodic and metrical settings.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Sanätana Goswami</b>—one of the six Vaiñëava spiritual masters who directly followed Çré CAITANYA MAHÄPRABHU and systemically presented His teachings.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Çaìkaräcärya</b>—the famous and influential ninth-century teacher of monism, a philosophy which maintains that there is no distinction between God and the living entity.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Säìkhya</b>—the branch of philosophy which deals with analysis of the elements of the material world.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>saìkértana</b>—congregational chanting of the holy names of God. </p>
<p class="p26"><b>sannyäsa</b>—See ASHRAMS.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Çäréraka-bhäñya</b></span>—the_famous commentary on VEDÄNTA-SÜTRA by ÇAÌKARÄCÄRYA, in which he presents his philosophy of monism.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Särvabhauma Bhaööäcarya</b>—a great scholar who was philosophically defeated by Lord CAITANYA MAHÄPRABHU and who then surrendered to the Lord as a disciple.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>sästras</b>—authoritative scriptures. See also VEDIC LITERATURE.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Satya-yuga</b>—a Vedic historical age (first and best in a cycle of four progressively degenerating ages) characterized by a highly spiritually advanced human civilization. See also KALI-YUGA.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11">Çiksäñöaka</span>—eight instructive prayers written by Lord CAITANYA MAHÄPRABHU.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Sindhu</b>—the river forming the western boundary of India.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Çiva</b>—the demigod who supervises the material quality of ignorance and the final destruction of the material cosmos.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>çloka</b>—a unit of Sanskrit verse.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>småti</b>—literature supplementary to the four VEDAS, such as the PURÄËAS, BHAGAVAD-GÉTÄ, and MAHÄBHÄRATA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>çraddhä</b>—the faith necessary to hear submissively from a proper authority.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Çré, Çréla, Çrématé, Çrépäda</b>—titles. See specific names following title.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Çré-kñetra</b>—See JAGANNÄTHA PURÉ.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Çrémad-Bhägavatam (Bhägavata Puräëa)</b>—VYÄSADEVA’S “spotless PURÄËA,” which deals exclusively with pure devotional service to the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Çréniväsa Äcärya</b>—a great Vaiñëava spiritual master and a direct follower of RÜPA, SANÄTANA, and JÉVA GOSWAMIS.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Çréväsa Öhäkura</b>—a principal associate of Lord CAITANYA MAHÄPRABHU.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>çruti</b>—the original four VEDAS.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Subhadrä</b>—See JAGANNÄTHA, BALADEVA, AND SUBHADRÄ.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>çüdra</b>—See VARNAS.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Çukadeva Goswami</b>—the sage who spoke SRÉMAD-BHÄGAVATAM to King PARÉKÑIT just prior to the king’s death.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Çvetäçvatara Upaniñad</b></span>—See UPANÉSADS.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>swami</b>—one who has by spiritual strength become the master of his senses.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>T</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>tamas</b>—the material mode of ignorance, characterized by ignorance, lethargy, and madness.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>tapasya</b>—austerity; material inconvenience accepted in the pursuit of spiritual realization.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Teachings of Lord Caitanya</b></span>—a summary study by His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda of the book CAITANYA CARITÄMÅTA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Öhäkura Bhaktivinoda</b>—See BHAKTIVINODA ÖHÄKURA.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>U</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Upaniñads</b>—the philosophical division of the VEDAS, meant for bringing the student closer to understanding the personal nature of the Absolute Truth.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>V</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Vaikuëöha</b>—the eternal, spiritual world beyond the material cosmos.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Vaiñëava</b>—a devotee of KÅÑËA, or of any other form of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>vaiçya</b>—See VARNAS.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Välméki Muni</b>—the author of the original Rämäyana, the epic of Lord RÄMACANDRA’s pastimes.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>vänaprastha</b>—See ASHRAMS.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>varëas</b>—the four social-occupational divisions of Vedic society: <i>brähmaëas</i> (priests, teachers, and intellectuals), <i>kñatriyas</i> (military men and public administrators), <i>vaiçyas</i> (farmers and businessmen), and <i>çüdras</i> (laborers and craftsmen). See also VARNÄÇRAMA DHARMA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>varëa-saìkara</b>—children who are the result of sex not in accordance with Vedic religious principles.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>varnäçrama-dharma</b>—the ancient Vedic system of arranging society into four social-occupational divisions (VARËAS) and four spiritual divisions (ASHRAMS) to promote social, economic, and political wellbeing and the spiritual advancement of all members of society.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Varuëa</b>—the demigod in charge of water.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Vasudeva</b>—the father of Lord KÅÑËA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Väsudeva</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead as the Supreme Lord of all spiritual and material worlds.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Vedänta-sütra (Vedänta)</b></span>—VYÄSADEVA’s summary of the theistic philosophy of the VEDIC LITERATURE, written in the form of concise codes.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Vedas</b></span>—the_four scriptures, ÅG, <i>Yajur</i>, SÄMA, and Atharva, and in a broader sense also including the UPANÉSADS and VEDÄNTA-SÜTRA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Vedic literature</b>—the four VEDAS, the UPANÉSADS, VEDÄNTA-SÜTRA, PURÄËAS, MAHÄBHÄRATA, other histories and supplements, and also more recent works written in pursuance of the Vedic conclusion.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Vikarëa</b>—a warrior who fought against the PÄËÒAVAS in the battle of KURUKÑETRA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Viñëu</b>—a name of the Supreme Personality of Godhead as the creator and maintainer of the material universes.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Viñëu Puräëa</b></span>—See PURÄËAS.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Viçvanätha Cakravarté Öhäkura</b>—a Vaiñëava spiritual master and commentator on SRÉMAD-BHÄGAVATAM in the disciplic succession from Lord CAITANYA MAHÄPRABHU.</p>
<p class="p26"><span class="s11"><b>Viveka-cuòämaëi</b></span>—the best-known work of ÇAÌKARÄCÄRYA, in which he presents his philosophy of monism.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Vraja (Vrajabhümi)</b>—See VÅNDÄVANA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Våndävana</b>—Lord KÅÑËA’s most intimate and personal abode, where He engages in loving pastimes with His devotees.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Vyäsadeva</b>—the original compiler of the VEDAS and PURÄËAS, and author of VEDÄNTA-SÜTRA and MAHÄBHÄRATA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Vyäsa-püjä</b>—the appearance day of the spiritual master, on which he is honored as the representative of VYÄSADEVA and the direct representative of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>Y</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Yamaräja</b>—the demigod in charge of punishing the sinful after death, and who is also recognized as one of the chief authorities on devotional service to Lord KÅÑËA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Yaçodä</b>—the foster-mother of Lord KÅÑËA, and the wife of NANDA MAHÄRÄJA.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>yavana</b>—a barbarian.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>yoga</b>—various processes of spiritual realization, all ultimately meant for attaining the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>yogé</b>—one who is striving in one of the YOGA processes.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Yudhiñöhira</b>—the eldest of the PÄËÒAVA brothers; Lord KÅÑËA established him as king after the Battle of KURUKÑETRA.</p>
<p class="p31"><b>Dialectic Spiritualism (</b><span class="s5"><b>1985</b></span><b>)</b></p>
<p class="p32">A</p>
<p class="p26">ÄCÄRYA: a spiritual master who teaches by his personal example.</p>
<p class="p26">ACINTYA-BHEDÄBHEDA-TATTVA: Lord Caitanya's doctrine of the "inconceivable oneness and difference" of God and His creation, establishing<br>
the Absolute Truth as both personal and impersonal.</p>
<p class="p26">AGNI: the demigod controlling fire.</p>
<p class="p26">AHAÀ BRAHMÄSMI: "I am Brahman." The spiritual identity of the living entity.</p>
<p class="p26">AHIÀSÄ: nonviolence.</p>
<p class="p26">AKARMA: Kåñëa conscious activities that carry no reactions, either good or bad.</p>
<p class="p26">ÄNANDA: transcendental bliss.</p>
<p class="p26">AËU: atomic, minute.</p>
<p class="p26">ARCA-VIGRAHA: the incarnation of the Lord in the form of material elements, such as a statue (Deity or <i>mürti</i>), or painting, or even a mental image. It is manifest to facilitate worship by the devotees in the material world.</p>
<p class="p26">ARTHA: economic development.</p>
<p class="p26">ÄSANAS: bodily postures used in yoga discipline.</p>
<p class="p26">ÄÇRAMA: a spiritual order according to the Vedic social system: <i>brahmacarya</i> (student life), <i>gåhastha</i> (householder), <i>vänaprastha</i> (retirement), and <i>sannyäsa</i> (renunciation).</p>
<p class="p26">AÑÖÄÌGA-YOGA: the eightfold path consisting of <i>yama</i> and <i>niyama</i> (moral practices), <i>äsana</i> (bodily postures), <i>präëäyäma</i> (breath control), <i>pratyähära</i> (sensory withdrawal), <i>dhäraëa</i> (steadying the mind), <i>dhyäna</i> (meditation), and <i>samädhi</i> (deep concentration on Viñëu within the heart).</p>
<p class="p26">ASURA: not godly; demon, or one opposed to God.</p>
<p class="p26">ÄTMÄ: the self, or soul.</p>
<p class="p26">ÄTMA-HAN: killer of the soul; one who neglects spiritual life.</p>
<p class="p26">ÄTMÄRÄMA: self-satisfied; one who delights in the Self.</p>
<p class="p32">B</p>
<p class="p26">BALARÄMA: Lord Kåñëa's first expansion, appearing as elder brother of Kåñëa, manifestation of spiritual strength.</p>
<p class="p26">BHAGAVÄN: the possessor of all opulences, the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p26">BHAKTISIDDHÄNTA SARASVATÉ: founder of India's famous Gauòéya Math mission, and spiritual master of His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda.</p>
<p class="p26">BHAKTIVINODA THÄKURA: a great devotee, father of Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté.</p>
<p class="p26">BHAKTI-YOGA: linking with the Supreme Lord through devotional service.</p>
<p class="p26">BRAHMÄ: the first created living being in the universe, empowered by Lord Viñëu to further create the material manifestation and rule the mode of passion.</p>
<p class="p26">BRAHMA-BHÜTA: state of being freed from material contamination, and transcendentally happy by virtue of devotional service.</p>
<p class="p26">BRAHMACÄRÉ: celibate student; the first äçrama.</p>
<p class="p26">BRAHMA-JIJÏÄSA: inquiry into spiritual matters.</p>
<p class="p26">BRAHMAJYOTI: the impersonal effulgence emanating from the transcendental body of Lord Kåñëa and illuminating the spiritual world.</p>
<p class="p26">BRAHMALOKA: the abode of Lord Brahma, highest planet in the material universe.</p>
<p class="p26">BRAHMAN: (l) the Supreme Personality of Godhead; (2) the impersonal, all pervasive aspect of God; (3) the total material substance (<i>mahat-tattva</i>); (4) the individual soul.</p>
<p class="p26">BRÄHMAËA: the intellectual, or priestly class, according to the Vedic social system of <i>varëas</i>.</p>
<p class="p26">BRAHMA-SAÀHITÄ: an ancient Sanskrit scripture of the prayers of Brahmä to Govinda.</p>
<p class="p32">C</p>
<p class="p26">CAITANYA-CARITÄMRTA: a scripture by Kåñëadäsa Kaviräja Gosvämé describing Lord Caitanya Mahäprabhu's teachings and pastimes.</p>
<p class="p26">CAITANYA MAHÄPRABHU: Lord Kåñëa's incarnation in the age of Kali, appearing in Bengal, India, in the late Fifteenth Century, to inaugurate the dharma of this age: the congregational chanting of Hare Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p26">CAËÒALA: a dog-eater, outcaste.</p>
<p class="p32">D</p>
<p class="p26">DHARMA: true nature, religious principles; the rendering of service to God.</p>
<p class="p26">DHRUVA MAHÄRÄJA: a great boy-devotee, renowned for his firm determination and penance. He later ruled this planet and was finally given the polestar, Dhruvaloka.</p>
<p class="p26">DHYÄNA: Meditation</p>
<p class="p26">DURGÄ: the personification of the material energy.</p>
<p class="p26">DUÑKÅTINA: miscreant; one who does not surrender to Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p26">DVÄPARA-YUGA: the third age of the cycle of <i>yugas</i>. It ended with the disappearance of Lord Kåñëa from this earth, five thousand years ago.</p>
<p class="p32">G</p>
<p class="p26">GAËEÇA: one of the demigods, son of Lord Çiva, often worshipped for success in material affairs.</p>
<p class="p26">GARBHODAKAÇÄYI VIÑËU: the Viñëu expansion of the Supreme Lord entering each universe to create diversity.</p>
<p class="p26">GO-MÄTÄ: mother cow.</p>
<p class="p26">GOPAS: the cowherd boy friends of Kåñëa, highly elevated devotees who enjoy sporting with Kåñëa in Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p26">GOPÉS: the cowherd girl friends of Kåñëa, highly elevated devotees who enjoy transcendental feelings with Kåñëa in the conjugal rasa.</p>
<p class="p26">GOVARDHANA HILL: a hill near Våndävana lifted by Lord Kåñëa to protect His devotees from the torrents of Indra.</p>
<p class="p26">GOVINDA: name of Kåñëa, meaning one who gives pleasure to the cows.</p>
<p class="p26">GÅHASTHA: householder the second <i>äçrama</i>.</p>
<p class="p26">GUËAS: the three material modes, or qualities, of the material universe: goodness, passion, and ignorance.</p>
<p class="p32">H</p>
<p class="p26">HARE: the spiritual energy of the Lord by which the Lord is reached.</p>
<p class="p26">HARI: the Supreme Lord, Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p26">HARI-KÉRTANA: chanting of the names of God.</p>
<p class="p26">HAÖHA-YOGA: a system of bodily postures (<i>äsanas</i>) to help control the senses and mind and thereby aid meditation.</p>
<p class="p26">HIRAËYAKAÇIPU: a great demon, father of the devotee Prahläda Mahäräja, killed by Kåñëa in His incarnation as Nåsiàhadeva.</p>
<p class="p26">HÅÑÉKEÇA: master of the senses, Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p32">I</p>
<p class="p26">INDRA: a great demigod, the king of heaven and presiding deity of rain.</p>
<p class="p26">ÉÇOPANIÑAD: one of the most important of the 108 Upaniñads, establishing the proprietary rights of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p32">J</p>
<p class="p26">JAPA: chanting of the holy names of God.</p>
<p class="p26">JÉVA, JÉVÄTMÄ: the individual soul, or living entity.</p>
<p class="p26">JÏÄNAVÄN: wise man.</p>
<p class="p26">JÏÄNA-YOGA: the predominantly empirical, intellectual process of linking with the Supreme, generally executed when one is still attached to mental speculation.</p>
<p class="p32">K</p>
<p class="p26">KÄLA: the manifestation of Kåñëa as eternal time.</p>
<p class="p26">KÄLÉ: a goddess personifying the ghastly form of material nature.</p>
<p class="p26">KALI-YUGA: the age of quarrel and ignorance, the fourth and most degraded age in the cycle of four yugas. Five thousand years of this current Kali-yuga have expired; 428, 000 years remain.</p>
<p class="p26">KALKI-AVATÄRA: incarnation of Kåñëa, manifest at the end of Kaliyuga. Appearing on a white horse, He will annihilate all the demons with His sword.</p>
<p class="p26">KÄMA: desire, lust.</p>
<p class="p26">KÄRAËODAKAÇÄYÉ VIÑËU: the Mahä-viñëu who lies within the causal ocean and breathes out innumerable universes.</p>
<p class="p26">KARMA: (l) material action performed according to scripture; (2) the chain of action and reaction.</p>
<p class="p26">KARMA-KÄËÒA: the division of the Vedas dealing with fruitive activities performed by materialists for purification and material success.</p>
<p class="p26">KARMA-YOGA: linking to God by dedicating the fruits of action to Him.</p>
<p class="p26">KARMÉ: a materialist; one attached to the fruits of his labor.</p>
<p class="p26">KÅPAËA: a miser; one who does not spend his life on spiritual realization.</p>
<p class="p26">KÑATRIYA: a warrior or administrator in the Vedic social system. Literally, a Kñatriya is one who protects others from harm.</p>
<p class="p26">KÑÉRODAKAÇÄYÉ VIÑËU: the Supersoul entering into the heart of every living being. He exists in and between every atom, and He is the source of many incarnations.</p>
<p class="p26">KUËÖHA: the material universe. Literally, the place of anxiety.</p>
<p class="p26">KUNTÉ: mother of the five Päëòavas, and great devotee of Lord Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p26">KURUKÑETRA: place of pilgrimage, north of modern New Delhi, where <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i> was spoken and the great battle between the Kurus and Päëòavas took place.</p>
<p class="p26">KURUS: the one hundred sons of Dhåtaräñöra.</p>
<p class="p32">M</p>
<p class="p26">MAHÄBHÄRATA: the great epic of 100,000 verses composed by Vyäsadeva, narrating the history of the Päëòavas and including <i>Bhagavad-gétä.</i></p>
<p class="p26">MAHÄMANTRA: the great chanting for deliverance: Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare, Hare Räma, Hare Räma, Räma Räma, Hare Hare.</p>
<p class="p26">MAHÄTMÄ: a great soul who understands that Kåñëa is everything and therefore surrenders unto Him.</p>
<p class="p26">MAHAT-TATTVA: the total material energy.</p>
<p class="p26">MAHÄVIÑËU: the Käraëodakaçäyé Viñëu who lies within the causal ocean and breathes out innumerable universes.</p>
<p class="p26">MAÌGALA-ÄRÄTRIKA: early morning (4:30 a.m.) offering to the Lord in the temple, accompanied by chanting and bells.</p>
<p class="p26">MANU: the father of mankind, the demigod who set forth <i>Manu-saàhitä</i>, the law book for humanity.</p>
<p class="p26">MÄYÄ: illusion; the external energy of Kåñëa that deludes the living entity into forgetfulness of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p26">MÄYÄDEVÉ: personification of the illusory material energy.</p>
<p class="p26">MÄYÄVÄDÉ: impersonalist or voidist maintaining that God is ultimately formless and without personality.</p>
<p class="p26">MOKÑA: liberation from the cycle of birth and death.</p>
<p class="p26">MÜÒHA: hard-working ass; gross materialist.</p>
<p class="p26">MUKUNDA: the granter of liberation (<i>mukti</i>), Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p26">MUNI: sage or self-realized soul.</p>
<p class="p32">N</p>
<p class="p26">NANDA MAHÄRÄJA: a great devotee, who served as foster father of Kåñëa in the Våndävana pastimes.</p>
<p class="p26">NÄRADA: one of the Lord's greatest devotees , author of <i>Närada-bhaktisütras.</i> He spreads love of God throughout the universe.</p>
<p class="p26">NÄRÄYANA: four-handed expansion(s) of Viñëu presiding over the Vaikuëöha planets.</p>
<p class="p26">NITYA: eternal; refers both to the Lord and the living entity.</p>
<p class="p26">NÅSIÀHADEVA: incarnation of Lord Kåñëa in the form of half-man, half-lion, savior of Prahläda Mahäräja.</p>
<p class="p32">O</p>
<p class="p26">OÀ TAT SAT: the transcendental syllables chanted by <i>brähmaëas</i> for satisfying the Supreme when chanting Vedic hymns or offering sacrifices. They indicate the Supreme Absolute Truth, the Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p26">OÀKARA: <i>Oà</i>; the transcendental syllable representing the impersonal aspect of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p32">P</p>
<p class="p26">PÄËÒAVAS: the five sons of King Päëòu: Yudhiñöhira, Arjuna, Bhéma, Nakula, and Sahadeva.</p>
<p class="p26">PARAMAHAÀSA: the topmost devotee of the Lord. Literally, swanlike.</p>
<p class="p26">PARAMÄTMÄ: the Supersoul, the localized aspect of the Supreme Lord within the heart of all living entities, accompanying everyone as witness and guide.</p>
<p class="p26">PARAÀ-BRAHMA: the Supreme Brahman, the Personality of Godhead, Çré Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p26">PARAMPARÄ: the disciplic succession through which spiritual knowledge is transmitted.</p>
<p class="p26">PÄTÄLA-LOKA: lowest planet in the material universe.</p>
<p class="p26">PAVITRAM: pure.</p>
<p class="p26">PRAHLÄDA MAHÄRÄJA: a great devotee, persecuted by his demonic father, Hiraëyakaçipu, and saved by Lord Nåsiàhadeva.</p>
<p class="p26">PRAKÅTI: material nature. Literally, that which is predominated.</p>
<p class="p26">PRASÄDAM: food offered in devotion to Lord Kåñëa. Literally, mercy.</p>
<p class="p26">PREMÄ: pure, spontaneous love of God.</p>
<p class="p26">PÜJÄ: worship.</p>
<p class="p26">PURAËAS: the eighteen historical supplements to the Vedas.</p>
<p class="p26">PURUÑA: the enjoyer, the dominator, the Supreme Lord. Sometimes the word refers to the individual soul.</p>
<p class="p26">PUTRA: son.</p>
<p class="p32">R</p>
<p class="p26">RÄDHÄ (RÄËÉ): eternal consort of Kåñëa, His own internal pleasure potency.</p>
<p class="p26">RAJO-GUËA: the material mode of passion.</p>
<p class="p26">RÄMA: (l) a name of God meaning the enjoyer (2) Lord Rämacandra, the incarnation, hero of Välméki's <i>Rämäyaëa</i>; (3) Lord Balaräma, the expansion of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p26">RÄSA: Lord Kåñëa's transcendental pastime of dancing with the <i>gopés</i> in the forests of Våndävana.</p>
<p class="p26">RASA: relationship.</p>
<p class="p26">ÅÑI: saint or sage.</p>
<p class="p26">RÜPA GOSVÄMÉ: one of the principal disciples of Lord Caitanya Mahäprabhu, author of many authoritative books on <i>bhakti-yoga</i>, including <i>Bhakti-rasämåta-sindhu</i>.</p>
<p class="p32">S</p>
<p class="p26">SAC-CID-ÄNANDA: eternal being, knowledge, and bliss.</p>
<p class="p26">SÄDHANA-BHAKTI: devotional service executed by regulative principles, as opposed to spontaneous love.</p>
<p class="p26">SÄDHU: holyman or sage.</p>
<p class="p26">SAHAJIYÄ: a type of impersonalist who takes things cheaply and mistakenly identifies the finite living entity with Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p26">SAMÄDHI: trance, absorption in Kåñëa consciousness.</p>
<p class="p26">SANÄTANA-DHARMA: the eternal religion; devotional service.</p>
<p class="p26">ÇAÌKARÄCÄRYA: (AD 788-820) the great philosopher who established the doctrine of <i>advaita</i> (nondualism), stressing the impersonal nature of God and the identity of all souls with the undifferentiated Brahman.</p>
<p class="p26">SÄÌKHYA-YOGA: (1) analytical discrimination between spirit and matter, soul and body; (2) devotional yoga taught in <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i> by Lord Kapila, son of Devahüti.</p>
<p class="p26">SAÌKÉRTANA-YAJÏA: the congregational chanting of the names of God, the prescribed sacrifice for this age of Kali.</p>
<p class="p26">SANNYÄSA: the renounced order of life, the fourth <i>äçrama</i> in the Vedic social system.</p>
<p class="p26">ÇÄNTI: transcendental peace.</p>
<p class="p26">ÇÄSTRA: scripture.</p>
<p class="p26">SATTVA-GUËA: the material mode of goodness.</p>
<p class="p26">SATYA-YUGA: the age of goodness and wisdom, first of the four ages of the universe, characterized by virtue and religion.</p>
<p class="p26">SIDDHALOKA: a higher planet inhabited by perfected yogés.</p>
<p class="p26">ÇIVA: Qualitative incarnation of Kåñëa in charge of the mode of ignorance and responsible for the annihilation of the material universe; demigod worshipped commonly for material benedictions.</p>
<p class="p26">ÇLOKA: a Sanskrit verse.</p>
<p class="p26">SMRITI: realization of sages, written in the Puraëas and Vedic commentaries. They complement <i>çruti</i>.</p>
<p class="p26">ÇRÉMAD-BHÄGAVATAM: the scripture composed by Vyäsadeva to explain and describe Kåñëa's pastimes.</p>
<p class="p26">ÇRUTI: the Vedas directly spoken by the Supreme Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p26">ÇUDDHA-SATTVA: purified goodness above the three guëas.</p>
<p class="p26">ÇUDRA : a member of the working class in the Vedic social system.</p>
<p class="p26">ÇYÄMASUNDARA: a name of the original form of Lord Kåñëa as manifest in the Våndävana pastimes.</p>
<p class="p32">T</p>
<p class="p26">TAMO-GUËA: the material mode of ignorance.</p>
<p class="p26">TAPASYA: penance or austerity voluntarily accepted for spiritual progress.</p>
<p class="p26">TILAKA: clay markings worn on the fore head and other places to sanctify the body as a temple of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p26">TRETÄ-YUGA: the second age in the cycle of <i>yugas</i>, renowned for great sacrifices.</p>
<p class="p32">V</p>
<p class="p26">VAIKUËÖHA: the eternal planets of the spiritual sky. Literally, without anxiety.</p>
<p class="p26">VAIÑËAVA: a devotee of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p26">VAIÇYA: the merchant or farmer class according to the Vedic social system.</p>
<p class="p26">VÄLMÉKI: author of the <i>Rämäyaëa</i>.</p>
<p class="p26">VÄNAPRASTHA: retired life , in which one quits home and travels to places of pilgrimage in preparation for the renounced order of <i>sannyäsa</i>.</p>
<p class="p26">VARËA: social class, or occupational division.</p>
<p class="p26">VARËÄSRAMA: the Vedic social system arranged into four occupations (<i>varëas</i>): <i>brähmaëa, kñatriya, vaiçya</i>, and <i>çüdra</i>; and four spiritual divisions (<i>äçramas</i>): <i>brahmäcäré, gåhastha, vänaprastha, </i>and <i>sannyäsa</i>.</p>
<p class="p26">VÄSUDEVA: Kåñëa, the son of Vasudeva.</p>
<p class="p26">VEDÄNTA: the philosophical system based on the <i>Vedänta-sütra</i>, the treatise written by Vyäsadeva.</p>
<p class="p26">VEDAS: the four original scriptures (<i>Åg, Yajur, Säma</i>, and <i>Atharva</i>). Also, in a larger sense, their supplements, the Puraëas, <i>Mahäbhärata, Vedänta-sütra</i>, etc.</p>
<p class="p26">VIKARMA: unauthorized or sinful activity performed against the injunctions of revealed scriptures.</p>
<p class="p26">VIRÄT-RUPA: the universal form of Lord Kåñëa, as described in the Eleventh Chapter of <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i>.</p>
<p class="p26">VIÑËU: the Personality of Godhead.</p>
<p class="p26">VIÑËU-MÄYÄ: the internal energy of the Lord, which hides Him from material vision. Also called <i>yoga-mäyä</i>.</p>
<p class="p26">VIÑËU-TATTVA: innumerable primary or Viñëu expansions of Kåñëa.</p>
<p class="p26">VÅNDÄVANA: the transcendental abode of Lord Kåñëa. Also called Goloka Våndävana or Kåñëaloka.</p>
<p class="p26">VYÄSADEVA: literary incarnation who compiled the Vedas and wrote the Puraëas, <i>Mahäbhärata</i>, and <i>Vedänta-sütra</i>.</p>
<p class="p33">Y</p>
<p class="p26">YAJNA: sacrifice</p>
<p class="p26">YAJNA-PURUÑA: Kåñëa, the Lord and enjoyer of all sacrifices.</p>
<p class="p26">YAMARÄJA: the god of death; demigod who punishes sinful living entities after death.</p>
<p class="p26">YAMUNÄ: Holy river flowing by Våndävana, site of Kåñëa's pastimes. Also spelled Jamunä.</p>
<p class="p26">YOGA-MÄYÄ: the internal energy of the Lord, which hides Him from one's material vision.</p>
<p class="p26">YOGÉ: one engaged in the practice of yoga, linking up with the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p26">YUDHIÑTHIRA: the eldest Päëòava brother, the son of Dharma. To install him on his rightful throne, the battle of Kurukñetra was fought.</p>
<p class="p26">YUGAS: the four ages of the universe: Satya-yuga, Tretä-yuga, Dväpara-yuga, and Kali-yuga. As the ages proceed from Satya to Kali, religion and goodness decline, and ignorance predominates.</p>
<p class="p18"><b>Teachings </b><span class="s5"><b>of</b></span><b> Queen Kunté</b></p>
<p class="p30"><b>A</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Äcärya</b>—a spiritual master who teaches by example.<br>
<b>Arcä-vigraha</b>—the Deity incarnation of the Supreme Lord, manifest within material substances such as wood or stone.<br>
<b>Añöäìga-yoga</b>—the mystic <i>yoga</i> system propounded by Pataïjali in his <i>Yoga</i>-<i>sütras</i>.<br>
<b>Asuras</b>—atheistic demons.<br>
<b>Ätma</b>—the eternal spirit soul who is living within the temporary, material body.<br>
<b>Avatära</b>—an incarnation, or "descent," of the Supreme Lord.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>B</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Bhagavad-gétä</b>—the discourse between the Supreme Lord, Kåñëa, and His devotee Arjuna expounding devotional service as both the principal means and the ultimate end of spiritual perfection.<br>
<b>Bhakta</b>—a devotee of God.<br>
<b>Bhakti</b>—devotional service to Lord Kåñëa.<br>
<b>Brahmacarya</b>—celibate student life; the first order of Vedic spiritual life.<br>
<b>Brahmajyoti</b>—the brilliant effulgence emanating from the Supreme Lord's personal form, which is experienced by impersonalists as formless, limitless light, and thus mistaken by them to be the ultimate realization of the Absolute.<br>
<b>Brahman</b>—the Absolute Truth; especially the impersonal aspect of the Absolute.<br>
<b>Brähmaëa</b>—one wise in the <i>Vedas</i> who can guide society; the first Vedic social order.<br>
<b>Brahmästra</b>—in Vedic military science, an advanced nuclear weapon powered by the chanting of certain <i>mantras</i>.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>D</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Dharma</b>—occupational duty; religious principles.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>G</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Gaïjä</b>—marijuana.<br>
<b>Goloka (Kåñëaloka)</b>—the highest spiritual planet, containing Kåñëa's personal abodes, Dvärakä, Mathurä, and Våndävana.<br>
<b>Gopas</b>—cowherd men (or boys).<br>
<b>Gopés</b>—Kåñëa's cowherd girl friends, His most confidential servitors.<br>
<b>Guru</b>—a spiritual master.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>H</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Hare Kåñëa mantra</b>—<i>See: Mähä-mantra</i></p>
<p class="p30"><b>J</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Jïäné</b>—one who cultivates knowledge by empirical speculation.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>K</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Kali-yuga (Age of Kali)</b>—the present age, characterized by quarrel; it is last in the cycle of four and began five thousand years ago.<br>
<b>Karma</b>—fruitive action, for which there is always reaction, good or bad.<br>
<b>Karmé</b>—a person satisfied with working hard for flickering sense gratification.<br>
<b>Kåñëaloka</b>—<i>See:</i> Goloka<br>
<b>Kñatriya</b>—a warrior or administrator; the second Vedic social order.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>L</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Lélä</b>—the pastimes of the Supreme Lord, which He performs simply for His own pleasure and that of His devotees.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>M</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Mahäbhärata</b>—the history of the Kurukñetra war, compiled by Vyäsadeva.<br>
<b>Mahä-mantra</b>—the great chanting for deliverance:</p>
<p class="p34">Hare Kåñëa, Hare Kåñëa, Kåñëa Kåñëa, Hare Hare </p>
<p class="p34">Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare.</p>
<p class="p26"><b>Mahätmä</b>—a great soul.<br>
<b>Mantras</b>—a sound vibration that can deliver the mind from illusion.<br>
<b>Mäyä</b>—illusion; forgetfulness of one's relationship with Kåñëa.<br>
<b>Mäyävädés</b>—impersonal philosophers who say that the Lord cannot have a transcendental body.<br>
<b>Munis</b>—thoughtful sages.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>P</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Paramahaàsa</b>—"topmost swan," a person who knows perfectly how to separate spirit from matter. <br>
<b>Paramätmä</b>—the Supersoul, Lord Viñëu sitting within the heart of each and every living being.<br>
<b>Pätälaloka</b>—the lower planetary system, where the demons live.<br>
<b>Prakåti</b>—material nature, who controls all phenomena in this world, as well as all conditioned living beings, but is herself directly controlled by the Supreme Lord.<br>
<b>Prasäda</b>—food spiritualized by being offered to the Lord.<br>
<b>Puräëas</b>—supplements to the original <i>Vedas</i> which recount the history of the universe from its very creation and describe the Supreme Lord's various incarnations.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>R</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Rñis</b>—sages.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>S</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Sannyäsa</b>—renounced life; the fourth order of Vedic spiritual life.<br>
<b>Sari</b>—the standard women's garment in Vedic culture.<br>
<b>Çästras</b>—revealed scriptures.<br>
<b>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</b>—the "spotless <i>Puräëa</i>," which explains pure devotional service to the Supreme Lord.<br>
<b>Çruti</b>—the original four <i>Vedas</i> together with the <i>Upaniñads</i>.<br>
<b>Çüdrä</b>—a laborer; the fourth of the Vedic social orders.<br>
<b>Surabhés</b>—the transcendental cows of the spiritual world, who can be milked to get the fulfillment of any possible desire.<br>
<b>Svayaàvara</b>—the ceremony in which a king's daughter is allowed to choose her own husband.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>T</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Tilaka</b>—auspicious clay marks that sanctify a devotee's body as a temple of the Lord.<br>
<b>Tulasé</b>—a sacred plant worshiped by devotees of Viñëu.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>U</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Upaniñads</b>—philosophical sections of the <i>Vedas</i>, designed to bring the student closer to the Absolute Truth.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>V</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Vaikuëöha</b>—the spiritual world.<br>
<b>Vaiñëava</b>—a devotee of Lord Viñëu, Kåñëa. <br>
<b>Vänaprastha</b>—one who has retired from family life; the third order of Vedic spiritual life.<br>
<b>Vedanta-sütra</b>—the summary of Vedic knowledge compiled by Sré Vyäsadeva in short codes.<br>
<b>Vedas</b>—the original literature, comprising all branches of philosophy, science, art, and spiritual knowledge, which was first spoken by Lord Viñëu Himself to the creator Brahma.<br>
<b>Våndävana</b>—Kåñëa's personal abode, where He fully manifests His quality of sweetness.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>Y</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Yogé</b>—a transcendentalist who, in one way or another, is striving for union with the Supreme.</p>
<p class="p30"><b>Z</b></p>
<p class="p26"><b>Zamindar</b>—a landlord. </p>
<p class="p18"><b>ABOUT THE AUTHOR</b></p>
<p class="p16">His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda was born into a family of Kåñëa devotees in Calcutta, India, in 1896. From early childhood, he showed signs of pure devotion to Lord Kåñëa. In 1922, he met his spiritual master, Çréla Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté, the founder of India's Gauòéya Maöha. At their first meeting, Prabhupäda received the instructions that would later win him world recognition: "Go to the West and spread Kåñëa consciousness in the English language." Taking this instruction to heart, Prabhupäda studied his spiritual master's teachings, and in the 1940s established Back To Godhead, an English-language magazine dealing with the science of Kåñëa consciousness. Using his own money, and working with no assistance, he wrote, edited, printed, and distributed <i>Back To Godhead</i> on a modest basis in and around New Delhi. </p>
<p class="p16">During the years that followed, he dreamed several times that Çréla Bhaktisiddhänta was telling him to give up household life and formally take up the spiritual order of <i>sannyäsa</i>. When he had the dream again in Våndävana, India, the place of Lord Kåñëa's childhood pastimes, Çréla Prabhupäda accepted the challenge. In September, 1959, he was given the <i>sannyäsa</i> order and the name A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami. This put him in an ideal social position to fulfill his spiritual master's order, but first he needed books, and passage to America. </p>
<p class="p16">At this time, Çréla Prabhupäda began his life's main literary work: an English translation, with commentaries, of the <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i>, an encyclopedic scripture often called the "cream of the Vedic literature" because it deals exclusively with Lord Kåñëa's personality and activities. Çréla Prabhupäda struggled alone, writing and collecting money to print the first three volumes. "I did not know anything about writing," he later said humbly. "But my spiritual master told me to spread Lord Kåñëa's glories in English, and this is what I tried to do, following in the footsteps of my Guru Mahäräja. He was such a transcendental aristocrat. I had no great personal qualifications. I just tried to follow his instructions." In 1965, the way was finally cleared for Prabhupäda's now historic journey to the West. The Scindia Steamship Line gave him free passage aboard the freighter <i>Jaladüta</i>, and in August, Çréla Prabhupäda left India with a crate of his <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatams</i>, a pair of <i>karatälas</i> (cymbals) and seven dollars. </p>
<p class="p16">Çréla Prabhupäda's forty-day journey was arduous. A few days out at sea, the <i>Jaladüta</i> passed through heavy storms, and Prabhupäda suffered from seasickness and heart attacks. For two consecutive nights, the attacks came, and at age sixty-nine, Prabhupäda knew that they could prove fatal. On the third night, he dreamed that Lord Kåñëa Himself was rowing the ship to America, urging him on, and offering him all protection. The next day, the storms and heart attacks subsided. </p>
<p class="p16">When the <i>Jaladüta</i> finally docked in New York City, Çréla Prabhupäda wrote: "My dear Lord Kåñëa, You are so kind upon this useless soul, but I do not know why You have brought me here. Now You can do whatever You like with me. How will I make them understand the message of Kåñëa consciousness? I am very unfortunate, unqualified, and most fallen. Therefore, I am seeking Your benediction so I can convince them, for I am powerless to do so on my own." </p>
<p class="p16">Then, with his books, his cymbals, and seven dollars, Çréla Prabhupäda entered the anonymity of Manhattan. Throughout the winter of 1965-1966, he continued writing in cold tenements, and managed to sell only a few copies of <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i>. Despite the difficulties, he began lecturing to visitors in his small room. A few yoga students attended, and the word spread that an Indian Svämé was in town with a unique yoga method: chanting Hare Kåñëa. After his room was ransacked by thieves, Prabhupäda moved to Manhattan's Lower East Side, renting an apartment and a small storefront at 26 Second Avenue. </p>
<p class="p16">In July, 1966, Çréla Prabhupäda formed the International Society for Kåñëa Consciousness (ISKCON), and initiated his first disciples. In the autumn, in nearby Tompkins Square Park, he led the first public chanting of Hare Kåñëa in the Western world, and gained quick notice on the Lower East Side. Though he had only a dozen disciples—his strict regimen allowed no meat eating, illicit sex, intoxication, or gambling—Prabhupäda was well on his way to realizing his mission. </p>
<p class="p16">Within months, he opened centers in San Francisco, Montreal, Boston, Los Angeles, and Buffalo. In 1968, he founded the New Vrindaban Community in the West Virginia hills, and in 1969 he went to Europe to visit new centers in London and Hamburg. In the 1970s, as Çréla Prabhupäda made no less than fourteen world tours, the Hare Kåñëa movement rapidly swept around the world, and centers opened in all the major cities of the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia. </p>
<p class="p16">Even though constantly travelling, Çréla Prabhupäda never stopped writing on the science of Krsna consciousness. His Society has published and distributed over eighty volumes of his works, totalling millions of copies. These include <i>Bhagavad-gétä As It Is</i> (1968), <i>Teachings of Lord Caitanya</i> (1968), <i>Kåñëa, The Supreme Personality of Godhead</i> (1970), <i>Nectar of Devotion</i> (1970), <i>Caitanya-caritämåta</i> (1970-1975, seventeen volumes), and thirty volumes of <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i>. Wherever Çréla Prabhupäda stayed, whether in a London manor, an Indian hut, or a West Virginia shack, he translated Vedic literature at night, and guided ISKCON by day.</p>
<p class="p16">Çréla Prabhupäda accomplished his mission between the ages of seventy and eighty-two through great personal effort and unshakable faith in Kåñëa. Although he had thousands of disciples, he continued to carry the burden of counselling them and managing the Society's affairs. In India, he supervised the establishment of magnificent Rädhä-Kåñëa temples in holy places like Våndävana and Mäyäpura, and at Juhu Beach, Bombay. Today, at New Vrindaban, Prabhupäda's Palace of Gold has become a major tourist attraction, and New Vrindaban's "Land of Kåñëa" project has introduced millions of pilgrims and visitors to Vedic culture. </p>
<p class="p16">Obviously, Çréla Prabhupäda was no ordinary person. Before passing away on November 14, 1977, he had nurtured his Society into a worldwide confederation of more than one hundred <i>äçramas</i>, schools, temples, institutes, and farm communities. Today, still expanding under the guidance of his words and example, ISKCON has become one of the world's most dynamic religious movements.</p>
<p class="p18"><b>THE AUTHOR</b></p>
<p class="p16">His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupäda appeared in this world in 1896 in Calcutta, India. He first met his spiritual master, Çréla Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Gosvämé, in Calcutta in 1922. Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté, a prominent religious scholar and the founder of sixty-four Gauòéya Maöhas (Vedic institutes), liked this educated young man and convinced him to dedicate his life to teaching Vedic knowledge. Çréla Prabhupäda became his student, and eleven years later (1933) at Allahabad he became his formally initiated disciple.</p>
<p class="p16">At their first meeting, in 1922, Çréla Bhaktisiddhänta Sarasvaté Öhäkura requested Çréla Prabhupäda to broadcast Vedic knowledge through the English language. In the years that followed, Çréla Prabhupäda wrote a commentary on the <i>Bhagavad-gétä</i>, assisted the Gauòéya Maöha in its work and, in 1944, without assistance, started an English fortnightly magazine, edited it, typed the manuscripts and checked the galley proofs. He even distributed the individual copies freely and struggled to maintain the publication. Once begun, the magazine never stopped; it is now being continued by his disciples in the West and is published in twelve languages.</p>
<p class="p16">Recognizing Çréla Prabhupäda's philosophical learning and devotion, the Gauòéya Vaiñëava Society honored him in 1947 with the title "Bhaktivedanta." In 1950, at the age of fifty-four, Çréla Prabhupäda retired from married life, adopting the <i>vänaprastha</i> (retired) order to devote more time to his studies and writing. Çréla Prabhupäda traveled to the holy city of Våndävana, where he lived in very humble circumstances in the historic medieval temple of Rädhä-Dämodara. There he engaged for several years in deep study and writing. He accepted the renounced order of life (<i>sannyäsa</i>) in 1959. At Rädhä-Dämodara, Çréla Prabhupäda began work on his life's masterpiece: a multivolume translation of and commentary on the eighteen-thousand-verse <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i> (<i>Bhägavata Puräëa</i>). He also wrote <i>Easy Journey to Other Planets</i>.</p>
<p class="p16">After publishing three volumes of <i>Bhägavatam</i>, Çréla Prabhupäda came to the United States, in 1965, to fulfill the mission of his spiritual master. Since that time, His Divine Grace has written over sixty volumes of authoritative translations, commentaries and summary studies of the philosophical and religious classics of India.</p>
<p class="p16">In 1965, when he first arrived by freighter in New York City, Çréla Prabhupäda was practically penniless. It was after almost a year of great difficulty that he established the International Society for Krishna Consciousness in July of 1966. Under his careful guidance, the Society has grown within a decade to a worldwide confederation of more than one hundred <i>äsramas</i>, schools, temples, institutes and farm communities.</p>
<p class="p16">In 1968, Çréla Prabhupäda created New Våndävana, an experimental Vedic community in the hills of West Virginia. Inspired by the success of New Våndävana, now a thriving farm community of more than one thousand acres, his students have since founded several similar communities in the United States and abroad.</p>
<p class="p16">In 1972, His Divine Grace introduced the Vedic system of primary and secondary education in the West by founding the Gurukula school in Dallas, Texas. Since then, under his supervision, his disciples have established children's schools throughout the United States and the rest of the world. As of 1977, there are twenty <i>gurukula</i> schools worldwide, with the principal educational center now located in Våndävana, India.</p>
<p class="p16">Çréla Prabhupäda has also inspired the construction of several large international cultural centers in India. The center at Çrédhäma Mäyäpur in West Bengal is the site for a planned spiritual city, an ambitious project for which construction will extend over the next decade. In Våndävana, India, is the magnificent Kåñëa-Balaräma Temple and International Guesthouse. There are also major cultural and educational centers in Bombay and the holy city of Puré in Orissa. Other centers are planned in a dozen other important locations on the Subcontinent.</p>
<p class="p16">Çréla Prabhupäda's most significant contribution, however, is his books. Highly respected by the academic community for their authoritativeness, depth and clarity, they are used as standard textbooks in numerous college courses. His writings have been translated into twenty three languages. The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, established in 1972 exclusively to publish the works of His Divine Grace, has thus become the world's largest publisher of books in the field of Indian religion and philosophy. Its principal project is the ongoing publication of Çréla Prabhupäda's celebrated multivolume translation of and commentary on <i>Çrémad-Bhägavatam</i>.</p>
<p class="p16">In the past ten years, in spite of his advanced age, Çréla Prabhupäda has circled the globe twelve times on lecture tours that have taken him to six continents. In spite of such a vigorous schedule, Çréla Prabhupäda continues to write prolifically. His writings constitute a veritable library of Vedic philosophy, religion, literature and culture.</p>
<p class="p18"><b>Guide to Sanskrit Pronunciation</b></p>
<p class="p28">Throughout the centuries, the Sanskrit language has been written in a variety of alphabets. The mode of writing most widely used throughout India, however, is called <i>devanägaré</i>, which literally means "the city writing of the <i>devas</i>, or gods.” The <i>devanägaré </i>alphabet consists of forty-eight characters, including thirteen vowels and thirty-five consonants. Ancient Sanskrit grammarians arranged the alphabet according to practical linguistic principles, and this arangement has been accepted by all Western scholars. The system of transliteration used in this book conforms to a system that scholars in the last fifty years have almost universally accepted to indicate the pronunciation of each Sanskrit sound.</p>
<p class="p28">The short vowel <b>a</b> is pronounced like the <b>u</b> in b<b>u</b>t, long <b>ä</b> like the <b>a</b> in f<b>a</b>r; and short <b>i</b> like the <b>i</b> in p<b>i</b>n. Long <b>é</b> is pronounced as in p<b>i</b>que, short <b>u</b> as in p<b>u</b>ll, and long <b>ü</b> as in r<b>u</b>le. The vowel <b>å</b> is pronounced like the <b>ri</b> in <b>ri</b>m. The vowel <b>e</b> is pronounced as in th<b>e</b>y, <b>ai</b> as in <b>ai</b>sle, <b>o</b> as in g<b>o</b>, and <b>au</b> as in h<b>ow</b>. The <i>anusvara</i> (<b>à</b>), which is a pure nasal, is pronounced like the <b>n</b> in the French word <i>bo</i><b>n</b>, and <i>visarga</i> (<b>ù</b>) which is a strong aspirate, is pronounced as a final <b>h</b> sound. Thus <b>aù</b> is pronounced like <b>aha</b>, and iù like <b>ihi</b>.</p>
<p class="p28">The guttural consonants—<b>k, kh, g, gh</b>, and <b>ì</b>—are pronounced from the throat in much the same manner as in English. <b>K</b> is pronounced as in <b>k</b>ite, <b>kh</b> as in Ec<b>kh</b>art, <b>g</b> as in <b>g</b>ive, <b>gh</b> as in di<b>g h</b>ard, and <b>ì</b> as in si<b>ng</b>. The palatal consonants—<b>c, ch, j, jh</b>, and <b>ï</b>—are pronounced from the palate with the middle of the tongue. <b>C</b> is pronounced as in <b>ch</b>air, <b>ch</b> as in staun<b>ch h</b>eart, <b>j</b> as in <b>j</b>oy, <b>jh</b> as in he<b>dgeh</b>og, and <b>ï</b> as in ca<b>ny</b>on. The cerebral consonants—<b>ö, öh, ò, òh,</b> and <b>ë</b>—are pronounced with the tip of the tongue turned up and drawn back against the dome of the palate. <b>Ö</b> is pronounced as in <b>t</b>ub, öh as in ligh<b>t h</b>eart, <b>ò</b> as in <b>d</b>ove, <b>òh</b> as in re<b>d-h</b>ot, and <b>ë</b> as in <b>n</b>ut. The dental consonants—<b>t, th, d, dh</b>, and <b>n</b>—are pronounced in the same manner as the cerebrals, but with the forepart of the tongue against the teeth. The labial consonants—<b>p, ph, b, bh,</b> and <b>m</b>—are pronounced with the lips. <b>P</b> is pronounced as in <b>p</b>ine, <b>ph</b> as in u<b>ph</b>ill, <b>b</b> as in <b>b</b>ird, <b>bh</b> as in ru<b>b h</b>ard, and <b>m</b> as in <b>m</b>other. The semivowels—<b>y, r, l,</b> and <b>v</b>—are pronounced as in <b>y</b>es, <b>r</b>un, <b>l</b>ight, and <b>v</b>ine respectively. The sibilants <b>ç, ñ,</b> and <b>s</b>—are pronounced, respectively, as in the German word <i>sprechen</i> and the English words <b>sh</b>ine and <b>s</b>un. The letter <b>h</b> is pronounced as in home.</p>
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